Article(id=1251505539256102954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, issueId=1251505536634667461, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755360000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776311772407, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776311772407, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776311772407, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776311772407, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251505536634667461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, year='2025', volume='30', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776311771782, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776311824541, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251505758014226723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, issueId=1251505536634667461, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251505758014226724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, issueId=1251505536634667461, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251505539495178285, articleId=1251505539256102954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, language=EN, title=A memristor synthesis framework optimized by BDD reordering, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of excessive hardware overhead that arises when mapping binary decision diagrams(BDD)to memristor crossbar arrays within path-based memristive logic computing frameworks,a memristive logic synthesis framework based on BDD reordering optimization is proposed.The framework pioneers the application of the adaptive restart genetic algorithm(ARGA)to BDD variable order optimization,which generates BDD structures more suitable for mapping to memristor crossbar arrays,while its built-in adaptive restart mechanism ensures the efficiency of this optimization process which further optimizes the number of rows and columns in the mapped crossbar array,thereby effectively reducing hardware area.Evaluations were conducted on 17 benchmark circuits,and the experimental results show that compared with the original memristive logic framework,the proposed method reduces crossbar area by 15%,operation energy consumption by 26%,and latency by 12%.Moreover,in comparison with other memristive logic frameworks such as COMPACT and CONTRA,the proposed method reduces operation energy consumption by 3 and 4 orders of magnitude respectively,and decreases latency by 80%and 97%,respectively.Through the collaborative optimization of BDD structures and memristor array mapping constraints,this research provides an effective approach to enhance the synthesis efficiency of memristive logic circuits.

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为了改善在基于路径的忆阻逻辑计算框架中,将二元决策图(Binary Decision Diagrams,BDD)映射至忆阻交叉阵列时硬件开销过大的问题,提出一种基于BDD重排序优化的忆阻逻辑综合框架。该框架首创性地将自适应重启遗传算法(Adaptive Restart Genetic Algorithm,ARGA)用于BDD变量顺序优化,通过ARGA生成更适配忆阻交叉阵列的BDD结构,而ARGA中内置的自适应重启机制可保障BDD变量顺序优化的高效性,进而优化映射后阵列的行列数,有效减少硬件面积。对17个基准电路进行评估,实验结果表明,与改进前的忆阻逻辑框架相比,所提方法实现15%的阵列面积减少,并降低26%的运行能耗和12%的时延。且与COMPACT、CONTRA类型忆阻逻辑框架相比,运行能耗降低3~4个数量级,时延分别降低80%和97%。通过BDD结构与忆阻阵列映射约束的协同优化,为提升忆阻逻辑电路的综合效率提供了有效途径。

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刘鹏(1984-),男,湖南郴州人,博士,广东工业大学副教授,主要研究方向为集成电路设计与测试和神经网络架构设计。E-mail:

朱亚军(2001-),男,湖南娄底人,广东工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑综合。E-mail:

姚廉(1996-),男,湖北荆门人,广东工业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑设计和逻辑综合。E-mail:

武继刚(1963-),男,江苏沛县人,博士,广东工业大学教授,主要研究方向为高性能计算。E-mail:

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刘鹏(1984-),男,湖南郴州人,博士,广东工业大学副教授,主要研究方向为集成电路设计与测试和神经网络架构设计。E-mail:

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刘鹏(1984-),男,湖南郴州人,博士,广东工业大学副教授,主要研究方向为集成电路设计与测试和神经网络架构设计。E-mail:

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朱亚军(2001-),男,湖南娄底人,广东工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑综合。E-mail:

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朱亚军(2001-),男,湖南娄底人,广东工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑综合。E-mail:

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姚廉(1996-),男,湖北荆门人,广东工业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑设计和逻辑综合。E-mail:

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姚廉(1996-),男,湖北荆门人,广东工业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑设计和逻辑综合。E-mail:

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武继刚(1963-),男,江苏沛县人,博士,广东工业大学教授,主要研究方向为高性能计算。E-mail:

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武继刚(1963-),男,江苏沛县人,博士,广东工业大学教授,主要研究方向为高性能计算。E-mail:

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输入:BDD p={OS}
输出:BDD p*={ObestSbest}
1:P←{p0p1,…,pn-1}
2:S*←EvaluateFitness(Pp*
3:FOR g=0 to GmaxDO
4:IF uTTHEN
5:u0,restart(P
6:END IF
7:FORi=0 ton-1 DO
8:pt1←tournamentSelection(P
9:pt2←tournamentSelection(P
10:pPMXpt1pt2)MU(pt1
11:P′←P′∪p
12:END FOR
13:PP′
14:S′←EvaluateFitness(P′,p′)
15:IFS*S′THEN
16:S*S′,p*p
17:ELSE
18:uu+1
19:END IF
20:END FOR
21:REUTRN p*
), ArticleFig(id=1251505547049120080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, articleId=1251505539256102954, language=CN, label=null, caption=

算法:基于ARGA的BDD重排序算法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入:BDD p={OS}
输出:BDD p*={ObestSbest}
1:P←{p0p1,…,pn-1}
2:S*←EvaluateFitness(Pp*
3:FOR g=0 to GmaxDO
4:IF uTTHEN
5:u0,restart(P
6:END IF
7:FORi=0 ton-1 DO
8:pt1←tournamentSelection(P
9:pt2←tournamentSelection(P
10:pPMXpt1pt2)MU(pt1
11:P′←P′∪p
12:END FOR
13:PP′
14:S′←EvaluateFitness(P′,p′)
15:IFS*S′THEN
16:S*S′,p*p
17:ELSE
18:uu+1
19:END IF
20:END FOR
21:REUTRN p*
), ArticleFig(id=1251505547137200468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, articleId=1251505539256102954, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准测试PATH[20]所提方法单阵列映射(PATH[20]单阵列映射(所提方法)
节点数边数节点数边数行数列数面积行数列数面积
in0384680314499384565216960314419131566
apex25661042331600566879497514331462152922
spla593864597846593767454831597750447750
pdc620887610881620750465000610740451400
misex36731094554895673849573177554675373950
tial89617178541562896114310241288541104942816
apex4989187497218309891157114427397211511118772
cps10791633994156110791248134659299411651158010
apex51258238710611913125821322682056106117901899190
seq13012041127520351301156020295601275158620022150
cavlc435776398701435530230550398476189448
ctrl881288612488100880086988428
dec511510511510511510260610511510260610
i2c1203193611091820120318372209911110917211908589
int2float1583011292181582654187012917021930
priority771153977115397711539118656977115391186569
router2183791803112183517651818029953820
归一化平均值1.001.000.910.901.001.001.000.910.900.85
), ArticleFig(id=1251505547221086552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, articleId=1251505539256102954, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所提方法与PATH[20]中生成的BDD大小比较,以及单阵列映射面积(行×列)比较

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基准测试PATH[20]所提方法单阵列映射(PATH[20]单阵列映射(所提方法)
节点数边数节点数边数行数列数面积行数列数面积
in0384680314499384565216960314419131566
apex25661042331600566879497514331462152922
spla593864597846593767454831597750447750
pdc620887610881620750465000610740451400
misex36731094554895673849573177554675373950
tial89617178541562896114310241288541104942816
apex4989187497218309891157114427397211511118772
cps10791633994156110791248134659299411651158010
apex51258238710611913125821322682056106117901899190
seq13012041127520351301156020295601275158620022150
cavlc435776398701435530230550398476189448
ctrl881288612488100880086988428
dec511510511510511510260610511510260610
i2c1203193611091820120318372209911110917211908589
int2float1583011292181582654187012917021930
priority771153977115397711539118656977115391186569
router2183791803112183517651818029953820
归一化平均值1.001.000.910.901.001.001.000.910.900.85
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基于二元决策图重排序优化的忆阻逻辑综合框架
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刘鹏 , 朱亚军 , 姚廉 , 武继刚
西安邮电大学学报 | 计算机与自动化 2025,30(6): 68-76
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西安邮电大学学报 | 计算机与自动化 2025, 30(6): 68-76
基于二元决策图重排序优化的忆阻逻辑综合框架
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刘鹏 , 朱亚军 , 姚廉 , 武继刚
作者信息
  • 广东工业大学计算机学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 刘鹏(1984-),男,湖南郴州人,博士,广东工业大学副教授,主要研究方向为集成电路设计与测试和神经网络架构设计。E-mail:

    朱亚军(2001-),男,湖南娄底人,广东工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑综合。E-mail:

    姚廉(1996-),男,湖北荆门人,广东工业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为忆阻逻辑设计和逻辑综合。E-mail:

    武继刚(1963-),男,江苏沛县人,博士,广东工业大学教授,主要研究方向为高性能计算。E-mail:

A memristor synthesis framework optimized by BDD reordering
Peng LIU , Yajun ZHU , Lian YAO , Jigang WU
Affiliations
  • School of Computer Science and Technology,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou 510006,China
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.008
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为了改善在基于路径的忆阻逻辑计算框架中,将二元决策图(Binary Decision Diagrams,BDD)映射至忆阻交叉阵列时硬件开销过大的问题,提出一种基于BDD重排序优化的忆阻逻辑综合框架。该框架首创性地将自适应重启遗传算法(Adaptive Restart Genetic Algorithm,ARGA)用于BDD变量顺序优化,通过ARGA生成更适配忆阻交叉阵列的BDD结构,而ARGA中内置的自适应重启机制可保障BDD变量顺序优化的高效性,进而优化映射后阵列的行列数,有效减少硬件面积。对17个基准电路进行评估,实验结果表明,与改进前的忆阻逻辑框架相比,所提方法实现15%的阵列面积减少,并降低26%的运行能耗和12%的时延。且与COMPACT、CONTRA类型忆阻逻辑框架相比,运行能耗降低3~4个数量级,时延分别降低80%和97%。通过BDD结构与忆阻阵列映射约束的协同优化,为提升忆阻逻辑电路的综合效率提供了有效途径。

内存计算  /  忆阻器  /  二元决策图  /  遗传算法  /  逻辑综合

To address the issue of excessive hardware overhead that arises when mapping binary decision diagrams(BDD)to memristor crossbar arrays within path-based memristive logic computing frameworks,a memristive logic synthesis framework based on BDD reordering optimization is proposed.The framework pioneers the application of the adaptive restart genetic algorithm(ARGA)to BDD variable order optimization,which generates BDD structures more suitable for mapping to memristor crossbar arrays,while its built-in adaptive restart mechanism ensures the efficiency of this optimization process which further optimizes the number of rows and columns in the mapped crossbar array,thereby effectively reducing hardware area.Evaluations were conducted on 17 benchmark circuits,and the experimental results show that compared with the original memristive logic framework,the proposed method reduces crossbar area by 15%,operation energy consumption by 26%,and latency by 12%.Moreover,in comparison with other memristive logic frameworks such as COMPACT and CONTRA,the proposed method reduces operation energy consumption by 3 and 4 orders of magnitude respectively,and decreases latency by 80%and 97%,respectively.Through the collaborative optimization of BDD structures and memristor array mapping constraints,this research provides an effective approach to enhance the synthesis efficiency of memristive logic circuits.

in-memory computing  /  memristor  /  binary decision diagrams  /  genetic algorithm  /  logic synthesis
刘鹏, 朱亚军, 姚廉, 武继刚. 基于二元决策图重排序优化的忆阻逻辑综合框架. 西安邮电大学学报, 2025 , 30 (6) : 68 -76 . DOI: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.008
Peng LIU, Yajun ZHU, Lian YAO, Jigang WU. A memristor synthesis framework optimized by BDD reordering[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 30 (6) : 68 -76 . DOI: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.008
随着数字数据的指数级增长,传统计算架构面临日益严峻的性能瓶颈[1]。当前数据密集型应用普遍受限于冯·诺依曼体系架构中存储与计算单元分离的设计,该设计导致内存与处理器间频繁的数据迁移,形成制约计算性能提升的存储墙问题。在此背景下,存算一体技术通过融合存储与计算功能,为突破这一瓶颈提供了新思路[2]。其中,基于非易失性存储器的实现方案因其物理特性优势备受关注[3]。忆阻器作为典型的非易失性存储器,不仅具备高密度集成特性[4-5],并且能与标准互补金属氧化物半导体(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor,CMOS)工艺兼容,这使得基于忆阻器的存算一体化架构成为当前研究热点[6-7]
忆阻器由夹在上下金属电极之间的金属氧化物薄膜构成,其电阻值通过电场调控的离子迁移实现可逆改变[8]。通过在忆阻器上施加合适的电压,能够使得忆阻器的电阻在低阻态和高阻态之间实现可逆的转变[9]。忆阻器存储阵列通常会采用1个晶体管-1个忆阻器(1Transistor-1Resistor,1T1R)结构,通过将晶体管与忆阻器连接使得每个单元能够被单独选通,并且还能限制忆阻器漏电流的问题[10-11]
在存算一体架构中,对逻辑“0”和“1”明确区分的数字逻辑计算可满足高精度计算需求[12]。当前主流的布尔逻辑实现方案包括:基于忆阻阵列的蕴含逻辑(IMPLY)[13-14]、忆阻器辅助逻辑(MAGIC)[15-16]、多数表决逻辑(MAJORITY)[17-18]、以及新近提出的基于流计算[19]和基于路径的新型忆阻逻辑[20-21]。通常,各布尔逻辑实现方案均包含编译与执行两个阶段:编译阶段均需忆阻阵列写操作,执行阶段中前4类方案需读写操作,而基于路径的忆阻逻辑仅需读操作。由于写操作涉及阻值改变,其不仅加速器件老化,还导致更高能耗[22-23],因此,基于路径的忆阻逻辑方案在执行阶段同时具备低功耗与高可靠性的双重优势。
尽管上述的忆阻逻辑范式能够实现任意布尔逻辑函数,但是开发适配存算架构的自动化映射工具对实现高效布尔逻辑综合至关重要。现有研究已提出多种忆阻逻辑综合框架,如基于MAGIC的CONTRA[24]、采用MAJORITY的Arc[25],以及基于IMPLY的优化方法[13]等经典框架;此外,还有新兴的基于流计算的COMPACT[19]和基于路径计算的PATH框架[20]。这两个框架都通过将布尔函数转换为二元决策图(Binary Decision Diagrams,BDD),并优化BDD到忆阻阵列的映射策略,进一步提升了硬件资源利用率。
然而,上述依赖于BDD的忆阻逻辑综合框架忽略了一个关键问题,其在映射前的BDD优化环节,仍沿用传统逻辑综合的思路,将减少BDD的总节点数和总边数作为核心目标,却未充分关注该逻辑计算框架中忆阻交叉阵列独特的映射机制与BDD结构之间的关联性[19-20]。在传统逻辑设计中,总节点数、总边数的精简确实能简化逻辑运算流程,但忆阻交叉阵列的硬件实现逻辑与传统电路存在本质差异,其硬件面积并非由BDD的总节点或边数量直接决定,而是与BDD结构中真正参与逻辑计算的关键路径特性相关。这种仅关注总规模、忽视架构适配性的优化方式,导致现有框架的BDD优化结果难以匹配忆阻阵列的映射需求,最终无法有效发挥忆阻器件在硬件面积优化上的潜力,也为后续忆阻逻辑电路的高效实现埋下了瓶颈。
在前人工作基础上,设计了一种基于自适应重启遗传算法(Adaptive Restart Genetic Algorithm,ARGA)的BDD重排序优化方案,并实现了集成该方案的逻辑综合框架。主要贡献包括:开发集成ARGA的逻辑综合框架,有效减小基于路径逻辑计算架构下的忆阻器阵列面积;针对BDD重排序过程中面临的局部最优陷阱问题,在算法中加入自适应重启机制,实现高效最优解搜索。
二元决策图是一种基于有向无环图的布尔函数表示方法,其结构如图1所示[26]
BDD由两类节点构成:内部节点表示布尔变量,每个内部节点延伸出两条有向边(0边和1边)指向子节点;终端节点表征布尔常量0和1,作为逻辑路径的终止节点且无出边。通过香农展开定理
式中:fxi分别代表函数和第i个变量,任意布尔函数均可分解为f=xifxi+,其中fxi分别对应变量xi取1和0时函数f的值。以函数f=(x1+x2)·x3为例,当变量顺序固定为x1x2x3时,如图1所示的BDD结构,内部结点x1通过0边(对应),连接子函数fx1=(1+x2)·x3,通过1边(对应),连接子函数,这种分层决策机制通过对变量顺序的逐级展开,完整表征了布尔函数的逻辑行为。值得注意的是,BDD还有一些其他的扩展形式:通过合并和消除冗余结构生成的降序二元决策图(Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams,ROBDD)以及通过共享子图来支持多输入多输出的共享二元决策图(Shared Binary Decision Diagrams,SBDD)[26]
典型的1T1R交叉阵列由字线、位线、选择线和字线与位线连接处的晶体管-忆阻器(1T1R)单元构成[28],如图2所示。每个1T1R单元由串联的忆阻器和晶体管构成,其中晶体管栅极垂直连接至公共选择线。该交叉阵列具有双重开关特性:忆阻器通过高低阻实现开关功能,当对目标位线施加特定电压时,忆阻器可在低阻(“开”)与高阻(“关”)之间可逆切换。晶体管则作为另一个开关,通断状态由选择线电压控制。
基于路径的忆阻逻辑计算通过检测忆阻阵列中的导电路径实现布尔函数运算[20],其逻辑计算如图3所示,包含编译阶段和执行阶段。编译阶段将硬件描述语言定义的布尔函数(如图3(a))转化为抽象交叉阵列设计(如图3(b)),该抽象交叉阵列设计明确各单元忆阻器的目标状态(低阻“1”/高阻“0”)、选择线(Selector lines)绑定的布尔变量(如SL1x1,SL2x2,SL3x3)以及输入/输出端口映射的字线位置。
通过位线施加定向电压脉冲,将对应忆阻器编程为低阻(“开”)或高阻(“关”)状态(如图3(c))。在执行阶段,将输入变量加载至选择线,从而控制晶体管的开关状态(如图3(d))。输入字线施加电压值:若为高电平则函数为真,反之为假。例如输入向量(x1x2x3)=(1,1,0)时(如图3(e)所示),存在一条输入到输出的导通路径,函数评估为1。
现有的PATH框架[20]已建立了完整的布尔逻辑综合方法。该方法通过将布尔函数的BDD映射至1T1R忆阻阵列,其流程包括BDD预处理、二分图转换、节点合并、图分区及阵列实现。本部分重点阐述BDD到阵列的映射机制。图4为布尔函数映射至交叉阵列步骤图,展示了编译阶段从布尔函数生成抽象阵列的全过程。具体流程如下:首先将布尔函数f=(c>(ba)>d)转化为BDD结构(如图4(a)所示);随后进行预处理,即移除常量0节点及所有其关联边,形成精简BDD(图4(b));最后在映射过程中,每个BDD节点对应一条字线,每条边对应一条选择线,节点与边的连接点标记为1,非连接点标记为0,最终生成图4(c)所示的抽象阵列拓扑。
需要注意的是,变量顺序的差异会导致生成的BDD结构不同,从而直接影响映射后交叉阵列的规模。例如,如图4(a)所示,由变量顺序(abcd)生成的BDD结构,在经过预处理后生成5个结点和6条非0连接边的精简BDD(如图4(b)所示),其最终生成的忆阻交叉阵列大小为5×6。而对于同一布尔函数,当变量顺序为(cabd)时,生成的BDD结构如图4(d)所示,在经过预处理后生成5个结点5条非0连接边的精简BDD(图4(e)所示),其最终生成的忆阻交叉阵列大小为5×5。然而,现有框架尚未考虑到该特性对综合性能的影响。所提方法则通过优化BDD变量顺序来提升映射策略的资源利用效率。
本节首先介绍所提框架的整体流程,随后对BDD重排序优化问题进行表述并设计优化目标函数,最后再详细描述优化算法实现细节。
图5为整体框架,详细展示了集成ARGA重排序算法的逻辑综合框架全流程。流程以PLA等格式的布尔函数描述文件为输入,首先进入BDD构建环节,借助ABC工具将输入文件转换为标准BDD结构,这一步为后续的优化与映射提供了基础的逻辑表示形式。随后,进入BDD优化阶段,利用所提出的ARGA重排序算法,以目标函数min(N·E·(1+log(np)))为约束,对标准BDD进行变量顺序优化,生成更利于后续硬件映射的BDD结构,该结构能有效降低行/列映射代价。完成优化后,进入交叉阵列映射环节,先对优化后的BDD进行预处理,保留非0路径以精简逻辑表示,接着为BDD节点分配字线、为边分配位线,完成从逻辑结构到忆阻交叉阵列硬件资源的映射。最终,输出可执行布尔逻辑计算的忆阻交叉阵列,实现从布尔函数到硬件阵列的完整转化流程。
基于自适应重启遗传算法(ARGA)的BDD重排序算法,其目标是为布尔函数寻找最优变量顺序的BDD结构。该结构需满足:拥有最少的节点数、非0连接边数以及最少非0路径数。具体优化目标函数定义为
式中:NEnp分别代表当前变量顺序下BDD的结点数、非0路径边数以及非0路径的数量。该目标函数的意义在于:结点数N与非0路径边数E决定了映射后忆阻交叉阵列的行数与列数,而非0路径数np反映了函数执行时存在的路径数量。通过协同优化这3个参数,算法能够在有限迭代次数内生成最优变量顺序,从而提升阵列映射效率。
基于ARGA的BDD重排序算法描述了变量顺序优化流程。该算法旨在预设的最大迭代次数GMax内,对BDD的初始变量顺序O进行优化,最终得到适应度值S最小的最优变量顺序Obest。在该重排序算法中,种群P内的每个个体p均包含两个核心属性:一是当前对应的BDD变量顺序O,二是该变量顺序下计算得到的适应度值S。同时,为实现自适应重启机制,算法额外设置了重启阈值T算法伪代码如下。
输入为包含初始变量顺序O及其适应度S的BDD结构,输出为具有最优顺序Obest和最小适应度Sbest的BDD。具体执行流程为:首先构建包含n个个体的初始种群P,其中p0保留BDD原始变量顺序,其余个体通过Fisher-Yates算法随机生成,兼顾解的稳定性与搜索多样性。随后计算初始种群各成员的适应度后,记录当前最优解p及其适应度S。接下来在预设的GMax次迭代中,算法持续监测最优解的更新状态:若最优解连续T次迭代未改进,则触发重启机制,即保留当前最优个体及10%种群成员,其余个体重新随机生成以突破局部最优。未触发重启时,每次迭代通过锦标赛选择法从种群中选取父代个体pt1pt2,根据预设交叉率/变异率执行部分映射交叉(PMX)或单点变异(MU),生成新个体p′并构建新种群P′。更新种群后重新评估适应度,若发现更优解则更新pS,否则累计停滞计数器u。最终当迭代次数达到GMax后返回最优变量顺序p*生成的BDD。该算法核心操作机制包括:1)锦标赛选择确保优质基因传递;2)PMX交叉保留有效变量顺序片段;3)置换变异增强局部搜索能力;4)停滞计数器驱动的自适应重启机制,有效缓解组合优化中的早熟收敛问题。
为评估所提出的逻辑综合优化方法,实验选取Revlib与EPFL基准库中的17个多输出布尔函数作为测试用例。实验平台通过集成ABC逻辑综合工具与PATH框架[20]实现完整流程。
通过多次实验验证,为保证收敛精度与计算效率的最优平衡,其中ARGA的关键参数设置如下:最大迭代次数GMax=1000,种群规模n=20,重启阈值T=30。在功耗评估环节,为确保横向对比的公平性,实验的参数设置与计算方式均参照文献[20],设定单忆阻阵列规模为128*128,总线与忆阻阵列功耗分别设定为13mW与0.3mW,时延分别设定为15ns与100ns。
表1对比了所提方法与文献[20]的预处理BDD规模差异。实验数据表明,优化后的BDD结构在节点数量上平均降低9%,非0连接边数量减少10%。当映射至未分区的交叉阵列时,阵列行数(由节点数决定)与列数(由边数决定)分别缩减9%与10%,总面积优化幅度达到15%。该结果验证了变量顺序优化对硬件资源占用的显著改善效果。
实验进一步对比了不同忆阻逻辑框架在执行阶段的功耗与时延,结果分别如图6图7所示。从图6图7可以看出,所提方法框架与PATH框架[20]相比,能耗与时延分别降低26%和12%。所提方法的能耗较COMPACT[19]与CONTRA[24]框架分别降低3个与4个数量级。而所提方法的时延较COMPACT与CONTRA框架分别降低80%和97%。此外,CONTRA采用多级逻辑综合优化方法对函数对应的AIG进行优化,然后采用查找表映射(Look-Up Table mapping,LUT mapping)方式进行映射,在该过程中充分利用MAGIC-或非门在忆阻阵列的并行性来加速运算。
然而,并行执行MAGIC-或非运算对输入的实际映射位置要求较高,即,并行运算的输入数据需要位于忆阻阵列同行不同列。因此,CONTRA需要大量的数据对齐操作,进而造成额外的延时开销。与其相比,所提方法通过硬件原生的路径连续性,从根本上规避了传统方法的数据对齐问题,实验证明可显著降低延时与能耗。
在BDD变量顺序优化问题中,该问题本质属于NP-hard问题。当待优化的变量数量达到一定规模时,算法在搜索过程中极易陷入局部最优解,此时搜索得到的变量顺序难以进一步优化,导致整体优化性能停滞。为解决这一问题,该重排序算法引入自适应重启机制。当算法连续30次迭代未更新最优解时,会自动保留当前最优个体并重置90%的种群成员,通过引入新的搜索个体打破局部最优约束,进而增强算法的全局搜索能力。
为验证该机制的有效性,图8给出了适应度值随迭代次数的演化过程。结果显示,当迭代次数达到500次时,启用该重启机制的算法,其适应度值较基准方法提升20.7%,充分证明了该机制对突破局部最优、提升优化性能的作用。
在传统逻辑综合中,BDD优化聚焦于抽象层面的规模压缩(如节点数、边数的最小化);而在忆阻逻辑综合中,所提方法更注重BDD结构与忆阻阵列映射约束的协同优化,特别是变量顺序对映射效果的影响。需特别指出,基于路径计算的逻辑综合框架在实现面积上存在固有缺陷。其根本原因在于结构性约束:为实现BDD中所有可能的逻辑路径,必须将每个节点完整映射为阵列中的独立行,每条边映射为独立列。这种刚性映射机制导致硬件资源利用率存在理论瓶颈——阵列行数等于节点总数,列数等于边总数,且需为所有潜在路径预留物理连接。这本质上限制了面积压缩的空间,成为制约路径计算框架发展的核心问题。
针对基于路径计算的框架在实现面积上存在的缺陷,所提方法设计了基于BDD重排序优化的忆阻逻辑综合框架。通过基于ARGA的BDD重排序算法,生成更适配忆阻交叉阵列的BDD结构,尽可能减少映射过程中需实现的BDD结构中非0路径下的节点与边数,从而以减少硬件面积,实现了忆阻交叉阵列硬件资源的高效利用。并构建了从布尔函数→BDD优化→物理映射的完整逻辑综合流程。实验结果表明,该框架使阵列面积平均减少15%,执行功耗和时延分别降低26%和12%,总体性能优于传统路径计算方法。实验结果验证了在忆阻阵列映射约束下对BDD结构的优化,能够有效提升忆阻逻辑综合效率,为存算一体技术中忆阻逻辑电路的高效设计提供了可行路径。
然而,在映射过程中,受必须为节点与边都分配字线和位线的机制影响,即使经过现有预处理分区操作,映射后的忆阻交叉阵列实际使用率仍不高,通常体现在交叉阵列对角区域的忆阻器多赋值为0(高阻状态)。这也是基于路径的忆阻逻辑计算面积开销较大的原因,后续工作应考虑开发更高效的分区算法,在确保尽可能少引入额外分区开销的同时,提升忆阻阵列使用率,从而进一步减少映射面积。
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doi: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.008
  • 接收时间:2025-08-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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    广东工业大学计算机学院,广东 广州 510006
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