Article(id=1251856528739873431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234268282663017, issueId=1251856520619700745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2025.11.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751299200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776395454821, onlineDateStr=2026-04-17, pubDate=1762272000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776395454821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776395454821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776395454821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251856520619700745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234268282663017, year='2025', volume='55', issue='11', pageStart='2131', pageEnd='2324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776395452885, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776395571911, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251857019939013255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234268282663017, issueId=1251856520619700745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251857019939013256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234268282663017, issueId=1251856520619700745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2283, endPage=2289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251856529150915246, articleId=1251856528739873431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251234268282663017, language=EN, title=Research of UAV and Passive Radar Collaborative Networking Passive Positioning Strategy, columnId=1251856524038058520, journalTitle=Radio Engineering, columnName=Engineering & Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problems of tracking and positioning of airborne early warning aircraft and other long-range targets,a high-precision passive positioning strategy based on the collaborative networking of UAVs and passive radar is proposed. By analyzing the impact of the layout of multi-station passive radar on positioning accuracy,a layout strategy that can improve positioning accuracy and reduce layout costs is designed. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) positioning method is applied in the study,and on this basis,the Geometric Dilution of Precision ( GDOP) for multiple stations is analyzed to evaluate the impact of the layout form on positioning accuracy. A collaborative strategy is proposed that,when the initial direction of the target is unknown,first uses a star-shaped layout for initial positioning and then switches to an inverted triangular layout for high-precision secondary positioning. The optimal secondary stations are selected using the “virtual structure method”and the flight trajectory of the UAV is optimized using an improved Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO) algorithm to achieve high-precision layout. Simulation results show that this strategy can significantly improve positioning accuracy. Compared with traditional passive radar systems,positioning error is significantly reduced,and system response speed is faster. The research results have certain application value in practice.

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针对预警机等远程目标的跟踪定位问题,提出了一种无人机与被动雷达协同组网的高精度无源定位策略。通过分析多站无源雷达布站方式对定位精度的影响,设计了一种能够提升定位精度并降低布站成本的策略。利用时差定位法(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA),并基于此对多机几何精度因子(Geometric Dilution of Precision,GDOP)进行分析,评估了布站形式对定位精度的影响。提出在目标初始方位不明时,先采用星型布站进行初定位,再切换至倒三角型布站进行高精度二次定位的协同策略,并通过“虚拟结构法”选取最优副站,结合改进粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法优化无人机飞行航迹,实现高精度布站。仿真结果表明,该策略能够显著提升定位精度,相较于传统无源雷达系统,定位误差明显减小,系统响应速度更快,研究成果在实践中具有一定的应用价值。

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闫文娟 女,(1994—),硕士研究生,助理工程师。主要研究方向:战术学、无人机信息网络。

关志军 男,(1973—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:军队指挥学。

童颖裔 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:控制工程。

刘苏 男,(1996—),助理工程师。主要研究方向:无人飞行器控制、通信链路。

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闫文娟 女,(1994—),硕士研究生,助理工程师。主要研究方向:战术学、无人机信息网络。

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闫文娟 女,(1994—),硕士研究生,助理工程师。主要研究方向:战术学、无人机信息网络。

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关志军 男,(1973—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:军队指挥学。

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关志军 男,(1973—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:军队指挥学。

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童颖裔 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:控制工程。

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童颖裔 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:控制工程。

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刘苏 男,(1996—),助理工程师。主要研究方向:无人飞行器控制、通信链路。

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刘苏 男,(1996—),助理工程师。主要研究方向:无人飞行器控制、通信链路。

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无人机与被动雷达协同组网无源定位策略研究
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闫文娟 1, 2 , 关志军 1 , 童颖裔 2 , 刘苏 3
无线电工程 | 工程与应用 2025,55(11): 2283-2289
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无线电工程 | 工程与应用 2025, 55(11): 2283-2289
无人机与被动雷达协同组网无源定位策略研究
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闫文娟1, 2, 关志军1, 童颖裔2, 刘苏3
作者信息
  • 1.空军工程大学 信息与导航学院,陕西 西安 710077
  • 2.中国人民解放军95894 部队,北京 102200
  • 3.中国人民解放军94691 部队,福建 龙岩 366200
  • 闫文娟 女,(1994—),硕士研究生,助理工程师。主要研究方向:战术学、无人机信息网络。

    关志军 男,(1973—),硕士,副教授。主要研究方向:军队指挥学。

    童颖裔 男,(1995—),硕士,助理工程师。主要研究方向:控制工程。

    刘苏 男,(1996—),助理工程师。主要研究方向:无人飞行器控制、通信链路。

Research of UAV and Passive Radar Collaborative Networking Passive Positioning Strategy
Wenjuan YAN1, 2, Zhijun GUAN1, Yingyi TONG2, Su LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Information and Navigation School, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
  • 2.Unit 95894, PLA , Beijing 102200, China
  • 3.Unit 94691, PLA , Longyan 366200, China
出版时间: 2025-11-05 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2025.11.016
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针对预警机等远程目标的跟踪定位问题,提出了一种无人机与被动雷达协同组网的高精度无源定位策略。通过分析多站无源雷达布站方式对定位精度的影响,设计了一种能够提升定位精度并降低布站成本的策略。利用时差定位法(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA),并基于此对多机几何精度因子(Geometric Dilution of Precision,GDOP)进行分析,评估了布站形式对定位精度的影响。提出在目标初始方位不明时,先采用星型布站进行初定位,再切换至倒三角型布站进行高精度二次定位的协同策略,并通过“虚拟结构法”选取最优副站,结合改进粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法优化无人机飞行航迹,实现高精度布站。仿真结果表明,该策略能够显著提升定位精度,相较于传统无源雷达系统,定位误差明显减小,系统响应速度更快,研究成果在实践中具有一定的应用价值。

无人机  /  被动雷达  /  协同组网  /  无源定位  /  策略研究

To solve the problems of tracking and positioning of airborne early warning aircraft and other long-range targets,a high-precision passive positioning strategy based on the collaborative networking of UAVs and passive radar is proposed. By analyzing the impact of the layout of multi-station passive radar on positioning accuracy,a layout strategy that can improve positioning accuracy and reduce layout costs is designed. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) positioning method is applied in the study,and on this basis,the Geometric Dilution of Precision ( GDOP) for multiple stations is analyzed to evaluate the impact of the layout form on positioning accuracy. A collaborative strategy is proposed that,when the initial direction of the target is unknown,first uses a star-shaped layout for initial positioning and then switches to an inverted triangular layout for high-precision secondary positioning. The optimal secondary stations are selected using the “virtual structure method”and the flight trajectory of the UAV is optimized using an improved Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO) algorithm to achieve high-precision layout. Simulation results show that this strategy can significantly improve positioning accuracy. Compared with traditional passive radar systems,positioning error is significantly reduced,and system response speed is faster. The research results have certain application value in practice.

UAV  /  passive radar  /  collaborative networking  /  passive positioning  /  strategy research
闫文娟, 关志军, 童颖裔, 刘苏. 无人机与被动雷达协同组网无源定位策略研究. 无线电工程, 2025 , 55 (11) : 2283 -2289 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2025.11.016
Wenjuan YAN, Zhijun GUAN, Yingyi TONG, Su LIU. Research of UAV and Passive Radar Collaborative Networking Passive Positioning Strategy[J]. Radio Engineering, 2025 , 55 (11) : 2283 -2289 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2025.11.016
预警机作为现代战争中的“空中指挥所”,具有探测距离远、覆盖范围广、掌握目标数量多、传感器资源丰富等优势。有效探测对方的预警机是夺得现代空中信息优势的重要手段。无源定位系统是一种利用目标反射的外部信号来确定目标位置的定位技术[1]。由于其本身不主动辐射电磁波,具有隐蔽性好、定位距离远、定位方法和手段多等优点,能够有效完成对以预警机为代表的辐射源定位任务。在与携带无源雷达平台的无人机完成被动组网后,运动多站无源定位系统可根据任务目标的变化实现更加灵活、有效的高精度定位[2]
本文通过分析多站无源雷达布站方式对精度的影响,提出了一种无人机与被动雷达协同组网的高精度无源定位布站策略,该策略克服了传统老旧雷达系统大规模升级成本高昂的现实问题,利用无人机的灵活性和低成本优势,结合被动雷达的隐蔽性和高精度定位能力,不仅降低了布站成本,而且提升了探测精度,能够及时掌握预警机及其伴随战机等目标的动态变化,为己方提供更全面的战场态势感知信息。
多站无源雷达定位主要依靠多个接收站对目标反射的外部辐射源信号进行接收和处理,通过测量信号到达时间差、频率差等参数来确定目标位置[3]。TDOA由于精度高、技术成熟而被最多采用[4-5]。TDOA又称双曲线定位[6],雷达站离目标的距离不同,接收到预警机发射的信号会有一个时间差,根据双曲线定位原理,目标必定位于由2个雷达站作为焦点的双曲面上,同样的多组雷达站到达时间差可以确定多个双曲面,利用双曲面的相交确定目标在空间中的位置。
本文采用典型的四站无源雷达系统,其拥有一个中心接受站(主站),3个辅助接受站(副站),工作方式为:副站i接收目标辐射信号,并实时转发到主站,主站接收目标辐射信号和副站转发来的信号,得到他们之间到达的时间差[7]。预警机发出的信号到达主、副站时间差乘以信号传播速度即为预警机到达主、副站的距离。故设在地心坐标系中预警机J的位置为(xyzT,设主站Z0位置为(x0y0z0T,副站Z1的位置为(x1y1z1T,副站Z2的位置为(x2y2z2T,副站Z3的位置为(x3y3z3T,则定位时差方程为[8]
式中:ri表示目标到副站i的距离,表示目标到副站i和主站的距离差,表示信号到达副站i和主站之间的时间差。由于r0是关于(x,y,z)的非线性函数,直接求出(x,y,z)的显式表达较为困难,通常会采用间接方法。先将r0视为已知量,解出(x,y, z),随后将求得的(x,y,z)代入r0的表达式中计算出对应的r0值,凭借此r0值进一步优化求解出更精确的(x,y,z)。
根据GDOP的推导公式[9-10],分析其影响参数,得到多机GDOP推导公式[11]
对式(1)中的进行微分得:
式中:cixciyciz分别表示距离rix,y,z的偏导,用于描述目标位置变化对各坐标轴的影响。
将式(2)转为矩阵形式:
式中:c0xc0yc0z表示主站的偏导数值,dXs表示由于站址误差引起的距离变化向量,k0k1k2k3表示与站址误差相关的常数。
整理式(7)可得定位误差的估计值:
协方差:
式中:为第i个观察站的时间测量误差, η12η13η23分别为Δt1、Δt2与Δt3间的相关系数。
假设站址误差各分量的标准差是相同的,即:
定位误差在xyz三个分量上的方差为:
式中:m11m22m33是矩阵(CTC-1的对角线元素,b1ib2ib3i是矩阵B的元素,是观测误差的协方差。
时差定位的GDOP为:
对于被动无源定位系统,定位精度的高低常用GDOP来反映。在时间测量误差确定的情况下,定位相对偏差等于时间测量误差乘上GDOP值,所以GDOP值越大,定位误差就越大。
目标定位精度受多种因素影响,其中各雷达站的位置布局、目标所在位置、站址的误差、信号到达时间差[12]以及测量过程中的误差都是关键因素。在其他条件保持不变的前提下,无源雷达的布站形式会显著影响定位精度。基本布站形式如图1所示。
对不同的布站阵型、站间间距、站间高度等进行仿真分析[13]。考虑到站间高度增加,倒三角型定位精度降低,但星型在可定位区域内定位精度增加。其次星形、倒三角形结构简单,易于规划,因此采用星型阵和倒三角形阵进行分析。
均匀的星型布站实施目标侦察初定位,待目标可能方向大致确定后,可切换至倒三角型布站方式以开展二次高精度定位[14-15],并同步调节站间高度、适度增大站间距离,以达成最优布站效果。
假定目标从距离主站200 km处不同方位袭来,采取星型和倒三角型2种布站方式仿真,主站与各副站之间的间距为20 km,站间高度差为0.1 km,目标相对于主站的高度差为15 km,时差测量精度设定为30 ns,站址误差为1 m。相关系数ηij=0.35。仿真如图2所示。
从仿真图中分析可知:
① 星型布站在所有方位上定位精度较为均衡且整体精度较高,能够在大范围内提供稳定的定位性能,适合对目标进行快速的初定位和大范围搜索监控。
② 当方位角位于[43°,133°]时,倒三角型布站的定位精度高于星型布站,这表明倒三角型布站在特定方位角范围内具有更高的定位精度,更适合对已知大致方位的目标进行精确的二次定位。
③ 在方位角90°时,倒三角型布站的定位精度达到最高,进一步验证了倒三角型布站在特定方位角上具有最佳的几何构型和定位性能。
针对预警机等大型空中机动目标,可以采用无人机与被动雷达协同定位策略实现对目标的快速高精度定位:首先,星型布站的均匀精度分布能够确保在目标出现的任何方位都能及时、准确地检测到目标。利用星型布站对目标可能出现的空域进行大范围的搜索监控,快速确定目标的初位置,实现初定位。而后,依据星型布站得出的目标大致方位,结合无源雷达系统布站位置,完成载有副站的无人机任务规划,使无人机与无源雷达系统组成倒三角阵型,进行实时高精度侦察。该策略还可根据目标的轨迹预测,实现对无人机的航迹规划,在满足最优距离要求的情况下,通过调整合适的飞行高度,增大站间距离等来实现高精度布站,对目标快速精确定位。
构建星型布站的无源定位系统,将侦测到目标信号的无源雷达站用集合表示。即:
式中:M表示侦收到目标的信号,Aj表示无源雷达站的编号,Num表示侦收目标的雷达站总数≤无源雷达站系统总数。定义集合S,其包含所有能够侦收信号的无源雷达站。每个元素表示一个具备侦收目标信号能力的无源雷达站。集合S可表示为:
主站按照距离几何中心最近的方法确定,主站坐标位置公式如下:
式中:i=1,2,…,Num
副站的选择基于最小二乘法原则,测算从各雷达站至定位主站,公式如下:
式中:dii=1,2,…,Num-1)。
按照站间距离,以星型为模板选取合适雷达站集记为Sxi,yi,zi),i∈[0,Num]。
采用“虚拟结构法”选取最优副站,根据星型初定位给出的目标信息,构建出虚拟环境下的倒三角型最优布局,而后考虑实际布站位置,选取最接近虚拟布局的无源雷达站作为倒三角型的副站。
将目标在Oxy平面上进行投影,假设投影点为MxM,yM,zM),计算M的方位角。以主站OM的连线OM为基准,建立标准的倒三角阵型。
依据最优布站影响因素分析,考虑到实际站间距离对通信的影响,虚拟最优副站与主站之间的距离取30 km,如图3所示。
当目标与x轴的夹角θM已知,通过下式,求得2个理论最优副站与轴的夹角,进一步可得副站坐标:
根据式(5)选取距离理论最优副站中心A1A2最近的站点为副站,当存在距离相同的可选副站时,定义包含副站的集合为,其中i=1,2。对集合内各侦收站与OA1OA2的方位角差分别求平方,选其中方位角差平方最小的2个侦收站作为倒三角型定位的副站:
为了精确模拟无人机与无源雷达协同探测过程中的飞行行为,采用非线性运动学方程来描述无人机的动力学。该方程考虑了无人机的速度大小v和航向角φ,这2个参数共同决定了无人机在空间中的运动轨迹[16]
为了实现高精度持续跟踪动态目标,倒三角型位于y轴的副站,采用无人机挂载无源雷达实时协同跟踪。
可将问题简化为最小化问题进行求解:即在当前预警机位置、主站、2个副站位置已知的情况下,求解合适的航迹点,同时在副站选取时,副站的实际位置与理论副站A1A2间存有距离差,将差值的均值作为无人机寻优的范围,通知智能优化算法使得无源雷达系统整体误差GDOP最小。表示如下:
式中:GDOPxt表示当前无源雷达系统的定位精度,(xc,yc)表示倒三角型布站下理论最优下无人机的位置,ϑxt表示无人机的转弯半径,应小于最大转弯角ϑmax,ϑxt的定义如下。
为了解决上述具有约束条件下的最小化问题,采用基于改进PSO算法的最优布站方法。PSO算法[17]是一种高效的全局寻优方法,借助群体中粒子间的协作与竞争所形成的群体智能来指导优化搜索过程,进而达成全局寻优的目标。在PSO算法中,单个粒子的速度和位置更新遵循以下规则[18]
式中:Vidt)表示粒子i在第d维的飞行速度,ω表示惯性权重因子,η1η2分别表示认知学习因子和社交学习因子,它们共同调节粒子的学习步长;r1r2均表示0~1的随机数。为了避免粒子在寻优过程中因飞行速度过大而错过最优解,通常会对Vi进行限制。然而,PSO算法在迭代后期,种群多样性会迅速降低,容易陷入局部最优,导致收敛精度不高[19]。需要针对PSO算法进行改进。惯性权重较小时,局部搜索能力较强,惯性权重较大时,全局搜索能力较强。可以根据迭代次数t适时调整惯性权重ω,以提高收敛速度。惯性权重的更新公式为:
式中:wmaxwmin分别为最大和最小惯性权重,t为当前迭代次数,T为最大迭代次数。通过动态调整惯性权重,可以在搜索阶段增强种群的多样性,在收敛阶段提高算法的收敛速度。
对PSO中搜索与收敛2个阶段进行分析,在搜索阶段要尽可能使得种群遍历更多的点,收敛则是保证群体能达到全局最优解。η1η2因子可以看作调节搜索和收敛的参数,设计更新如下:
式中:η1tη2t均为线性变化,且总和不变,确保了算法的稳定。在初期搜索阶段η1tη2t增强寻优能力,在后期收敛阶段η1tη2t增强快速收敛能力,实现全局快速寻优。本节算法结构框图如图4所示[20]
仿真条件:在空间以原点(0,0)为中心,半径30 km内随机产生20个雷达站构成无源雷达系统。预警机在空中高度9 km区域内做“8”字往返飞行实施抵近侦察。无人机最大速度:300 km/h,最大航向角速度0.3 rad/s。
假设各雷达站均能接收到预警机信号,预警机飞行空域为图中橙色区域,根据协同定位算法,在初始侦收到信号时,选取星型布局进行初定位,如图5所示。
根据协同高精度定位算法,将初定位得到的预警机位置作为依据,采用“虚拟结构法”选取最优副站,及确认无人机航迹点构成倒三角型布站形式,布站形式如图6所示。
根据侦收到的预警机位置信息,不断更新副站及无人机航点,完成对预警机的高精度实时定位跟踪,结果如图7所示。
通过对比无人机与被动雷达协同组网和无源雷达协同定位算法的定位结果,可以清晰地看出无人机协同组网的显著优势。一是定位精度方面,仿真结果显示无人机与被动雷达协同组网的定位轨迹与预警机的实际航迹高度吻合,而无源雷达协同定位算法的轨迹则存在一定的偏差,这表明无人机提供的高精度测量数据能够有效弥补无源雷达在某些方向或区域的测量不足,显著提升定位精度。二是定位稳定性上,无人机协同组网的定位轨迹相较于无源雷达平滑且连续,这得益于无人机的实时调整能力,能够快速响应目标的动态变化,确保定位结果的稳定输出。三是抗干扰方面,在仿真中,即使在添加随机噪声的情况下,无人机协同组网的定位结果仍能较好地跟踪真实轨迹,而无源雷达协同行为算法的定位结果则因受到干扰而出现较大偏差。
为验证算法的有效性,采取无人机与被动雷达协同定位策略与主流多站无源雷达协同定位在定位精度(通过GDOP衡量)上进行对比,其定位精度如图8所示。
通过对比无人机协同定位算法与主流多站无源雷达协同定位算法的GDOP,可以看出无人机协同定位算法在大多数情况下都能维持较低的GDOP值,这意味着其定位结果更为精确,对复杂环境的适应性更强,且GDOP值变化较为平稳,表明其在定位过程中能够保持较高的稳定性。
仿真结果表明,无人机与被动雷达协同组网在定位精度、稳定性、抗干扰和适应性等方面相较于主流无源雷达协同定位算法具有显著优势。无人机的灵活性、实时调整能力和多源数据融合能力使其能够显著提升定位系统的性能,更适合于复杂环境下的高精度定位任务。
通过对无人机与被动雷达协同组网的高精度无源定位策略的深入研究,提出了一种创新的布站与优化方法,能够有效提升对远程目标的定位精度和响应速度。在实际应用中,该策略通过灵活切换布站形式,结合改进PSO算法,实现了对复杂战场环境下目标的快速初定位与高精度二次定位。经仿真,单次PSO算法的收敛速度达到了毫秒级,满足快速响应的战场需求。同时通过多次重复性实验的统计验证,进一步证实了所提策略在不同实验条件下均能保持较低的定位误差,具有较高的稳定性和可靠性。相较于传统无源雷达系统,定位误差明显减小,系统响应速度更快。随着相关技术的不断发展,未来的研究可以聚焦于进一步优化无人机的飞行路径规划,以适应更动态、更复杂的战场需求;同时,探索多无人机与多被动雷达的协同组网模式,提升系统的抗干扰能力和定位精度,将是重要的发展方向,这种协同组网模式能够有效提升系统的抗干扰能力和定位精度,增强对多目标的实时监控和跟踪能力。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2025.11.016
  • 接收时间:2025-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-04-17
  • 出版时间:2025-11-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-01
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    1.空军工程大学 信息与导航学院,陕西 西安 710077
    2.中国人民解放军95894 部队,北京 102200
    3.中国人民解放军94691 部队,福建 龙岩 366200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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