Article(id=1307086627008962697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2024116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717948800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-10, revisedDate=1723737600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-16, acceptedDate=1733155200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-03, onlineDate=1789563336373, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563336373, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563336373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563336373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=192, endPage=206, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086627310952586, articleId=1307086627008962697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Evolution Model of Zhaizigou Massive Debris Flow Disaster Chain in Zhouqu County, Gansu Provinces, and Related Risk Prevention & Control Countermeasures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bailong River Basin is one of the most developed and serious areas of debris flow disaster chain in China. In order to support and serve the disaster prevention and mitigation of the large geological chain in Bailong River Basin, the debris flow in Zhaizigou, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, was selected as the research object. Through on-site survey and mapping, combined with multi-period remote sensing data, laboratory test and numerical simulation results, the development characteristics, formation conditions and evolution model of debris flow were discussed in depth. Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions on preventing the risk of debris flow disaster chain.The results show that: Zhaizigou is a gully type debris flow, the longitudinal slope of the gully bed is 324.5‰, and the high level source amount is 2129.23×104 m3. The key disaster landform of Zhaizigou is unique, the necessary disaster formation and disaster control structure are complex, and the important triggering conditions are obvious, which has all the conditions for the occurrence of a huge debris flow disaster chain. The evolution model of the disaster chain is the disaster chain of high level collapse-barrier body collapse-debris flow, barrier lake and outburst flood. On this basis, it is proposed that the risk prevention and control of the disaster chain of the huge mudflow in Bailong River basin should focus on strengthening the disaster chain investigation and identification ability, tackling the key disaster chain monitoring, early warning, forecasting and risk prevention and control technology, and strengthening the disaster chain project disaster prevention and reduction and emergency disposal capacity. Finally, according to the characteristics and key problems of different risk areas from the perspective of river basin, the risk prevention and control model of Zhaizigou debris flow disaster chain risk prevention and control is constructed, which can provide reference for the disaster prevention and reduction of similar massive debris flow disaster chain in western mountainous areas.

, authors=Gaofeng WANG1, 2, Hao LI1, 2, Ruidong LI3, Kai CONG4, Xiaopeng FAN3, Zongliang CHEN1, 2, Bing DENG1, 2, *, Youning XU5, Hanchuan DONG1, 2, authorsList=Gaofeng WANG, Hao LI, Ruidong LI, Kai CONG, Xiaopeng FAN, Zongliang CHEN, Bing DENG, Youning XU, Hanchuan DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bing DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086630397960341, articleId=1307086627008962697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=舟曲县寨子沟特大泥石流灾害链演化模式及风险防控对策, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白龙江流域是中国泥石流灾害链最发育、成灾最严重的地区之一。笔者以支撑服务白龙江流域特大地质链防灾减灾为目的,选取甘肃省舟曲县寨子沟泥石流为研究对象,通过现场勘查测绘,结合多期遥感数据、室内试验测试及数值模拟成果资料,着重对泥石流的发育特征、形成条件及演化模式进行深入探讨,提出了泥石流灾害链风险防范建议。结果表明:寨子沟为一条沟谷型泥石流,沟床纵比降为324.5‰,高位物源量达2129.23×104 m3;其关键成灾地貌独特、必要孕灾地层和控灾构造复杂、重要激发条件显著,具备发生特大泥石流灾害链的所有条件;该灾害链的演化模式为高位崩滑–堰塞体溃决–泥石流–堰塞湖–溃决洪水灾害链。在此基础上,笔者认为,白龙江流域特大泥石流灾害链风险防控应重点强化灾害链调查与识别能力、攻关灾害链监测预警预报与风险防控技术、加强灾害链工程防灾减灾与应急处置能力建设等。从流域角度根据不同风险区特征和关键问题,构建“早期识别+防止+调控+预防”为一体的寨子沟泥石流流域性灾害链风险防控模式,该模式可供西部山区类似特大泥石流灾害链防灾减灾提供参考。

, authors=王高峰1, 2, 李浩1, 2, 李瑞冬3, 丛凯4, 樊小鹏3, 陈宗良1, 2, 邓兵1, 2, *, 徐友宁5, 董翰川1, 2, authorsList=王高峰, 李浩, 李瑞冬, 丛凯, 樊小鹏, 陈宗良, 邓兵, 徐友宁, 董翰川, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓兵, authorNote=

王高峰(1984−),男,高级工程师,从事地质安全风险调查与监测预警工作。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邓兵(1968−),男,工程师,从事地质灾害调查工作。E−mail:。
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a.孕灾致灾条件;b.高位崩滑失稳破坏;c.沟道溃决放大堵塞河道;d.堰塞湖溃决–洪水灾害链

, figureFileSmall=bXh7bdKFEKT48x1x3nNl7A==, figureFileBig=i5f3fO/e8gJOzx2kAM5Vzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086638849482984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of Zhaizigou debris flow disaster chain disaster process, figureFileSmall=+2zr7qulGG2A37l1oPsIwQ==, figureFileBig=cvA2ENKCAPOGHvngpZsnEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086638904008937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=CN, label=图4, caption=寨子沟泥石流灾害链成灾过程示意图(据Gan et al.,2018;An et al.,2022修改), figureFileSmall=+2zr7qulGG2A37l1oPsIwQ==, figureFileBig=cvA2ENKCAPOGHvngpZsnEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086639029838058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Risk prevention and control of cross-administrative debris flow disaster chain in Zhaizigou area, figureFileSmall=ktj6AfM6H9hDqVAWj5Zmrg==, figureFileBig=1WYhDk7BW3+feMgOylQmAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086639101141227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=CN, label=图5, caption=寨子沟跨行政区泥石流灾害链风险防控建议图, figureFileSmall=ktj6AfM6H9hDqVAWj5Zmrg==, figureFileBig=1WYhDk7BW3+feMgOylQmAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086639172444396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Zonal characteristics of Zhaizigou watershed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分区名称面积(km2)沟长(km)高程范围(m)高差(m)平均纵坡降(‰)
形成区15.426.121539~41382599424.7
流通区1.341.571370~1539169107.6
堆积区0.530.761339~13703140.8
), ArticleFig(id=1307086639256330477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

寨子沟流域分区特征表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分区名称面积(km2)沟长(km)高程范围(m)高差(m)平均纵坡降(‰)
形成区15.426.121539~41382599424.7
流通区1.341.571370~1539169107.6
堆积区0.530.761339~13703140.8
), ArticleFig(id=1307086639344410862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Provenance distribution in each elevation range in Zhaizigou Valley

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高程
(m)
物源类型储量
(104 m3)
距沟口高差
(m)
总储量占比
(%)
特征描述
>3300残坡积物及潜在高位崩滑体478.38>180014.46地层主要为二叠系上统,夹携于葱地–铁家山断裂与坪定化马北支断裂之间,是寒冻风化强烈地带;由裸露基岩陡壁组成,潜在高位崩滑较为发育
2500~3300崩塌、崩坡积物122.031000~18003.69沟道狭窄,纵比降大,为多级支沟汇流集中或过渡地带;沟道两岸发育较为丰富的崩塌及崩坡积松散物质,主要以沟坡面状冲蚀及支沟携带泥沙汇流为主;下切侵蚀较强烈,易形成携砂洪水
2000~2500沟道内堆积物、滑坡、坡面
堆积物等
1528.82500~100046.22沟道宽缓且呈“L”字型折绕,地貌为陡缓过渡和工程地质岩组为硬软过渡的地带,人类工程扰动较强烈;处于坪定化马断裂破碎带凹槽区域,松散物质储量丰富;沟道内巨石、块石多见,沟床粗糙;该地段在高位崩滑强大势能作用下利于铲刮沟道物质启动且使泥砂含量不断增高
<2000沟道堆积物、
滑坡、崩塌
1178.66<50035.63该段主要为形成区下游及流通区段,岩性以泥盆系碳质板岩、千枚岩等软弱岩体为主,同时处于坪定化马南北支断裂带之间,人类工程扰动强烈。形成中上段宽阔,下游地形较为束窄的地貌特征,松散物质储量丰富,多为中浅层滑坡,在极端降雨条件下,失稳破坏后有堵塞沟道可能。其中,沟道右岸多为早期巨型崩塌倒石堆积而堵断沟道易于回淤,沟道宽窄变化明显;上段受左岸滑坡推挤沟道弯曲、堵塞明显;尤其处于尖山沟沟域段,沟岸两侧崩滑堵塞沟道严重,形成峡沟地形,利于泥石流侧蚀、底蚀强烈;下游沟道折转明显,在出口处形成喇叭状地形,利于泥石流急速冲出沟口
), ArticleFig(id=1307086639516377327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

寨子沟流域内各高程范围内物源分布特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高程
(m)
物源类型储量
(104 m3)
距沟口高差
(m)
总储量占比
(%)
特征描述
>3300残坡积物及潜在高位崩滑体478.38>180014.46地层主要为二叠系上统,夹携于葱地–铁家山断裂与坪定化马北支断裂之间,是寒冻风化强烈地带;由裸露基岩陡壁组成,潜在高位崩滑较为发育
2500~3300崩塌、崩坡积物122.031000~18003.69沟道狭窄,纵比降大,为多级支沟汇流集中或过渡地带;沟道两岸发育较为丰富的崩塌及崩坡积松散物质,主要以沟坡面状冲蚀及支沟携带泥沙汇流为主;下切侵蚀较强烈,易形成携砂洪水
2000~2500沟道内堆积物、滑坡、坡面
堆积物等
1528.82500~100046.22沟道宽缓且呈“L”字型折绕,地貌为陡缓过渡和工程地质岩组为硬软过渡的地带,人类工程扰动较强烈;处于坪定化马断裂破碎带凹槽区域,松散物质储量丰富;沟道内巨石、块石多见,沟床粗糙;该地段在高位崩滑强大势能作用下利于铲刮沟道物质启动且使泥砂含量不断增高
<2000沟道堆积物、
滑坡、崩塌
1178.66<50035.63该段主要为形成区下游及流通区段,岩性以泥盆系碳质板岩、千枚岩等软弱岩体为主,同时处于坪定化马南北支断裂带之间,人类工程扰动强烈。形成中上段宽阔,下游地形较为束窄的地貌特征,松散物质储量丰富,多为中浅层滑坡,在极端降雨条件下,失稳破坏后有堵塞沟道可能。其中,沟道右岸多为早期巨型崩塌倒石堆积而堵断沟道易于回淤,沟道宽窄变化明显;上段受左岸滑坡推挤沟道弯曲、堵塞明显;尤其处于尖山沟沟域段,沟岸两侧崩滑堵塞沟道严重,形成峡沟地形,利于泥石流侧蚀、底蚀强烈;下游沟道折转明显,在出口处形成喇叭状地形,利于泥石流急速冲出沟口
), ArticleFig(id=1307086639604457712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

List of risk prevention and control measures for Zhaizigou debris flow disaster chain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分区类型关键问题防控措施防控目的
形成区沟脑区域(清水汇流区)高海拔寒冻区高位崩滑隐患(海
拔大于3000 m)和植被茂密区(海拔为2 000~3000 m)隐蔽性滑坡
在锁固效应和极端工况下突发失稳启动
InSAR+光学遥感等“空天”技术综合识别和动态监测,并辅助生态保持措施实时掌控高位物源变形情况
形成区下游和流通区泥石流松散物质集中发育区和动力运动特征响应区通过对该区域水–土耦合作用进行控制,阻止或减少泥石流形成,有条件的地区,可以采用工程治理对高位滑坡源区进行加固,坡脚采取拦挡工程进行稳坡固源,而沟道则宜采用新型桩梁组合拦挡技术,坝前采用固底护坡排导措施控制高位风险源的启动,降低危险源的失稳概率;以减缓高势能流体运动速度;来提高抗冲蚀能力
流动堆积区泥石流流量放大和物质的沉积及主要危害地带通过复式大库拦截+多层级多功能排导束流等工程来拦挡、停淤泥石流固体物质,并使泥石流顺利行洪减缓承灾体与致灾体的遭遇概率,有效调控降低集镇区灾害风险
溃决影响区都江堰塞体溃决产生洪水跨区域灾害链的主要场所应建立多层级多部门的省市(州)县协调联动机制,同时结合沿线水电、交通等工程,在河谷狭窄处修建导流明渠、导流隧洞等备灾工程,一旦灾害发生,可以极大地减轻灾害损失降低重大灾害链风险,减轻灾害损失
预防体系
(全流域)
合理预警模型和精准预报阈值采用多手段的物联网传感器综合实时监测系统、科普宣贯、应急预案、应急避险等措施。撤离时间及区域主要依据临灾预警(提供灾害链源区灾害形变迹象)、启动警报(灾害链成灾后发出的起始点规模警报)、过程监测警报(灾害链演进至关键段发出的规模和时间警报)避免或减少财产损失和人员伤亡
), ArticleFig(id=1307086639696732401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086627008962697, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

寨子沟泥石流灾害链风险防控措施一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分区类型关键问题防控措施防控目的
形成区沟脑区域(清水汇流区)高海拔寒冻区高位崩滑隐患(海
拔大于3000 m)和植被茂密区(海拔为2 000~3000 m)隐蔽性滑坡
在锁固效应和极端工况下突发失稳启动
InSAR+光学遥感等“空天”技术综合识别和动态监测,并辅助生态保持措施实时掌控高位物源变形情况
形成区下游和流通区泥石流松散物质集中发育区和动力运动特征响应区通过对该区域水–土耦合作用进行控制,阻止或减少泥石流形成,有条件的地区,可以采用工程治理对高位滑坡源区进行加固,坡脚采取拦挡工程进行稳坡固源,而沟道则宜采用新型桩梁组合拦挡技术,坝前采用固底护坡排导措施控制高位风险源的启动,降低危险源的失稳概率;以减缓高势能流体运动速度;来提高抗冲蚀能力
流动堆积区泥石流流量放大和物质的沉积及主要危害地带通过复式大库拦截+多层级多功能排导束流等工程来拦挡、停淤泥石流固体物质,并使泥石流顺利行洪减缓承灾体与致灾体的遭遇概率,有效调控降低集镇区灾害风险
溃决影响区都江堰塞体溃决产生洪水跨区域灾害链的主要场所应建立多层级多部门的省市(州)县协调联动机制,同时结合沿线水电、交通等工程,在河谷狭窄处修建导流明渠、导流隧洞等备灾工程,一旦灾害发生,可以极大地减轻灾害损失降低重大灾害链风险,减轻灾害损失
预防体系
(全流域)
合理预警模型和精准预报阈值采用多手段的物联网传感器综合实时监测系统、科普宣贯、应急预案、应急避险等措施。撤离时间及区域主要依据临灾预警(提供灾害链源区灾害形变迹象)、启动警报(灾害链成灾后发出的起始点规模警报)、过程监测警报(灾害链演进至关键段发出的规模和时间警报)避免或减少财产损失和人员伤亡
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舟曲县寨子沟特大泥石流灾害链演化模式及风险防控对策
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王高峰 1, 2 , 李浩 1, 2 , 李瑞冬 3 , 丛凯 4 , 樊小鹏 3 , 陈宗良 1, 2 , 邓兵 1, 2, * , 徐友宁 5 , 董翰川 1, 2
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 192-206
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 192 -206
舟曲县寨子沟特大泥石流灾害链演化模式及风险防控对策
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王高峰1, 2 , 李浩1, 2, 李瑞冬3, 丛凯4, 樊小鹏3, 陈宗良1, 2, 邓兵1, 2, * , 徐友宁5, 董翰川1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心,河北 保定 071051
  • 2自然资源部三峡库区地质灾害监测预警野外科学观测研究站,重庆 404100
  • 3甘肃工程地质研究院,甘肃 兰州 730030
  • 4甘肃省地质环境监测院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 5中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
通讯作者:
邓兵(1968−),男,工程师,从事地质灾害调查工作。E−mail:。
作者简介:

王高峰(1984−),男,高级工程师,从事地质安全风险调查与监测预警工作。E−mail:

Evolution Model of Zhaizigou Massive Debris Flow Disaster Chain in Zhouqu County, Gansu Provinces, and Related Risk Prevention & Control Countermeasures
Gaofeng WANG1, 2 , Hao LI1, 2, Ruidong LI3, Kai CONG4, Xiaopeng FAN3, Zongliang CHEN1, 2, Bing DENG1, 2, * , Youning XU5, Hanchuan DONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology of China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, Hebei, China
  • 2Observation and Research Station of Geological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the Ministry of Natural Resources, China, Chongqing 404100, China
  • 3Gansu Institute of Engineering Geology, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China
  • 4Geological Environment Monitoring Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
  • 5Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024116
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白龙江流域是中国泥石流灾害链最发育、成灾最严重的地区之一。笔者以支撑服务白龙江流域特大地质链防灾减灾为目的,选取甘肃省舟曲县寨子沟泥石流为研究对象,通过现场勘查测绘,结合多期遥感数据、室内试验测试及数值模拟成果资料,着重对泥石流的发育特征、形成条件及演化模式进行深入探讨,提出了泥石流灾害链风险防范建议。结果表明:寨子沟为一条沟谷型泥石流,沟床纵比降为324.5‰,高位物源量达2129.23×104 m3;其关键成灾地貌独特、必要孕灾地层和控灾构造复杂、重要激发条件显著,具备发生特大泥石流灾害链的所有条件;该灾害链的演化模式为高位崩滑–堰塞体溃决–泥石流–堰塞湖–溃决洪水灾害链。在此基础上,笔者认为,白龙江流域特大泥石流灾害链风险防控应重点强化灾害链调查与识别能力、攻关灾害链监测预警预报与风险防控技术、加强灾害链工程防灾减灾与应急处置能力建设等。从流域角度根据不同风险区特征和关键问题,构建“早期识别+防止+调控+预防”为一体的寨子沟泥石流流域性灾害链风险防控模式,该模式可供西部山区类似特大泥石流灾害链防灾减灾提供参考。

特大泥石流灾害链  /  寨子沟泥石流  /  演化模式  /  风险防控  /  白龙江流域

Bailong River Basin is one of the most developed and serious areas of debris flow disaster chain in China. In order to support and serve the disaster prevention and mitigation of the large geological chain in Bailong River Basin, the debris flow in Zhaizigou, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, was selected as the research object. Through on-site survey and mapping, combined with multi-period remote sensing data, laboratory test and numerical simulation results, the development characteristics, formation conditions and evolution model of debris flow were discussed in depth. Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions on preventing the risk of debris flow disaster chain.The results show that: Zhaizigou is a gully type debris flow, the longitudinal slope of the gully bed is 324.5‰, and the high level source amount is 2129.23×104 m3. The key disaster landform of Zhaizigou is unique, the necessary disaster formation and disaster control structure are complex, and the important triggering conditions are obvious, which has all the conditions for the occurrence of a huge debris flow disaster chain. The evolution model of the disaster chain is the disaster chain of high level collapse-barrier body collapse-debris flow, barrier lake and outburst flood. On this basis, it is proposed that the risk prevention and control of the disaster chain of the huge mudflow in Bailong River basin should focus on strengthening the disaster chain investigation and identification ability, tackling the key disaster chain monitoring, early warning, forecasting and risk prevention and control technology, and strengthening the disaster chain project disaster prevention and reduction and emergency disposal capacity. Finally, according to the characteristics and key problems of different risk areas from the perspective of river basin, the risk prevention and control model of Zhaizigou debris flow disaster chain risk prevention and control is constructed, which can provide reference for the disaster prevention and reduction of similar massive debris flow disaster chain in western mountainous areas.

massive debris flow disaster chain  /  Zhaizigou debris flow  /  evolution model  /  risk prevention and control  /  Bailong River Basin
王高峰, 李浩, 李瑞冬, 丛凯, 樊小鹏, 陈宗良, 邓兵, 徐友宁, 董翰川. 舟曲县寨子沟特大泥石流灾害链演化模式及风险防控对策. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 192 -206 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024116
Gaofeng WANG, Hao LI, Ruidong LI, Kai CONG, Xiaopeng FAN, Zongliang CHEN, Bing DENG, Youning XU, Hanchuan DONG. Evolution Model of Zhaizigou Massive Debris Flow Disaster Chain in Zhouqu County, Gansu Provinces, and Related Risk Prevention & Control Countermeasures[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 192 -206 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024116
泥石流灾害是由含有大量块石和泥沙的特殊洪流引发的灾害,地形、物源和水源是控制泥石流灾害的三大基本要素,其上游通常联系着滑坡崩塌灾害,而下游则联系着干流的堰塞与洪水灾害(陈宁生等,2021)。沟谷灾害链是发育在沟谷地貌中的原生灾害体在运动中受地形影响转化运动方式或动力特性而演化成不同类型灾害的物理过程及其结果,这些不同类型的灾害具有时间相接、空间相连、因果关联、链式演进的典型特性(崔鹏等,2021)。完整的沟谷灾害链由潜在孕灾体、原生灾害、次生灾害(系列)、承灾体四大要素组成。发育于高寒高海拔地区的沟谷型灾害链多呈现高位萌生、动力溃散、物相转化的链式演化过程,导致灾害体产生连续性固相、碎散性固相、黏滞性流相等多相多级转化的特殊地质灾害链(申艳军等,2022)。当位于沟谷源区高位崩滑体失稳启动,往往具有撞击粉碎和动力侵蚀效应,可进一步转换为高速远程滑动的碎屑流或泥石流,其形成的灾害链具有分布广、破坏性强、高速远程等特点(殷跃平等,2017)。韩金良等(2007)认为地质灾害链是指由成因上相似并呈线性分布的一系列地质灾害体组成的灾害链或者由一系列在时间上有先后,在空间上破此相依,在成因上相互关联、互为因果,呈连锁反应依次出现的多种地质灾害组成的灾害链。殷跃平等(2021)提出狭义的地质灾害链是指从上游启动源区到下游堆积过程中直接形成地质灾害的完整链条,而广义的地质灾害链指狭义灾害链向下游延伸形成次生灾害,同时将高位远程地质灾害链概化为高位启动区、势动转化区、动力侵蚀区和液滑–流滑区等4个区。随着全球气候条件的变化,极端工况条件下诱发的特大地质灾害链案例越来越多(黄润秋,2007;殷跃平等,2010;余斌等,2010;Yin et al.,2017;许强等,2017;刘威等,2020),尤其在青藏高原及其周边复杂的中高山沟谷地貌背景下灾害具有明显的多灾种转化特性(陈文凯等,2025)。这些灾害往往是不同灾种间在时空上常呈现连锁反应,成灾过程多表现为多米诺骨牌般演进,链式灾害的放大效应甚至造成跨流域灾害,影响范围极广、破坏性极强,给灾害链的风险防控带来了巨大挑战。
近年来,众多学者针对滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等单灾种开展了调查评价(唐川等,2011;赵成等,2011;刘传正等,2011)、形成机制及成灾过程(胡卸文等,2009;吴永等,2011;刘传正等,2019)、监测预警(杨成林等,2014;何朝阳等,2018;葛大庆等,2019;杨宗佶等;2020;王高峰等,2022)、风险防控(郭富赟等,2014;崔鹏等,2016;张茂省等,2019;邓建辉等,2019;铁永波等,2022)等工作,其研究成果有效服务了中国山区地质灾害防灾减灾,取得了显著的成效。针对白龙江流域滑坡主要围绕断裂构造与滑坡分布及发生关系、断裂带滑坡的发育特征及成因和多源遥感数据或变形监测数据剖析断裂带滑坡变形特征等(杨为民等,2014;苏琦等,2016;陈明等,2018;郭长宝等,2019;戴可人等,2019;李媛茜等,2021),同时又围绕城镇、公路、水利水电建设对该区泥石流进行相应的专题研究(孟兴民等,2013;王高峰等,2019,2020)。尽管复杂峡谷区特大地质灾害逐渐受到关注,但针对特大泥石流灾害链的研究成果仍相对薄弱,目前对特大泥石流灾害链控制条件、形成演化模式及风险防控等还有待进一步研究。
白龙江流域地处青藏高原东缘中高山峡谷区,区内新构造运动活跃,强烈侵蚀切割形成差异性不协调河谷地貌,岩体结构复杂破碎,软弱岩层发育,特殊的地质环境条件使得该区一直是泥石流的高发区(王高峰等,2023)。由于该区流域性特大泥石流灾害多发频发,存在泥石流部分或完全堵塞河道引发灾害链的现象,不仅造成重大的人员伤亡和巨大财产损失,而且严重影响着重大工程规划建设,备受高度关注。例如,2010年8月8日凌晨,受突发极端强降雨影响,舟曲县城北部三眼峪及罗家峪两沟同时爆发特大山洪泥石流,共造成严重的人员伤亡和失踪,直接经济损失多达数亿元,泥石流堆积堵断白龙江河道而形成堰塞湖,河道被淤填长度约为1 km,导致白龙江水位上涨10 m,江面壅高回水造成舟曲县城区三分之一被淹。可见,相比于单一泥石流灾害而言,泥石流诱发灾害链的危险性通过时空上的拓展而大幅增强。面对白龙江流域中高山峡谷区特大泥石流灾害链防灾减灾的迫切需求,笔者以舟曲县寨子沟潜在特大泥石流灾害链为研究对象,根据陇东南地区特大地质灾害链调查评价资料,通过现场勘查测绘,重点关注形成灾害链的形成条件,着重对灾害链演化模式及成灾过程进行了探讨,并提出泥石流灾害链防灾减灾对策建议,对甘肃省白龙江流域类似特大泥石流灾害链的风险防控具有一定指导意义。
寨子沟泥石流位于白龙江左岸的舟曲县城西侧,沟口坐标为N 33°47′08.5″,E 104°21′33.7″。该流域地形总体上属深切割构造侵蚀中高山峡谷地貌,整体形态呈不规则 “梨形”,面积约为17.29 km2,主沟道长为8.45 km,平均沟床纵比降为324.5‰,主要发育有尖山沟、花崖沟及马街湾3条支沟(图1)。沟域最高点海拔雷古山为4138 m,沟口海拔为1370 m,汇入白龙江海拔为1339 m,最大相对高差为2799 m。其中,沟域上游花崖沟段纵坡较大,达509.2‰,形态呈“勺”状,沟道为“V”型谷,受冻融作用,植被覆盖率较低,岩体风化严重,可见大部分基岩裸露,沟道较狭窄,沟岸两侧山坡坡度为35°~60°,局部地段存在高位远程崩滑体隐患。中下游沟段总体上纵坡略缓,约为156.5‰,谷型呈“V–U”相间,且该段呈上宽下窄“喇叭状”束口展布。寨子沟流域总体上呈陡缓相间的空间地形变化特征,为泥石流水源汇集和能量转换提供了有利条件,也为泥石流灾害链的形成提供了强大的动力条件。
该区域属西秦岭构造带的延伸部分,主要受到南北向断裂带、新构造运动及印支、燕山和喜马拉雅等造山运动的影响,构造活动活跃。寨子沟流域内出露地层主要为二叠系上统、下统(P1、P2)和中泥盆系古道岭组上段(D2g2)。古道岭组上段为灰色碳质板岩、千枚岩夹薄层灰岩和砂岩,分布于沟口一带;下二叠系上段为灰白、灰色中厚层灰岩,分布于流域上游和下游;上二叠系为灰色中厚层含硅质条带灰岩,分布于流域中段。第四系主要为崩塌滑坡堆积物、泥石流堆积物、残坡积物和黄土,物质成分以碎石、块石为主。沟域处于葱地–铁家山断裂、坪定–化马南北支断裂和舟曲断裂多条断裂带所夹断块山中,岩层破碎,褶曲强烈,易风化形成岩屑和黏土。该区域为中国南北地震带纵向穿行而过的位置,区内历史强震频发,区域地震烈度达到Ⅷ度,是中国受地震影响严重的51个重灾区之一。有史料记载的Ms7.0级以上地震达15次之多。其中,1879年7月1日武都地震造成的山崩滑坡最强烈。近年来,先后经历2003年5.2级岷县地震、2004年5.0级岷县–卓尼地震、2008年8.0级汶川地震、2013年6.6级岷县–漳县地震、2017年7.0级九寨沟地震等均对寨子沟流域内岩土体结构等造成影响,降低了其力学强度,为大型高位滑坡的形成提供了良好的结构和物质条件。复杂的地质构造条件和特殊的地层岩性为泥石流的形成提供了极为丰富的物源。
在气候方面,舟曲县属北亚热带向北温带过度区,受局地大气环流及地形的影响,气候随海拔垂直变化明显即降雨在一日之内亦有不同,在同一泥石流沟域也存在差异性(王高峰等,2022)。据2010~2020年降水资料分析,多年平均降水量约为474.8 mm,最大年降水量为650.3 mm(2020年),最小年降水量为300.9 mm(2016年);日最大降雨量为60.1 mm,1小时最大降雨量为30.3 mm。年内降水分配不均,主要分布在5~9月份,降雨量占全年的62.5%~76.0%,具有降雨集中、暴雨多、局地性短时降雨强度大的特点。特别是2010年8月8日,30 min降雨量达77.3 mm的极端降雨条件下激发形成舟曲三眼峪特大山洪泥石流灾害,此次暴雨区域主要集中于三眼峪形成区中上游,约占整个流域总面积的72%。白龙江发源于西倾山与岷山之间的郎木寺,于舟曲县西北尕瓦山入境向东南方向径流,县境内干流总长为70.7 km。多年平均径流量为20.55亿m3;最大流量为7405 m3/s(2005年),最小径流量为15.25 m3/s(2001年),最高水位为1302.2 m,最低水位为1299.08 m。汛期主要为降水补给,枯季为融雪和地下水补给。
舟曲县主城区处于一江三沟挟持位置,大部分行政区域座落在寨子沟、三眼峪沟、罗家峪沟老泥石流堆积扇上,沿白龙江主城区27.4 km2范围内自西向东发育8条大型–特大型泥石流隐患点,已严重阻碍了舟曲县城区国民经济的发展建设(王高峰等,2019)。近200年间,三眼峪曾爆发11次较大规模泥石流灾害,特别是2010年“8.8”舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害,整个县城几乎被毁。然而,寨子沟紧邻三眼峪沟,其在地质构造与地震、工程地质岩组、地形地貌及气象水文等孕灾条件方面极具相似性,存在爆发堵江泥石流灾害链风险。寨子沟流域内陡峻的地形(关键的成灾地貌)、丰富的松散固体物质(主要控灾构造和必要孕灾地层),此外受地震影响,在极端降雨条件下(重要激发条件)可能激发形成特大泥石流灾害链。因此,选取舟曲县寨子沟作为研究对象具有代表性和典型性。
寨子沟泥石流属于典型的沟谷型泥石流,具有明显的形成区、流通区和堆积区(表1)。海拔1539 m以上区域为泥石流形成区,海拔2101~4138 m的区域为高山地貌即清水汇流区,整体属中高山峡谷地貌;海拔1370~1539 m的区域为泥石流流通区,属窄“U”型地貌;海拔1339~1370 m的区域为泥石流堆积区,与白龙江交汇河段处为峡谷地貌。
形成区支沟发育,谷坡陡峻,纵比降较大,主要包括尖山沟、花崖沟、马街湾等3条支沟,面积为15.42 km2,占流域总面积的89.2%。在该区中上游西半山以上沟段以雨洪汇流为主,西半山至坝里为固体物源区。其中,花崖沟、马街湾以上的寨子沟沟脑部位,高程多在3300 m以上,属寒冻风化强烈地带,由裸露基岩陡壁组成,潜在高位崩滑较为发育;该沟段为典型的降雨汇流区段,表现为沟坡面状冲蚀或潜在高位崩滑–碎屑流特征。在海拔2100~3300 m的区域,沟坡植被覆盖良好,主支沟内松散物质储量较少,但坡形和沟形有利于降水迅速汇集。西半山–坝里1.75 km沟段携裹倒石堆崩积块石及沟道松散碎石土,成为泥石流物源,以粒径为0.1~0.8 m的碎块石为主,大者巨石直径达3.5 m;该段历史泥石流或沟岸崩滑物质停淤明显,导致沟道下切能力趋于减弱。尖山沟为形成区右岸支沟,面积为1.33 km2,主沟道长为1.91 km,为“V”型沟谷,沟道平均宽为5~9 m,沟床平均纵比降为293.7‰;该沟以粒径为2~5 cm的碎石土主,巨石相对较少;该沟右岸发育6处滑坡,局部滑坡前缘挤压沟道。据调查统计,尖山沟流域松散固体物质储量达382.85×104 m3,物质成分以泥盆系千枚岩和灰岩为主,表现为黏性泥石流特征。
尖山沟与主沟交汇处至出山口段为流通区,面积为1.34 km2,占流域总面积的7.8%。流通区长为1.57 km, 沟道比降为107.6‰,较形成区明显减缓。虽然两侧谷坡仍较陡峻(30°~50°),但沟谷底部宽一般为30~45 m,最宽处达65 m,沟型呈窄“U”型,沟道上游较为顺直、中下游弯曲,受锁儿头滑坡左侧前缘推挤影响;在近出山口沟道方向呈南北向转向近SE向,呈“喇叭状”束口地形。流通区以过流为主,整体以冲淤为主,沿主流线处表现为切蚀,而对两侧历史泥石流堆积体和倒石堆存在侧蚀作用。沟道物质以粒径5~40 cm碎块石为主,可见少量漂石,一般粒径为0.4~0.6 m。
寨子沟为一老泥石流沟,沟口发育有老泥石流堆积的部分堆积扇。堆积区长为585 m,宽为905 m,面积约为0.53 km2,扇形扩散角约为100°,纵比降为40.8‰,主要涉及西街村和寨子村居民社区及沟道左侧为舟曲县第二小学,G345国道亦穿越泥石流堆积前缘区域。堆积扇沿沟道已修建长为462 m,宽为16 m,深约为6 m的排导槽,渠内淤积物质较少。
寨子沟位于白龙江左岸舟曲县城西侧,流域面积约为17.29 km2,流域内共发育大小沟谷和冲沟近40条,主支沟及冲沟间呈树枝状交错分布。沟床平均纵坡比降大(324.5‰),形成区形态呈“勺”状,沟谷为“V”型谷。据调查,在白龙江流域中高山峡谷地貌区,泥石流形成区纵比降一般>500‰,该区内潜在高位滑坡源区坡度为30°~55°,沿地层构造的软弱带和脆弱区形成的斜坡宽缓凹槽地形或沟谷倒“品”字型地形,为高位特大地质灾害链的势能向动能的转化和远程运动提供特殊的关键成灾地貌条件。尤其地貌特征整体呈上段宽阔、中段狭窄、下段裙状的三段式特征,具有“支撑式”阻滑地形最有利于特大堵江灾害链发生。例如,寨子沟流域上游地段地形极为陡峭,为高位崩滑提供了极高的势能;中游地段由于沿断裂带形成的宽缓的“L”型地形为高位崩滑远程动力侵蚀提供了特殊的成灾地貌条件;下游“喇叭状”束口地形进一步加大了泥石流的疾速运动。寨子沟沟口海拔为1370 m,泥石流发源地海拔为4138 m,落差为2768 m,这种上段高山峡谷、中下段宽缓沟谷的地形地貌,加上地质结构的破碎,导致山洪速度加快;从发源处至沟口仅8.5 km,洪峰流量极大,极易形成特大泥石流灾害链。
研究区整体上地处青藏活动块体东部边缘,夹持于西秦岭北缘断裂和东昆仑断裂两条巨大的左旋走滑断裂之间,发育一系列构造形式复杂,新活动性强,展布为NW、NE向逆冲兼走滑的活动断裂带(杨为民等,2014)。白龙江流域崩塌、滑坡通常发育于断裂局部错列、转折、末端部位以及两断裂的交汇部位。据调查统计,沿坪定–化马断裂带共发育大型以上滑坡多达48处,其中有18处滑坡体积大于1000×104 m3。受光盖山–迭山断裂带和迭部–白龙江断裂带控制,寨子沟流域内断裂发育,以坪定–化马断层为主,构成NW、SE向断裂带,该断层横穿泥石流流域中下游;该流域多条断裂带所夹断块山中,岩层破碎,褶曲强烈,残坡积物质广布,大量崩塌、滑坡在流域内成群分布,数量甚多。该区域还属于地震多发区,受多次7.0 级以上地震影响,导致岩体破碎。特别是处于流域顶部的顺层山体,在强震等作用下破损较严重,大量块石崩落堆积于沟头甚至是分水岭的位置,形成具有极高重力势能的高位崩滑体。例如,寨子沟沟域3300 m以上区域受地质构造与地震影响,发育松散固体物质达478.38×104 m3,占物源总量的14.5%,存在2处潜在高位崩滑体。此外,在地震影响带内地震发生后很长一段时间内山地灾害都非常活跃且时间滞后持续效应十分明显(彭建兵等,2020)。余斌等(2010)研究认为,1879年文县–武都8级地震在三眼峪沟道形成4座高80~280 m不等的堆积坝,泥石流物源量达5163×104 m3,造成三眼峪“8.8”特大山洪泥石流产生逐级溃决放大效应。然而,调查区3级以上和5级以上地震b值均约为0.6,说明该区具有强烈中强地震活动背景和区域应力集中状态。
此外,基于野外调查数据分析,白龙江流域90%以上的特大地质灾害与千枚岩、板岩等软弱浅变质岩相关(王高峰等,2021)。其中,有65%的大型滑坡发育在软硬相间层状岩岩组内,35%以上的大型滑坡发育在层状软硬相间浅变质岩+灰岩岩组内。这种软硬相间的岩体在长期风化作用下,局部已变为粉质黏土,遇水则膨胀变形或塑化,导致上覆岩体失稳,从而使得滑坡的稳定性差。尤其是千枚岩、碳质板岩风化物形成的滑带土具有显著流变性质的软弱物质。据岩土实验分析统计天然干燥状态下全风化碳质千枚岩剪切强度是完全饱和状态下的1.67~2.32倍,其抗拉强度可达7倍(王高峰等,2023)。同时软硬相间岩组也最有利于大型泥石流的形成,一般上游汇流区主要为硬质灰岩区,易于降雨汇集,中下游为软弱易滑的千枚岩、板岩等浅变质岩区,为主要物源补给区。总之,构造断裂破碎带及其含千枚岩、板岩和灰岩等浅变质岩性组合构成了白龙江流域典型的孕灾地层组合,控制了高位特大地质灾害链的分布和演化。
据统计,寨子沟泥石流松散固体物质主要有崩塌、滑坡、沟道堆积物、坡面残坡积物、潜在高位崩滑体等5类物质,整个流域松散固体物质储量为3307.89×104 m3,单位面积物源量达191.32×104 m3(表2,图2),可转化为泥石流的固体物质总量为1488.55×104 m3,占总量的45%。其中,滑坡体共15处,体积为2256.22×104 m3;崩塌体共处6处,体积为366.49×104 m3;潜在高位崩滑体共2处,体积为325.31×104 m3;沟道堆积物总量为154.73×104 m3,其他物质总量为205.12×104 m3。流域内的物源具有极高的重力势能,其中距沟口高差大于500 m的物源量占总物源量的64%以上,特别是位于海拔3300 m范围(即流域顶部的顺层山体)在强震等作用下破损较严重,该类物源量占物源总量的近15%,大量块石崩落堆积于沟头甚至是分水岭的位置,从而形成具有极高重力势能的高位崩滑体。因此,一旦遭遇超强降雨,极有可能引发破坏能力极强的泥石流灾害链。
寨子沟泥石流属典型的降雨型泥石流,关于降雨对泥石流的激发作用,唐川等(2011)提出在汶川强震区及其影响区,由于部分山体出现震裂“内伤”,导致泥石流发生的临界雨量和雨强较震前明显降低45%~67%,震后5~10 a泥石流进入新的活跃期。赵成等(2011)认为舟曲县年内60%以上暴雨发生在7~8月份,尤其是近年来该区极端强降雨极为频发,在该区降雨量达到37~47 mm时容易形成泥石流。王高峰等(2022)提出10 min和1 h等短历时强降雨往往是诱发白龙江流域绝大多数泥石流灾害发生与否的主要原因,影响泥石流危险程度10 min和1 h雨量分别为9.12~25.04 mm和22.4~51.9 mm。根据计算得触发寨子沟泥石流爆发的临界1 h降雨强度为42~65 mm,而10 min降雨量为25~41 mm。综合考虑寨子沟松散固体物质规模及高位崩滑运动等因素,紧邻寨子沟的三眼峪沟爆发泥石流的激发雨量为37~63 mm,在“8.8”山洪泥石流灾害发生的局地过程降水量达96.77 mm,30 min降雨强度为77.3 mm,远远超过触发寨子沟最大小时降雨强度临界值,存在发生高位远程特大型泥石流灾害链可能性大。此外,白龙江流域干旱河谷属长江水系上游典型的生态脆弱带和敏感区(石承苍等,2001),2010年三眼峪、罗家峪泥石流–堰塞湖灾害链与久旱降雨关系密切。2010年7月降雨量少于多年平均的64.24%,而2020年8月降雨量急剧增加,超过多年平均的42.2%,持续干旱导致岩土体特别是松散堆积碎石土表层干裂,裂隙发育,极利于降雨快速入渗,久旱极端高强度瞬时降雨是激发三眼峪泥石流灾害链的主要原因。
极端强降雨对沟道坡面产汇流的形成和重力侵蚀型物源的启动都至关重要,不仅使坡面汇流及主沟汇流迅速集中,导致主沟流量迅速加大,甚至诱发高位滑坡–泥石流–堵江灾害链。例如,三眼峪“8.8”特大山洪泥石流灾害从发源地到沟口仅6 km,相对高差达2500 m,特别是在后缘坡降最大达60%以上,地形极为陡峭,这种高山峡谷的漏斗状地形地貌,导致上游洪水迅速汇流后,沿途冲蚀主沟道两侧大量堆积的崩塌体和沟道松散物质,产生堵塞级联溃决放大效应,使主沟道泥石流规模和峰值快速增大,增加量分别为60%和84.2%(余斌等,2010)。寨子沟和三眼峪两处泥石流虽然在形态上有差异,但却存在着流域物源充足、谷坡陡峻、形成区沟道狭窄且坡降大等成因特征,在极端降雨条件极易发生特大型泥石流灾害链。
据调查统计分析,白龙江流域(甘肃段)87处特大泥石流灾害链隐患点沟域3000 m以上区域的高位重力型物源量为6758.46×104 m3,占物源总量30.03×108 m3的2.3%。这些高位物源在历次地震动、寒冻剥蚀风化、极端降雨耦合作用下岩体经重力作用高位剪出脱离母岩、快速坠落,形成高速远程碎屑流或沟道堰塞坝,转化为碎屑流或泥石流,随后沿沟谷运动至沟口堵江形成堰塞湖,形成的泥石流灾害链破坏性巨大。因此,在分析寨子沟流域地形地貌、物源条件、气象环境等孕灾环境同时,依据该沟谷的发育特征和形成机制,形成了该沟的灾害链演化模式(图3)。
在长期的构造地震活动及地貌演化条件下,区域内形成了一系列小沟–大扇型典型地貌特点的泥石流沟,该类泥石流沟后缘的边界往往是大型活动构造孕育形成的高陡的线状山脉。由于断裂带的长期活动,在泥石流沟后部形成大规模的断裂凹槽,故而形成独特的地貌类型,其后缘为高大陡峭的山体,具备较大且快速的降雨汇集区(图3a)。在长期风化作用和地震、极端降雨等诱发条件下,后缘层状岩体(以灰岩、白云岩夹板岩、千枚岩等软弱岩体)可能沿软弱层面或者构造节理面发生高位崩滑(图3b)。崩滑体在一定条件下转化为碎屑流并对沟道堆积物源(往往为历史残坡积物、泥石流堆积物质、滑坡堆积物)形成铲刮效应,之后裹挟更多碎屑物质并向沟道流通区汇集。由于沟道狭窄、沟道内的拦挡坝多淤满历史泥石流堆积物,这些堆积物被沟道上游的碎屑冲刷破坏并形成溃决放大效应(图3c)。泥石流以较快的速度、更大的规模冲毁或者淹没现有泥石流堆积扇体的居民、厂房等承灾体,并继续汇入前缘白龙江并形成堵江灾害,其堵江形成堰塞湖并造成再次的溃决–洪水灾害链(图3d)。
总体而言,寨子沟具有潜在的高位远程泥石流灾害链效应,其灾害链致灾过程为经过历史强震活动影响,在极端降雨作用下,断裂影响区内沟脑处潜在崩塌体失稳破坏且高位剪出→铲刮形成区沟道斜坡及沟底松散堆积体→牵引流通区沟岸滑坡堵塞沟道→堆积体停淤堵塞河道→堰塞湖溃决形成洪水。具体表现为在花崖沟沟脑山脊顶部存在一处高陡顺层潜在不稳定崩滑体,体积约为135.74×104 m3,经长期冻融剥蚀影响,在重力作用下逐渐发育成高位崩滑或滑坡,特别是在强震、暴雨等极端工况下,加剧高位危险源区的启动。由于沟谷圈闭作用和处于陡坡地带(纵比降达到510‰),当高位剪出后,重力势能转化为动能,在形成区下游沿途常伴有铲刮沟道斜坡及沟底松散堆积体,大量泥砂、块石汇入地表径流,泥石流重度迅速增大,但总体表现为流速持续降低的运动特征(图4a)。而在流通区上游段主要为物源集中分布区,受底蚀体积铲刮增大效应影响,高速流体侧向冲刷沟道岸坡坡脚,牵引触发滑坡,形成流体堵溃放大效应(图4b)。在流域下游沟床纵比降从123.8‰降低至94‰,地势逐级变缓,该段上游松散碎石土细颗粒成份主要为黑色碳质千枚岩、板岩碎屑物质组成且含量较高,同时碎石土含水量增加,有利于形成剪切液化效应,导致泥石流侧蚀、底蚀十分强烈,冲蚀的松散固体物质迅速汇入流动的泥石流中,能量进一步加大(图4c)。当泥石流行进至沟口该段下游时,由于沟道宽缓、纵坡降降低,流体在沟道内有一定的停淤。泥石流体经沟口弯道疾速冲出沟口,但由于受堆积区沟道形态等条件的变化,流体的携带能力降低,在出口处形成堆积扇并可能堵塞白龙江形成堰塞湖。随着漫顶水流冲刷和内部渗流共同作用,堰塞坝的溢流通道不断拓宽深切,进而产生溃决洪水(图4d),严重威胁下游人居环境安全。最终,形成高位崩滑–堰塞体溃决–泥石流–堰塞湖–溃决洪水灾害链。
受特殊孕灾环境和监测技术手段限制,白龙江流域中高山峡谷地段特大泥石流灾害链的高位物源调查和早期识别难度大,风险防控与应急处置技术能力亟需提升,为解决这些问题,认为白龙江流域类似寨子沟特大泥石流灾害链防灾减灾应开展以下工作。
白龙江流域峡谷地段特大泥石流流域内高位崩塌风险源区往往在海拔3000 m以上,受调查技术手段和精度的限制,尚有大量的沟脑区域高位物源隐患未被发现或对其失稳转换泥石流的链动机制还不明晰,缺少不同工况条件下特大泥石流灾害链的风险评价。特别是未来极端工况条件下,泥石流灾害链风险演变过程研究甚少,满足不了防灾减灾救灾需求。因此,亟需开展白龙江流域高山峡谷区特大泥石流灾害链专项调查评价,剖析复杂孕灾背景耦合作用下的特大地质灾害控灾机制、动力学机制及灾害链生效应,定量研究不同灾种转换机制和临界条件。此外,应采用多种遥感对地观测技术,通过构建“三查”体系,强化潜在灾害链物源的准确识别,形成流域高位物源识别图谱,实现对流域内高位地质灾害隐患点的形态、形变、形势特征的表达,以提升地质灾害隐患识别与监测预警能力。在白龙江流域高位远程泥石流灾害通常具有物源相对位置高(约24%的物源量分布在距离沟口高差大于1000 m的范围)、物源异常丰富(57.5%的泥石流沟单位面积松散固体物源量大于100×104 m3)、沟道纵比降大(62.1%的泥石流主沟道介于150‰~350‰)、形成区多呈鱼尾型漏斗状或勺状等特征。当某一沟谷型泥石流沟域有一条或多条断裂垂直穿越、在高程3300 m以上区域为寒冻风化基岩裸地区且存在高位崩滑、为上硬下软的岩组组合且地貌形态特征呈倒“品”漏斗或上陡中下宽缓的“L”型地形且出山口段呈“喇叭状”束口状,同时满足距离沟口300 m高差以上的区域物源面积≥200×104 m2和主沟道纵比降≥200‰时,该泥石流可判定为特大泥石流灾害链隐患。
基于灾害链的临灾预警、启动警报、过程监测警报等问题,加快开展适用于白龙江流域特大高位泥石流形成演化过程的空–天–地综合监测技术集成研究。①结合高位物源控制理论,建立基于灾害链形成机理和演化过程的多指标判识预警技术,结合搬迁避让和工程治理等,逐步将群测群防网络体系转变为“人防+技防”群专结合模式,构建适用白龙江流域高山峡谷区特大泥石流灾害链“点控”模式。王高峰等(2022)认为舟曲县泥石流临界1 h触发降雨量为35~65 mm、临界10 min触发降雨量为20~40 mm。值得注意的是三眼峪泥石流灾害链成灾演化前经历了数月的干旱少雨条件,极端强降雨更易激发大规模灾害链演化过程,链式效应作用突出,阶段性、区段性特征显著,在流域形成区若遇强降雨夹杂冰雹冲击坡面,将会增加泥石流容重和裹挟搬运能力。因此,久旱强雨是灾害链预警和防控的关键时段,同时也应加强冰雹雨的监测。②基于灾害链风险区划结果进行规划管控,尽量避免在危险区内新建工程和规划居民点,当确实无法避让危险区域时,应采用综合防控系统,提升工程灾害综合设防等级,加强人类工程活动管控和关键时段管控等,将未来可能发生的灾害损失降低最低,形成高效服务的减灾“面控”模式。③白龙江流域特大泥石流灾害链风险存在跨区域、多灾种、多主体耦合链动的独特性,其风险评估与风险防控研究仍面临重大挑战,亟需开展跨流域重大灾害链综合风险防控理论技术研究。
采用多种数值模拟技术,开展流域性特大泥石流灾害链风险过程推演,并提出合理规划复式大库拦截+多层级多功能排导束流、引水隧洞、泄洪涵洞等工程预防措施。加强堰塞坝溃决风险防控措施研究,提高重要水电建设、重大交通基础设施及人口聚集区的抗灾能力和设防水平。强化汛期和重点地区的宣传培训、专业指导、巡查排查、应急演练等工作告知当地居民何时预警何时撤离,并制定防灾预案、规划逃生路线、储备抗灾救灾物资等,提升群测群防监测和应急避险能力。此外,应不断的总结防灾减灾的经验和教训,逐步对防灾减灾的行为、习惯和准则进行修订,从而提高防灾减灾的水平。
目前,寨子沟已采用拦挡坝、排导槽等工程措施进行治理,虽然满足一般泥石流危险性要求,但若遭遇更大规模的泥石流灾害,特别是高位远程泥石流灾害链,仍存在一定的安全隐患。因此,根据上述特大泥石流灾害链风险防控对策与建议,通过采用Flo-2d灾害动力学数值模拟(王高峰等,2020)和HEC-RAS溃决洪水模拟(贾珂程等,2023)相结合,预测降雨频率为P=1%工况下泥石流启动–运动–堆积–溃决灾害链全过程,获取寨子沟特大泥石流链动过程危险性评价。结合对影响区内房屋建筑、重大交通工程和水利水电等承灾体的易损性评价,开展寨子沟泥石流灾害链风险评价。以灾害链风险区划成果为基础,依据寨子沟形成条件、灾害链演化模式及过程分析,针对白龙江流域高位远程泥石流爆发的特点,以地球系统科学为指导,按照上中下游的全链条链动过程,从流域角度根据不同风险区特征和关键问题采取相应的防控方案。因此,笔者针对寨子沟潜在特大泥石流灾害链,提出“早期识别+防止+调控+预防”为一体的流域性灾害链风险防控模式(图5,表3),为特大地质灾害防灾减灾提供参考。
(1)寨子沟泥石流在地貌上属中高山峡谷区,其上游呈“勺”状、中游为“L”型、下游呈“喇叭状”束口地形,整个流域松散固体物质储量为3307.89×104 m3,其动储量占总量的45%,沟域高位物源量占总量的64%以上,具备发生泥石流灾害链的基本条件。
(2)灾害链的形成发展主要受流域内陡峻的地形(关键的成灾地貌)、丰富的松散固体物质(主要控灾构造和必要孕灾地层),此外受地震影响,在极端降雨条件下(重要激发条件)可能激发形成高位崩滑–堰塞体溃决–泥石流–堰塞湖–溃决洪水灾害链。其灾害链形成演化过程表现为经过历史强震活动影响,在极端降雨作用下,断裂影响区内沟脑处潜在崩塌体失稳破坏且高位剪出→铲刮形成区沟道斜坡及沟底松散堆积体→牵引流通区沟岸滑坡堵塞沟道→堆积体停淤堵塞河道→堰塞湖溃决形成洪水。
(3)根据灾害链链动演化全过程,初步探讨了 “早期识别+防止+调控+预防”为一体的流域性泥石流灾害链风险防控模式。但特大泥石流灾害链的风险防控研究尚处于起步阶段,需要进一步深化和完善潜在泥石流灾害链高位物源的准确识别技术,加强灾害链生效应科学认识和临界转化条件定量评价,探索构建多尺度泥石流灾害链风险演变与协同防控技术等,形成具有中国特色的特大泥石流灾害链风险防控体系,更好地服务于防灾减灾、国土空间规划管控和用途管制。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024116
  • 接收时间:2024-06-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-10
  • 修回日期:2024-08-16
  • 录用日期:2024-12-03
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    1中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心,河北 保定 071051
    2自然资源部三峡库区地质灾害监测预警野外科学观测研究站,重庆 404100
    3甘肃工程地质研究院,甘肃 兰州 730030
    4甘肃省地质环境监测院,甘肃 兰州 730050
    5中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119

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邓兵(1968−),男,工程师,从事地质灾害调查工作。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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