Article(id=1251893506114011557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776404270913, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=1758124800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776404270913, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776404270913, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404270913, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251893504037831074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, year='2025', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='877', pageEnd='1134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776404270419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776404832543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251895861849043020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, issueId=1251893504037831074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=967, endPage=975, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251893508261495220, articleId=1251893506114011557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=EN, title=Positioning Performance Optimization for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted NOMA System, columnId=1251893506944483753, journalTitle=Radio Communications Technology, columnName=Special Topic: 6G and IoT Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In smart grids, the presence of numerous high-power electrical devices and communication sensing equipment severely hinders signal transmission in positioning systems. To address the challenge of accurately locating weak signals in a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-assisted Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system under interference from multiple base stations and communication users, this paper considers the impact of multiple small base stations and multiple users in a smart grid environment. A horizontal positioning error of the target user is used as the evaluation metric. While ensuring the Quality of Service (QoS) for communication users, the proposed method jointly optimizes base station power, multi-user interference, and power allocation factors. The Lagrangian dual method and sub-gradient approach are employed to solve the non-convex optimization problem caused by multiple users and small base stations. Simulation results demonstrate that, under the same resource allocation, the proposed RISNOMA integrated sensing and communication system significantly reduces the average positioning error compared to traditional NOMA-based system.

, correspAuthors=Meiling LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaorong DUAN, Junwei MA, Min ZHAO, Delu ZHANG, Meiling LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251893538171077032, articleId=1251893506114011557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, language=CN, title=智能超表面辅助的NOMA系统定位性能优化, columnId=1251893507133227435, journalTitle=无线电通信技术, columnName=专题:6G与物联网技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

智能电网中存在大量大功率电气设备及通信传感设备严重阻碍定位系统的信号传输,针对多基站多通信用户干扰的情况下可重构智能超表面(Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface,RIS)辅助的非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)通信系统难以准确定位弱信号的问题,考虑智能电网场景下的多小型基站多用户对定位用户的影响,提出以定位用户的水平误差为评估基准,在保证通信用户的服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)的前提下,联合基站功率、多基站多用户干扰以及功率分配系数,采用拉格朗日对偶方法以及次梯度法处理多用户多小型基站带来的非凸问题。结果表明,资源分配相同的情况下,所考虑的RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统相比NOMA通感系统可使系统平均定位误差明显降低。

, correspAuthors=李美玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李美玲 女,(1982—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:5G/6G物理层技术、通信定位。
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段潇蓉 女,(1992—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:云平台、数据库、基础设施等运营运维。

马军伟 男,(1982—),博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向:数字新技术应用。

赵敏 女,(1983—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:科技创新管理。

张得路 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、通信定位一体化。

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段潇蓉 女,(1992—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:云平台、数据库、基础设施等运营运维。

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段潇蓉 女,(1992—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:云平台、数据库、基础设施等运营运维。

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马军伟 男,(1982—),博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向:数字新技术应用。

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马军伟 男,(1982—),博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向:数字新技术应用。

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赵敏 女,(1983—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:科技创新管理。

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赵敏 女,(1983—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:科技创新管理。

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张得路 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、通信定位一体化。

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Definition of instantaneous channel gain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
瞬时信道增益定义
hrkbk基站k到RIS-k的信道增益系数
基站k到通信用户kn的信道增益系数
基站k到定位用户m的信道增益
通信用户kn到定位用户m的信道增益
其余基站到通信用户kn的信道增益
除基站k′外到定位用户m的信道增益
), ArticleFig(id=1251895547867644123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893506114011557, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

瞬时信道增益定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
瞬时信道增益定义
hrkbk基站k到RIS-k的信道增益系数
基站k到通信用户kn的信道增益系数
基站k到定位用户m的信道增益
通信用户kn到定位用户m的信道增益
其余基站到通信用户kn的信道增益
除基站k′外到定位用户m的信道增益
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智能超表面辅助的NOMA系统定位性能优化
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段潇蓉 1 , 马军伟 1 , 赵敏 1 , 张得路 2 , 李美玲 2, *
无线电通信技术 | 专题:6G与物联网技术 2025,51(5): 967-975
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无线电通信技术 | 专题:6G与物联网技术 2025, 51(5): 967-975
智能超表面辅助的NOMA系统定位性能优化
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段潇蓉1, 马军伟1, 赵敏1, 张得路2, 李美玲2, *
作者信息
  • 1.国网山西省电力公司 信息通信分公司,山西 太原 030021
  • 2.太原科技大学 电子信息工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 段潇蓉 女,(1992—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:云平台、数据库、基础设施等运营运维。

    马军伟 男,(1982—),博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向:数字新技术应用。

    赵敏 女,(1983—),硕士,高级工程师。主要研究方向:科技创新管理。

    张得路 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:智能反射面、通信定位一体化。

通讯作者:

李美玲 女,(1982—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:5G/6G物理层技术、通信定位。
Positioning Performance Optimization for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted NOMA System
Xiaorong DUAN1, Junwei MA1, Min ZHAO1, Delu ZHANG2, Meiling LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Information and Communications Branch, State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company, Taiyuan 030021, China
  • 2.School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Seience and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-09-18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.010
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智能电网中存在大量大功率电气设备及通信传感设备严重阻碍定位系统的信号传输,针对多基站多通信用户干扰的情况下可重构智能超表面(Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface,RIS)辅助的非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)通信系统难以准确定位弱信号的问题,考虑智能电网场景下的多小型基站多用户对定位用户的影响,提出以定位用户的水平误差为评估基准,在保证通信用户的服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)的前提下,联合基站功率、多基站多用户干扰以及功率分配系数,采用拉格朗日对偶方法以及次梯度法处理多用户多小型基站带来的非凸问题。结果表明,资源分配相同的情况下,所考虑的RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统相比NOMA通感系统可使系统平均定位误差明显降低。

非正交多址接入  /  智能电网  /  可重构智能超表面  /  次梯度

In smart grids, the presence of numerous high-power electrical devices and communication sensing equipment severely hinders signal transmission in positioning systems. To address the challenge of accurately locating weak signals in a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-assisted Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system under interference from multiple base stations and communication users, this paper considers the impact of multiple small base stations and multiple users in a smart grid environment. A horizontal positioning error of the target user is used as the evaluation metric. While ensuring the Quality of Service (QoS) for communication users, the proposed method jointly optimizes base station power, multi-user interference, and power allocation factors. The Lagrangian dual method and sub-gradient approach are employed to solve the non-convex optimization problem caused by multiple users and small base stations. Simulation results demonstrate that, under the same resource allocation, the proposed RISNOMA integrated sensing and communication system significantly reduces the average positioning error compared to traditional NOMA-based system.

NOMA  /  smart grid  /  RIS  /  sub-gradient
段潇蓉, 马军伟, 赵敏, 张得路, 李美玲. 智能超表面辅助的NOMA系统定位性能优化. 无线电通信技术, 2025 , 51 (5) : 967 -975 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.010
Xiaorong DUAN, Junwei MA, Min ZHAO, Delu ZHANG, Meiling LI. Positioning Performance Optimization for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted NOMA System[J]. Radio Communications Technology, 2025 , 51 (5) : 967 -975 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.010
智能电网作为一种将先进的信息、通信和控制技术与传统电网相结合的6G现代化电力系统,具备双向通信、自愈能力和高效能源管理等特点。但智能电网中存在大规模发电、输电、配电设备导致通信及传感设备难以及时接收基站通信及定位信号,严重阻碍了信号传输[1]
RIS具有大量的无源反射单元,每个单元可以通过控制其反射特性来改变电磁波的传播方向和特性,从而改善由大功率设备遮挡而导致的通信直连链路较差的情况[2]。而5G中的NOMA技术通过对信号进行功率域或码域的非正交复用,可以有效提高频谱利用率[3],其对于6G实现更高传输速率需求仍然重要。特别的,RIS辅助NOMA在智能电网系统中能够克服大型设备阻碍困难、提升通信频谱效率,实现用户及设备的高精度定位[4]
由于智能电网中存在大量通感设备,导致RISNOMA在功率分配、用户调度等关键系统参数具有复杂性和多变性,同时波束[5]赋形以及反射系数等参数呈非线性关系,使得此系统需要利用优化算法分析功率分配系数的最优解。文献[6-7]研究了下行多用户NOMA-多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)系统中用户分配的性能提升,并对动态用户聚类、线性波束成形和恰当的功率分配进行软更新从而对问题进行求解。文献[8-9]研究了RIS辅助的无线通感网络场景,通过固定被动波束形成,利用拉格朗日对偶理论进行求解,结果显示,所提算法相较于传统方法能有效提升性能。文献[10-12]研究了下行NOMA通信系统中的功率分配问题,对原优化问题进行分解,并采用迭代方法交替求解这2个子问题求出相应的最优解。文献[13-14]研究了RIS辅助的NOMA通信定位场景,将优化问题分解,并以迭代的方式进行求解,再通过逐次凸近似得到次优解。
以上关于RIS辅助NOMA定位系统性能的研究均未考虑通信对定位的影响。在实际智能电网通信定位场景下,由于存在通信用户,通信信号会影响定位用户的定位精度。因此,应当考虑在多基站多用户下对定位用户的影响,文献[15]研究了多尺度NOMA系统,将系统功率分配问题建模为满足QoS等约束的凸优化问题,并采用定位功率分配算法对原问题进行求解。文献[16-18]研究了NOMA上下行通信感知场景,在不损害通信用户QoS的前提下,智能地在多个用户间分配功率,以实现资源的高效利用。
不同的通信定位用户具有不同发射功率和网络参数,难以获取系统功率、资源分配规律以及信道状态信息(Channel State Information,CSI)。据此,文献[19]研究了RIS通过生成空中接收功率提供虚拟NOMA通感链路以解决此问题。
综上分析,目前虽然已有一些文献针对RIS辅助NOMA智能电网通感系统功率分配问题提出了解决方案,但缺乏在智能电网存在大量通电设备的影响下,保证通信用户通信质量的同时,提升定位用户的定位精度的研究[20]。本文基于多基站多用户RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统,在保证通信用户通信QoS的前提下,联合基站发射功率、多基站多用户干扰以及功率分配系数,采用拉格朗日对偶方法以及次梯度法处理多用户多小型基站带来的非凸问题。
结果表明,当资源分配相同的情况下,RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统与NOMA通感系统相比,系统平均定位误差明显降低。
RIS辅助NOMA通信定位系统模型如图1所示。假设系统中共有K个支持定位功能的基站,每个RIS集成了N个可控反射单元,用于协助构建面向NOMA用户的通信与定位一体化链路,所有用户设备均采用单天线配置。系统中共存在L个合法用户,其中KN个通信用户ucM个定位用户up。由于存在多个基站,使得处于多基站覆盖范围下的定位用户会受到其余基站的影响,为了降低该影响,将信噪比高的通信用户与信噪比低的定位用户配对组成一簇NOMA用户。假设通信用户信噪比大于定位用户信噪比,γ1γ2γ3 ≥…≥γmγm+1 ≥…≥γL,其中,前KN个信噪比高的用户作为通信用户,其余M个作为定位用户。将用户分为L/2簇,第1个簇为{γ1,γL},第2个簇为{γ2,γL-1},以此类推。假设由于障碍物的存在,基站与NOMA用户之间的直传链路不可达。特别需要注意的是,每个通信用户只连接一个基站,而定位用户连接多个基站,因此,通信用户与定位用户分别用编号knm表示,hkx←ky表示用户ky通过无延迟和无差错反馈信道到用户kx的瞬时信道增益,具体定义如表1所示。
本文考虑多用户多基站情况下RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统,由于定位用户会受到簇内通信用户以及由RIS反射得到的相邻基站的信号干扰,需对干扰进行分析。水平定位误差与测距误差有关,接收器可以使用延迟锁定环路跟踪定位分量,再根据接收信号的功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density,PSD)来表示测距误差从而得到与干扰误差之间的内在联系。定位用户接收到来自其他信号干扰时亦会受到RIS的影响。根据文献[21]可以得到定位用户up的PSD、up接收到其他簇通信信号的PSD以及其他基站定位信号的PSD可以分别表示为:
式中:β为RIS路径下的信号能量控制因子,A=表示经过RIS反射后信道增益系数,Δfp表示定位用户子载波间隔,分别表示来自其他第k′通信信号以及其他基站的瞬时信道增益系数,f)=Tcsinc2[(f-nΔfc)· Tc],Tc为通信用户的信号周期,Δfc为通信用户子载波间隔。则定位用户测距误差可表示为:
式中:α=BL(1-0.5BLTcoh)由环路噪声带宽BL和相干积分时间Tcoh确定,D为前后相关器间距,B0为NOMA信号的中心频点,Bfe为射频前端带宽,Ps为基站发射总功率,N0为通信噪声PSD,代表第km个定位用户的功率分配系数,ρ为距离、测距量或测距误差。对式(2)使用近似可以得到式(3),推导过程如证明1所示。
证明1:
对于式(2),进一步可写为:
具体表示为:
假设定位用户带宽远小于总带宽B,且前端带宽大于B,则Bfe ≫2/Tp。进一步,式(5)中的可表示为:
将式(6)带入式(4),为方便叙述,令(2=(2β2A2Ps,则可表示为:
进一步,令(C/N0km=β2A2apPs/N0,表示相对于定位信号的通信干扰强度比;令=,表示定位干扰信号对自身强度的比例,则原式可重新表示为:
证毕。
根据测距误差推导定位用户水平误差,具体推导过程如证明2所示,则第m个定位用户的水平定位误差可表示为:
证明2:
假设表示第m个定位用户的测距误差向量,其中表示该用户来自第k个基站处的测距误差,假设不同基站处的测距误差互不相关。则第m个用户的定位误差可表示为:
Gm为雅可比行列式:
式中:X=[xyz]T表示坐标,下标b和p分别用于标识基站和定位用户,‖·‖表示矩阵的欧式范数。由于各基站间的距离偏差彼此不相关,其协方差矩阵具有对角线的特性,则其协方差矩阵表示为:
式中:来自第km定位链路的测距误差用(2=cov)表示。定位误差的协方差为:
式中:Hm中的元素用i∈{1,2})表示。可以得出水平定位误差:
证毕。
将几何稀疏度记为,式(15)可重新表述为:
本文的优化问题是在RIS-NOMA通信定位系统中,考虑定位用户的远近干扰问题、定位用户至少需要3个基站定位并保证通信QoS的情况下,联合考虑基站功率、功率分配系数,以定位误差作为衡量指标,最小化系统定位误差。但由于远近干扰问题以及信道具有随机性,定位用户的水平定位误差变得更加复杂,同时,RIS与基站级联信道、波束赋形矩阵、用户配对以及基站功率相互耦合,使得此非凸优化问题很难直接求解。因此,考虑通过拉格朗日对偶方法的解耦和分解的方法降低问题的复杂度,同时利用次梯度法迭代求解,逐步逼近最优解,从而最小化系统定位误差,能够有效地平衡通信质量和定位精度,最终实现系统性能的优化。
根据上述分析,考虑其约束条件,最小化RISNOMA通信定位系统的定位误差,但为了更好地使用拉格朗日对偶方法,本文采用一种等效方法,即最大化所有定位用户平均定位误差的负值,间接实现最小化系统的定位误差,目标函数表示为:
式中:e表示接收设备的效能级别,通常大于1,C1为通信用户QoS约束,C2为总功率约束条件,C3为“远近干扰”约束条件,具体推导过程如下。
①通信用户QoS约束。考虑在保证通信用户的QoS基础上优化定位用户的定位精度,设定通信用户的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)必须保持在限定范围内:
式中:erfc(·)表示互补误差函数;假设基站功率相同,Ps为基站的发射功率,acap分别为ucup的功率分配系数,满足ac+ap=1,且ac>apIp=表示定位用户对通信用户的干扰。考虑系统采用二进制相移键控调制。根据式(12)得到式(19):
需要说明的是,第kn个通信用户的干扰容忍度界限定义为,其与QoS紧密相关。
②总功率约束条件。为了确保通信QoS,减少对接收机的干扰,设定总发射功率的上限,则总功率为:
进一步,假设所有基站向通信用户的输出功率输出保持一致,可以得到定位信号的总体功率限制条件,令=-2A2acPs,则式(20)可重新表示为:
③“远近干扰”约束条件。定位用户会受到相邻基站的信号干扰,但存在无法辨别远处基站信号与邻近基站信号的信号。为此,通过提升基站的密度,增强信号多样性,间接提升了定位的精确度。由于各基站发出的信号相互独立,则约束条件满足:
式中:Ω表示定位信号自相关与互相关的比例。需要特别说明的是,若最大的互相关值符合特定条件,其余所有k′的相关值也将遵循同样的规律。则上式可以进一步表示为:
式中:定义为一个指标,它并不包括第km个用户的特定定位信号,而是反映接收的其他最强信号的位置标识。
由于波束的形状和RIS相位调节之间的关系,波束赋形矢量定义了波束的方向,而RIS相移矩阵定义了信号在STAR-RIS上的相位调节,使得约束条件C1、C3具有非凸性,加之多个基站以及通信用户的干扰问题使得原目标函数变得更为复杂,导致原问题无法直接使用CVX求解,而本文目标是在考虑通信用户通信质量的前提下最大化定位用户的性能,需要对约束条件单独求解,从而获得原问题的全局最优解。为了求解上述问题,本文通过引入拉格朗日乘子将原目标函数的约束条件转化为无约束目标函数并利用对偶分解法应对目标函数的非凸性,最终将复杂的目标函数及其多种约束条件转化为易于求解的数学形式,从而有效地处理原耦合非凸优化问题。
为了方便叙述,令μ={μkn,∀k,∀n}∈K×N≥0,v={vk,∀k}∈1×k≥0,w={wkm,∀k,∀m}∈k×m≥0,当目标变量满足特定的限制条件时,此问题与原问题等价,原问题的拉格朗日形式可表示为:
式中:为用户km的功率分配系数。原问题的拉格朗日函数L({},μνw)可表示为:
假设不变,则根据原约束,对偶优化问题可以重新表述为:
由于固定,函数L({},μνw)与μνw之间呈线性关系,则原问题是凸的。至此,原问题转化为凸函数。对于此问题,由于其变量过多,计算复杂,无法直接求解。因此,采用对偶分解策略来求解该问题[12],将目标函数拆分为若干个小问题,此方法能将一个复杂的大规模优化问题拆分成多个小规模的子问题,每个子问题都相对简单易解,从而降低计算复杂度。将上述问题分解为功率分配系数子问题,以平衡不同用户之间的功率分配,确保通信和定位的性能。则式(24)可表示为:
至此,对偶函数已被分解成K×M个独立的子任务,且gkmμνw)包含M个子问题,上述子问题的目标函数可表示为:
针对P2问题,可以构建出其特定的拉格朗日函数:
在P2中,涉及约束条件的非负对偶变量被标识为,则上述子问题拉格朗日表达式为:
这个对偶优化问题涉及目标函数的最小化及一系列约束条件的满足,其求解方法可以表示为:
依据KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件,可以确定P2的理想功率分配策略。在满足一定等式约束的情况下,通过精确求解,可以得出最优的功率分配方案,以实现系统效率的最大化,其KKT条件表示为:
此问题的最优解符合该等式,通过将({},)代入并对({},)求导,令其等于零,能够得到:
式中:-1/2为约束尺度,λkm为几何稀释度,为测距因子。令Jkn=Jkn的值由所有基站至用户kn的通信路径损耗系数决定,vk为一个与总发射功率上限关联的配对变量,而分别与通信用户kn的BER限制、用户接收器的性能相关。至此,P1可以得到其最优解,但是,对于P2,由于无法获得其闭合表达式,无法直接求解P2。
为了应对此问题,本文采用次梯度法对问题进行迭代更新,次梯度法无需精确梯度信息,可以处理具有不连续性或不可微性的非凸问题,从而提高求解效率和鲁棒性。由于vk与总功率有关,当总功率确定时,vk相对固定,因此通过改变vk的梯度估计,计算相应情况下的最优解。对于一组特定的对偶变量(),在变量s上的梯度可表示为:
式(35)的子问题变形可得到:
从上述公式出发,在已知参数vk的前提下,能够有效计算()对应的最优化功率分配策略。通过反复调整vk的梯度估计,逐渐接近理想的最优解决方案:
通过上述分析,优化问题P1已经化为标准凸问题,至此可以使用CVX工具求解,本文不在此过多赘述。
本文使用Matlab对所提问题进行性能分析和验证。假设存在4个基站设备,并考虑情况为20个定位用户在覆盖区域内均匀随机分布。为了提高统计的可靠性,每个仿真场景执行了50轮蒙特卡罗模拟。同时,为了确保公平性和一般性,设定了定位信号总功率门限=Pthk∈{1,2,…,K},e=2,n∈{1,2,…,N}是所有通信用户的BER门限。
图2比较了RIS-NOMA、RIS-正交多址接入(Orthogonal Multiple Access,OMA)和传统NOMA在相同资源分配下的定位性能。结果显示,在相同条件下,RIS-NOMA的平均定位误差最低,这得益于RIS技术通过智能反射面优化了信号环境,有效增强了信道质量,配合NOMA的频谱复用优势,进一步提升了系统定位性能。同时,RIS-OMA方案的定位误差整体低于传统NOMA系统,表明即便未引入NOMA技术,单独利用RIS辅助也能在定位场景中显著改善多径效应和信号覆盖,降低定位误差,这充分验证了RIS在提升定位精度方面的有效性。尽管NOMA在多址接入方面具有理论优势,但在缺乏RIS辅助的情况下,系统受到多用户干扰和不利信道条件的影响,定位性能明显逊色于RIS-NOMA和RIS-OMA方案。
图3对不同N值下RIS-NOMA通信系统的定位性能进行了深入分析。结果显示,随着N值的增加,在相同的资源分配策略下,RIS-NOMA的定位误差逐渐减小。表明在资源分配一致的情况下,N值的增大能显著提升RIS-NOMA的定位性能。此结论对优化RIS-NOMA通信系统在既定资源下的性能至关重要。
图4清晰地展示了平均定位误差与总功率约束之间的关系,可以看出随着总功率约束的增加,平均定位误差逐渐降低。但当总功率达到一定水平后,误差曲线趋于平稳,表明进一步增加功率对定位精度的提升效果有限。值得注意的是,在相同的总功率约束下,QoS约束成为影响定位误差的主导因素。此外,通过对比不同颜色的曲线可以看出,当QoS标准降低时,对应的定位误差随之增大。这一结果凸显了QoS约束在优化定位精度中的关键作用。
图5展示了在不同QoS条件下的平均定位误差表现,可以看出,随着BER阈值的逐步提高,平均定位误差呈逐渐下降趋势。然而,当BER阈值继续增大到一定程度时,这些曲线趋于平稳,不再有显著下降。这一现象的原因在于总功率的限制,它对定位性能的进一步提升构成了制约。这一结果表明,在QoS约束和功率约束之间需要找到一个平衡点,以实现最佳的定位性能。因此,为了确保获得较高的定位精度,合理地设置QoS约束和功率约束显得尤为重要。
本文研究了RIS辅助的NOMA智能电网通感系统,提出了一种新的方法,在保证通信用户通信质量的前提下显著提升定位用户的定位精度。通过分析多基站多用户对定位用户的影响,并结合信号归一化PSD函数,推导出通信用户信号与通信质量之间的关系。在此基础上,采用拉格朗日对偶方法和次梯度法,将非凸优化问题转化为凸问题并利用CVX工具求解。仿真结果表明,与传统NOMA定位系统相比,所提出的RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统在资源分配相同的情况下能够显著降低系统的平均定位误差,并且在不同BER条件下表现出更优的系统性能。本文的研究为复杂环境下的RIS-NOMA智能电网通感系统的优化提供了新的思路和理论支持。
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2025年第51卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2025.05.010
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-04-17
  • 出版时间:2025-09-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
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    1.国网山西省电力公司 信息通信分公司,山西 太原 030021
    2.太原科技大学 电子信息工程学院,山西 太原 030024

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李美玲 女,(1982—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:5G/6G物理层技术、通信定位。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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