Article(id=1251893513361768979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776404272642, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=1758124800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776404272642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776404272642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404272642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251893504037831074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, year='2025', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='877', pageEnd='1134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776404270419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404832543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=951, endPage=958, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251893513831531059, articleId=1251893513361768979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=EN, title=Performance of RSMA-based Active RIS-assisted Communication Systems with User Random Deployment, columnId=1251893506944483753, journalTitle=Radio Communications Technology, columnName=Special Topic: 6G and IoT Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) and Rate Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA) technologies are two emerging communication techniques with broad prospects in future wireless systems. Active RIS (ARIS) has the advantage of overcoming the effects of multiplicative fading compared to Passive RIS (PRIS). The paper addresses the outage performance of ARIS-assisted RSMA systems under random deployment. Under Nakagami-m small-scale fading model in downlink, multiple users are randomly distributed within a semicircular region around ARIS and sorted by the distances between the users and ARIS. Taking the optimal phase shift for the furthest user as the entry point, a moment matching approach is employed to derive the shape and scale parameters associated with the cascaded channel power characteristic for each RSMA user. We derive a closed-form expression for the outage performance of the users, analyze the effect of the power splitting coefficients on the Outage Probability (OP), and obtain the diversity order and an expression for the approximate OP. Simulation results show that the OP of a non-perfect phase-shifted user under ARIS-assistance is re duced by 58% compared to the passive RIS-assisted system under a power budget of 50 dBm and a moderate amount of RIS elements. In addition, the power consumption of the user with the optimal phase shift is reduced by 53 dBm.

, correspAuthors=Suyue LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yabin ZHANG, Suyue LI, Yongjun XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251893543229407895, articleId=1251893513361768979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=CN, title=面向用户随机部署的RSMA有源RIS辅助通信系统性能研究, columnId=1251893507133227435, journalTitle=无线电通信技术, columnName=专题:6G与物联网技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

可重构智能表面(Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface,RIS)和速率分拆多址接入(Rate Splitting Multiple Access,RSMA)技术是未来无线系统中具有广阔前景的2项新兴通信技术。与无源RIS(Passive RIS,PRIS)相比,有源RIS(Active RIS,ARIS)具有克服“乘性衰落”的优势。针对随机部署下ARIS辅助RSMA系统的中断性能展开研究,在Nakagami-m小尺度衰落模型下,多个用户随机分布在ARIS周围的半圆形区域内。通过对用户到ARIS的距离排序,以最远用户实现最优相移为切入点,采用矩匹配方法为每个RSMA用户计算关于级联信道功率特性的形状和尺度参数,并推导了用户中断性能的闭式表达式。进一步分析了功率分配系数对中断概率(Outage Probability,OP)的影响,并给出了分集阶数和渐近OP的表达式。仿真结果表明,在功率预算为50 dBm和适量RIS元件的条件下,ARIS辅助下非最优相移用户的OP较PRIS辅助系统降低了58%;最优相移用户的功率消耗减少了53 dBm。

, correspAuthors=李素月, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李素月 女,(1980—),博士,教授。主要研究方向:智能表面辅助通信、通感一体化、无人机通信、AI智能通信技术。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qGA9FOVua3C+agjBuT4O4w==, magXml=m7NiCF9HOj/LSDhoD+Vcug==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Grt5m4rJXySrYifR++lWRA==, pdfFileSize=5871219, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=odBdVvadxp8/FERBX2pzRg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+outhKlBXmO11RsXWWyL3A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张亚宾 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:智能反射面辅助通信。

徐勇军 男,(1986—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、反向散射通信、资源分配等。

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张亚宾 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:智能反射面辅助通信。

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张亚宾 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:智能反射面辅助通信。

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徐勇军 男,(1986—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、反向散射通信、资源分配等。

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徐勇军 男,(1986—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、反向散射通信、资源分配等。

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面向用户随机部署的RSMA有源RIS辅助通信系统性能研究
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张亚宾 1 , 李素月 1, * , 徐勇军 2
无线电通信技术 | 专题:6G与物联网技术 2025,51(5): 951-958
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无线电通信技术 | 专题:6G与物联网技术 2025, 51(5): 951-958
面向用户随机部署的RSMA有源RIS辅助通信系统性能研究
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张亚宾1, 李素月1, *, 徐勇军2
作者信息
  • 1.太原科技大学 电子信息工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
  • 张亚宾 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:智能反射面辅助通信。

    徐勇军 男,(1986—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、反向散射通信、资源分配等。

通讯作者:

李素月 女,(1980—),博士,教授。主要研究方向:智能表面辅助通信、通感一体化、无人机通信、AI智能通信技术。
Performance of RSMA-based Active RIS-assisted Communication Systems with User Random Deployment
Yabin ZHANG1, Suyue LI1, *, Yongjun XU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2.School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
出版时间: 2025-09-18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.008
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可重构智能表面(Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface,RIS)和速率分拆多址接入(Rate Splitting Multiple Access,RSMA)技术是未来无线系统中具有广阔前景的2项新兴通信技术。与无源RIS(Passive RIS,PRIS)相比,有源RIS(Active RIS,ARIS)具有克服“乘性衰落”的优势。针对随机部署下ARIS辅助RSMA系统的中断性能展开研究,在Nakagami-m小尺度衰落模型下,多个用户随机分布在ARIS周围的半圆形区域内。通过对用户到ARIS的距离排序,以最远用户实现最优相移为切入点,采用矩匹配方法为每个RSMA用户计算关于级联信道功率特性的形状和尺度参数,并推导了用户中断性能的闭式表达式。进一步分析了功率分配系数对中断概率(Outage Probability,OP)的影响,并给出了分集阶数和渐近OP的表达式。仿真结果表明,在功率预算为50 dBm和适量RIS元件的条件下,ARIS辅助下非最优相移用户的OP较PRIS辅助系统降低了58%;最优相移用户的功率消耗减少了53 dBm。

有源可重构智能表面  /  速率分拆多址接入  /  中断概率  /  随机用户部署  /  分集阶数

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) and Rate Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA) technologies are two emerging communication techniques with broad prospects in future wireless systems. Active RIS (ARIS) has the advantage of overcoming the effects of multiplicative fading compared to Passive RIS (PRIS). The paper addresses the outage performance of ARIS-assisted RSMA systems under random deployment. Under Nakagami-m small-scale fading model in downlink, multiple users are randomly distributed within a semicircular region around ARIS and sorted by the distances between the users and ARIS. Taking the optimal phase shift for the furthest user as the entry point, a moment matching approach is employed to derive the shape and scale parameters associated with the cascaded channel power characteristic for each RSMA user. We derive a closed-form expression for the outage performance of the users, analyze the effect of the power splitting coefficients on the Outage Probability (OP), and obtain the diversity order and an expression for the approximate OP. Simulation results show that the OP of a non-perfect phase-shifted user under ARIS-assistance is re duced by 58% compared to the passive RIS-assisted system under a power budget of 50 dBm and a moderate amount of RIS elements. In addition, the power consumption of the user with the optimal phase shift is reduced by 53 dBm.

ARIS  /  RSMA  /  OP  /  random user deployment  /  diversity order
张亚宾, 李素月, 徐勇军. 面向用户随机部署的RSMA有源RIS辅助通信系统性能研究. 无线电通信技术, 2025 , 51 (5) : 951 -958 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.008
Yabin ZHANG, Suyue LI, Yongjun XU. Performance of RSMA-based Active RIS-assisted Communication Systems with User Random Deployment[J]. Radio Communications Technology, 2025 , 51 (5) : 951 -958 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.008
随着5G通信网络进入商业化阶段,为实现更快、更可靠的数据传输,6G通信技术成为研究焦点。RIS的灵活性和潜在优势使其成为未来6G系统的关键技术[1-4]。然而,PRIS在应用中面临一个显著挑战:引入的级联信道会导致“乘性衰落”效应。这种效应表现为基站(Base Station,BS)至RIS链路与RIS至用户链路的小规模衰落相互叠加,从而造成信号衰减的倍增效应。为有效解决这一由PRIS引起的“乘性衰落”问题,研究界普遍采用ARIS作为替代方案[5-8]。此外,与正交多址接入相比,非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)可通过功率域多路复用提高频谱效率。但因其依赖连续干扰消除技术,NOMA的适用性受到限制,与此相反,RSMA技术凭借将用户信息分拆成公共和私有部分的能力,实现对干扰的部分解码处理,同时将其余部分视为噪声。与作为RSMA特例的NOMA相比,RSMA具有更高的鲁棒性和频谱效率[9]
考虑到RIS和RSMA的各自优势,研究人员开始致力于将这二者结合研究。文献[310]引入了一个新框架来探索RIS和RSMA之间的相互作用,推导了小区边缘用户和附近用户的OP,并将其与中继辅助RSMA进行了比较。通过联合优化BS预编码矩阵和RIS相移矩阵,文献[11-12]证明了ARIS辅助RSMA方案在速率和资源效率方面优于其他方案。
此外,一些文献重点研究了用户和RIS的拓扑随机性对RIS辅助通信系统性能的影响。Zhang等[13]研究了固定RIS辅助多小区NOMA模型,其中BS和用户遵循齐次泊松点过程,得出覆盖概率和遍历速率的闭式和渐近表达式。文献[14]采用高斯-泊松过程对发射机和RIS的位置进行联合建模,研究了RIS辅助的大规模网络覆盖概率和平均可达速率。然而,对于采用RSMA的ARIS辅助多用户通信系统的后续部署性能,尚未进行深入探讨。
基于城市密集设备环境中终端用户的随机分布特性,结合ARIS和RSMA的技术优势,本文构建了城市场景下ARIS辅助的RSMA系统模型,提出了一种考虑用户随机部署特征的ARIS辅助RSMA通信网络架构,并基于用户到ARIS的相对位置实现距离排序机制。为了深入评估多用户通信系统性能,研究采用Nakagami-m衰落信道模型,推导得出了用户OP的闭式表达式,并给出了其在高信噪比条件下的渐近形式,同时分析了功率分配系数对用户性能的影响。
ARIS辅助RSMA系统模型如图1所示,单天线BS在ARIS的辅助下与K个用户进行RSMA通信。
假设ARIS由R个反射元件组成,所有用户均匀分布在以ARIS为中心、半径为dR的半圆内。将K个用户到ARIS的距离按升序排序,表示为:d1<d2<…<dk<…<dK。要在多用户场景中为每个用户实现完美相移,对于单个ARIS来说非常具有挑战性。在不失一般性的前提下,确保最远的用户即UK获得最优相移,以减少距离带来的损耗。假设RIS部署在高度为h的建筑物顶部,则从ARIS到Uk距离的概率密度函数和累积分布函数分别为:
考虑到距离的排序,从ARIS到Uk距离排序的概率密度函数为[15]:
式中:
hBR=[]T=[]T表示从BS到ARIS以及从ARIS到用户k(1≤kK)的小尺度衰落。假设每条链路都遵循Nakagami-m分布,即Nakagamim1Ω1)、Nakagamim2Ω2),其中mΩ分别表示扩散参数和衰落参数。假设Φ=aΘ为ARIS反射矩阵,aΘ=diag()分别表示反射放大系数和相移矩阵。
同时,从BS到ARIS以及从ARIS到用户Uk的路径损耗可表示为ξBR=CBRξRU,k=CRU,其中CBRCRU分别表示从BS到ARIS和从ARIS到Uk的单位距离路径损耗,dBR表示从BS到ARIS的距离,δ表示路径损耗指数。因此,Uk的等效信道模型为:
在所考虑的系统中,BS将每个用户的信息分为公共和私有。BS在一个时隙内传输的信息表示为,其中xcxk分别表示BS发射功率、公共信息、Uk的私有信息,wcwk分别表示公共信息和私有信息的功率分配系数。因此,Uk接收到的信号表示为:
式中:nk=ξRU,kHΦv+zk,包含ARIS引入的热噪声vCN0NIN)和加性高斯白噪声zkCN(0,),其中CN(·,·)、INi=1,2)分别表示复高斯分布、单位矩阵和噪声方差。
用户的解码顺序为:每个用户通过将其他用户的私有信息视为干扰来解码公有信息,在第k个用户处,将接收到的其他用户的私有信息视为干扰。因此,Uk接收到的公共信息的信干噪比(Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio,SINR)为:
Uk接收到的私有信息的SINR为:
式中:。为了便于分析,可以计算的期望值[16]
假设γth,cγth,p分别为公有信息和私有信息的SINR阈值。Uk的OP为:
式中:γc,kγth,c可以转变为,其中Bc,k=gk=hBRΘ
类似的,γp,kγth,p可以转变为,其中。因此,式(8)可重写为:
gk重写为:
式中:当k=K时,φK,i=0;当kK时,φk,i=∠-∠。对于Nakagami-m信道,相位服从均匀分布,因此可以得到φk,ikK时的概率密度函数为:
为推导OP的闭式表达式,使用矩匹配方法分析的分布。矩匹配方法是一种通过调整模型参数使理论分布的矩(如均值、方差等)与目标分布或样本数据的对应矩保持一致,以实现参数估计、模型校准或分布对齐的统计技术。将Xk近似为伽玛分布,计算其一阶矩和二阶矩,将其与伽玛分布的均值和方差联立求解从而实现用伽玛分布对Xk的统计等效建模。计算其形状参数αk和速率参数βk为:
根据文献[17],Xk的均值和均方值计算为:
式中:。对于Nakagami-m信道,假设NakagamimΩ),s∈{RU,BR},可得:
基于上述统计分析,当kK时,式(13)和式(14)可进一步简化为:
k=K时,计算得到XK的均值和均方值的解析:
将式(16)~式(18)代入式(12)可以得到Xkαkβk,相应的概率密度函数为FαkβkX)=,其中γαkβkx)和Γ(αk)分别表示下不完全伽玛函数和伽玛函数。因此,代入Uk的OP表示为:
式中:Bk=max(Bc,kBp,k),(·)如式(3)所示。利用高斯-切比雪夫积分公式,可以得到式(19)的闭式表达为:
式中:τ=ε=1-tn=N为复杂度-精度折中项数。
因此,将不同用户的αkβk代入式(20),可以得到所有用户的Pk,推导在下用户的OP最小化的功率分配wc
假设,观察式(19),wc包含在Bk中,式(19)对Bk求偏导,即可得到:
式中:,显而易见,,可得,即PkBk正相关。为获得Pk的最小值,需要在指定的wc范围内求得Bk的最小值。将代入Bp,k中,即Bk为:
式中:
根据Bk>0,可以得出Λ2<0。因此,Bkwc求偏导可得:
由式(23)可知,Bkwc=Λ1时达到最小值,即Pkwc=Λ1时会有最小值。
用户OP取得最小值的wc为:
对高SNR下的渐近OP进行分析,并在此基础上获得分集阶数。当→∞时,Bk→0,式(19)中FαkβkBk)展开为:
将式(25)展开式的第一项代入式(19),可以得到第k个用户的渐近OP为:
此外,由式(26)的渐近OP可得分集阶数为
本节通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证分析结果,仿真参数[18]设置为:R=20,K=4,m1=m2=2.5,Ω1=Ω2=1,γth,c=γth,p=-10 dB,=-80 dBm,CBR=CRU=10-3δ=2,a=。此外,本文需考虑ARIS与PRIS总功率的差别。在ARIS中,P=++RPSW+PDC),其中=ξRU,ka2· +PSW=-10 dBm为RIS中控制电路和相移开关时消耗的功率,PDC=-5 dBm为直流偏置功率;在PRIS中,P=+RPSW[18]。为了公平评估,ARIS和PRIS系统的总功耗预算被设定为相等。在以下仿真图中,asy表示渐近OP,sim表示蒙特卡罗仿真,ana表示分析结果。
图2为总功率和分布区域半径对OP的影响,其中wc=0.2,。用户K的OP明显低于其他用户,这是因为最优相移可以最大程度地减小不同用户之间的干扰。最优相移用户在OP达到10-5时,相较于其他用户功率消耗减少了53 dBm。此外,渐近曲线与精确曲线非常接近,证明了式(26)的正确性。对于更靠近RIS的用户,OP更小,且对于非最优相移的用户,在发射功率超过50 dBm时,ARIS的OP相较于PRIS降低了58%。分布区域半径增大,OP性能明显下降。
由于UK的OP很小,远优于其他用户的性能,图3显示了除UK外,wc对其余用户OP的影响,总功率P=40 dBm,γth,c=-10 dB。当γth,p分别设置为-10 dB和-13 dB时,实现最小OP的wc分别约等于0.22和0.34。从图3可以看出,无论是ARIS还是PRIS,wc都与最小值点一致,验证了式(24)的正确性。
图4描绘了用户OP的三维等高线图,其中以wcwK为变量,,(kK)。根据观察,OP随功率分配系数的变化呈现波动性。这一现象的产生源于OP表达式中的Bkwcwk的分段函数,不同的取值组合可能导致相同的OP结果。
图4可以看出,当U4wK越大时,其OP越小,但是对于其他用户而言,此时的OP并不是最优的,说明使所有用户均达到最优OP的功率分配系数难以调和,但可从系统整体性能最优的角度加以优化。
图5显示了在总功率P=25 dBm和γth,c=γth,p=-30 dB条件下,除ARIS和PRIS的UK外,其余用户的OP随R的变化情况。可以看出,随着R的增加,ARIS下的OP会减小,然后逐渐增大。相反,在PRIS条件下,OP会随着R的增加而持续降低。因此,当R超过230时,PRIS系统的性能超过ARIS系统。这是由于ARIS元素数量的增加导致功耗增加,使得分配给BS的功率减少。
图6描述了不同参数设置下所有用户的OP,其中a2为5、10,wK为0.08、0.2,因此wc=wk=,(kK)。
观察图6可得,较小的wK会使UK的性能变差,但其他用户的性能会得到提升。表明在一定程度上调整UK的功率系数可以平衡系统性能。此外,ARIS放大系数a2的增加有利于提高系统性能,但会牺牲ARIS的功耗。
图7以3个用户为例仿真了RSMA在ARIS辅助下与NOMA的对比,可以看出,ARIS辅助下的系统优于PRIS辅助下的RSMA系统。通过相应用户的OP对比可见,ARIS辅助下的RSMA中断性能总体上优于NOMA用户。
本文考虑了随机分布用户的城市室外热点应用场景,研究了Nakagami-m衰落信道下,ARlS辅助的RSMA系统的多用户中断性能。具体来说,在ARIS的最优相移匹配最远用户的前提下,推导出了用户端的OP表达式。仿真结果表明,具有最优相移的最远用户的OP显著优于其他RSMA用户。此外,在相同功率预算和反射元件数量适中的情况下,与PRIS辅助RSMA系统相比,ARIS可获得更好的中断性能。仿真还揭示了用户分布半径和功率分配系数对系统性能的主要影响,用户分布半径的增加会导致系统中断性能下降;推导并验证在均分私有信息功率下的公有信息功率分配系数的最优取值能够使OP达到最小值,且通过仿真观察了公有信息和最远用户的私有信息分配功率系数对中断性能的联合影响。
在功率分配参数分析中,公共用户参数的推导严格依赖于预设的私有用户参数约束(即私有用户功率分配系数相等),这种单向依赖关系可能导致参数优化空间的受限。未来的研究将着重于优化功率分配策略,并探讨如何平衡不同用户间的性能表现。
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2025年第51卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.008
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-04-17
  • 出版时间:2025-09-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14
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    1.太原科技大学 电子信息工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065

通讯作者:

李素月 女,(1980—),博士,教授。主要研究方向:智能表面辅助通信、通感一体化、无人机通信、AI智能通信技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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