Article(id=1251893507837866534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776404271322, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=1758124800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776404271322, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776404271322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404271322, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251893504037831074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, year='2025', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='877', pageEnd='1134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776404270419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404832543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=940, endPage=950, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251893508076941863, articleId=1251893507837866534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=EN, title=High-efficiency UAV-assisted Data Collection Method Leveraging Reinforcement Learning, columnId=1251893506944483753, journalTitle=Radio Communications Technology, columnName=Special Topic: 6G and IoT Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The Internet of Things (IoT), as one core area of 6G development, plays a crucial role in driving network architecture changes and supporting core application scenarios. However, IoT systems suffer from energy imbalances and short network lifecycles, which severely restrict the improvement of data collection efficiency. With the rise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, its high maneuverability can effectively construct Line of Sight (LOS) communication links, thereby improving communication speed. This has great application value in data collection of IoT systems and can solve the problem of low data collection efficiency caused by the short lifecycle of IoT networks. To this end, UAVs are used to collect data from ground IoT devices and build a data collection and transmission link for air-to-ground collaboration. An intelligent data collection method based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is proposed. In addition, a predictive neural network is designed to further improve data collection efficiency by predicting network data at the Base Station (BS) side, thereby achieving the goal of reducing IoT device energy consumption and extending network lifespan. Simulation results show that the proposed data collection algorithm has good performance advantages in terms of device energy consumption and energy balance, and is superior to traditional data collection algorithms. At the same time, the proposed data collection network architecture can extend the network lifespan by 1.2 times when the predicted data accounts for 12.5%. In addition, simulations have shown that the designed predictive neural network outperforms other compared networks in terms of Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metrics.
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物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)作为6G发展的核心领域之一,在驱动网络架构变革以及支撑核心应用场景中扮演着关键角色,然而,IoT系统存在能量不均衡以及网络生命周期短暂等问题,严重制约了数据收集效率的提升。随着无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)技术的兴起,其高度机动性可以有效构建视距(Line of Sight,LOS)通信链路,进而提升通信速率,这在IoT系统的数据收集方面具有很好的应用价值,可以解决IoT网络因生命周期短暂导致的数据收集效率低下的问题。为此,利用UAV对地面IoT设备进行数据收集,构建空地协同的数据采集传输链路,提出了一种基于深度强化学习(Deep Reinforcement Learning,DRL)的智能数据收集方法,设计了一种预测神经网络,通过在基站(Base Station,BS)侧预测网络数据进一步提高数据收集效率,从而实现降低IoT设备能耗、延长网络寿命的目的。仿真结果表明,所提数据收集算法在设备所需能耗、能量均衡性等方面具有较好的性能优势,优于常见的数据收集算法。同时,所提数据收集网络架构在预测数据占比12.5%时可以延长1.2倍的网络寿命。仿真证明了设计的预测神经网络在均方误差(Mean Squared Error,MSE)以及平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)指标均优于其他对比网络。
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朱佳琳 女,(1996—),硕士,工程师。主要研究方向:无人机通信、物联网技术、无线空口信令标准化等。
张鹏浩 男,(2000—),硕士。主要研究方向:语义通信、人工智能技术等。
李南希 男,(1990—),博士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:大规模天线系统、5G物理层技术、智能表面技术等。
蒋峥 男,(1972—),博士,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:通感一体化、无线空口信令和无线网络架构标准化等。
朱剑驰 男,(1981—),硕士,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:无线通信技术研究和标准化、5G标准化、6G物理层技术等。
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1.中国电信股份有限公司研究院,北京 102209, bio={"content":"
朱佳琳 女,(1996—),硕士,工程师。主要研究方向:无人机通信、物联网技术、无线空口信令标准化等。
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朱佳琳 女,(1996—),硕士,工程师。主要研究方向:无人机通信、物联网技术、无线空口信令标准化等。
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2.School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251895525293895790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, authorId=1251895525084180573, language=CN, stringName=张鹏浩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2.北京邮电大学 信息与通信工程学院,北京 100876, bio={"content":"
张鹏浩 男,(2000—),硕士。主要研究方向:语义通信、人工智能技术等。
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张鹏浩 男,(2000—),硕士。主要研究方向:语义通信、人工智能技术等。
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2.北京邮电大学 信息与通信工程学院,北京 100876)])]), Author(id=1251895525394559095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251895525524582526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, authorId=1251895525394559095, language=EN, stringName=Nanxi LI, firstName=Nanxi, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1.中国电信股份有限公司研究院,北京 102209, bio={"content":"
李南希 男,(1990—),博士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:大规模天线系统、5G物理层技术、智能表面技术等。
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李南希 男,(1990—),博士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:大规模天线系统、5G物理层技术、智能表面技术等。
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1.中国电信股份有限公司研究院,北京 102209, bio={"content":"
蒋峥 男,(1972—),博士,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:通感一体化、无线空口信令和无线网络架构标准化等。
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蒋峥 男,(1972—),博士,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:通感一体化、无线空口信令和无线网络架构标准化等。
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1.中国电信股份有限公司研究院,北京 102209, bio={"content":"
朱剑驰 男,(1981—),硕士,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:无线通信技术研究和标准化、5G标准化、6G物理层技术等。
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朱剑驰 男,(1981—),硕士,教授级高级工程师。主要研究方向:无线通信技术研究和标准化、5G标准化、6G物理层技术等。
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数据收集能量消耗分布, figureFileSmall=PmB1J+8Z0HzrdAOqHvNm0A==, figureFileBig=9NCCx1JMfRbQCscP+U+i+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895530499027273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Performance comparison chart of prediction neural networks when the input data length is 168 and the output(predicted)data length is 24, figureFileSmall=atZzqriAzXIgRg9yR8JNNg==, figureFileBig=m+g21VfVnVijrpxAaGrzpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895530620662094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
输入数据长度为168,输出(预测)数据长度为24时的预测神经网络性能对比, figureFileSmall=atZzqriAzXIgRg9yR8JNNg==, figureFileBig=m+g21VfVnVijrpxAaGrzpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895530742296914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Performance comparison chart of prediction neural networks when the input data length is 168 and the output(predicted)data length is 48, figureFileSmall=xdwNo7mZKGPkWiPydMFyIQ==, figureFileBig=50C8YrP7+3YOsKDtwxaw3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895530922651994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
输入数据长度为168,输出(预测)数据长度为48时的预测神经网络性能对比, figureFileSmall=xdwNo7mZKGPkWiPydMFyIQ==, figureFileBig=50C8YrP7+3YOsKDtwxaw3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895531048481121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
|
|---|
输入:用权重θ1和θ2初始化Main Q Network 和 ;用权重 和 初始化Target Q Network (st,at)和 (st,at);用权重ω初始化Policy Networkπω(at|st);初始化经验回放缓冲区Γ |
| 输出:θi、ω、θi* |
| 1. for each epoch do |
| 2. 收集初始观测状态s0,done=0 |
| 3. fordone≠1 do |
| 4. 智能体接收来自IoT设备的数据采集请求,并收集环境状态信息st |
| 5. 智能体根据状态信息和策略生成动作at |
| 6. 智能体引导UAV的飞行轨迹和数据采集时间并计算即时奖励R(t)并估计下一个状态st+1 |
| 7. 将样本(st,at,R(t),st+1)存储在Γ中 |
8. 通过计算式(9)中定义的JQ(θ)的梯度来更新θi,即 ,i=1,2 |
9. 通过计算式(10)中定义的Jπ(ω)的梯度来更新策略参数ω,即 |
10. 通过 ,i=1,2,更新Target Q Network的参数 |
| 11. 若数据收集任务完成,则done=1,否则done=0 |
| 12. end for |
| 13. end for |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531212058987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=CN, label=算法1, caption=
基于SAC的数据收集算法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
|
|---|
输入:用权重θ1和θ2初始化Main Q Network 和 ;用权重 和 初始化Target Q Network (st,at)和 (st,at);用权重ω初始化Policy Networkπω(at|st);初始化经验回放缓冲区Γ |
| 输出:θi、ω、θi* |
| 1. for each epoch do |
| 2. 收集初始观测状态s0,done=0 |
| 3. fordone≠1 do |
| 4. 智能体接收来自IoT设备的数据采集请求,并收集环境状态信息st |
| 5. 智能体根据状态信息和策略生成动作at |
| 6. 智能体引导UAV的飞行轨迹和数据采集时间并计算即时奖励R(t)并估计下一个状态st+1 |
| 7. 将样本(st,at,R(t),st+1)存储在Γ中 |
8. 通过计算式(9)中定义的JQ(θ)的梯度来更新θi,即 ,i=1,2 |
9. 通过计算式(10)中定义的Jπ(ω)的梯度来更新策略参数ω,即 |
10. 通过 ,i=1,2,更新Target Q Network的参数 |
| 11. 若数据收集任务完成,则done=1,否则done=0 |
| 12. end for |
| 13. end for |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531295945071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Key parameters of SAC algorithm and DepCross-former
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|
| SAC算法优化器 | Adam |
| SAC算法学习率 | 1×10-5 |
| SAC算法策略学习率 | 3×10-7 |
| SAC算法的discount参数ξ | 0.99 |
| SAC算法的缓冲区Γ | 3×105 |
| SAC算法中网络的隐藏层数目 | 2 |
| SAC算法中每层隐藏状态输入维度 | 128 |
| SAC算法中每层隐藏状态输出维度 | 64 |
| SAC算法中批量大小 | 256 |
| SAC算法的激活函数 | ReLU |
| SAC算法中目标平滑系数η | 0.005 |
| DepCrossformer优化器 | Adam |
| DepCrossformer损失函数 | MSE |
| DepCrossformer批量大小 | 32 |
| DepCrossformer初始学习率 | 1×10-4 |
| DepCrossformer中DSW的输出维度dm | 256 |
| DepCrossformer中FC层的神经元数量 | 512 |
| DepCrossformer中多头注意力头数量 | 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531388219764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
SAC算法和DepCrossformer相关参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|
| SAC算法优化器 | Adam |
| SAC算法学习率 | 1×10-5 |
| SAC算法策略学习率 | 3×10-7 |
| SAC算法的discount参数ξ | 0.99 |
| SAC算法的缓冲区Γ | 3×105 |
| SAC算法中网络的隐藏层数目 | 2 |
| SAC算法中每层隐藏状态输入维度 | 128 |
| SAC算法中每层隐藏状态输出维度 | 64 |
| SAC算法中批量大小 | 256 |
| SAC算法的激活函数 | ReLU |
| SAC算法中目标平滑系数η | 0.005 |
| DepCrossformer优化器 | Adam |
| DepCrossformer损失函数 | MSE |
| DepCrossformer批量大小 | 32 |
| DepCrossformer初始学习率 | 1×10-4 |
| DepCrossformer中DSW的输出维度dm | 256 |
| DepCrossformer中FC层的神经元数量 | 512 |
| DepCrossformer中多头注意力头数量 | 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531467911543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Environmental parameters
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|
| IoT设备数目 | 35 |
| IoT设备分布 | x、y轴上服从[0,5 000]的均匀分布,z轴上服从[0,200]的均匀分布 |
| 路径损耗指数 | 2 |
| IoT发射功率/mW | 2 |
| UAV天线增益/dB | 1 |
| 每个IoT设备分配到的带宽/Hz | 1×106/35 |
| 噪声功率谱密度/(dBm/Hz) | 1×10-20.4 |
| 自由空间损耗/dB | 2 |
| 由环境决定的常数项系数δ、γ | 10、0.03 |
| 路径损耗指数 | 3 |
| 载波频率fc/Hz | 2×109 |
| LOS环境下路径损耗的均值/dB | 1 |
| NLOS环境下路径损耗的均值/dB | 20 |
| 数据收集最小时间/s | 5 |
| IoT设备的能量/J | 30 000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531568574843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
环境参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|
| IoT设备数目 | 35 |
| IoT设备分布 | x、y轴上服从[0,5 000]的均匀分布,z轴上服从[0,200]的均匀分布 |
| 路径损耗指数 | 2 |
| IoT发射功率/mW | 2 |
| UAV天线增益/dB | 1 |
| 每个IoT设备分配到的带宽/Hz | 1×106/35 |
| 噪声功率谱密度/(dBm/Hz) | 1×10-20.4 |
| 自由空间损耗/dB | 2 |
| 由环境决定的常数项系数δ、γ | 10、0.03 |
| 路径损耗指数 | 3 |
| 载波频率fc/Hz | 2×109 |
| LOS环境下路径损耗的均值/dB | 1 |
| NLOS环境下路径损耗的均值/dB | 20 |
| 数据收集最小时间/s | 5 |
| IoT设备的能量/J | 30 000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531660849534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
IoT energy consumption for each round of data collection
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法 | 总能耗 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最大最小差值 |
|---|
| SAC | 79 590. 0 | 2 274. 00 | 270.67 | 900. 0 |
| DDPG | 81 286.8 | 2 322.48 | 327.54 | 995.8 |
| RD | 88 980.0 | 2 542.29 | 379.20 | 1 520.0 |
| CP | 85 240.0 | 2 435.43 | 326.97 | 1 270.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895531820233091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893507837866534, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
每轮数据收集IoT能量消耗
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| 算法 | 总能耗 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最大最小差值 |
|---|
| SAC | 79 590. 0 | 2 274. 00 | 270.67 | 900. 0 |
| DDPG | 81 286.8 | 2 322.48 | 327.54 | 995.8 |
| RD | 88 980.0 | 2 542.29 | 379.20 | 1 520.0 |
| CP | 85 240.0 | 2 435.43 | 326.97 | 1 270.0 |
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