Article(id=1251893515094012608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776404273054, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=1758124800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776404273054, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776404273054, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404273054, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251893504037831074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, year='2025', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='877', pageEnd='1134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776404270419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404832543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=959, endPage=966, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251893516788511471, articleId=1251893515094012608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=EN, title=High-precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Extended Kalman Filtering in Weak Signal Environments, columnId=1251893506944483753, journalTitle=Radio Communications Technology, columnName=Special Topic: 6G and IoT Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In contemporary society, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become an essential tool for daily travel, significantly improving travel efficiency. However, in environments with weak signals, such as indoors or tunnels, GNSS systems often experience signal loss due to insufficient signal strength, leading to positioning failure and inability to provide accurate navigation services. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a high-precision positioning solution based on an improved Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). This solution integrates Ultra-Wideband (UWB) least squares method, KF, and EKF technologies, and introduces a Multi-Innovation EKF (MIEKF) algorithm. By utilizing multi-time observation data and a forgetting factor mechanism, the solution effectively reduces positioning errors and enhances positioning accuracy. Experimental results show that the root mean square error of this solution can be reduced to 0.179 m, verifying its high-precision positioning capability in weak signal environments and providing reliable technical support for precise navigation in complex scenarios.

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在当今社会,全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)已成为人们日常出行的重要工具,显著提升了出行效率。但在室内、隧道等弱信号环境中,GNSS因信号强度不足常出现失锁现象,导致定位功能失效,无法提供精准导航服务。为应对这一挑战,提出了一种基于改进扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)的高精度定位方案。该方案融合了超宽带(Ultra-Wideband,UWB)无线通信技术最小二乘法、KF和EKF技术,并引入多新息EKF(Multi-Innovation EKF,MIEKF)算法,通过综合利用多时刻观测数据和遗忘因子机制,有效减少了定位误差,提升了定位精度。实验结果表明,该方案的均方根误差可降低至0.179 m,验证了其在弱信号环境下的高精度定位能力,为复杂场景下的精准导航提供了可靠的技术支持。

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任进 男,(1983—),博士,副教授。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网、人工智能、智能信息处理等。

周培豫 男,(2000—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

邹婧雯 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

章玮婷 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

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任进 男,(1983—),博士,副教授。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网、人工智能、智能信息处理等。

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任进 男,(1983—),博士,副教授。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网、人工智能、智能信息处理等。

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周培豫 男,(2000—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

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周培豫 男,(2000—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

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邹婧雯 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

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邹婧雯 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

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章玮婷 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

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弱信号环境下基于改进扩展卡尔曼滤波的高精度定位算法
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任进 , 周培豫 , 邹婧雯 , 章玮婷
无线电通信技术 | 专题:6G与物联网技术 2025,51(5): 959-966
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无线电通信技术 | 专题:6G与物联网技术 2025, 51(5): 959-966
弱信号环境下基于改进扩展卡尔曼滤波的高精度定位算法
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任进, 周培豫, 邹婧雯, 章玮婷
作者信息
  • 北方工业大学 人工智能与计算机学院,北京 100144
  • 任进 男,(1983—),博士,副教授。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网、人工智能、智能信息处理等。

    周培豫 男,(2000—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

    邹婧雯 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

    章玮婷 女,(2004—)。主要研究方向:无线通信系统、物联网。

High-precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Extended Kalman Filtering in Weak Signal Environments
Jin REN, Peiyu ZHOU, Jingwen ZOU, Weiting ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
出版时间: 2025-09-18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.009
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在当今社会,全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)已成为人们日常出行的重要工具,显著提升了出行效率。但在室内、隧道等弱信号环境中,GNSS因信号强度不足常出现失锁现象,导致定位功能失效,无法提供精准导航服务。为应对这一挑战,提出了一种基于改进扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)的高精度定位方案。该方案融合了超宽带(Ultra-Wideband,UWB)无线通信技术最小二乘法、KF和EKF技术,并引入多新息EKF(Multi-Innovation EKF,MIEKF)算法,通过综合利用多时刻观测数据和遗忘因子机制,有效减少了定位误差,提升了定位精度。实验结果表明,该方案的均方根误差可降低至0.179 m,验证了其在弱信号环境下的高精度定位能力,为复杂场景下的精准导航提供了可靠的技术支持。

融合定位  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  扩展卡尔曼滤波  /  多新息扩展卡尔曼滤波

In contemporary society, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become an essential tool for daily travel, significantly improving travel efficiency. However, in environments with weak signals, such as indoors or tunnels, GNSS systems often experience signal loss due to insufficient signal strength, leading to positioning failure and inability to provide accurate navigation services. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a high-precision positioning solution based on an improved Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). This solution integrates Ultra-Wideband (UWB) least squares method, KF, and EKF technologies, and introduces a Multi-Innovation EKF (MIEKF) algorithm. By utilizing multi-time observation data and a forgetting factor mechanism, the solution effectively reduces positioning errors and enhances positioning accuracy. Experimental results show that the root mean square error of this solution can be reduced to 0.179 m, verifying its high-precision positioning capability in weak signal environments and providing reliable technical support for precise navigation in complex scenarios.

fusion positioning  /  KF  /  EKF  /  MIEKF
任进, 周培豫, 邹婧雯, 章玮婷. 弱信号环境下基于改进扩展卡尔曼滤波的高精度定位算法. 无线电通信技术, 2025 , 51 (5) : 959 -966 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.009
Jin REN, Peiyu ZHOU, Jingwen ZOU, Weiting ZHANG. High-precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Extended Kalman Filtering in Weak Signal Environments[J]. Radio Communications Technology, 2025 , 51 (5) : 959 -966 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.009
GNSS通过多频段信号融合与多星座协同解算机制,在自动驾驶和无人机导航中实现厘米级定位。但受卫星信号空间衰减、功率限制等因素的影响,其在室内、隧道等复杂环境中难以提供可靠的定位服务[1]。随着城市化进程的加快,人们在室内活动时间增加,大型商场导航、物资精准管理、灾害救援等场景对室内定位的精度与可靠性提出更高需求,迫切需要新技术弥补GNSS在弱信号环境下的不足[2-3]
UWB是一种无载波通信技术,具有信号带宽极宽、发射功率低、抗干扰能力强等特性,早期用于目标识别与障碍物探测。随着限制放开,其厘米级定位精度、低功耗、强穿透力及抗多径干扰优势,使其成为室内定位的理想方案,目前已广泛应用于智慧工厂、智能家居、物流管理、紧急救援等领域[4]。惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)通过加速度计和陀螺仪,可在已知初始位置时推算载体位置、速度和姿态,是一种很好解决问题的方案。但因积分计算特性及器件偏差,系统误差会随时间累积[5],无法满足定位精度的要求,必须联合其他定位技术实现定位[6]
KF是为解决线性滤波问题设计的最小方差估计器,核心思想是通过动态系统的状态方程与多源观测数据融合,结合噪声协方差特性动态调整权重,实现系统状态的最优估计。其突破性在于采用递推算法处理非平稳随机过程,将状态估计转化为误差协方差矩阵的迭代优化。斯坦利·施密特首次构建可运行的滤波器原型,而鲁道夫·卡尔曼在阿波罗项目中,将其应用于航天器多传感器数据融合,解决了传统维纳滤波在非平稳噪声环境下的局限性。
KF算法包含“状态预测”“观测修正” 2个关键步骤,通过最小方差估计提高观测精度,因高效性和适应性广泛应用于航空航天、导航等领域。因此,利用KF进行融合定位可以大大减小误差,提高定位精度。本文拟基于KF进行融合定位,对于弱信号下高精度定位具有十分重要的意义,并且该方法可拓展到其他领域。此外,调频连续波(Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave,FMCW)雷达已成为生命体征监测领域的主流选择[7-9]。芦宝娟等[10]提出了基于微惯性导航系统(Micro Inertial Navigation System,MINS)和无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)的井下组合导航定位算法。通过正弦余弦蝙蝠融合算法优化KF,将优化后的KF应用于组合导航定位,从而估算出目标点的最终位置坐标。实验表明,该算法的平均定位误差为1.71 m,优于传统的质心定位算法和行人航迹推算算法。李明[11]构建了基于图优化的UWB定位算法框架,提出一种基于多状态约束的UWB/IMU紧组合定位方法,证明了基于多状态约束的UWB/IMU定位算法的有效性,还提出了一种基于因子图优化方法的UWB/IMU紧组合定位算法。实验表明,相比于传统KF算法,基于因子图优化的UWB/IMU组合定位方法有更好表现。陈允锋等[12]提出融合遗忘因子和多新息的改进EKF算法,以多新息取代EKF中的单新息,在此基础上,引入遗忘因子削弱历史数据误差累积,防止数据饱和现象,实现自主水下航行器位置状态的准确估计。结果表明,改进算法的定位准确性和稳定性显著提升。张可鑫等[13]在代价函数中引入最大相关熵准则,减轻异常量测影响,提高了定位精度与鲁棒性。王磊等[14]融合UWB与蓝牙信号,通过动态权重分配将定位误差控制在0.5 m以内。刘伟等[15]结合UWB信号强度与惯性数据,通过改进粒子滤波解决非视距环境下的定位漂移问题。这些研究均凸显了多源数据融合在室内定位中的重要性。
图1为弱信号下高精度定位系统流程,包括UWB最小二乘法、KF融合定位、EKF融合定位以及MIEKF融合定位后各自定位误差比较,从而得到更合适的高精度定位算法。
其中,UWB和IMU的数据直接来源于数据集,预测步骤为读取IMU传感器提供的加速度计和陀螺仪数据,可以估计系统在下一个时刻内的状态(位置、速度、姿态)。根据预测,计算得到状态转移矩阵F和噪声增益矩阵G,更新协方差矩阵P,之后计算预测估计值。更新步骤为使用UWB系统提供的测距数据,进行状态更新。根据当前状态和UWB基站坐标预测伪距,并计算量测残差。利用卡尔曼增益K,根据量测残差更新状态估计值,同时更新协方差矩阵P;通过超宽带测距数据进行UWB最小二乘法得到位置估计;比较纯UWB定位和融合后定位误差。
设6个基站坐标P1P2P3P4P5P6,未知点X与6个基站的距离为d1d2d3d4d5d6。则:
式中:等号左侧表示向量X与基站坐标的欧氏距离的平方。如果计算第一个和第二个方程的差,得到:
展开并化简:
最后:
IMU数据由内部的加速度计和陀螺仪测量得到,但其坐标系为载体坐标系(B系),而UWB定位系统使用的坐标系为导航坐标系(N系),因此需要将B系转换到N系。常用的转换方法包括旋转矩阵法和四元数法[15]
图2所示,旋转矩阵将围绕xyz三个独立轴从载体坐标系(B系)到导航坐标系(N系)的复合转换,并且任何三维向量的坐标转换可以通过旋转矩阵得到[16]
在坐标系转换模型中,XBXN分别代表同一三维向量X在运动载体本体坐标系(B系)与空间参考导航坐标系(N系)中的数学映射关系,其中旋转矩阵作为具有正交归一化约束的三阶实矩阵,严格满足被动旋转关系,其行列式绝对值恒定为1。该矩阵不仅包含载体姿态角参数,还需通过安装偏差补偿矩阵消除传感器与载体轴系之间的非对准误差,从而实现惯性导航系统中多源传感器数据在统一基准下的精确坐标转换。
式中:ψθφ分别定义为载体坐标系相对于导航坐标系按照zyx轴序进行3次主动旋转的欧拉角参数,绕Z轴旋转角度ψ(偏航角)建立航向基准,绕新Y轴旋转角度θ(俯仰角)改变载体纵向倾角,绕最终X轴旋转角度φ(滚转角)表征横向翻转运动。
四元数微分方程如下:
式中:ω=[wxwywz]Twxwywz分别为陀螺仪在XYZ三轴方向上测量得到的角速度值[17]q=[q0q1q2q3]T为将载体坐标系转换为导航坐标系时使用的四元数对应的转换矩阵,且=1。
通过从B系转换到N系:
通过以上转换,姿态角中的ψθφ可表示为:
旋转矩阵和四元数都可以用于有效表示姿态。四元数法是基于4个元素的紧凑且无冗余的方法,每个四元数对应一个唯一姿态。相比之下,旋转矩阵的表示方法更加直观、易懂,具有稳定性和较小的数值问题风险。对于不复杂的问题,旋转矩阵能很好地满足要求,此时选择旋转矩阵更为合适。
对于本系统,选择旋转矩阵更加合适,下面介绍针对本系统的IMU坐标系转换。
先通过陀螺仪和加速度计得到B系的姿态。通过矩阵C,将陀螺仪提供的角速度从B系转换到N系:
式中:rollpitch为横滚角和俯仰角。
式中:imugmea为陀螺仪测量值,b1为陀螺仪偏差,p1为载体坐标系角速度,dt为IMU采样时间间隔,dp1为姿态角变化率。
随后构造绕XYZ三轴的旋转矩阵:
式中:Rb为B系到N系的整体旋转矩阵。
式中:Pnew为新姿态角,acc为N系减去重力影响的加速度,通过以上方法,得到N系下新的姿态角和加速度,完成IMU坐标系转换。
UWB最小二乘法复杂度为Om3+m2s),其中m表示位置变量维度,s表示参与定位的基站数量或测距样本数。KF和EKF复杂度均为On3),其中n为状态维度。由于EKF算法在泰勒级数展开中忽略了高阶项,导致其估计结果存在误差。为解决这一问题,将EKF算法进行改进,提出MIEKF,其复杂度可能达到Opn2),其中p为新息数。核心改进在于引入了多新息机制,通过滑动窗口模型融合当前观测与历史状态信息,从而充分利用多个时间点的观测数据,减少单一时刻噪声的影响。具体来说,MIEKF通过构建基于时变协方差加权的最优估计框架,将多新息增益矩阵用于重构观测残差的投影空间,突破了传统EKF对新息独立性的假设。此外,引入遗忘因子,将其转化为指数衰减的协方差修正项,削弱历史数据的累积干扰,使得当前状态估计更加准确,并能够快速适应系统变化。通过李雅普诺夫函数验证,误差协方差矩阵在强耦合噪声环境下具有指数收敛性,从而显著提升了估计的鲁棒性和精度[18]。相较于传统递推结构,其采用多新息增益矩阵重构观测残差的投影空间,在强耦合噪声环境下通过残差序列正交化处理突破KF的新息独立性假设,并运用李雅普诺夫函数验证误差协方差矩阵的指数收敛性,最终在陀螺漂移估计等惯性导航场景中展现出更优的鲁棒跟踪能力[19]。基于本系统MIEKF主要步骤如下:与EKF的前置步骤相同,先是参数初始化,IMU坐标系转换,进入预测部分,得到状态预测值X和预测协方差P;之后进入更新部分,判断是否进行更新,符合条件则继续进行,本系统遗忘因子取值为0.18,多新息增益矩阵中取n=6,因此需要加入条件判断,当采样点在前5个,则计算卡尔曼增益K:
计算量测残差:
采样点在6及以后,则计算多新息增益矩阵K:
计算遗忘因子矩阵:
计算新息矩阵:
计算量测残差:
经过判断条件计算量测残差之后,计算系统状态X和协方差矩阵P:
记录当前状态,继续循环。并根据误差计算公式计算相应误差。
平均误差为:
式中:N为定位位置总数量,errorX减去真实值的差值。
最大误差为:
均方根误差为:
通过以上计算,可以进一步分析定位系统的性能。
图3展示了4种定位方法的轨迹、基站坐标以及真实轨迹。可以看出,MIEKF融合定位的结果比其他方法更接近真实值,其次是EKF和UWB最小二乘法,而KF融合定位的误差最大,与真实值的偏差也最大。图4的累积分布图显示,MIEKF融合定位的误差在0.51 m以内的概率为99.1%,而EKF、UWB最小二乘法和KF融合定位的误差在0.51 m以内的概率分别为98.1%、97.2%和89%。
根据前文的误差数据,经过分析计算发现,MIEKF融合定位的最大误差为0.588 m,而EKF融合定位、KF融合定位和UWB最小二乘法的最大误差分别为0.750、1.704、0.962 m。从最大误差来看,MIEKF相比EKF提升了21.6%,相比UWB最小二乘法提升了38.9%,相比KF融合定位提升了65.5%。
此外,以图5中的均方根误差作为评估指标,具体表现如下:MIEKF的均方根误差为0.179 m,EKF的均方根误差为0.186 m,UWB最小二乘法的均方根误差为0.218 m,而KF的均方根误差则为0.413 m。进一步分析显示,MIEKF相较于EKF提升了3.8%,相较于UWB最小二乘法提升了17.9%,相较于KF融合定位则提升了56.7%。其在降低误差方面表现出色,主要有以下原因:一方面,引入了多新息理论,MIEKF通过滑动窗口模型融合多个时间点的观测数据,避免了传统EKF仅利用单一时刻新息的局限性。具体来说,多新息增益矩阵的引入使得观测残差的投影空间更加丰富,从而在每次更新过程中能够更全面地利用信息,减少误差累积。另一方面,遗忘因子通过指数衰减的方式削弱历史数据的累积干扰,使得当前状态估计更加准确,并且能够更迅速地适应系统变化,增强了估计的鲁棒性和准确性。此外,该方法在处理非线性系统时,能够减少线性化近似所带来的累积误差,优于传统EKF。相比之下,UWB最小二乘法仅使用了UWB数据,缺乏误差校正机制,从而导致较大的误差;KF融合定位未能考虑系统的非线性特征,只能进行线性化处理,这使得误差大量累积;而EKF虽然考虑了系统的非线性,但仅使用了单一时刻的新息与卡尔曼增益,信息利用不够充分,因此其误差略大于MIEKF。
图6图7为3种定位方法的速度和姿态角的误差对比,通过对比发现,2种EKF定位算法的速度误差要小于KF的误差,因为2种EKF的定位算法都需要计算雅可比矩阵,其解算的精度比KF更高。但是,在某些情况下,MIEKF的误差在某些情况下大于EKF和KF,这主要是由于多新息机制引入了多个时间点的数据,而这些数据可能包含噪声。随着噪声的累积,速度和姿态角的估计误差可能被放大。相比之下,EKF和KF在每次更新时仅使用当前数据,噪声影响相对较小。此外,MIEKF需要计算雅可比矩阵,其精度依赖于系统的非线性特性。在某些情况下,雅可比矩阵的近似误差可能导致速度和姿态角的估计误差。尽管如此,MIEKF在整体定位精度上仍优于其他方法,因为其多新息机制和遗忘因子能够显著减少定位误差的累积。
本文深入探讨了弱信号环境下的高精度定位算法,通过融合UWB和IMU数据,以KF为框架,全面分析对比了多种定位方法,包括EKF、KF、UWB最小二乘法以及新提出的MIEKF。在这些方法中,MIEKF通过滑动窗口模型融合多个时间点的观测数据,突破了传统EKF对新息独立性的假设,显著减少了误差累积。引入遗忘因子,通过指数衰减的方式削弱历史数据的累积干扰,增强了系统对非平稳噪声环境的适应能力。通过减少线性化近似带来的累积误差,进一步提升了估计精度。实验结果表明,MIEKF的均方根误差为0.179 m,相较于EKF(0.186 m)提升了3.8%,相较于UWB最小二乘法(0.218 m)提升了17.9%,相较于KF(0.413 m)提升了56.7%。这些理论改进在实验中得到了充分验证,证明了MIEKF在复杂信号环境中的有效性和可靠性。
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2025年第51卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.009
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-04-17
  • 出版时间:2025-09-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
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    北方工业大学 人工智能与计算机学院,北京 100144
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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