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To address the challenge of high end-to-end delay in Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET) under communication blackout scenarios, this paper proposes a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-assisted Double-Hop Information Enhanced Routing Protocol (DHRP). The proposed protocol models the routing process as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to enable effective decision-making. In constructing the state space, it incorporates both node location information and link channel capacity, while considering network information within a two-hop neighborhood. Centered on a deep value network, the protocol employs a reward function that reflects realtime network dynamics to guide the agent in selecting the optimal next-hop node. Simulation results show that, compared to existing approaches, DHRP significantly reduces the average end-to-end delay in FANET under communication blackout conditions. Furthermore, DHRP demonstrates strong adaptability and robustness across various node densities and levels of network congestion by leveraging realtime environmental awareness and an intelligent decision-making mechanism to maintain overall network performance.
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针对飞行自组网(Flying Ad Hoc Network,FANET)在通信空白场景下存在的高时延问题,提出了一种深度强化学习(Deep Reinforcement Learning,DRL)辅助的双跳信息增强路由协议(Double-Hop Information Enhanced Routing Protocol,DHRP)。为了实现有效的路由决策,采用马尔可夫决策过程(Markov Decision Process,MDP)对路由行为进行建模,在状态空间设计中结合了节点位置信息与链路信道容量,并综合考虑了双跳范围内的网络信息,以深度值网络为核心,在融合实时网络状态动态调整机制的奖励函数引导下,做出最优下一跳路由决策。实验结果表明,在通信空白场景下,DHRP相较于现有的路由方案,显著降低了FANET的平均端到端时延。此外,在不同节点规模和网络拥塞条件下,DHRP均表现出优越的适应性和鲁棒性,通过对动态网络环境的实时感知与智能决策机制,有效保障了整体网络性能。
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郭歆莹 女,(1989—),博士,副教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向:5G/6G智能通信、无人机通信。
李明 男,(2001—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无人机自组网、强化学习。
朱春华 女,(1976—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:宽带无线通信、通信信号处理、智能信息处理。
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1.Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of the Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2.Key Experiment on Intelligent Perception and Decision-making of Grain Storage Information in Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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1.河南工业大学 粮食信息处理与控制教育部重点实验室,河南 郑州 450001
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郭歆莹 女,(1989—),博士,副教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向:5G/6G智能通信、无人机通信。
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郭歆莹 女,(1989—),博士,副教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向:5G/6G智能通信、无人机通信。
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1.河南工业大学 粮食信息处理与控制教育部重点实验室,河南 郑州 450001
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李明 男,(2001—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无人机自组网、强化学习。
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李明 男,(2001—),硕士研究生。主要研究方向:无人机自组网、强化学习。
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1.Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of the Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2.Key Experiment on Intelligent Perception and Decision-making of Grain Storage Information in Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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1.河南工业大学 粮食信息处理与控制教育部重点实验室,河南 郑州 450001
2.河南工业大学 河南省粮食仓储信息智能感知与决策重点实验室,河南 郑州 450001
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朱春华 女,(1976—),博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:宽带无线通信、通信信号处理、智能信息处理。
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不同时刻的UAV路径示例快照, figureFileSmall=g5kA5m+yZcAEPRQNC7spUw==, figureFileBig=s29wcGnSvNk3R1kwWeBHPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544059216006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
3D Example Snapshot of UAV Paths at Time t1, figureFileSmall=HrB23HJEkOiF67Es7JJCdw==, figureFileBig=1Y85jrOwirVrqCZ9ggbItQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544151490699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
t1时刻的3D UAV路径示例快照, figureFileSmall=HrB23HJEkOiF67Es7JJCdw==, figureFileBig=1Y85jrOwirVrqCZ9ggbItQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544239571084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Learning curves of different routing protocols during the training phase, figureFileSmall=lYFMrr/HVjUymYWT3nhNOw==, figureFileBig=D7ZCie62crQYWzqFgMd6qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544323457168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同路由协议在训练阶段的学习曲线, figureFileSmall=lYFMrr/HVjUymYWT3nhNOw==, figureFileBig=D7ZCie62crQYWzqFgMd6qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544432509076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Average end-to-end delay under different total numbers of nodes, figureFileSmall=jBUm9UvIQyZQhsQeAEkf3Q==, figureFileBig=LYGwQsQiJW4ujavvWIodkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544508006551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
总节点数量不同时对应的平均端到端时延, figureFileSmall=jBUm9UvIQyZQhsQeAEkf3Q==, figureFileBig=LYGwQsQiJW4ujavvWIodkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544617058458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
End-to-end delay jitter under different total numbers of nodes, figureFileSmall=YRHxa2oJp97WLKHNCsS5IA==, figureFileBig=j9NKWVC7rDljj0eFgOvttQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544679973020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
总节点数量不同时对应的端到端时延抖动, figureFileSmall=YRHxa2oJp97WLKHNCsS5IA==, figureFileBig=j9NKWVC7rDljj0eFgOvttQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544780636321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Average end-to-end delay under different congested node ratios, figureFileSmall=vQUuBnyCafEk/fDCXFEFBA==, figureFileBig=97cp8MHgrd0fjaKTr1jdNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544881299622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同拥堵节点比例对应的平均端到端时延, figureFileSmall=vQUuBnyCafEk/fDCXFEFBA==, figureFileBig=97cp8MHgrd0fjaKTr1jdNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895544977768616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
End-to-end delay jitter under different congested node ratios, figureFileSmall=eUDP3lTBmbLPbRoM6+mHPQ==, figureFileBig=LgYuirXlGdGT1Fq2a+oUcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895545061654700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同拥堵节点比例对应的端到端时延抖动, figureFileSmall=eUDP3lTBmbLPbRoM6+mHPQ==, figureFileBig=LgYuirXlGdGT1Fq2a+oUcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251895545132957870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Field description of feedback content from a single candidate node
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 字段 | 数据类型 | 字节数 |
|---|
| 信道带宽/MHz | float32 | 4 |
| SINR/dB | float32 | 4 |
| 排队时延/ms | float32 | 4 |
| 链路时延/ms | float32 | 4 |
| 状态价值(本地计算) | float32 | 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895545221038259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
单个候选节点反馈内容字段说明
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 字段 | 数据类型 | 字节数 |
|---|
| 信道带宽/MHz | float32 | 4 |
| SINR/dB | float32 | 4 |
| 排队时延/ms | float32 | 4 |
| 链路时延/ms | float32 | 4 |
| 状态价值(本地计算) | float32 | 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895545283952821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
|
|---|
1:初始化参数θV和参数 |
| 离线训练阶段 |
| 2:forepisode= 1,2,…,Ndo |
| 3: 在UAV历史飞行数据中随机抽取网络快照 |
| 4: 设置源节点位置x(is)和目标节点位置x(id) |
| 5: fort= 1,2,…,tmaxdo |
6: if节点 为目标节点或t超过最大跳数tmaxthen |
| 7: break |
| 8: 获取当前节点it的状态st=s(it) |
9: 以概率ε随机选择动作 ,或者以概率1 -ε根据式(28)选择动作at。 |
10: 将由式(29)构成的经验元组 存储于经验回放池 |
| 11: 在经验回放池中随机采样一批经验样本B。 |
12: 依据式(30)和式(34)分别更新参数θV和参数 |
| 在线决策阶段 |
| Input:源节点位置x(is),目标节点位置x(id),参数θV |
| 13: fort=1,2,…,tmaxdo |
| 14: if当前节点it为目标节点then |
| 15: break |
| 16: 获取当前节点it的状态st=s(it) |
| 17: fora=1,2,…,Kdo |
18: 获取每个候选节点 的状态 ,估算 进而得到 ,再将计算结果转发给当前节点it |
19: 依据式(35),当前节点it计算得到 ,并将数据包转发到节点 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895545355255992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=算法1, caption=
DHRP选择算法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
|
|---|
1:初始化参数θV和参数 |
| 离线训练阶段 |
| 2:forepisode= 1,2,…,Ndo |
| 3: 在UAV历史飞行数据中随机抽取网络快照 |
| 4: 设置源节点位置x(is)和目标节点位置x(id) |
| 5: fort= 1,2,…,tmaxdo |
6: if节点 为目标节点或t超过最大跳数tmaxthen |
| 7: break |
| 8: 获取当前节点it的状态st=s(it) |
9: 以概率ε随机选择动作 ,或者以概率1 -ε根据式(28)选择动作at。 |
10: 将由式(29)构成的经验元组 存储于经验回放池 |
| 11: 在经验回放池中随机采样一批经验样本B。 |
12: 依据式(30)和式(34)分别更新参数θV和参数 |
| 在线决策阶段 |
| Input:源节点位置x(is),目标节点位置x(id),参数θV |
| 13: fort=1,2,…,tmaxdo |
| 14: if当前节点it为目标节点then |
| 15: break |
| 16: 获取当前节点it的状态st=s(it) |
| 17: fora=1,2,…,Kdo |
18: 获取每个候选节点 的状态 ,估算 进而得到 ,再将计算结果转发给当前节点it |
19: 依据式(35),当前节点it计算得到 ,并将数据包转发到节点 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895545443336378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Simulation Parameters
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| 仿真参数 | 设定值 |
|---|
| 仿真区域大小/m | 1 000×1 000 |
| 节点飞行高度/m | 80~120 |
| UAV节点数量 | 60~100 |
| 飞行路径数量 | 40 |
| 通信半径/m | 180 |
| 数据包大小/kB | 128 |
| 排队时延/ms | 5 |
| 拥堵节点排队时延/ms | 20 |
| 信道带宽/MHz | 1~5 |
| SINR/dB | 10~40 |
| 经验回放批次大小 | 32 |
| 经验回放池大小 | 1 000 000 |
| 动作候选集大小K | 10 |
| 学习率α | 0.000 1 |
| 折扣因子γ | 1 |
| 权衡系数ω | 0.75 |
| 权重系数τ | 0.001 |
| 贪婪算法参数ε | 0~1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251895545556582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234473337991274, articleId=1251893505635860900, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
仿真实验参数
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| 仿真参数 | 设定值 |
|---|
| 仿真区域大小/m | 1 000×1 000 |
| 节点飞行高度/m | 80~120 |
| UAV节点数量 | 60~100 |
| 飞行路径数量 | 40 |
| 通信半径/m | 180 |
| 数据包大小/kB | 128 |
| 排队时延/ms | 5 |
| 拥堵节点排队时延/ms | 20 |
| 信道带宽/MHz | 1~5 |
| SINR/dB | 10~40 |
| 经验回放批次大小 | 32 |
| 经验回放池大小 | 1 000 000 |
| 动作候选集大小K | 10 |
| 学习率α | 0.000 1 |
| 折扣因子γ | 1 |
| 权衡系数ω | 0.75 |
| 权重系数τ | 0.001 |
| 贪婪算法参数ε | 0~1 |
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