Article(id=1263514361897824279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760025600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-10, onlineDate=1779174898838, onlineDateStr=2026-05-19, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779174898838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779174898838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779174898838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1263514351571428296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779174896376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779174963943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263514635077039012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263514635077039013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=162, endPage=172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263514365400068147, articleId=1263514361897824279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, language=EN, title=Research on assembly accuracy prediction of complex products considering rough surfaces, columnId=1263514353999930314, journalTitle=Journal of Graphics, columnName=Digital Design and Manufacture, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Given that the impact of rough surfaces on assembly accuracy had been insufficiently considered in the existing assembly accuracy prediction for complex products, leading to inaccurate precision prediction and limited practical assembly applicability, an assembly-accuracy prediction method considering rough surfaces was proposed. Firstly, an assembly-accuracy information model was constructed to express mating feature, geometric tolerance, and roughness information. Based on the model, an assembly-precision knowledge graph was constructed. Secondly, a geometric-tolerance representation model was established based on the Small-Displacement Torsor (SDT) theory; a simulation method for rough surfaces of plane and cylindrical parts as well as a determination method of SDT expressions were studied. Thirdly, the error-propagation path of the assembly was determined according to the assembly sequence, and a pose-relationship graph for the assembly was constructed. Then, the assembly-precision prediction was achieved using a Jacobian-torsor model. Finally, the feasibility of the method was verified using the crank-connecting-rod mechanism of a specific construction-machine model as an example. The simulation results demonstrated that the method could achieve accurate assembly-precision prediction and provided valuable guidance for practical assembly operations.

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WANG Gangfeng,E-mail:
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针对现有复杂产品装配精度预测中未充分考虑粗糙表面对装配精度的影响,导致精度预测不准确及实际装配适用性不足的问题,提出一种考虑粗糙表面的装配精度预测方法。首先,构建装配精度信息模型,表达零件配合特征、几何公差及粗糙度信息,并以此为基础,构建装配精度知识图谱;其次,基于小位移旋量(SDT)理论建立几何公差表示模型,并研究平面零件及柱面零件粗糙表面模拟方法及小位移旋量表达式确定方法;再次,根据装配序列确定装配体偏差传递路径,并构建装配接触有向图,利用雅可比-粗糙表面模型实现装配精度预测。最后,以某型号工程机械曲柄连杆机构为例验证方法可行性,结果表明,该方法可实现装配精度的准确预测并对实际装配具有指导价值。

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王刚锋,E-mail:
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SDT Expression for geometric tolerances

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公差带 SDT表达式 变量变动范围
圆度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}{d}_{x}& {d}_{y}& 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{l}-\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\\ -\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\end{array}$
平面度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& {d}_{z}& {\theta }_{x}& {\theta }_{y}& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{f}}{2}\le {d}_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{f}}{2}& \begin{array}{c}-\frac{{T}_{f}}{b}\le {\theta }_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{f}}{b}\\ -\frac{{T}_{f}}{a}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{f}}{a}\end{array}\end{array}$
圆柱度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& {d}_{y}& {d}_{z}& 0& {\theta }_{y}& \theta \end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\\ -\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\end{array}$
直线度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& {d}_{y}& {d}_{z}& 0& {\theta }_{y}& \theta \end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\\ -\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\end{array}$
平行度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& {d}_{z}& {\theta }_{x}& {\theta }_{y}& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{p}}{2}\le {d}_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{p}}{2}& \begin{array}{c}-\frac{{T}_{p}}{b}\le {\theta }_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{p}}{b}\\ -\frac{{T}_{p}}{a}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{p}}{a}\end{array}\end{array}$
), ArticleFig(id=1263550876468240691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514361897824279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

几何公差小位移旋量表达式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
公差带 SDT表达式 变量变动范围
圆度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}{d}_{x}& {d}_{y}& 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{l}-\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\\ -\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\end{array}$
平面度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& {d}_{z}& {\theta }_{x}& {\theta }_{y}& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{f}}{2}\le {d}_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{f}}{2}& \begin{array}{c}-\frac{{T}_{f}}{b}\le {\theta }_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{f}}{b}\\ -\frac{{T}_{f}}{a}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{f}}{a}\end{array}\end{array}$
圆柱度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& {d}_{y}& {d}_{z}& 0& {\theta }_{y}& \theta \end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\\ -\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\end{array}$
直线度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& {d}_{y}& {d}_{z}& 0& {\theta }_{y}& \theta \end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\\ -\frac{{T}_{c}}{2}\le {d}_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{2}& -\frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{c}}{l}\end{array}$
平行度 $D={[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& {d}_{z}& {\theta }_{x}& {\theta }_{y}& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{{T}_{p}}{2}\le {d}_{z}\le \frac{{T}_{p}}{2}& \begin{array}{c}-\frac{{T}_{p}}{b}\le {\theta }_{x}\le \frac{{T}_{p}}{b}\\ -\frac{{T}_{p}}{a}\le {\theta }_{y}\le \frac{{T}_{p}}{a}\end{array}\end{array}$
), ArticleFig(id=1263550878116602168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514361897824279, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Jacobian matrix of crank connecting rod mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雅可比矩阵 矩阵值 雅可比矩阵 矩阵值
${J}_{s1P1}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s2P3}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
${J}_{s2P1}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s3P3}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
${J}_{s1P2}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s1P4}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 15& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& -15& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
${J}_{s1P3}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s1P5}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
), ArticleFig(id=1263550878447952187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514361897824279, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

曲柄连杆机构的雅可比矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雅可比矩阵 矩阵值 雅可比矩阵 矩阵值
${J}_{s1P1}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s2P3}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
${J}_{s2P1}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s3P3}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
${J}_{s1P2}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s1P4}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 15& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& -15& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
${J}_{s1P3}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& -151& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 151& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$ ${J}_{s1P5}$ $\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
), ArticleFig(id=1263550878775107904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514361897824279, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

SDT expression of rough contact surface

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接触面配合 配合类型 SDT表达式
s1P1-s1P2 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-0.1157& -0.2483& 0& -0.0461& -0.0232& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s2P1-s1P3 平面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& 0.1302& 0.0316& -0.1455& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s2P3-s1P2 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-0.1206& -0.2357& 0& -0.0391& -0.0209& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s3P3-s1P4 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-0.156& -0.2195& 0& -0.0396& -0.0301& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s1P4-s1P5 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-1.498& -0.653& 0& -0.0511& -0.0326& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1263550879001600325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514361897824279, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

粗糙接触表面SDT表达式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接触面配合 配合类型 SDT表达式
s1P1-s1P2 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-0.1157& -0.2483& 0& -0.0461& -0.0232& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s2P1-s1P3 平面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& 0.1302& 0.0316& -0.1455& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s2P3-s1P2 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-0.1206& -0.2357& 0& -0.0391& -0.0209& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s3P3-s1P4 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-0.156& -0.2195& 0& -0.0396& -0.0301& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$
s1P4-s1P5 柱面配合 ${[\begin{array}{cccccc}-1.498& -0.653& 0& -0.0511& -0.0326& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-3}$
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考虑粗糙表面的复杂产品装配精度预测研究
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王刚锋 1 , 张寰 1 , 杨英英 2 , 刘一涛 3 , 郭彦云 3 , 岳萍 4 , 孙岩辉 1
图学学报 | 数字化设计与制造 2026,47(1): 162-172
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图学学报 | 数字化设计与制造 2026, 47(1): 162-172
考虑粗糙表面的复杂产品装配精度预测研究
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王刚锋1 , 张寰1, 杨英英2, 刘一涛3, 郭彦云3, 岳萍4, 孙岩辉1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学道路施工技术与装备教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710064
  • 2 西安财经大学行知学院, 陕西 西安 710038
  • 3 中铁宝桥集团有限公司, 陕西 宝鸡 721006
  • 4 国营四达机械制造公司, 陕西 咸阳 712200

通讯作者:

王刚锋,E-mail:
Research on assembly accuracy prediction of complex products considering rough surfaces
Gangfeng WANG1 , Huan ZHANG1, Yingying YANG2, Yitao LIU3, Yanyun GUO3, Ping YUE4, Yanhui SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang’an University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710064, China
  • 2 Xingzhi College, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an Shaanxi, 710038, China
  • 3 China Railway Baoji Bridge Group Co., Ltd., Baoji Shaanxi 721006, China
  • 4 State Sida Machinery Manufacturing Company, Xianyang Shaanxi 712200, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010162
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针对现有复杂产品装配精度预测中未充分考虑粗糙表面对装配精度的影响,导致精度预测不准确及实际装配适用性不足的问题,提出一种考虑粗糙表面的装配精度预测方法。首先,构建装配精度信息模型,表达零件配合特征、几何公差及粗糙度信息,并以此为基础,构建装配精度知识图谱;其次,基于小位移旋量(SDT)理论建立几何公差表示模型,并研究平面零件及柱面零件粗糙表面模拟方法及小位移旋量表达式确定方法;再次,根据装配序列确定装配体偏差传递路径,并构建装配接触有向图,利用雅可比-粗糙表面模型实现装配精度预测。最后,以某型号工程机械曲柄连杆机构为例验证方法可行性,结果表明,该方法可实现装配精度的准确预测并对实际装配具有指导价值。

装配精度预测  /  粗糙表面  /  知识图谱  /  小位移旋量  /  雅可比矩阵

Given that the impact of rough surfaces on assembly accuracy had been insufficiently considered in the existing assembly accuracy prediction for complex products, leading to inaccurate precision prediction and limited practical assembly applicability, an assembly-accuracy prediction method considering rough surfaces was proposed. Firstly, an assembly-accuracy information model was constructed to express mating feature, geometric tolerance, and roughness information. Based on the model, an assembly-precision knowledge graph was constructed. Secondly, a geometric-tolerance representation model was established based on the Small-Displacement Torsor (SDT) theory; a simulation method for rough surfaces of plane and cylindrical parts as well as a determination method of SDT expressions were studied. Thirdly, the error-propagation path of the assembly was determined according to the assembly sequence, and a pose-relationship graph for the assembly was constructed. Then, the assembly-precision prediction was achieved using a Jacobian-torsor model. Finally, the feasibility of the method was verified using the crank-connecting-rod mechanism of a specific construction-machine model as an example. The simulation results demonstrated that the method could achieve accurate assembly-precision prediction and provided valuable guidance for practical assembly operations.

assembly accuracy prediction  /  rough surface  /  knowledge graph  /  small displacement torsor  /  Jacobian matrix
王刚锋, 张寰, 杨英英, 刘一涛, 郭彦云, 岳萍, 孙岩辉. 考虑粗糙表面的复杂产品装配精度预测研究. 图学学报, 2026 , 47 (1) : 162 -172 . DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010162
Gangfeng WANG, Huan ZHANG, Yingying YANG, Yitao LIU, Yanyun GUO, Ping YUE, Yanhui SUN. Research on assembly accuracy prediction of complex products considering rough surfaces[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2026 , 47 (1) : 162 -172 . DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010162
装配作为复杂产品生产的终端环节,装配质量直接影响产品服役性能[1]。目前,机械结构产品不断向更高质量、精度、性能以及更高集成复杂度等方向发展,迫使产品装配质量要求越来越高[2]。装配精度是评价产品装配质量的重要指标,而装配精度预测可在装配设计阶段判断产品是否满足装配要求[3]。因此,开展复杂产品装配精度预测研究,对装配性能的保障具有重要意义。
公差建模是实现装配精度预测的前提,良好的公差模型可全面反映产品装配中可能出现的误差状况。早期研究人员提出GapSpace模型[4]、矢量环模型[5]以及矩阵模型[6]实现公差建模,但上述方法在后续偏差传递计算时缺乏实用性,适用范围受到极大限制。诸多学者通过实践经验开发出TTRS (Technologically and Topologically Related Surfaces)模型[7]、T-Map公差模型[8]及小位移旋量(Small Displacement Torsor, SDT)模型[9],其中,SDT模型由于其建模精度高及建模难度低,被广泛应用于复杂产品的公差建模中。张喜庆和张爱梅[10]利用SDT模型研究光学仪器装配误差问题。陈振宇等[11]考虑到滑动轴承曲面制造误差对转子运动特性的影响,采用SDT模型表示完整误差信息。王仲奇等[12]为解决飞机舱门零部件制造误差检测难的问题,采用SDT模型精确表征制造误差。
装配精度预测不能仅简单叠加各零件公差模型,为准确评估装配体的装配精度,需要对各零件公差之间的相互关系进行深入分析,并称为偏差传递分析。近年来,众多学者对偏差传递分析做了大量研究,杨灵锋和吴玉光[13]提出偏差传递关系图,将独立的尺寸关系转化为有向的偏差传递关系。彭和平和周志鹏[14]通过齐次坐标变换矩阵定量分析偏差传递、误差积累,解决多工序制造过程中误差难以控制的问题。易扬等[15]考虑到现有模型无法实时反映真实装配状况,提出一种基于实测数据的装配偏差传递迭代更新机制。DESROCHERS等[16]提出了雅可比-旋量模型,该模型结合了旋量模型公差表示的优点以及雅可比模型偏差传递的优点,被广泛应用于产品装配偏差传递中。
目前诸多学者在公差建模及偏差传递方面开展了大量研究工作,然而传统公差模型主要关注零件几何公差,忽略了粗糙表面对装配误差传递建模的影响。在实际生产中精密零件的最终装配精度往往会受到零件粗糙表面的影响。石嵩等[17]构建了一种考虑粗糙表面接触配合的多级转子系统装配同轴度误差传递模型,并开展了航空发动机转子系统装配精度预测研究。朱林波等[18]通过考虑微观形貌与宏观几何尺寸的螺栓连接结合面跨尺度模型,可准确预测螺栓连接结合面的真实接触状态。基于上述研究,本文提出一种考虑粗糙表面的复杂产品装配精度预测方法,并以工程机械曲柄连杆机构为对象验证了该方法的可行性。本文的总体流程如图1所示。
基于粗糙表面对装配精度预测的影响,本文提出一种装配精度信息模型并构建相应的知识图谱。该模型主要用于描述装配精度分析所需的尺寸、公差及装配信息,构建合理的装配精度信息模型可显著提高装配精度分析的准确性。本文装配精度信息模型如图2所示。其中,$Element$为零件配合要素,即该零件与其他零件配合的点线面;$D\_Element$为基准面;$Part$为零件;$Assembly$为装配体。
定义1. 零件层。其是装配精度信息模型的第一层,主要作用是储存零件配合信息。根据CAD二次开发软件获取零件配合信息,定义零件层配合矩阵为$MMPL\text{(Mating Matrix of Part Layer)}$。若给定的装配体包含n个零件${P}_{i}(i=1,2\cdots,n)$,则有
$MMPL=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{1,1}& {a}_{1,2}& \cdots & {a}_{1,n}\\ {a}_{2,1}& {a}_{2,2}& \cdots & {a}_{2,n}\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ {a}_{n,1}& {a}_{n,2}& \cdots & {a}_{n,n}\end{array}\right]$
式中:${a}_{i,j}$表示零件${P}_{i}$${P}_{j}$间的装配关系,即
${a}_{i,j}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}{a}_{i,j}=0,& {P}_{i},{P}_{j}无装配关系\\ {a}_{i,j}=1,& {P}_{i},{P}_{j}有装配关系\\ {a}_{i,j}=1,& i=j\end{array}\right.$
定义2. 配合要素层。其是装配精度信息模型的第二层,主要作用是储存零件与其他零件配合时的点、线、面,配合要素具备与零件相对应的公差信息及粗糙度信息。根据CAD二次开发软件获取零件装配约束信息,定义配合要素层配合矩阵为$MMAL(\text{Mating Matrix of Assembly Layer})$。若给定的零件${P}_{i}$${P}_{j}$有配合关系,则
$MMA{L}_{k,l}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{b}_{1,1}& {b}_{1,2}& \cdots & {b}_{1,l}\\ {b}_{2,1}& {b}_{2,2}& \cdots & {b}_{2,l}\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ {b}_{k,1}& {b}_{k,2}& \cdots & {b}_{k,l}\end{array}\right]$
式中:$MMA{L}_{k,l}$表示零件的配合要素层配合矩阵;${b}_{k,l}$表示零件配合要素集合,即
${b}_{k,l}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}{b}_{k,l}=0,& 配合要素无装配关系\\ {b}_{k,l}=1,& 配合要素有装配关系\\ {b}_{k,l}=1,& k=l\end{array}\right.$
知识图谱是一种描述事物与事物之间关系的语义网络,通过三元组直观的体现实体对象信息、抽象概念信息及相互之间的复杂语义关系,并以结构化的形式呈现。装配精度信息模型描述了装配精度预测所需的装配、尺寸及公差信息,本文采用Neo4j构建装配精度知识图谱,将不同零件的信息通过实体及关系表示方式进行储存。
以典型轴孔零件为例,其二维图、公差及粗糙度信息如图3所示,并依据CATIA Automation提取零件装配特征,划分零件配合要素,如图3中s1P1及s1P2。依据图2所示的装配精度信息模型,自顶向下构建孔轴零件装配精度知识图谱,如图4所示。
由于制造加工等因素影响,零件的实际形貌与名义形貌往往产生差异。以理想形状为基准,可通过描述零件6个自由度的微小变化来表示零件实际形状与理想形状之间的偏差。SDT可用来高保真表示零件名义形貌与实际形貌的位置变化,即
$D={\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}{d}_{x}& {d}_{y}& {d}_{z}& {\theta }_{x}& {\theta }_{y}& {\theta }_{z}\end{array}\right]}^{\text{T}}$
式中:${d}_{x}$分别表示沿$X,Y,Z$轴上的平移变量;${\theta }_{x},{\theta }_{y}$分别表示沿$X,Y,Z$轴的旋转变量。
在实际装配过程中,实际装配位置相对名义装配位置存在微小变动,如图5所示。几何公差限制零件表面在6个自由度的变化范围,而不同几何公差类型具有不同的旋量约束表达式,典型零件几何公差的SDT表达式及变量变动范围见表1。为提高后续公差建模效率,在知识图谱中嵌入几何公差的SDT表达式,如图6所示。
将粗糙表面纳入装配精度信息模型,以增强装配精度预测能力。为更清晰描述上述参数的几何含义,假设粗糙表面的评定区域为矩形$D:D=$$\left\{(x,y)\left|x\in [a,b],y\in [c,d]\right.\right\}$,且在评定区域$D$中点$(x,y)$处粗糙表面高度方程为$Z=z(x,y)$。以2个平面零件A和B为例,在Matlab中实现非高斯随机粗糙表面模拟,相关参数如下:零件粗糙表面标准差$\sigma =2\text{ μm}$,2个平面长宽均为50 mm,自相关长度${\beta }_{x}={\beta }_{y}=2\text{ mm}$$X和Y$方向上采样点数量均为500,偏斜度${S}_{k}=-1$,峭度${K}_{u}=5$。得到模拟结果如图7所示。
为量化粗糙表面接触配合对装配精度的影响,采用三点接触法确定零件接触平面方程,进而计算平面零件旋量表达式。假设2个零件沿Z轴方向装配,将$A=\left\{a_{1}, a_{2}, \cdots, a_{n}\right\}$视为固定零件,$B= \left\{b_{1}, b_{2}, \cdots, b_{n}\right\}$视为活动零件,其中$a_{i}=\left\{x_{i}^{a}, y_{i}^{a}, z_{i}^{a}\right\} , b_{i}=\left\{x_{i}^{b}, y_{i}^{b}, z_{i}^{b}\right\} $为零件粗糙表面点集。具体步骤 如下:
步骤1. 第一接触点。
将活动零件表面离散点投影至固定零件的基准面,在活动零件的某一表面点P,搜索与其投影点$P\text{'}$相距最近的3个点${a}_{i},{a}_{j},{a}_{z}$构成的局部平面。记${a}_{i},{a}_{j},{a}_{z}$在活动零件构成的平面为投影面,计算点P与点$P\text{'}$之间的空间距离。重复上述搜索过程,计算所有活动离散点的投影距离,找到最短距离,即确定该点为第一接触点。
步骤2. 第二接触点。
确定第一接触点后,平面已具有约束,将第一接触点与重心投影点相连,记为旋转轴R1(图8(a)),并将活动零件B以步长s绕旋转轴R1逐步转动,可确定第二接触点。
步骤3. 第三接触点。
根据第一接触点及第二接触点确定旋转轴R2(图8(b)),并将活动零件以步长s绕旋转轴R2转动,直至零件A与零件B发生第三次接触,将其记为第三接触点。
确定3个接触点后,检查零件质心投影是否位于3个接触点确定的平面(图8(c)(d))。如果位于平面内,则3个接触点正确;否则返回步骤2,调整旋转步长s,重新寻找第二和第三接触点。
在刚性假设下,接触配合面应满足
$\text{A}x+\text{B}y+\text{C}z+\text{D}=0$
式中:$\text{A},\text{B},\text{C},\text{D}$均表示常数。
考虑粗糙表面对装配精度的影响,实际接触表面相对于理想接触表面可使用$\left[\begin{array}{llllll}d_{x} & d_{y} & d_{z} & \theta_{x} & \theta_{y} & \theta_{z}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$表示接触平面。对于平面零件配合接触面,固定$d_{x}=d_{y}=\theta_{z}=0$,因此,接触配合面实际SDT表达式为$\left[\begin{array}{llllll}0 & 0 & d_{z} & \theta_{x} & \theta_{y} & 0\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
柱面零件的装配可理解为轴类零件经平移、旋转等一系列操作装配到孔类零件的过程,本文将孔轴装配转换为孔点集与轴点集装配,并规定在点集装配过程中,孔点集作为固定点集,轴点集作为活动点集。
寻找2个点集中点与点的最小欧式距离确定点集对应关系,并根据对应关系求解点集装配过程中目标函数值最小的刚体变换$(R,T)$,其约束条件为
$\text{Min}f(R,T)={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{M\times N}{\left|R\cdot {h}_{i}+T-{s}_{i}\right|}^{2}}$
式中:$R=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& {\theta }_{y}& {\theta }_{y}\\ -{\theta }_{y}& 1& {\theta }_{x}\\ -{\theta }_{y}& -{\theta }_{x}& 1\end{array}\right]$$T=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{d}_{x}& {d}_{y}& {d}_{z}\end{array}\right]$
柱面零件配合在z方向上的2个自由度并未受到约束,因此,柱面零件装配面实际SDT表达式为$\left[\begin{array}{llllll}d_{x} & d_{y} & 0 & \theta_{x} & \theta_{y} & 0\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
装配偏差传递与累积是装配精度预测的重要环节,本文通过Cypher命令可获取知识图谱中装配序列,进而获取偏差传递路径。以图3零件为例,分析装配偏差传递路径,在该装配接触关系有向图中,对功能要求FR (Functional Requirements)有影响的偏差传递链有2条,分别是主传递链$\text{IFE1-}$$\text{CFE1-IFE3}$,以及辅助传递链$\text{IFE2-CFE2-IFE4-}$$\text{IFE3-CFE1}$。构建装配接触有向图,如图9所示。
产品最终装配偏差由零件内部的位姿关系以及零件间的位姿关系决定。在装配接触有向图中,不同配合要素之间的偏差传递齐次变换矩阵为${P}_{FE}$。在装配序列路径上,任意2个配合要素之间的装配位姿关系均由齐次变化矩阵相乘获取,即
${P}_{FE}={P}_{FE1}\cdot {P}_{FE2}\cdot \cdots \cdot {P}_{FEi}$
式中:${P}_{i}$表示第i个零件;${P}_{FEi}$表示第i个零件配合要素的齐次变换矩阵。
在公差分析领域,雅可比矩阵可有效描述偏差传递路径,本文将描述偏差传递的雅可比模型与描述误差表示的SDT结合形成雅可比-旋量模型,即
${\left[\begin{array}{c}dt\\ dr\end{array}\right]}_{S}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{d}_{x}\\ {d}_{y}\\ {d}_{z}\\ {\theta }_{x}\\ {\theta }_{y}\\ {\theta }_{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{J}_{FE1}& {J}_{FE2}& \cdots & {J}_{FEn}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}d{q}_{FE1}\\ d{q}_{FE2}\\ ⋮\\ d{q}_{FEn}\end{array}\right]$
式中:${\left[\begin{array}{cc}dt& dr\end{array}\right]}_{S}^{\text{T}}$表示功能要求的平移与旋转变量;$dt和dr$分别表示功能需求的3个平移矢量和3个旋转矢量;${J}_{FE1}$表示第i个功能元素的雅可比矩阵;$d{q}_{FE1}$表示第$i$个功能元素的SDT表达式。
雅可比矩阵为
$\begin{array}{l}J_{F E i}= \\{\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\left[R_{o}^{i}\right]_{3 \times 3} \cdot\left[R_{P T i}\right]_{3 \times 3}} & {\left[W_{i}^{n}\right]_{3 \times 3} \cdot\left(\left[R_{o}^{i}\right]_{3 \times 3} \cdot\left[P_{P T i}\right]_{3 \times 3}\right)} \\{[0]_{3 \times 3}} & {\left[R_{o}^{i}\right]_{3 \times 3} \cdot\left[R_{P T i}\right]_{3 \times 3}}\end{array}\right]_{6 \times 6}}\end{array}$
式中:${\left[{R}_{o}^{i}\right]}_{3\times 3}$表示第i个坐标系相对于全局参考坐标系的方向变化;${\left[{R}_{PTi}\right]}_{3\times 3}$表示第i个坐标系上3个坐标轴与全局坐标系上3个坐标轴建立方向不一致的系数矩阵;${\left[{W}_{i}^{n}\right]}_{3\times 3}$为斜对称矩阵,表示第i个局部坐标系相对于第n个局部坐标系的位置变化,斜对称矩阵为
${W}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& d{z}_{i}^{n}& -d{y}_{i}^{n}\\ -d{z}_{i}^{n}& 0& d{x}_{i}^{n}\\ d{y}_{i}^{n}& -d{x}_{i}^{n}& 0\end{array}\right]$
各坐标系位置变化的具体数值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{c}d{x}_{i}^{n}=d{x}_{n}-d{x}_{i}\\ d{y}_{i}^{n}=d{y}_{n}-d{y}_{i}\\ d{z}_{i}^{n}=d{z}_{n}-d{z}_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$d x_{i}, \quad d y_{i}, \quad d z_{i}$表示第i个局部坐标系的原点在全局坐标系的位置坐标。
不同零件间的粗糙表面接触配合会对最终产品装配精度产生较大影响。本节将粗糙表面装配接触理论与雅可比矩阵理论结合,形成雅可比-粗糙表面模型以实现粗糙表面的装配偏差传递计算,即
${\left[\begin{array}{c}dt\\ dr\end{array}\right]}_{R}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{d}_{x}\\ {d}_{y}\\ {d}_{z}\\ {\theta }_{x}\\ {\theta }_{y}\\ {\theta }_{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{J}_{R1}& \cdots & {J}_{Rn}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}d{q}_{R1}\\ ⋮\\ d{q}_{Rn}\end{array}\right]$
式中:${\left[\begin{array}{cc}dt& dr\end{array}\right]}_{R}^{\text{T}}$表示粗糙配合表面的功能要求;${J}_{Ri}$表示粗糙配合面的雅可比矩阵,本文规定其取值与箭头发出端配合要素的雅可比矩阵相同;$d{q}_{Ri}$表示粗糙配合面的SDT表达式,可由式(6)和式(7)确定。
分析装配接触有向图可知,在装配传递链中仅有外部连接功能CFE可使用雅可比粗糙表面模型计算装配精度。装配精度分析时,将外部连接功能CFE箭头尾部的功能元素雅可比矩阵作为主雅可比矩阵,如计算CFE1雅可比粗糙表面模型时以s2P1的雅可比矩阵作为计算矩阵。
考虑粗糙配合面对装配精度的影响,得到产品总的偏差传递模型为
${\left[\begin{array}{c}dt\\ dr\end{array}\right]}_{T}={\left[\begin{array}{c}dt\\ dr\end{array}\right]}_{S}+{\left[\begin{array}{c}dt\\ dr\end{array}\right]}_{R}$
式中:${\left[\begin{array}{cc}dt& dr\end{array}\right]}_{T}^{\text{T}}$表示装配体总功能要求。
本文选取某型号工程机械发动机曲柄连杆机构为研究对象,如图10所示,该机构由连杆帽、曲轴、连杆、活塞及活塞销组成。该机构功能要求为:活塞轴线与曲轴轴线误差$S=dz\le 0.015\text{ mm}$
基于CAD二次开发工具,提取该模型的MBD信息,包括尺寸公差、几何公差、装配约束、装配序列及粗糙度等装配信息。在Neo4j中构建曲柄连杆机构装配精度知识图谱,装配精度知识图谱包含各零件配合要素、公差及粗糙度信息,如图11所示。
图12为曲柄连杆机构各零件二维简图。对装配体制定全局坐标系及零件坐标系,将${O}_{1}$坐标系设为全局坐标系,如图13所示。依据装配精度知识图谱、零件二维图及零件坐标系,计算各配合要素的雅可比矩阵见表2
在装配精度知识图谱中输入Cypher查询语言,可快速获取配合要素的尺寸值、几何公差、SDT表达式、装配序列及装配约束信息。根据上述相关信息,绘制曲柄连杆机构接触有向图,如图14所示。分析接触有向图可知,对功能要求FR有影响的主传递链为$\text{CFE1-IFE2-IFE3-CFE4-CFE5}$,辅助传递链为$\text{CFE2-IFE1-CFE3-IFE2-CFE1}$
根据各配合要素SDT表达式及旋量参数约束范围,编写Matlab程序,利用蒙特卡洛算法随机生成几何公差SDT,最后利用式(9)计算曲柄连杆机构功能要求偏差矩阵${\left[\begin{array}{cc}dt& dr\end{array}\right]}_{S}^{\text{T}}$。本文假设配合要素的各SDT均服从正态分布。
为保证计算精度,仿真次数设置为100 00次。根据功能要求,本实例关注活塞销孔轴线的偏差,即${\left[\begin{array}{cc}dt& dr\end{array}\right]}_{S}^{\text{T}}$中的$dz$,得到仿真结果如图15所示。
本文利用$3\sigma $准则的最大绝对值作为装配精度预测结果。分析图16可知,该曲轴连杆机构偏差累积均值近似为0,标准差$\sigma =0.003\text{ }998$,系统偏差的功能要求为$F{R}_{S}=0.011\text{ }99\text{ mm}<0.015\text{ 00 mm}$。因此,仅考虑几何公差时,该机构装配精度符合装配功能要求。
利用第2.2节及第3.2节的粗糙表面模拟方法及装配接触面SDT表达式确定方法,计算曲柄连杆机构装配时的SDT。本节以配合特征s1P3为例,对粗糙表面SDT表达式确定进行详细介绍,${S}_{k}=-1,{K}_{u}=5,Ra=\sigma =1.6$,采样点为180×260。利用第2.2节的粗糙表面模拟方法,得到模拟结果如图16所示。
分析曲柄连杆机构与s1P3接触的装配特征为s2P1,装配特征s1P3-s2P1的SDT表达式为:${[\begin{array}{cccccc}0& 0& 0.1302& 0.0316& -0.1455& 0\end{array}]}^{\text{T}}\times {10}^{-2}$,该值可通过平面零件SDT表达式确定方法计算得到。其余装配特征SDT表达式计算方法与上述相同,计算结果见表3
根据式(14)计算曲柄连杆机构总体装配要求,得到结果为0.013 46 mm,满足装配功能要求。分析结果表明,考虑粗糙表面的装配偏差相比于仅考虑几何公差的装配偏差增大了12.26%。本方法在实际装配过程中更具指导意义,同时在设计阶段将粗糙表面加以考虑,可减少试装和修配时间。
为提升复杂产品装配精度预测的精确性与可靠性,本研究提出一种考虑粗糙表面的装配精度预测方法。主要结论如下:
1) 构建了装配精度信息模型,并以此构建知识图谱实现公差、粗糙度以及装配信息的存储,为后续公差建模及偏差传递计算提供数据支持。
2) 在公差建模中,不仅分析定位与定向偏差,且将粗糙表面纳入其中,利用SDT及三点接触法,精确描述零件实际装配位置相较于理想位置的偏离状况,提高公差模型的精度水平。
3) 利用雅可比-旋量模型与雅可比-粗糙表面模型,实现装配误差的传递与累积解析,完成了装配精度预测。
本文在装配精度预测中对偏差传递路径做了适当简化,后续可进一步完善零件偏差传递路径,并考虑引入更为精确的粗糙表面配合面确定方法,以提升装配精度预测的精确度。此外,还可探索基于装配精度预测结果的精度优化方法。
  • 陕西省“十四五”教育科学规划课题(SGH22Y1274)
  • 陕西省自然科学基金实验室重点项目(2025SYS-SYSZD-104)
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230802436213147)
  • 山东省土方机械智慧施工技术重点实验室资助项目(PKL2024F13)
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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010162
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-19
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 录用日期:2025-10-10
基金
Educational Scientific Planning Project of the 14th Five-Year Plan of Shaanxi Province(SGH22Y1274)
陕西省“十四五”教育科学规划课题(SGH22Y1274)
Laboratory Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2025SYS-SYSZD-104)
陕西省自然科学基金实验室重点项目(2025SYS-SYSZD-104)
Collaborative Education Project of Industry-University Cooperation of the Ministry of Education(230802436213147)
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230802436213147)
Project of Key Laboratory of Earthmoving Machinery Intelligent Construction Technology of Shandong Province(PKL2024F13)
山东省土方机械智慧施工技术重点实验室资助项目(PKL2024F13)
作者信息
    1 长安大学道路施工技术与装备教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710064
    2 西安财经大学行知学院, 陕西 西安 710038
    3 中铁宝桥集团有限公司, 陕西 宝鸡 721006
    4 国营四达机械制造公司, 陕西 咸阳 712200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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