Article(id=1251893510341866050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744473600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776404271922, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=1758124800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776404271922, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776404271922, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404271922, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251893504037831074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, year='2025', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='877', pageEnd='1134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776404270419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404832543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1056, endPage=1066, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251893511491105359, articleId=1251893510341866050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=EN, title=Multi-subcarrier-aided Near-field Wideband Channel Estimation for XL-MIMO Systems, columnId=1251893508886446519, journalTitle=Radio Communications Technology, columnName=Special Topic:Frontiers in Intelligent Communication, Storage, and Information Processing Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Focusing on the channel estimation accuracy degradation caused by the beam splitting effect in near-field wideband Extremely-Large Scale Multiple Input Multiple Output (XL-MIMO) systems, this paper proposes a Bi-Directional Integrated Multi-Subcarrier Augmented Bilinear Pattern Detection (BDI-MSABPD) algorithm. Built upon the polar-domain sparse representation framework, the proposed method addresses both the sparse support set misalignment and parameter estimation bias induced by beam splitting through a dual mechanism combining explicit polar-domain resolution enhancement and implicit multi-subcarrier joint optimization. Simulation results demonstrate that the BDI-MSABPD achieves an average reduction of 2 dB in Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE) compared with conventional Bilinear Pattern Detection (BPD) algorithm.

, correspAuthors=Jiang TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fang LEI, Jiang TIAN, Juntao ZHANG, Shaojie ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251893560170197186, articleId=1251893510341866050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=CN, title=一种基于多子载波的XL-MIMO系统宽带近场信道估计方法, columnId=1251893509079384505, journalTitle=无线电通信技术, columnName=专题:智能通信、存储与信息处理技术前沿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对宽带近场超大规模多输入多输出(Extremely-Large Scale Multiple Input Multiple Output,XL-MIMO)系统场景中波束分裂效应引发的信道估计精度下降问题,提出一种双向融合多子载波增强型双线性模式检测(Bi-Directional Integrated Multi-Subcarrier Augmented Bilinear Pattern Detection,BDI-MSABPD)算法。该算法基于极坐标域稀疏表征框架,通过显式极坐标域分辨率增强与隐式多子载波联合优化的双重机制,解决了波束分裂导致的稀疏支撑集失准和参数估计偏差问题。仿真结果表明,所提算法相较传统双线性模式检测(Bilinear Pattern Detection,BPD)算法,归一化均方误差(Normalized Mean Squared Error,NMSE)平均降低了2 dB。

, correspAuthors=田江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
田江 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信道估计。
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雷芳 女,(1972—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:移动通信、电子新技术应用。

张峻滔 男,(1999—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信号检测。

郑少杰 男,(1999—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信道估计。

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雷芳 女,(1972—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:移动通信、电子新技术应用。

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雷芳 女,(1972—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:移动通信、电子新技术应用。

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张峻滔 男,(1999—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信号检测。

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郑少杰 男,(1999—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信道估计。

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IEEE Communications Letters,2025, 29(4):779-783., articleTitle=Channel Estimation for Near-field Line-of-Sight XL-MIMO Communications Using Geometric Prior, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251895556478546938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893510341866050, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251895556482741243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893510341866050, companyId=1251895556478546938, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251895556491129852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893510341866050, companyId=1251895556478546938, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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输入:接收信号Y,观测矩阵A,极坐标域表征矩阵W
输出:估计的宽带信道矩阵H
阶段一:预白化阶段
1:
2:C=σ2SVSHD=SV1/2
3:通过矩阵D对接收信号进行预白化处理
阶段二:路径检测阶段
4:初始化残差矩阵R=[r1r2rM]=和支持集γ={∅}
5:计算角度域线性模式Γ(nam)和距离域线性模式Ξndm
6:for l∈{1,2,…,L}
7:   U=ΨHR=[u1u2uM]
8:  由式(12)和式(15)计算拓展后的角度域样本和距离域样本并计算修正后的角度域索引na和距离域索引nd
9:  
10:  
11:   um((Ξndm)-1)Na+Γ(nam))‖2
12:获取与对应的,在中唯一角度域样本分为K个独立组别n=[n1n2,…,nk,…,nK]
13:for nk∈{n1n2,…,nK} do
14:获取与唯一角度域样本nk对应的子载波索引mk∈{mk1mk2,…,},并找出最大阵列增益的子载波索引mk
15:end for
16:收集具有最大功率的角度域样本n=[n1n2,…,nk,…,nK]和对应的m=[mk1mk2,…,mk],并通过线性拟合获得斜率,得到精炼的17:
18:
19:
20:end for
21:for m∈{1,2,…,M} do
22:Ωm1,mΥ2,m…∪Υlm
23:
24:end for
25:
), ArticleFig(id=1251895559225815085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893510341866050, language=CN, label=算法1, caption=

BDI-MSABPD算法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入:接收信号Y,观测矩阵A,极坐标域表征矩阵W
输出:估计的宽带信道矩阵H
阶段一:预白化阶段
1:
2:C=σ2SVSHD=SV1/2
3:通过矩阵D对接收信号进行预白化处理
阶段二:路径检测阶段
4:初始化残差矩阵R=[r1r2rM]=和支持集γ={∅}
5:计算角度域线性模式Γ(nam)和距离域线性模式Ξndm
6:for l∈{1,2,…,L}
7:   U=ΨHR=[u1u2uM]
8:  由式(12)和式(15)计算拓展后的角度域样本和距离域样本并计算修正后的角度域索引na和距离域索引nd
9:  
10:  
11:   um((Ξndm)-1)Na+Γ(nam))‖2
12:获取与对应的,在中唯一角度域样本分为K个独立组别n=[n1n2,…,nk,…,nK]
13:for nk∈{n1n2,…,nK} do
14:获取与唯一角度域样本nk对应的子载波索引mk∈{mk1mk2,…,},并找出最大阵列增益的子载波索引mk
15:end for
16:收集具有最大功率的角度域样本n=[n1n2,…,nk,…,nK]和对应的m=[mk1mk2,…,mk],并通过线性拟合获得斜率,得到精炼的17:
18:
19:
20:end for
21:for m∈{1,2,…,M} do
22:Ωm1,mΥ2,m…∪Υlm
23:
24:end for
25:
), ArticleFig(id=1251895560773513262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893510341866050, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Simulation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
BS天线数量N256
子载波数量M256
角度域样本数Na256
距离域样本数Nd4
远场路径数量L6
参数β/GHz100
载波频率fcCN(0,1)
路径增益的分布glmU(0,1)
), ArticleFig(id=1251895560853205039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893510341866050, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
BS天线数量N256
子载波数量M256
角度域样本数Na256
距离域样本数Nd4
远场路径数量L6
参数β/GHz100
载波频率fcCN(0,1)
路径增益的分布glmU(0,1)
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一种基于多子载波的XL-MIMO系统宽带近场信道估计方法
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雷芳 , 田江 * , 张峻滔 , 郑少杰
无线电通信技术 | 专题:智能通信、存储与信息处理技术前沿 2025,51(5): 1056-1066
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无线电通信技术 | 专题:智能通信、存储与信息处理技术前沿 2025, 51(5): 1056-1066
一种基于多子载波的XL-MIMO系统宽带近场信道估计方法
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雷芳, 田江*, 张峻滔, 郑少杰
作者信息
  • 重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
  • 雷芳 女,(1972—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:移动通信、电子新技术应用。

    张峻滔 男,(1999—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信号检测。

    郑少杰 男,(1999—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信道估计。

通讯作者:

田江 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信道估计。
Multi-subcarrier-aided Near-field Wideband Channel Estimation for XL-MIMO Systems
Fang LEI, Jiang TIAN*, Juntao ZHANG, Shaojie ZHENG
Affiliations
  • School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
出版时间: 2025-09-18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.018
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针对宽带近场超大规模多输入多输出(Extremely-Large Scale Multiple Input Multiple Output,XL-MIMO)系统场景中波束分裂效应引发的信道估计精度下降问题,提出一种双向融合多子载波增强型双线性模式检测(Bi-Directional Integrated Multi-Subcarrier Augmented Bilinear Pattern Detection,BDI-MSABPD)算法。该算法基于极坐标域稀疏表征框架,通过显式极坐标域分辨率增强与隐式多子载波联合优化的双重机制,解决了波束分裂导致的稀疏支撑集失准和参数估计偏差问题。仿真结果表明,所提算法相较传统双线性模式检测(Bilinear Pattern Detection,BPD)算法,归一化均方误差(Normalized Mean Squared Error,NMSE)平均降低了2 dB。

超大规模多输入多输出  /  宽带近场  /  极坐标域  /  波束分裂

Focusing on the channel estimation accuracy degradation caused by the beam splitting effect in near-field wideband Extremely-Large Scale Multiple Input Multiple Output (XL-MIMO) systems, this paper proposes a Bi-Directional Integrated Multi-Subcarrier Augmented Bilinear Pattern Detection (BDI-MSABPD) algorithm. Built upon the polar-domain sparse representation framework, the proposed method addresses both the sparse support set misalignment and parameter estimation bias induced by beam splitting through a dual mechanism combining explicit polar-domain resolution enhancement and implicit multi-subcarrier joint optimization. Simulation results demonstrate that the BDI-MSABPD achieves an average reduction of 2 dB in Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE) compared with conventional Bilinear Pattern Detection (BPD) algorithm.

XL-MIMO  /  near-field wideband  /  polar domain  /  beam split
雷芳, 田江, 张峻滔, 郑少杰. 一种基于多子载波的XL-MIMO系统宽带近场信道估计方法. 无线电通信技术, 2025 , 51 (5) : 1056 -1066 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.018
Fang LEI, Jiang TIAN, Juntao ZHANG, Shaojie ZHENG. Multi-subcarrier-aided Near-field Wideband Channel Estimation for XL-MIMO Systems[J]. Radio Communications Technology, 2025 , 51 (5) : 1056 -1066 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.018
XL-MIMO作为6G通信的核心技术,通过部署超密集天线阵列,在空间自由度、频谱效率及吞吐量上有巨大提升。相较于传统大规模MIMO系统,XL-MIMO的天线规模可实现巨大跃升[1],通过高维波束空间复用与极窄波束赋形,能够突破现有频谱效率。然而,天线阵列规模的增长与高频段通信的应用,不仅加剧了系统复杂度,还引发了近场传播效应下信道建模与信道状态信息(Channel State Information,CSI)获取的挑战[2]
传统远场通信场景下,收发端之间的电磁波传播可简化为平面波模型,依赖到达角(Angle of Arrival,AoA)和出发角(Angle of Departure,AoD)的稀疏性实现高效信道估计[3]。然而,随着基站(Base Station,BS)天线孔径的扩展、载波频率的提升及瑞利距离显著增长,用户设备极可能处于近场区域[4]。在此区域,球面波特性使得信道表征需要同时解析角度域与距离域的耦合特性,传统远场角度域稀疏假设不再成立。现有研究揭示了近场信道在极坐标域中的稀疏重构可行性,即在联合角度和距离二维字典下[5],信道能量可集中于少数散射路径对应的基函数上。这一特性为开发低复杂度、高精度的近场稀疏信道估计方法提供了理论依据。
在XL-MIMO系统框架下,信道估计的核心矛盾在于,天线维度与带宽的爆炸性增长导致导频资源紧张。具体而言,传统最小二乘(Least Square,LS)方法所需的导频开销与天线数及子载波数量呈线性甚至平方关系[6],难以在实际系统中规模化部署。为解决此问题,基于压缩感知(Compressed Sensing,CS)的稀疏恢复技术已成为研究焦点[7]。此类方法通过构造空间和频域联合感知矩阵,将信道估计转换为稀疏信号重构问题,从而以亚奈奎斯特速率的导频样本恢复高维信道参数[8]。尽管已有工作初步验证了CS在远场XL-MIMO中的优势,但在近场混合传输场景下,仍需解决多维度耦合稀疏建模、互耦合误差抑制及算法计算效率等关键瓶颈,以支撑未来6G网络的需求。
传统远场信道估计算法在低频段小规模MIMO系统中已表现出较高的鲁棒性。然而,在近场XLMIMO场景下,此类算法存在显著的性能退化现象,原因是远场信道模型无法表征近场信道固有的角度和距离的耦合稀疏性[9]。文献[10]中提到宽带近场系统中波束分裂效应,球面波的分裂导致波束在极坐标域内实现多焦点分布,波束分裂会严重降低用户接收到的信号能量,因此相较于窄带通信,由于波束分裂效应,信道估计面临的挑战更大。文献[11]针对宽带系统波束分裂现象,通过构建物理方向与波束分裂模式(Beam Split Pattern,BSP)之间的映射,精准重构信道路径稀疏分量,并利用跨子载波总稀疏支撑集的联合校准实现宽带信道重建。
文献[12]的算法先对信道中的子载波进行分段,假设子载波稀疏支持集在每段中是相同的,但是每段中子载波的稀疏支持集是独立的。这种分段方法不仅间接考虑了近场波束分裂的影响,而且提高了宽带信道估计的准确性。文献[13]针对宽带近场信道提出极坐标域BPD算法。该算法通过解析宽带近场信道特性,揭示波束分裂的双线性频率模式,近场信道在角度域和距离域中的稀疏支持集可以被视为频率的线性函数。实现全频段近场路径AoA和距离参数的联合估计,最终基于CS完成信道估计。
上述BPD算法虽然实现了对宽带近场信道的有效估计,但估计的物理信道方向的准确性受到极坐标域分辨率的限制。为解决这一难题,获取更准确的CSI,本文提出了BDI-MSABPD算法的信道估计方案。该算法通过显式极坐标域分辨率增强来改进基于BPD的直接改进信道估计,以获取准确的CSI。提出了基于多子载波辅助BPD的信道估计方案,通过多个不同阵列增益的子载波匹配到一个极坐标域样本,从而隐式改进物理信道方向。
该算法通过显式极坐标域分辨率增强策略,在BPD算法框架下实现了对信道的初步估计;提出多子载波辅助的隐式优化策略,多个具有不同阵列增益的子载波与一个角度域样本匹配的辅助下优化角度域样本,进而实现了对信道的精确估计。仿真结果表明,本文所提算法优于BPD算法,尤其是在大带宽环境下,NMSE平均降低约2 dB,在低信噪比环境下,平均提升约1.3 dB。
本文采用时分双工(Time Division Duplexing,TDD)模式对宽带XL-MIMO通信系统进行建模。该系统采用一种全连接的混合前馈结构。多用户上行传输系统如图1所示,该系统的BS配备了一个包含N个天线的大型均匀线性阵列(Uniform Linear Array,ULA),并通过NRF射频链路服务于K个单天线用户。
这些用户利用正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)技术在M个子载波上进行通信[14]
本文使用Saleh-Valenzuela多径信道模型。BS和第m个子载波上的特定用户之间的信道hmN×1m=1,2,…,M)可以表示为:
式中:N为BS天线数,L为远场路径数,gl,m为第l条路径第m个子载波(m∈0,1,…,M-1)处的复增益,为第m个子载波频率,Bfc分别为带宽和载波频率,为频率fm时的波长,其中c为光速。多用户的近场信道模型如图2所示,ϑl为第l个路径的AoA,rl为最后一跳散射到BS阵列中心的距离,αϑlrlfm)描述最后一次散射体与BS间球面波前的阵列响应矢量,可以表示为:
式中:=-2πm-rl),为最后一跳散射体到发送阵列天线n的距离,可以写为=,其中δn=n-(N-1)/2,n∈{0,1,…,N-1},并且d=λc/2表示天线间距。式(2)体现了宽带近场中2个关键信道特性:近场传播和波束分裂效应。传统的大规模MIMO系统通常假设远场场景以简化信道表示,将等效为独立的距离rl,从而使近场信号传播存在[15]。例如,使用在100 GHz运行的0.3 m阵列,瑞利距离可以达到大约60 m。因此rl的影响不可忽略,必须采用精确的球面波模型对信道进行建模。
在窄带通信中,当fmfc时,阵列响应矢量几乎与频率无关,导致不同子载波之间存在公共稀疏支持集。这种结构允许使用多测量矢量(Multiple Measurement Vectors,MMV)特定的CS算法联合估计不同子载波上的信道[16]。在宽带XL-MIMO通信中,当fmfc时,阵列响应矢量在不同频率上显著变化,导致不同子载波之间存在多样的稀疏支持集。该波束分裂效应会破坏MMV模型中常见的稀疏结构,严重降低了传统信道估计方案的性能。
考虑一个基于上行链路TDD的XL-MIMO OFDM通信系统。对于上行传输方案,K个单天线用户通过M个子载波向BS发送导频信号[17]。由于采用了正交导频传输策略,每个用户发送的上行信号可以用于估计BS和每个用户之间的信道协方差。每个用户的信道协方差估计过程是独立的,因此本文考虑随机的一个用户。其中,第m个子载波在时隙q上的接收信号ym,q可以表示为:
式中:Aq为模拟组合矩阵,其每个元素满足条件sm,q为导频信号,当q=1,2,…,Q时,sm,q=1,Q为导频长度;nm,qN×1为高斯噪声矢量;[nm,q]i为独立同分布的复高斯随机变量,均值为零;σ2为方差,即[nm,q]iCN(0,σ2)。因此,通过收集Q个导频可以获得整体测量矢量=[,…,]T,定义Q=QNRF为有效测量次数。因此,式(1)可以写为:
式中:=[,…,]∈=[,…,]T为有色噪声,需要进行预白化处理。
从低维观测信号中恢复高维近场信道hm,其中PNRF<N,天线域信道通过使用极坐标域表示矩阵W转换至极坐标域,Na为角度域样本数,Nd为距离域样本数。矩阵W包含Nd个子矩阵,可以表示为:
式中:为包括在载波频率中的Na阵列响应矢量。可以表示为:
式中:为采样角度,na∈[1,2,…,Na],为采样距离,nd∈[1,2,…,Nd],并且=,其中β为预定义参数,D=Nd为阵列孔径。因此,通过求解欠定方程可以得到极坐标域信道hm=。矩阵W能有效地提取式(1)中各阵列响应矢量中所蕴含的角度和距离信息。鉴于毫米波与太赫兹频段通常存在较少的传播路径,极坐标域信道具有稀疏特性[18],因此可以将近场信道估计问题转化为稀疏信号恢复问题:
为了联合估计所有子载波的信道,式(7)重写为:
式中:Y=[,…,]∈=[,…,],N=[,…,]。
由于BPD算法的启发以及宽带XL-MIMO系统中存在波束分裂的极坐标域信道估计挑战,本文提出了BDI-MSABPD算法,该算法分为2个阶段:
①第一阶段为预白化阶段。由于不同子载波的稀疏支持集是相同的,信道估计需通过最大内积投影准则筛选感知矩阵Ψ中的主导原子。定义互相关矢量c为接收信号y与字典原子的相关性度量:
正交匹配追踪算法需要噪声分量具有白噪声的特性,即协方差矩阵应满足对角化约束。当噪声存在相关性时,式(9)的原子选择机制将因投影偏差而产生伪支撑集标识问题[19]。因此,需通过噪声协方差矩阵的块对角化重构对相关性进行补偿,以此修正原子投影的计算过程。具体可以表示为:
通过矩阵D来对接收信号进行白化处理。对C进行Cholesky变换可以得到C=σ2SVSH,其中D=SV1/2D的逆矩阵D-1左乘接收信号Y得:
式中:Ψ=D-1AW表示经过预白化处理后的测量矩阵,=D-1N表示高斯白噪声。
②第二阶段为路径检测阶段。物理信道方向的估计常常受到误差的影响,假设估计的物理信道方向为,而真实的物理信道方向为ϑn,则估计误差为,其中∈[-1/N,1/N]。这种误差在不同的子载波上表现出不同的特性,尤其是随着子载波偏离中心频率,误差通常会增大。具体来说,第M个子载波的估计误差可以表示为,这会导致信道估计的准确性下降。因此在获得估计的物理信道方向之后,首先细化角度域窗口[-1/N,+1/N],将角度域分辨率增加到2/Nk,其中k为细化因子。拓展后的角度域样本可以表示为:
式中:I为一个初始角度域窗口中细化角度域样本数。角度域样本的每个样本都可以被再次细化,细化后的样本可以表示为:
式中:。因此可以获得更为精确的物理信道方向索引:
在距离域也可以引入此方法,由于距离域的采样间隔,则估计误差为,其中∈[2λc/2D2β2λc/2D2]。因此细化窗口大小为[2λc/2D22λc/2D2],将距离域的分辨率增加到2λc/D2,其中z为细化因子,增强的距离域样本可以表示为:
式中:=-(1-2iβ2λc/2D2I为一个初始角度域窗口中细化角度域样本数。距离域样本的每个样本都可以被再次细化,细化后的样本可以表示为:
式中:-(1-2iβ2λc/2D2。因此可以获得更为精确的距离索引:
由于极坐标域样本改变,原本的字典矩阵也需要做出如下修改:
式中:We=[αfc),αfc),…,αfc),…,αfc)]T
在宽带XL-MIMO系统中,由于多径和近场效应,信道参数的估计可能存在多个局部最优解,导致结果不稳定,使得角度与距离的估计结果呈现随机性波动,严重制约系统在实际场景中的可靠性。考虑宽带XL-MIMO系统中子载波联合字典建模,目标函数定义为:
将参数(θr)∈[0,π/2]×[rminrmax]离散化为格点,间隔分辨率(Δθ,Δr),总点数Kl=· 。应用Hoeffding不等式对任意固定的(θirj):
式中:L为单个项的幅值上限,a为常数。覆盖网络中共有Kl个格点,为所有可能偏离事件的并集,故有:
令总误差概率不超过δ,即:
对两边取对数:
ϵ=κσ2lnN,代入上式即得所需子载波数下界。当子载波数量满足下界条件时,基于多子载波联合优化的目标函数将在全局范围内呈现单峰特性,从而确保信道参数能够被唯一确定。因此需要低信噪比下保证全局最优和较快的收敛速度。通过分析Hessian矩阵的局部特性,多载波联合处理的凸性保障机制,推导梯度下降算法的收敛速率。
由目标函数Lθr)的二次微分:
式中:p=[θr]TG为Fisher信息矩阵项,N为噪声诱导项。
考虑阵列中第n个天线位置dn(满足|dn|≤ D/2),其近场信道相位为:
在真实参数(θ*r*)处计算导数:
式中:=。当D<时,可近似r*,进而:
由此,可以得到:
式中:当阵列孔径D>λmax/2时,
接下来,通过随机浓度控制,进一步确保在低信噪比或M较小情况下存在全局最优解,定义随机矩阵:
满足E[Xm]=0,‖Xm‖≤R=·(D2+D4/)。
由矩阵Bernstein不等式:
式中:=sup{‖E[X XH]‖,‖E[XHX]‖}。
t=λminE[M-1G]),则当Mln(8/δ)时:
计算噪声扰动项上界,令Wm=Amhm-Ym,则:
由信道模型:
可得:
从而:
μ=-C4。当σ<σcrit=μ>0。
最终可以得到,当子载波数满足Mln(1)且阵列孔径D>λmax/2时,在真实参数(θ*r*)的ϵ邻域Nϵ={(θr):(θ-θ*2+(r-r*2ϵ2}内,目标函数的Hessian矩阵满足:
式中:Cm为常数,σ为噪声标准差。
接下来分析目标函数的收敛速度,由式(36)可知在Nϵ内:
式中:L满足|∇A-∇B|≤ L|pA-pB|,L=
由均值定理,‖∇Lp)‖=‖∇Lp)-∇Lp*)‖≥μp-p*‖,且:
设当前点pk,梯度gk=∇Lpk)。步长η满足:
时,通过二次上界可得:
e(k)=‖p(k)-p*‖:
又‖pk-pk+1)‖=ηkgk‖≤ηkLek,代入得:
使二次函数最小化:
经过k次迭代:
式中:。可以看到收敛速度:
收敛速度随着带宽的增大,呈4次幂增长,因为是宽带近场信道估计,可以保证本文的带宽非常大,也就使得收敛速度较快。
在显式极坐标域分辨率增强的方案降低信道估计误差的基础上,进一步利用宽带多子载波的空间维度冗余特性,通过阵列增益分集与角度域样本集的联合稀疏表征,实现信道估计的增强。下面是具体步骤。
对应于特定物理信道方向θl的2个相邻子载波之间的空间信道方向跨度可以表示为:
式中:Δf为子载波间隔。由式(46)可以进一步得到:
式(47a)可以从θl∈[-1,1]得到,式(47b)满足的条件是宽带系统中子载波的数量足够大。由式(47)可以得出结论,多个子载波的空间方向将对应于一个角度域样本。因此,存在m1=[m11m12,…,],使得:
由于Dirichlet sinc函数的性质,对应于一个角度域样本的不同子载波的阵列增益是不同的。因此,存在一个最大阵列增益的子载波m1∈{m11m12,…,}使得:
由于宽带中的子载波数量足够大,使得。因此可利用不同阵列增益的多子载波匹配同一角度域采样的特性,隐式提高角度域采样精度。假设第l条路径的第m1个载波的空间信道方向为,可以得到:
利用基于BPD的信道估计方案,估计的物理信道方向为θn。由于存在估计误差,实际角度θlnθ。因此可将式(50)改写为:
时,。由于角度域分辨率为,从上式可以得到,载频在真实物理信道方向θl和估计物理信道方向θn是一致的。
具体来说,本文算法首先利用BPD算法得到角度域和距离域的线性索引,然后通过显式极坐标域分辨率增强与隐式多子载波联合优化的协同机制,最后得到的信道增益估计。具体算法步骤如算法1所示。
通过对比分析BPD算法与BDI-MSABPD算法的复杂度,评估本文算法的性能。2种算法的复杂性主要源于其迭代过程。BPD算法的复杂度受多个步骤影响,包括矩阵乘积计算、矩阵求逆以及残差更新。具体而言,BPD算法的复杂度涉及矩阵乘法和残差更新运算。综合这些复杂性因素,BPD算法的整体计算复杂度可表示为OLNaNdPNRFM)+OL3MPNRF+L4)+OL2PNRFM)。如算法1所示,BDI-MSABPD算法的复杂度主要来自步骤7、10、11、19、23的迭代过程。
步骤7中,,因为要经过L次迭代,所以计算复杂度为OLNaNdP NRFM)。步骤10中,显式极坐标域分辨率增强的方案使得在角度域和距离域的样本进行了一次修正,使得样本扩大为原来的I倍。因此步骤10的复杂度为OILNaNdPNRFM)。步骤11中,需要进行NaNdM次计算,所以计算复杂度为OLNaNdM)。由于隐式多子载波联合优化并未影响到步骤19和步骤23,所以和原来的BPD算法的计算复杂度相同,步骤19的复杂度为OL3MPNRF+L4)。步骤23的复杂度为OL2PNRFM)。因此,可以计算出BDIMSABPD算法的复杂度为:
BDI-MSABPD算法的复杂度主要由OL3MPNRF+L4)决定,本文算法相比于BPD算法的复杂度稍有提升,考虑到信道估计精度和鲁棒性的显著提高,BDIMSABPD算法引入的额外复杂度项是可以接受的。增加的计算负荷与增强的性能之间的权衡是合理的,这使得BDI-MSABPD算法在复杂的通信环境中成为BPD算法的一个可行且优越的替代方案。
本文通过评估信道估计的NMSE来验证所提出的基于BDI-MSABPD的信道估计算法的性能。评估涵盖多个变量,如距离、带宽、信噪比以及导频开销[20]。NMSE用于评估不同信道估计算法,计算公式为:
在仿真中,每个图表均基于200次蒙特卡罗实验的结果绘制。考虑了一个宽带XL-MIMO系统,部分仿真参数如表1所示。
图3对比了多种信道估计算法在0.1~10 GHz带宽的性能对比。信噪比为5 dB,导频开销为32,最小距离为10 m,最大距离为30 m。结果表明,BDI-MSABPD算法相较于其他算法始终是NMSE最小,显著优于传统方法,如角度域正交匹配追踪(Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,OMP)和同步正交匹配追(Spare Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,SOMP)、波束分裂模式检测(Beam Split Pattern Detection,BSPD)、极坐标域OMP和SOMP、BPD、BDI-MSABPD算法的NMSE初始值低于-18,随着带宽的增加,NMSE性能有所提升。这是因为随着信道带宽的扩展,对应同一个物理信道方向的子载波数量增加,从而使得估计的物理信道方向更加精确。相比之下,角度域OMP和SOMP算法表现出较高的NMSE值,表明其在处理宽带信号时的能力不足。极坐标域方法表现出中等性能,但仍落后于BPD算法和本文算法。收缩阈值算法(Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm,ISTA)得益于其可学习模块对信道结构的有效挖掘使得算法性能保持较为稳定。由于宽带效应的影响稀疏贝叶斯学习(Sparse Bayesian Learning,SBL)算法随着带宽的增加性能也随之提升。BPD算法优于角度域和极坐标域方法,但本文算法的显式极坐标域分辨率增强和隐式多子载波联合优化确保了最佳的整体性能。
图4比较了宽带近场XL-MIMO系统中各种信道估计算法在0~100 m的NMSE性能。信噪比为5 dB,带宽为10 GHz,导频开销为32,观测维度为128。可以看出,当距离降至瑞利距离限值以下时角度域OMP算法和BSPD算法性能急剧恶化。角度域SOMP和极坐标域SOMP算法的性能最差,这是由于远场信道仅考虑信号AoA,忽略了信号传播距离的影响,导致模型无法准确表达近场中角度与距离的共同作用。极坐标域OMP、SBL、ISTA、BPD及BDI-MSABPD算法均表现出泛化优势。所提算法低于BPD算法约2 dB。
图5比较了宽带近场XL-MIMO系统中各种信道估计算法在不同信噪比下的NMSE性能。带宽为10 GHz,导频开销为32,最小距离为10 m,最大距离为30 m。随着信噪比的增加,几种信道估计算法的NMSE的性能都会增加。仿真结果表明,几种信道估计算法的NMSE均随信噪比提升而提升。角度域OMP和SOMP算法在信噪比-5~5 dB情况下的NMSE性能较为接近,在信噪比-5~5 dB情况下角度域SOMP算法的NMSE性能更好。表明在强噪声场景下,SOMP算法难以有效分离信号与噪声子空间。极坐标域OMP和SOMP算法在NMSE性能较为接近,极坐标域SOMP算法的NMSE略优于极坐标域OMP算法,验证了球面波相位建模对近场信道稀疏表征的必要性。BSPD算法在低信噪比条件下优于角度域OMP和SOMP算法和极坐标域OMP和SOMP算法。信噪比较低时ISTA算法性能略优于SBL算法,随着信噪比的提高,SBL算法性能又优于ISTA算法。BPD算法在所有信噪比条件下均优于BSPD算法。本文算法优于BPD算法约1 dB,表明本文算法在全信噪比条件下都表现出良好的性能,并且具有良好的鲁棒性。
图6比较了宽带近场XL-MIMO系统中各种信道估计算法在不同导频开销下的NMSE性能。带宽为10 GHz,信噪比为5,最小距离为10m,最大距离为30 m。可以看到,随着导频开销的增加,不同算法的性能都有所提升,本文算法显著优于其他算法。极坐标域SOMP和角度域SOMP算法随着导频开销的增加效果反而差于极坐标域OMP和角度域OMP算法,这是由于随着导频开销的增加,路径间的几何相关性被放大,SOMP算法强制对所有导频数据使用同一支撑集,导致错误原子被联合选择,产生累积误差。SBL算法对资源消耗比较大,在导频开销较小时,性能不如ISTA算法,随着导频资源的增加,SBL算法性能最终反超ISTA算法。
图7比较了宽带近场XL-MIMO系统中各种信道估计算法在不同信噪比下的误比特率(Bit Error Rate,BER)性能。带宽为10 GHz,导频开销为32,最小距离为10 m,最大距离为30 m。可以看出,ISTA算法和SBL算法的BER性能相近,BPD算法和本文算法性能相近,这说明BPD算法双线性检测模式有效应对宽带中的波束分裂的影响,本文算法在BPD算法的基础上,进一步改善宽带中的波束分裂的影响。在低信噪比条件下,所有算法的BER性能都较差,随着信噪比的提高,本文算法优势开始明显。
本文针对宽带近场XL-MIMO系统中波束分裂效应导致的信道估计精度下降问题,提出了BDIMSABPD算法,在极坐标域稀疏表征框架下,通过显式极坐标域分辨率增强与隐式多子载波联合优化机制,解决了传统方法在宽带近场场景中因波束分裂导致的稀疏支撑集失准与参数估计偏差的问题。该算法提出角度和距离域样本细化方法,构建分辨率极坐标域字典以突破传统基的离散化限制;利用宽带子载波对物理路径的差异化映射特性,通过最优子载波选择与线性拟合技术实现信道参数的估计。仿真实验表明,BDI-MSABPD算法在带宽、距离及信噪比等多维度测试条件下均优于BPD算法。
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2025年第51卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.018
  • 接收时间:2025-04-13
  • 首发时间:2026-04-17
  • 出版时间:2025-09-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-13
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    重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065

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田江 男,(1998—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:移动通信物理层协议与信道估计。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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