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In order to delve into the relationships of information flow among various brain regions within causal brain networks,a causal network emotion recognition methodology grounded in electroencephalogram(EEG)signals across communities is proposed.Firstly,time-frequency domain features are extracted from the preprocessed EEG signals.The partial directed coherence(PDC)method is adopted to build the casual brain network,and the Infomap community detection algorithm is used to divide the communities of the brain network.Next,a graph representation of the brain network is formulated,in which the causal interactions,quantified by PDC values between different communities,serve as the edge features,while the node features are defined by the weighted average differential entropy computed for each respective community. Finally,this constructed graph data is fed into a graph convolutional neural network for the ultimate task of emotion classification and recognition.Experimental results demonstrate that compared with the conventional full-channel causal emotion recognition approaches,the proposed method decreases the computational complexity by leveraging the directed causal information between the brain sections,and successfully maintains a high level of emotion recognition accuracy.

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为了探究因效性脑网络中各脑区间信息流动的关系,提出一种基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法。首先,对预处理后的脑电信号提取其时频域特征,利用基于部分定向相干(Partial Directed Coherence,PDC)方法构建因效性脑网络,并使用Infomap社区划分算法对脑网络进行社区划分。然后,以各社区间部分定向相干因果关系作为边特征,各社区加权平均微分熵作为点特征,构成图数据。最后,将图数据送入图卷积神经网络进行分类识别。实验结果表明,相比以往全通道因效性情绪识别方法,所提方法利用大脑局部之间的有向因效信息降低了计算复杂度,且保持了较高的情绪识别准确率。

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王忠民(1967-),男,陕西蒲城人,博士,西安邮电大学教授、CCF高级会员,主要研究方向为嵌入式智能感知、脑机接口、机器学习、情绪计算等。E-mail:

雷欢(1998-),男,陕西渭南人,西安邮电大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为脑机接口技术、脑电情绪识别。E-mail:

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雷欢(1998-),男,陕西渭南人,西安邮电大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为脑机接口技术、脑电情绪识别。E-mail:

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方法采用方法准确率/%
文献[21]利用小波包提取相关脑电频域特征70.00
文献[22]采用3个频段的EEG信号提取小波熵65.10
文献[23]构建幅值平方相干性脑网络73.59
文献[24]构建功能性脑网络提取脑电时频域特征,并结合卷积神经网络80.52
文献[25]使用长短时记忆网络和注意力机制相结合提取相关脑电时域特征74.26
所提方法社区间因果连接82.97
), ArticleFig(id=1251505546961044364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233954884272221, articleId=1251505537830044110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方法情绪分类识别结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法采用方法准确率/%
文献[21]利用小波包提取相关脑电频域特征70.00
文献[22]采用3个频段的EEG信号提取小波熵65.10
文献[23]构建幅值平方相干性脑网络73.59
文献[24]构建功能性脑网络提取脑电时频域特征,并结合卷积神经网络80.52
文献[25]使用长短时记忆网络和注意力机制相结合提取相关脑电时域特征74.26
所提方法社区间因果连接82.97
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基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法
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王忠民 1, 2, 3 , 雷欢 1
西安邮电大学学报 | 计算机与自动化 2025,30(6): 59-67
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西安邮电大学学报 | 计算机与自动化 2025, 30(6): 59-67
基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法
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王忠民1, 2, 3 , 雷欢1
作者信息
  • 1.西安邮电大学计算机学院,陕西西安 710121
  • 2.陕西省网络数据分析与智能处理重点实验室,陕西西安 710121
  • 3.西安市大数据与智能计算重点实验室,陕西西安 710121
  • 王忠民(1967-),男,陕西蒲城人,博士,西安邮电大学教授、CCF高级会员,主要研究方向为嵌入式智能感知、脑机接口、机器学习、情绪计算等。E-mail:

    雷欢(1998-),男,陕西渭南人,西安邮电大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为脑机接口技术、脑电情绪识别。E-mail:

Causal network emotion recognition method based on EEG signals between communities
Zhongmin WANG1, 2, 3 , Huan LEI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Computer Science and Technology,Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications,Xi'an 710121,China
  • 2.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing,Xi'an 710121,China
  • 3.Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing,Xi'an 710121,China
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.007
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为了探究因效性脑网络中各脑区间信息流动的关系,提出一种基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法。首先,对预处理后的脑电信号提取其时频域特征,利用基于部分定向相干(Partial Directed Coherence,PDC)方法构建因效性脑网络,并使用Infomap社区划分算法对脑网络进行社区划分。然后,以各社区间部分定向相干因果关系作为边特征,各社区加权平均微分熵作为点特征,构成图数据。最后,将图数据送入图卷积神经网络进行分类识别。实验结果表明,相比以往全通道因效性情绪识别方法,所提方法利用大脑局部之间的有向因效信息降低了计算复杂度,且保持了较高的情绪识别准确率。

情绪识别  /  因效性脑网络  /  脑电信号  /  部分定向相干  /  社区划分

In order to delve into the relationships of information flow among various brain regions within causal brain networks,a causal network emotion recognition methodology grounded in electroencephalogram(EEG)signals across communities is proposed.Firstly,time-frequency domain features are extracted from the preprocessed EEG signals.The partial directed coherence(PDC)method is adopted to build the casual brain network,and the Infomap community detection algorithm is used to divide the communities of the brain network.Next,a graph representation of the brain network is formulated,in which the causal interactions,quantified by PDC values between different communities,serve as the edge features,while the node features are defined by the weighted average differential entropy computed for each respective community. Finally,this constructed graph data is fed into a graph convolutional neural network for the ultimate task of emotion classification and recognition.Experimental results demonstrate that compared with the conventional full-channel causal emotion recognition approaches,the proposed method decreases the computational complexity by leveraging the directed causal information between the brain sections,and successfully maintains a high level of emotion recognition accuracy.

emotion recognition  /  causal brain networks  /  electroencephalogram signals  /  partial directed coherence  /  community division
王忠民, 雷欢. 基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法. 西安邮电大学学报, 2025 , 30 (6) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.007
Zhongmin WANG, Huan LEI. Causal network emotion recognition method based on EEG signals between communities[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 30 (6) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.007
情绪作为人类大脑的高级认知功能和自然生理反应,在人类的认知交往、日常生活等方面发挥着至关重要的作用[1-3]。常见的情绪识别方法可以分为两类:一类是基于语音[4]、面部表情[5]和行为[6]等非生理信号的情绪识别方法,另一类是基于生理信号的情绪识别,主要包括外围神经系统和脑电信号。前者可以人为控制,客观性较差且易于伪装。后者信号来自大脑中枢神经系统,不可伪装,为真实记录的信号,可真实反映情绪状态。脑电[7](Electroencephalogram,EEG)作为一种中枢神经生理信号,在研究中常被用来检测大脑在多种情绪下所产生的生理反应,其结果可以为情绪识别提供大量、全面且有效的生理信息。因此,基于EEG的情绪识别研究被国内外学者广泛关注。
脑网络可以很好地反应各脑区间地相互作用,大体上可以分为功能性脑网络[8-9]和因效性脑网络[10-12]两类。功能性脑网络常被用来分析短时间内不同节点信号间的相互作用关系,描述脑网络各节点之间的统计性连接关系,为无向网络。因效性脑网络多用来研究较长时间段信号建立统计学上的因果关系,该因果关系具有方向性和强弱性,能够很好地反应脑区间的信息流向和强弱,为有向网络。因此,因效性脑网络在功能性脑网络反映结点连接边权重的基础上,体现出了结点连接边的方向性,更能够揭示情绪的产生机理。因效性脑网络通过量化EEG信号间的耦合程度,描述社区划分[13]后各脑区间的动态交互过程,从而真实有效地反映大脑的信息处理机制。Chen等[14]采用格兰杰因果关系构建因效性脑网络,并结合连接强度对情绪进行了分类识别。Guo等[15]通过格兰杰因果关系的方法构建因效性脑网络,并将其作为脑电信号的因果关系特征来实现情感分类,取得较好的分类效果,分类准确率显著提高。然而,研究中若仅聚焦于全脑因果网络,而忽略在情绪变化过程中大脑各区域之间的连接信息,则难以对不同情绪状态下大脑的信息交互模式进行准确的差异性分析。
为了挖掘整体脑网络内部更具体细微的重要特征,需要进行模块化结构构建,具体表现为在一个网络中存在不同模块结构,而形成这一结构则需要进行社区划分[16-17]。该方法能够将整体网络中分别具有不同差异性特征的结点聚类,形成内部密集,外部稀疏的结构特点,有助于研究各脑区连通性的动态变化以及变化过程中各个脑区之间的模块化结构特征。因此,本文拟结合因效性脑网络和社区划分,提出一种基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法,旨在分析在情感产生以及变化过程中,因效性脑网络内各社区间的动态因果关系,从模块化结构的角度探究因效性脑网络。
基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法包括时频域特征提取、因效性脑网络构建、社区划分和图卷积神经网络分类识别等4个部分,方法架构示意图如图1所示。图1中脑网络的不同节点代表不同的脑电通道,不同节点之间的有向连接则代表情绪反应过程中不同脑电通道间所产生的有向关联关系。
基于多变量时间序列之间有向关系的研究方法,即部分定向相干(Partial Directed Coherence,PDC)方法是一种基于格兰杰因果关系演化而出的频域法。原始的格兰杰因果模型(Granger Causality,GC)被应用于脑电的时域信号,基于格兰杰模型转化而来的PDC则利用脑电的频域信号。对脑电信号进行因果分析过程不应该局限在时域维度,也应该考虑信号本身的频域特性,因此PDC多被用于研究多通道时间序列间的定向联系。
PDC对N通道的脑电信号Xn)=[X1n),X2n),…,XNn)]T的多变量自回归模型关系可表示为
式中:n为时间点;Ar为多变量自回归模型的系数矩阵;WnN×1噪声向量(均值为0的高斯白噪声);p为自回归模型阶次。
通过最小二乘法拟合多变量自回归模型。对预处理后的脑电信号(去基线、4.0~4.5Hz带通滤波)构造输入输出数据矩阵,求解式(1)的系数矩阵Ar,确保Wn满足高斯白噪声假设。对多变量自回归模型的系数矩阵Ar进行变换得到
式中:f为对应的频率;IN×N单位矩阵;e-2∏jfr为频域转换因子,j为第j个通道的信号。
为了将多变量自回归模型的频域表示转化为可量化“定向因果关系”的结构,定义
式中:f)为中独立的列。因此中的第i行,第j列的元素可以表示为
PDC通过多变量自回归模型系数矩阵和噪声协方差矩阵,分离出不同变量间的直接耦合关系。第i个通道的信号对第j个通道的信号在频率为f时的动态影响可表示为
式中:Dijf)表示通道j对通道i的PDC值(因果强度);Aijf)为Af)的第i行第j列元素(频域因果系数)。
噪声协方差矩阵可用于评估模型残差的独立性,从而验证因果推断的可靠性。因此,PDC不仅提供因果关系的统计显著性指标,还可通过频域分析揭示因果作用的频率特异性特征。PDC具体数值Dijf)所代表的是输入信号对于原始信号所造成的真实因果影响大小,若数值大于零,则说明输入信号与原始信号在因果关系上有关联;若数值小于零,则说明输入信号与原始信号在因果关系上没有关联。
利用PDC构建因效性脑网络具体步骤如下。
步骤1 对32个脑电通道的信号计算各通道对的PDC值Dijf),得到32×32的PDC因果矩阵。
步骤2 通过交叉验证,设定稀疏度阈值0.24。Dijf)>0.24的连接视为有效因果关系,剔除Dijf)<0.24的微弱连接,实现网络稀疏化。
步骤3 以32个脑电通道为节点,有效Dijf)为有向边权重,值越大因果强度越强,方向从通道j指向通道i,构建因效性脑网络。
Infomap算法是一种基于信息理论的社区划分方法,特别适用于复杂网络的数据分析,其通过最小化传递信息的量识别网络中的社区结构。Infomap算法是以邮票收集问题(Map Equation)为基础,旨在通过最小化信息传递的比特数有效编码随机游走的路径。该算法的主要目标是发现网络中节点的群体结构,既满足模块内高内聚性,又保证模块间低耦合性。
Infomap算法中编码长度计算与社区划分的关联本质在于通过信息论的最小熵原理实现网络结构的优化压缩。将网络中的随机游走路径视为信息流,通过合理划分社区最小化描述路径所需的平均编码长度。
根据编码约定,每个类别序列的出现,也必须以该类别的终止标记结束,设定qi→为类别i的终止标记出现概率,pa为编码对象a出现的概率。涉及到的概率都是全局归一化的概率,即满足等式
类与类内对象需要使用两套不同编码,因此需要分别计算两者的最短平均编码长度。类间最短平均编码长度为
其中,
式中:Ω为脑网络划分后所有独立社区的总集合,如Ω={C1C2,…,Ci,…,Cn},Ci为某个独立社区。
类的编码都是独立,将类的概率在类间归一化后,代入最小熵的公式即可得到理论上的最短平均编码长度。最小熵公式为
每个类i的类内平均最短编码长度为
其中,
将式(7)和式(9)加权平均,得到最终的最短平均编码长度为
式中:M为具体的的社区归属方案,如节点1~8归为C1,9~15归为C2等。
利用Infomap社区划分算法进行脑网络社区划分的具体步骤如下。
步骤1 将网络表示为有向图,包括节点和连接的权重。
步骤2 确定随机游走过程后,计算每个节点的转移概率,为编码长度计算提供基础。
步骤3 通过信息流模型,计算式(7)的类间最短平均编码长度HΩ)(衡量社区间编码效率)和式(9)的类内最短平均编码长度HPi)(衡量社区内编码效率),再代入式(10)得到最终的最短平均编码长度LM)。
步骤4 以“LM)最小化”为目标,迭代优化社区划分结果,最终输出最优解M,再基于此构建图数据。
通过Infomap算法所划分的脑网络,社区内部节点信息流动密切频繁,所得到的社区结构具备高内部连接和低外部连接的特性。
使用图卷积神经网络分类识别脑网络特征。图卷积神经网络作为一种深度学习算法,工作原理可以简单概括为将图表示为边与点的集合,对节点与邻近节点信息聚合后更新节点特征,并多次重复。将节点特征与邻近节点特征卷积后融合更新,经过多次卷积和激活,输出其特征表示用于分类识别。图卷积神经网络在处理图数据时具备显著的优势,能够很好地解决复杂的脑网络特征并分类识别[18-19]
在图数据输入阶段,节点为“社区”(如划分后得到4个社区),节点特征为“社区加权平均微分熵”(按社区内通道PDC值权重计算),边为“社区间PDC因果关系”(边权重为两社区所有通道对的PDC均值),在图卷积网络(Graph Convolutional Networks,GCN)卷积层计算阶段,第一层卷积是对每个社区节点,聚合其相邻社区的边特征(PDC值)与节点特征,通过公式X′=XW+b计算(为归一化邻接矩阵,W为卷积核权重,b为偏置),激活函数使用Relu;第二层卷积是重复聚合更新,强化社区间因果特征的交互。在特征融合与分类阶段,图池化采用全局平均池化,将所有社区节点特征融合为1×256的全局特征向量。全连接层将全局特征输入两层全连接层,输出“积极情绪”“消极情绪”的二分类概率,最终实现情绪分类。
DEAP[20](Database for Emotion Analysis Using Physiological Signals)是公开且被广泛使用的真实记录人类情绪的数据集,一共包含32位被试者(16名男性与16名女性),真实记录了被试者在观看共40个带有不同情绪标记的视频片段时所产生的多种生理性信号。被试者会对每个视频从效价、唤醒、支配和喜欢共4个维度进行评分,数值从1~9,数值越高代表反应越强烈。脑电信号应用512Hz采样和4.0~4.5Hz的带通滤波器进行滤波。DEAP数据集记录的实验信号时常为63s,前3s为基线数据,使用前需要剔除。
在情绪识别模型的二维坐标中,效价维度为横轴,正半轴表示积极情绪,负半轴表示消极情绪。为了避免中性数据对本文研究造成的干扰并保证数据的充分性,在分析数据时只选择被试者效价打分大于7分或小于3分的实验数据。
以第17位被试者和第23位被试者在积极情绪状态和消极情绪状态下为例,其PDC邻接矩阵热力图分别如图2图3所示,图中横坐标和纵坐标分别表示脑电信号采集通道:F3、AF3、AF4、F7、FP1、FC5、FC6、C3、Cz、Oz、P3、P7、PO3、P4、F8、T7、CP1、CP5、O1、F4、Pz、FP2、Fz、T8、FC1、FC2、C4、CP6、P8、O2、CP2、PO4。邻接矩阵行和列都为32,邻接矩阵中每个元素的颜色深浅代表对应列通道和对应行通道间的连接强度,右侧刻度条表明颜色对应的取值范围(越向下连接强度越低,越向上连接强度越强)。从图2图3中第17位被试者和第23位被试者各自积极情绪与消极情绪下的矩阵热力图可以看出,积极状态时期连接强度的平均值明显低于消极状态的连接强度平均值。
实验选用头皮电极通道作为脑网络节点,脑网络中节点间连接边设定为不同通道之间的PDC关系,按照此方法依次对32名被试者构建脑网络。首先利用PDC对被试者全通道的脑电数据两两一组分别计算,得到行和列都为32的PDC因果邻接矩阵,其次对矩阵进行二值化处理。为了能够获取有向稀疏脑网络并在剔除脑网络微弱连接的同时,保留小世界属性,设置0.24的稀疏度进行阈值化处理,大于阈值的保留,小于阈值的剔除,大于阈值和小于阈值分别代表脑网络中两节点所代表的实际通道间是否存在有效连接。
在积极情绪刺激和消极情绪刺激下,大脑区域会因此产生不同的因果信息流向关系。以第17位被试者的全通道脑电信号作为节点,构建积极情绪与消极情绪两种状态下的因效性脑网络图如图4所示。
图4可以看出,积极情绪比消极情绪的脑网络密度低,表明大脑在消极状态下会产生更多更频繁的信息交互,积极状态下的信息交互则相对低一些。第17位被试者在消极状态下,其因效性脑网络有向边数量为317条,而积极状态下的因效性脑网络有向边数量仅为203条。在情绪状态明显时,额叶、颞叶、顶叶的有向信息流数目的均值都大于7,而中央叶和枕叶的有向信息流数目均值都小于5,这就表明额叶、颞叶、顶叶在情绪诱发状态下,这3个区域的脑电通道信号表现得更活跃,效果更显著。
脑网络的整体结构和各区域内部结构在应对来自外部的复杂信息以及需要进行相应的功能处理时,始终处于实时动态变化中,并且各区域之间的连接和信息传递也在时刻发生变化。静态脑网络仅仅只能对应某个时间片段的脑网络具体状况,对于脑网络随时间实时变化的特性难以很好表现。因此,为了能够更加全面研究脑网络的模块化结构以及大脑的动态变化,不仅需要对脑网络的整体结构进行分析处理,还需要补充脑网络局部与局部之间模块化联系。对脑网络进行合理的社区划分,形成内部高连接外部低连接的形式,通过其模块化的信息变化研究大脑网络随时间变化的规律。
第23位被试者在积极情绪和消极情绪状态下社区划分后的脑网络图如图5所示。可以看出,人的大脑在不同情绪状态下的脑网络社区划分存在差异,而利用差异性的模块间有向信息流可以对情绪进行分类识别。
分别从全局效率、模块度、平均局部效率和传递性等4个方面分析社区化后的脑网络的网络属性,结果如图6所示。将60s的脑电信号以5s为时间窗划分为12段,构建对应脑网络。
图6可以发现,脑网络拓扑属性明显随着时间变化而发生变化。在积极和消极情绪中,模块度和平均局部效率之间的区别更为明显。由图6(b)可以明显发现,消极情绪下模块度表现为明显下降,积极情绪则表现为明显上升,这表明积极状态下比消极状态下的大脑的模块化信息处理能力弱。由图6(d)可以看出,积极情绪下的传递性明显有下降趋势,且在中间时刻尤为突出,消极情绪反之,这表明在积极情绪下信息的传递能力强于消极情绪的信息传递能力。由图6(a)图6(c)可以看出,全局效率和平均局部效率在消极情绪整体上要高于积极情绪,这表明消极状态下的大脑处理信息效率要强于积极状态下的处理效率。
为了验证所提方法的有效性,在DEAP数据集上分别与利用文献[21]方法、文献[22]方法、文献[23]方法、文献[24]方法和文献[25]方法进行情绪分类识别对比,结果如表1所示。
表1可以看出,所提方法取得了82.97%的识别准确率,均高于其他方法。该方法通过构建部分定向相干脑网络,对其进行社区划分,提取大脑局部模块之间的因效性信息,生成图数据送入图卷积网络。而其他方法从脑电信号时域和频域提取的振幅、波形、功率谱密度、相位以及相干性这些特征并未包含脑区的有向信息传递,无向的功能性脑网络也并未包含脑电信号中的因果信息。因此,传统的全脑因效性脑网络忽略了大脑局部之间的因效性信息流动。
本文研究了在不同情绪刺激下大脑社区局部之间有向信息流的影响,提出了一种基于社区间脑电信号的因果网络情绪识别方法。该方法使用PDC衡量脑电信号间的因果关系,从而构建PDC邻接矩阵和因效性脑网络,并利用社区划分算法对脑网络进行划分,重点关注了脑网络社区与社区间的有向信息流,把握了脑网络模块化结构间的有效生理信息。实验结果表明,所提方法在DEAP数据集上识别准确率为82.97%,均高于其他对比方法,较好地改善了仅关注全局脑网络而忽略了情绪变化过程中局部脑网络之间的信息传递问题。
尽管所提方法提高了一定的识别准确率,但仍存在一些问题有待解决:1)不同被试者对于相同的情绪刺激会产生不同程度的情绪反应,而实验要求选取情绪反应明显的被试者数据,对于弱情绪反应的人群识别效果可能存在着偏差。2)实验中情绪状态的变化会对脑网络的有向信息流产生极大影响,因此被试者在接受情绪刺激时需要全身心沉浸其中,尽量不要让情绪发生显著的差异性变化。未来将针对情绪状态波动,采用滑动时间窗+注意力机制的方法,对情绪稳定的时间窗(如连续3个窗的PDC值波动<10%)赋予高权重,降低波动窗的影响,以此提升其鲁棒性和有效性。
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第30卷第6期
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doi: 10.13682/j.issn.2095-6533.2025.06.007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-25
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    1.西安邮电大学计算机学院,陕西西安 710121
    2.陕西省网络数据分析与智能处理重点实验室,陕西西安 710121
    3.西安市大数据与智能计算重点实验室,陕西西安 710121
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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