Article(id=1263514359834264478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756742400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-02, onlineDate=1779174898346, onlineDateStr=2026-05-19, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779174898346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779174898346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779174898346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1263514351571428296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779174896376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779174963943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263514635077039012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263514635077039013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263514360744428461, articleId=1263514359834264478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, language=EN, title=How do robots attract children? The role of appearance, motion, and voice as multisensory features in early-stage interactions, columnId=1263514360345969577, journalTitle=Journal of Graphics, columnName=Industrial Design, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, multimodal robots are playing an increasingly important role in preschool children’s education, entertainment, and daily life. Existing studies have primarily focused on the effects of single sensory cues of robots on children’s perception, while systematic research on multisensory integration effects remains limited. To explore how robots’ multimodal features jointly influence children’s emotional preferences and visual attention, 318 children aged 4-6 years were recruited to participate in an eye-tracking experiment. The experiment adopted a 2 (appearance features: humanoid vs. animal-like) × 3 (voice guidance: male voice, female voice, none) × 2 (gesture guidance: present vs. absent) mixed factorial design, with robot appearance features (humanoid vs. animal-like) and behavioral features (voice and gesture guidance) as independent variables, and children’s emotional preferences and eye-tracking indicators as dependent variables, thereby systematically examining the effects of multimodal features on child users. The results showed that, in terms of appearance features, no significant difference was observed in subjective preference ratings between humanoid and animal-like robots. However, humanoid robots attracted longer total fixation duration, more fixation counts, and shorter first-fixation latency, indicating superior attention-related performance compared with animal-like robots. Children were more readily attracted to humanoid robots during the initial stage of visual contact, and anthropomorphic design showed greater advantages in sustaining children’s attention. In terms of behavioral features, robots with gesture guidance received significantly higher subjective preference ratings than those without gestures, and also elicited longer total fixation duration and more fixation counts. Robots with female voices received slightly higher subjective preference ratings than those with male voices, and both were significantly preferred over robots without voices. Robots with male voices had slightly longer total fixation duration than those with female voices, and both significantly outperformed robots without voices. The difference in fixation counts between male- and female-voice robots was not significant, but both attracted significantly more fixations than robots without voices. Robots with gesture guidance and voice (especially female voice) performed better in subjective ratings and visual attention allocation, suggesting that behavioral features substantially enhanced children’s emotional preferences and interactive experiences. Furthermore, the effects of appearance and behavioral features on children’s emotional preferences and visual attention were relatively independent, and no significant interaction effects were observed. This study revealed the mechanisms through which robot appearance and behavioral features influenced preschool children’s emotional preferences and visual attention, thereby providing scientific evidence for designing child-oriented robots that align with users’ emotional needs.

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LI Yi,E-mail:
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随着人工智能技术的快速发展,多模态机器人在学前儿童的教育、娱乐及日常生活中扮演着日益重要的角色。现有研究多关注机器人单一感官线索对儿童感知的作用,但关于多感官整合效应仍缺乏系统性研究。为探究机器人多模态特征如何共同影响儿童的情感偏好和视觉注意力,招募318名4~6岁儿童参与1项眼动追踪实验。实验采用2(外观特征:拟人型、拟动物型)×3(声音引导:男声、女声、无)×2(手势引导:有、无)的三因素混合实验设计,以机器人外观特征(拟人型与拟动物型)和行为特征(声音、手势引导)为自变量,以儿童情感偏好和眼动指标为因变量,系统考察了多感官特征对儿童用户的影响。结果表明,在外观特征方面,拟人型机器人和拟动物型机器人在主观偏好评分上没有显著差异,但拟人型机器人吸引了更长的总注视时长、更多的注视次数和更短的首次注视时间,拟人型机器人在注意力指标上显著优于拟动物型机器人,儿童在视觉接触的初始阶段更容易被拟人型机器人所吸引,且拟人化设计在持续吸引儿童注意力方面更具优势。在行为特征方面,具有手势引导的机器人在主观偏好评分上显著高于无手势机器人,且吸引了更长的总注视时长和更多的注视次数。女声机器人在主观偏好评分上略高于男声,且两者均显著高于无声机器人。男声机器人在总注视时长上略高于女声,且两者均显著高于无声机器人。而女声和男声机器人在注视次数的差异不显著,但两者均显著高于无声机器人。具有手势引导和声音(尤其是女声)的机器人在主观评分和视觉注意力分配上表现更好,说明行为特征在增强儿童的情感偏好和互动体验中具有重要作用。此外,外观和行为特征对儿童情感偏好和视觉注意力的影响相对独立,未观察到显著交互作用。该研究揭示了机器人外观和行为特征对学前儿童情感偏好和视觉注意力的影响机制,为设计满足用户情感偏好的儿童机器人提供了科学依据。

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李奕,E-mail:
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Emotional evaluation method of user perceptual experience based on the perspective of cognitive load[J]. 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figureFileBig=HLwANAg6iFY6dfUmMmsfww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263550857799393383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=CN, label=图4, caption=笑脸评分量表, figureFileSmall=fDuXzYEqnWTyyAcb9Ext2w==, figureFileBig=HLwANAg6iFY6dfUmMmsfww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263550858365624428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relevant indicators and their meanings

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指标 含义
主观量表 对机器人外观的主观评分,分值与满意度呈正相关
总注视时长 视线在兴趣区内所有注视点的注视时间总和,主要反映信息加工的偏向,持续注视时间越长,表明该兴趣区对被试的吸引力或复杂性越高,积极情绪则常导致更长注视
注视次数 一次注视为一个注视点,注视次数是在兴趣区内注视点的总数量,能反映吸引力或难度,注视次数越多,表明该兴趣区对被试的吸引力越强
首次进入时间 从观看样本开始到视线第一次注视到兴趣区的时长,首次注视前时间越短,表明该兴趣区越易被注意到,且越易引起关注
平均瞳孔直径 瞳孔的放大与情感效价呈非线性关系,而与情感唤醒度呈线性关系,即唤醒度越高,瞳孔直径越大
), ArticleFig(id=1263550860265644148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关指标及其含义

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指标 含义
主观量表 对机器人外观的主观评分,分值与满意度呈正相关
总注视时长 视线在兴趣区内所有注视点的注视时间总和,主要反映信息加工的偏向,持续注视时间越长,表明该兴趣区对被试的吸引力或复杂性越高,积极情绪则常导致更长注视
注视次数 一次注视为一个注视点,注视次数是在兴趣区内注视点的总数量,能反映吸引力或难度,注视次数越多,表明该兴趣区对被试的吸引力越强
首次进入时间 从观看样本开始到视线第一次注视到兴趣区的时长,首次注视前时间越短,表明该兴趣区越易被注意到,且越易引起关注
平均瞳孔直径 瞳孔的放大与情感效价呈非线性关系,而与情感唤醒度呈线性关系,即唤醒度越高,瞳孔直径越大
), ArticleFig(id=1263550860781543548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

A test of the interaction effect of appearance, action, and voice models of children’s smiley face ratings

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变异来源 III类平方和 自由度 均方 F P η²p
修正模型 18.545 11.000 1.686 2.131 0.017
截距 11 506.501 1.000 11 506.501 14 543.404 0
声音 6.912 2.000 3.456 4.368 0.013 0.013 7
动作 8.287 1.000 8.287 10.475 0.001 0.016 6
外观 0.574 1.000 0.574 0.726 0.395 0.001 2
外观×动作 0.058 1.000 0.058 0.073 0.787 0.000 1
动作×声音 0.055 2.000 0.027 0.035 0.966 0.000 1
外观×声音 0.876 2.000 0.438 0.554 0.575 0.001 8
外观×动作×声音 1.508 2.000 0.754 0.953 0.386 0.003 0
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外观、动作和声音模型儿童笑脸评分交互效应检验

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变异来源 III类平方和 自由度 均方 F P η²p
修正模型 18.545 11.000 1.686 2.131 0.017
截距 11 506.501 1.000 11 506.501 14 543.404 0
声音 6.912 2.000 3.456 4.368 0.013 0.013 7
动作 8.287 1.000 8.287 10.475 0.001 0.016 6
外观 0.574 1.000 0.574 0.726 0.395 0.001 2
外观×动作 0.058 1.000 0.058 0.073 0.787 0.000 1
动作×声音 0.055 2.000 0.027 0.035 0.966 0.000 1
外观×声音 0.876 2.000 0.438 0.554 0.575 0.001 8
外观×动作×声音 1.508 2.000 0.754 0.953 0.386 0.003 0
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Comparative analysis of different appearance features

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指标 拟人型 拟动物型 T P η²p
总注视时长/ms 11 513.92 10 194.31 2.981 0.003 0.014 3
注视次数/次 22.99 19.40 4.388 0 0.030 9
首次进入时间/ms 16 11.96 2 324.57 -2.264 0.024 0.008 1
平均瞳孔直径/mm 4.84 4.89 -1.191 0.234 0.002 2
), ArticleFig(id=1263550861926588559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同外观特征的对比分析

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指标 拟人型 拟动物型 T P η²p
总注视时长/ms 11 513.92 10 194.31 2.981 0.003 0.014 3
注视次数/次 22.99 19.40 4.388 0 0.030 9
首次进入时间/ms 16 11.96 2 324.57 -2.264 0.024 0.008 1
平均瞳孔直径/mm 4.84 4.89 -1.191 0.234 0.002 2
), ArticleFig(id=1263550862559928470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparative analysis of different action features

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指标 有动作 无动作 T P η²p
总注视时长/ms 11 853.42 98 61.07 4.542 0 0.034 3
注视次数/次 22.97 19.44 4.318 0 0.031 4
首次进入时间/ms 1 843.69 2 092.06 -0.786 0.432 0.0010
平均瞳孔直径/mm 4.88 4.85 0.733 0.464 0.000 9
), ArticleFig(id=1263550862970970267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同动作特征的对比分析

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指标 有动作 无动作 T P η²p
总注视时长/ms 11 853.42 98 61.07 4.542 0 0.034 3
注视次数/次 22.97 19.44 4.318 0 0.031 4
首次进入时间/ms 1 843.69 2 092.06 -0.786 0.432 0.0010
平均瞳孔直径/mm 4.88 4.85 0.733 0.464 0.000 9
), ArticleFig(id=1263550864858407071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514359834264478, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparative analysis of different sound features

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指标 男声 女声 无声 F P η²p
总注视时长/ms 12 222.78 11 537.48 8 805.27 23.675 0 0.072 9
注视次数/次 23.60 22.33 17.67 20.184 0 0.063 2
首次进入时间/ms 2 021.16 2 121.62 1 765.12 0.450 0.638 0.001 6
平均瞳孔直径/mm 4.87 4.83 4.88 0.538 0.584 0.001 7
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不同声音特征的对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 男声 女声 无声 F P η²p
总注视时长/ms 12 222.78 11 537.48 8 805.27 23.675 0 0.072 9
注视次数/次 23.60 22.33 17.67 20.184 0 0.063 2
首次进入时间/ms 2 021.16 2 121.62 1 765.12 0.450 0.638 0.001 6
平均瞳孔直径/mm 4.87 4.83 4.88 0.538 0.584 0.001 7
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机器人如何吸引儿童?外观、动作和声音多感官特征在早期互动中的作用
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李奕 1, 2 , 曹成才 3 , 宋章通 4 , 李祚奇 5 , 黎晓 1, 2 , 李和森 1, 2
图学学报 | 工业设计 2026,47(1): 223-233
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图学学报 | 工业设计 2026, 47(1): 223-233
机器人如何吸引儿童?外观、动作和声音多感官特征在早期互动中的作用
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李奕1, 2 , 曹成才3, 宋章通4, 李祚奇5, 黎晓1, 2, 李和森1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 湖北美术学院工业设计学院, 湖北 武汉 430205
  • 2 湖北美术学院现代公共视觉艺术设计研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430205
  • 3 武汉工程大学艺术设计学院, 湖北 武汉 430205
  • 4 武汉商学院艺术学院, 湖北 武汉 430056
  • 5 中国地质大学(武汉)计算机学院, 湖北 武汉 430078

通讯作者:

李奕,E-mail:
How do robots attract children? The role of appearance, motion, and voice as multisensory features in early-stage interactions
Yi LI1, 2 , Chengcai CAO3, Zhangtong SONG4, Zuoqi LI5, Xiao LI1, 2, Hesen LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Industrial Design, Hubei Institute of Fine Arts, Wuhan Hubei 430205, China
  • 2 Research Center for Modern Public Visual Arts and Design, Hubei Institute of Fine Arts, Wuhan Hubei 430205, China
  • 3 School of Art and Design, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430205, China
  • 4 School of Art, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan Hubei 430056, China
  • 5 School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan Hubei 430078, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010223
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随着人工智能技术的快速发展,多模态机器人在学前儿童的教育、娱乐及日常生活中扮演着日益重要的角色。现有研究多关注机器人单一感官线索对儿童感知的作用,但关于多感官整合效应仍缺乏系统性研究。为探究机器人多模态特征如何共同影响儿童的情感偏好和视觉注意力,招募318名4~6岁儿童参与1项眼动追踪实验。实验采用2(外观特征:拟人型、拟动物型)×3(声音引导:男声、女声、无)×2(手势引导:有、无)的三因素混合实验设计,以机器人外观特征(拟人型与拟动物型)和行为特征(声音、手势引导)为自变量,以儿童情感偏好和眼动指标为因变量,系统考察了多感官特征对儿童用户的影响。结果表明,在外观特征方面,拟人型机器人和拟动物型机器人在主观偏好评分上没有显著差异,但拟人型机器人吸引了更长的总注视时长、更多的注视次数和更短的首次注视时间,拟人型机器人在注意力指标上显著优于拟动物型机器人,儿童在视觉接触的初始阶段更容易被拟人型机器人所吸引,且拟人化设计在持续吸引儿童注意力方面更具优势。在行为特征方面,具有手势引导的机器人在主观偏好评分上显著高于无手势机器人,且吸引了更长的总注视时长和更多的注视次数。女声机器人在主观偏好评分上略高于男声,且两者均显著高于无声机器人。男声机器人在总注视时长上略高于女声,且两者均显著高于无声机器人。而女声和男声机器人在注视次数的差异不显著,但两者均显著高于无声机器人。具有手势引导和声音(尤其是女声)的机器人在主观评分和视觉注意力分配上表现更好,说明行为特征在增强儿童的情感偏好和互动体验中具有重要作用。此外,外观和行为特征对儿童情感偏好和视觉注意力的影响相对独立,未观察到显著交互作用。该研究揭示了机器人外观和行为特征对学前儿童情感偏好和视觉注意力的影响机制,为设计满足用户情感偏好的儿童机器人提供了科学依据。

学龄前儿童  /  机器人  /  外观特征  /  行为特征  /  情感偏好  /  视觉注意力  /  多感官整合

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, multimodal robots are playing an increasingly important role in preschool children’s education, entertainment, and daily life. Existing studies have primarily focused on the effects of single sensory cues of robots on children’s perception, while systematic research on multisensory integration effects remains limited. To explore how robots’ multimodal features jointly influence children’s emotional preferences and visual attention, 318 children aged 4-6 years were recruited to participate in an eye-tracking experiment. The experiment adopted a 2 (appearance features: humanoid vs. animal-like) × 3 (voice guidance: male voice, female voice, none) × 2 (gesture guidance: present vs. absent) mixed factorial design, with robot appearance features (humanoid vs. animal-like) and behavioral features (voice and gesture guidance) as independent variables, and children’s emotional preferences and eye-tracking indicators as dependent variables, thereby systematically examining the effects of multimodal features on child users. The results showed that, in terms of appearance features, no significant difference was observed in subjective preference ratings between humanoid and animal-like robots. However, humanoid robots attracted longer total fixation duration, more fixation counts, and shorter first-fixation latency, indicating superior attention-related performance compared with animal-like robots. Children were more readily attracted to humanoid robots during the initial stage of visual contact, and anthropomorphic design showed greater advantages in sustaining children’s attention. In terms of behavioral features, robots with gesture guidance received significantly higher subjective preference ratings than those without gestures, and also elicited longer total fixation duration and more fixation counts. Robots with female voices received slightly higher subjective preference ratings than those with male voices, and both were significantly preferred over robots without voices. Robots with male voices had slightly longer total fixation duration than those with female voices, and both significantly outperformed robots without voices. The difference in fixation counts between male- and female-voice robots was not significant, but both attracted significantly more fixations than robots without voices. Robots with gesture guidance and voice (especially female voice) performed better in subjective ratings and visual attention allocation, suggesting that behavioral features substantially enhanced children’s emotional preferences and interactive experiences. Furthermore, the effects of appearance and behavioral features on children’s emotional preferences and visual attention were relatively independent, and no significant interaction effects were observed. This study revealed the mechanisms through which robot appearance and behavioral features influenced preschool children’s emotional preferences and visual attention, thereby providing scientific evidence for designing child-oriented robots that align with users’ emotional needs.

preschool children  /  robot  /  appearance features  /  behavioral features  /  emotional preference  /  visual attention  /  multisensory integration
李奕, 曹成才, 宋章通, 李祚奇, 黎晓, 李和森. 机器人如何吸引儿童?外观、动作和声音多感官特征在早期互动中的作用. 图学学报, 2026 , 47 (1) : 223 -233 . DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010223
Yi LI, Chengcai CAO, Zhangtong SONG, Zuoqi LI, Xiao LI, Hesen LI. How do robots attract children? The role of appearance, motion, and voice as multisensory features in early-stage interactions[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2026 , 47 (1) : 223 -233 . DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010223
近年来,随着人工智能技术的迅猛发展,机器人在学前教育中的应用迅速扩展,涵盖认知发展支持、情感陪伴及互动学习等多个场景[1]。然而,设计一个真正能够吸引儿童、激发其情感共鸣的机器人,仍是一个充满挑战的课题。想象一下,当一个机器人出现在儿童面前时,其外观是否像人?声音是温柔的女声还是低沉的男声?其是否会挥手或点头?这些看似简单的设计细节,实际上深刻影响着儿童对机器人的情感偏好和视觉注意力。尽管已有研究探讨了机器人外观(如拟人化或拟动物化设计)或行为特征(如声音与手势)对用户感知的独立影响[2],如拟人化设计通过社会线索吸引儿童注意力[3],而拟动物化设计则可能增强亲和力[4],但这些研究都存在诸多局限性。
首先,现有研究多关注单一感官线索(如视觉或动觉)对儿童感知的作用,例如视觉线索对儿童视觉注意力的影响[5];动觉线索对儿童注意力的作用[6]。相对而言,对于多感官整合效应的研究则较为有限,仅少数研究关注视觉与动觉线索的整合[7],而涉及视觉、听觉与动觉共同作用的研究则更少之。这种单一维度的研究难以全面反映儿童与机器人在多模态交互场景中的真实体验。其次,由于儿童认知与情绪处理机制尚未成熟,其对多模态交互的响应可能与成人存在本质差异。然而,现有研究多基于成人用户或静态刺激物(如图片或视频)展开,导致研究结论的普适性和实践指导意义受限[8]。此外,现有研究多依赖主观评分(如5点量表),缺乏对视觉注意力(如首次注视时间、注视次数)等客观指标的捕捉,难以精准反映儿童的隐性认知加工过程[9]
针对当前儿童机器人情感偏好和视觉注意力研究存在的局限性,本研究基于开发的2款实体机器人产品,通过系统的实验设计探讨儿童机器人外观特征(拟人型与拟动物型)及行为特征(声音引导与手势引导)的多感官整合效应对儿童用户的影响。并通过主观评分结合客观的眼动数据分析,全面评估机器人设计对儿童情感偏好和视觉注意力的影响,为面向学前儿童的智能机器人设计提供量化的理论依据和实践指导。
情感偏好源于用户对功能性或享乐性特征的欣赏与评估,结合内在经验形成的主观倾向,反映了用户的整体情感需求[10-11]。机器人外观作为人机交互的首要界面,在塑造儿童感知体验和情感偏好方面具有决定性作用。基于外观特征的分类学视角,机器人可被系统划分为动物型、机械型、类人型和真人型4大类别[12]。这一分类体系为理解儿童对机器人设计的认知偏好提供了重要框架。研究表明,儿童更喜欢与人类具有中等相似程度的机器人,而不是那些外观高度相似但仍与人类有区别的机器人[13]。拟人化设计通过模仿人类形态特征(如面部表情、肢体比例)能够有效激发儿童的情感共鸣[14],儿童对具有圆形轮廓、光滑边缘和紧凑体型的机器人表现出显著偏好,且对女性特征化设计的机器人接受度更高[15]。在整体风格层面,相较于高度类人化的设计,适度保留机械元素的外观更易获得儿童的积极评价[16]
同时已有研究表明,机器人的外观特征(如拟人型与拟动物型)显著影响儿童的视觉注意分配。视觉注意是指个体选择性集中于中央视网膜区域,并进行视觉信息的检索、编码与加工的认知过程[17]。视觉注意力对于揭示用户的关注、视觉感知和认知至关重要,已成为机器人设计中备受关注的主题[18-19]。拟人型机器人通常具有类似人类的面部特征、表情和肢体结构,增强与儿童的情感互动,从而显著增加儿童的视觉关注度[1]。文献[5]研究发现,与非拟人型机器人相比,拟人型机器人能够更有效地引导儿童的视觉关注,促进更积极的情感反应与社交互动。LIBERMAN-PINCU和ORON- GILAD[20]研究发现机器人更具美感和拟人性的外观能增强儿童的第一印象、信任感和兴趣,从而显著提升其视觉注意和互动意愿。ADMONI和SCASSELLATI[21]指出具有物理形态的拟人型机器人能更有效吸引儿童的视觉注意,提升其参与度与学习效果。然而,也有研究表明拟动物化外观因其“友好”或“可爱”的视觉印象,更有助于儿童建立信任感[22-23]。如LEE等[24]研究发现,通过兔子形状阅读陪伴机器人,基于视觉响应机制激发了儿童的想象力,能够吸引儿童视觉注意力并增强其阅读体验。基于以上研究,本研究提出了假设1(H1):机器人外观特征(拟人型与拟动物型)对儿童的情感偏好和视觉注意力分配具有显著影响。
除了外观特征,机器人的行为特征(如语音、动作和交互模式)同样在塑造用户情感体验方面发挥重要作用。具体而言,表现出偶然行为(即对儿童行为做出实时反应)的机器人能够引发更积极的情绪反应[25]。在感知层面,语音特征能够有效吸引视觉注意力并促进交流[26];情感手势和言语表达则能够显著增强机器人的吸引力,表明情感表达是促进积极互动的核心要素[27]。在具体行为特征方面,性别化声音(如女声)可显著增强机器人的社会存在感[28],而手势动作(如挥手或指向)能够有效引导注意力并传递意图[29]。文献[13]针对儿童的进一步研究也表明,机器人的社交行为(如面部表情、语言、头部动作和手势)通常能够提高儿童的接受度。
在视觉注意方面,多项实验结果发现音频描述能增加儿童对特定兴趣区域的注视次数[30]和通过言语能够有效引导儿童注意力[31]。在机器人与学龄儿童进行对话阅读背景下,机器人语音引导能更直接且有效地吸引儿童的视觉关注,尤其是语音包含生动情感表达时,儿童的视觉注意更加集中[32],空间声音线索可能指向视觉注意力分配[33],情感声音可能会将视觉注意力转移到眼睛上[34]
在儿童机器人动作特征的视觉注意研究方面,文献[6]在对比3种不同的运动模式机器人(简单的圆圈运动、无动画运动和动画运动)时发现,机器人运动可提升儿童视觉的注意力,动画机器人动作比简单的动作更能吸引幼儿的视觉注意力。此外,通过手势提示儿童完成特定动作或任务时,儿童的视觉注意更集中。DE WIT等[35]发现,不同手势方式提供更多样化的视觉刺激,增强了儿童对机器人行为的注意力,使机器人显得更友好、更拟人,进而提升儿童的互动意愿和参与度。JOUEN等[36]发现,添加共同注意手势的交互式机器人在讲故事过程中能显著提升儿童的视觉注意力和学习效果,表现为更高的平均注视次数和更显著的学习成果。基于以上研究,本研究提出假设2(H2):机器人行为特征(语音与手势引导)对儿童的情感偏好和视觉注意力分配具有显著影响。
已有研究表明机器人外观特征与行为特征均对儿童视觉注意具有显著的影响。然而,当前研究更多聚焦于单一感官线索对儿童视觉注意力的独立作用,对外观与行为特征联合作用下的视觉注意力分配机制尚未充分探讨。虽然也有学者基于机器人视频探索外观和声音两者偏好的一致性对大学生群体的情感偏好和视觉注意的作用,但其认知与心理特征与儿童的差异也较大,同时该研究仅针对类人形机器人,并未探究手势等非语言动作对视觉注意力的影响[26]
而多感官整合效应(Multisensory integration effect)认为来自不同感官系统(如视觉、听觉、触觉等)的信息相互作用,能产生综合感知效果,进而影响个体的感知和行为。多感官刺激能够增强用户体验,提升互动的积极性。Oviatt的多模态交互理论指出,结合多个感官通道可以增强用户体验,提高注意力和参与度[37]。在儿童机器人研究中,多感官整合效应被广泛应用于提升机器人与儿童互动的质量,尤其是在情感连接、认知反馈以及互动参与度方面。神经科学研究表明,大脑对视听整合的发育模式在8岁左右达到成年人水平[38]。多感官整合对个体的感知和行为具有广泛影响,包括行为结果、心理感受和生理唤起[39-40]。在儿童机器人交互中,整合视觉(如外观)、听觉(如语音)和动觉(如手势)等感官线索,能够增强互动沉浸感和社会信任感[41-42]。基于以上研究,本研究提出假设3(H3):机器人外观特征与行为特征之间存在显著交互作用,联合影响儿童的情感偏好和视觉注意力分配。
通过验证上述假设,本研究旨在揭示机器人外观与行为特征对儿童情感偏好的影响机制,为优化儿童机器人设计提供科学依据。
本研究采用行为实验法,结合眼动追踪技术,探究4 ~ 6岁儿童对机器人外观特征(拟人型与拟动物型)及行为特征(声音引导与手势引导)的偏好特点。实验设计为三因素混合设计,其中外观特征为被试内因素,行为特征为被试间因素。具体设计为:2(外观特征:拟人型、拟动物型)× 3(声音引导:男声、女声、无)×2(手势引导:有、无)。实验以儿童情感偏好和眼动指标为因变量,系统考察了多感官整合效应对儿童用户的影响,相关指标及其含义见表1,为适应学龄前儿童的语言与认知发展水平,实验指导语采用简化的表达方式,如“你喜欢哪一个机器人?为什么?”以避免复杂语言对儿童造成认知负担。本研究机器人外观的自变量水平分类主要基于相关文献的分类[12,16],以及淘宝、京东平台儿童机器人销售数据(拟动物型占60%,拟人型占30%)。
被试来自武汉市江夏区保利和乐高顿幼儿园及武汉市江夏区藏龙湿地公园幼儿园,共318名 4 ~ 6岁儿童,男女各半。所有被试均通过色觉检查,确保视觉功能正常。本实验研究通过了湖北美术学院学术道德委员会批准,获得幼儿园及家长书面同意,并确保被试自愿参与。为保障儿童的身心健康与安全,每位儿童在实验期间均由其法定监护人(如父母或老师)全程陪同,陪同人员在观察区可实时观看实验进程。同时,实验现场设有2位以上训练有素的实验助理协助主试开展工作,主试负责实时关注被试的行为表现与情绪反应。若儿童表现出明显的不适、紧张或拒绝,实验立即终止。整个实验环境布置温馨、安全,且提前让儿童适应环节,引导其自然参与。实验结束后,向被试赠送小礼物以示感谢。
本研究自主开发了拟人型与拟动物型的2款儿童机器人作为实验材料。借鉴文献[12]及文献[16]的研究与专家评估,选定具有代表性的样本,最终拟动物型机器人设计为机器狗形态,拟人型设计为机器人的形态,如图1所示。为确保材料同质性,首先通过3D建模并进行情绪评分筛选,避免情绪干扰儿童偏好。32名大学生(17名女性,15名男性)对机器人情绪进行评分(消极1分,中性2分,积极3分),结果显示拟动物型与拟人型机器人情绪评分分别为2.625与2.437,表明两者情绪表现相似且较为积极。其次,15名设计专家对机器人体积感与重量感进行一致性评估,并根据意见动态调整模型尺寸与比例,直至一致认可。最终,3D打印2款机器人,并开发发声功能(内容为“你好,我是机器人小明!很高兴认识你,很开心能和你做朋友”)与动作控制功能(右手打招呼手势引导)。
实验使用Tobii pro Glasses 2移动眼动仪,如图2所示,眼动仪采样率为100 Hz,可实时捕捉被试的自然视觉行为数据。眼动仪精度为0.4°,确保数据可靠性。
实验在幼儿园教室内进行,由一名主试与一名幼儿园教师协助完成,实验场景如图3所示。具体流程如下:
1) 准备阶段。主试向儿童简要介绍实验内容,确保其理解任务要求。
2) 实验阶段。实验中为每位被试呈现拟人型、拟动物型2个机器人,声音引导与手势引导条件随机组合,被试需选择喜欢的机器人并完成儿童笑脸量表评分,如图4所示。
3) 数据记录。主试记录被试选择频次及眼动数据,实验过程约3分钟/人。
鉴于本研究采用三因素混合设计,其中“外观特征”为被试内因素,“动作特征”与“声音特征”为被试间因素。因为本研究涉及多个自变量的交互作用,且自变量为不同水平的独立因素。因此本文选择了多因素方差分析,以便能够同时考察这些因素及其交互作用对结果的影响,结果见表2
在主效应方面,声音引导的主效应显著(F= 4.368, P = 0.013,η²p = 0.013 7),表明儿童对机器人不同声音引导(男声、女声、无声音)的笑脸评分存在显著差异,即声音引导类型会影响儿童对机器人的喜爱程度。手势引导对评分的影响显著(F=10.475,P=0.001,η²p = 0.016 6),说明手势引导对儿童对机器人的偏好有影响。外观特征的主效应不显著(F= 0.726, P= 0.395,η²p = 0.001 2),即儿童对于2种外观的机器人在笑脸评分上没有显著差异,未能发现明显的外观偏好。在交互效应方面,各因素间的交互效应均未达到显著水平。
眼动指标(总注视时长、注视次数、首次进入时间、平均瞳孔直径)的多因素方差分析结果发现,外观、动作和声音各因素间的交互效应均未达到显著水平,为此本研究重点针对3个自变量的主效应进行分析。
儿童在观察不同外观机器人的眼动数据相关结果见表3。在总注视时长、注视次数上,拟人型和拟动物型机器人之间的差异具有统计学意义, P < 0.05,η²p 值分别为 0.014 3和0.030 9。基于数据可以发现,儿童在整体观察过程中,对拟人型机器人给予了更多的注视时间和关注频率,反映出其在吸引儿童持续关注方面更具优势,且外观可能更能引发儿童的兴趣和好奇心。首次进入时间上,两者差异具有统计学意义,P < 0.05,η²p = 0.008 1。由于较短的首次进入时间代表更易被吸引,这表明儿童在视觉接触的初始阶段,更易被拟人型机器人所吸引。平均瞳孔直径上,两者差异不具有统计学意义,P = 0.234,η²p = 0.002 2,说明在观察不同外观机器人时,儿童的情感唤醒度或认知负荷在瞳孔直径指标上未表现出明显差异。
儿童在观察机器人有、无动作(手势引导)时的眼动数据相关结果见表4。在总注视时长、注视次数上,两者差异具有统计学意义,P < 0.05,η²p 值分别为 0.034 3和0.031 4,效应较为明显,表明儿童对有手势引导的机器人给予了更多的整体注视时间和视觉关注频率,意味着动态的手势引导能够更有效地吸引儿童的持续关注,促使其更频繁地将注意力投向机器人,并增加了机器人的生动性和趣味性。首次进入时间上,两者差异不具有统计学意义,P = 0.432,η²p = 0.001,表明在视觉接触的初始阶段,机器人有或无手势引导对吸引儿童注意的速度上没有明显差别,说明儿童在最初接触机器人时,对动作是否存在并不敏感。平均瞳孔直径上,两者差异不具有统计学意义,P = 0.464,η²p = 0.000 9,说明在观察不同动作特征机器人时,儿童的情感唤醒度或认知负荷在瞳孔直径指标上未表现出明显差异。
儿童在观察不同声音特征机器人时的眼动数据结果见表5。在总注视时长方面,男声、女声和无声组眼动数据分析结果显示,F = 23.675,P < 0.001,η²p = 0.072 9,且该效应量较大,组间差异具有统计学意义。进一步,事后多重比较(如LSD检验等)发现,男声引导组和女声引导组的总注视时长均显著长于无声组(P均小于0.05),而男声和女声引导组之间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。这表明声音引导能够吸引儿童更长时间的注视,对儿童保持视觉注意力有积极作用,但在男声和女声引导效果上差异不明显。
在注视次数上,男声、女声和无声组眼动数据分析结果显示,F = 20.184,P < 0.001,η²p = 0.063 2,且该效应量较大,组间差异显著。事后多重比较结果显示,男声引导组和女声引导组的注视次数均显著高于无声组(P均小于0.05),而男声和女声引导组之间无显著差异(P > 0.05)。这意味着有声音引导的机器人能够引发儿童更高的视觉关注频率,有助于提高儿童对机器人的兴趣,促使其更频繁地关注机器人,且男声和女声在引发关注频率上效果相当。
对于首次进入时间,眼动数据分析结果显示,F = 0.450,P = 0.638,η²p = 0.001 6,组间差异不具有统计学意义。这表明在视觉接触的初始阶段,不同声音特征的机器人在吸引儿童注意的速度上没有明显差别,可能儿童在最初接触机器人时,声音特征对其初始注意力分配的影响较小,或其他因素在初始吸引方面起到了更为关键的作用。
在平均瞳孔直径方面,眼动数据分析结果显示,F = 0.538,P = 0.584,η²p = 0.001 7,组间差异不显著。说明在观察不同声音特征的机器人时,儿童的情感唤醒度或认知负荷在瞳孔直径指标上未表现出明显差异,即不同声音引导在引发儿童情绪或认知投入的强度上可能较为相似。
在儿童与机器人互动过程中,外观特征显著影响其情感偏好和视觉注意力分配。主观评分结果显示,儿童对拟人型和拟动物型机器人的情感偏好未表现出显著差异,但眼动数据表明,拟人型机器人在注视次数和总注视时长上显著高于拟动物型机器人。尽管儿童对2种机器人主观评价没有显著差异,但拟人型机器人获得更长的注视时长与更多注视次数,提示儿童可能存在未被主观报告捕捉到的隐性偏好或兴趣。本研究结果表明,可能由于儿童表达能力或情绪自我意识尚未成熟,主观问卷无法完全反映真实感受,低龄儿童的视觉注意(如注视时长、注视次数、首次进入时间等)可能较其主观报告更为敏感和有效地反映真实情感倾向。已有研究指出,幼儿可能无法明确表达自身情感偏好,但眼动指标(如注视时长)可有效揭示儿童对刺激物的隐性兴趣。ESCUDERO等[43]通过眼动指标发现性别相关玩具偏好,即使幼儿显性评价可能不明显。SPINNER等[44]利用视觉世界范式,发现7~8岁儿童表现出注视符合性别定型的玩具的隐性偏好,且与其显性偏好不一致,则表明儿童的隐性注视偏好与其显性态度并不完全一致,说明了注视可作为隐性偏好的指标。此外,FAZIO和OLSON[45]关于隐性偏好的研究为使用眼动数据作为偏好测量提供了理论支持。眼动数据可以反映个体对目标刺激的注意程度,其与个体的偏好密切相关。例如,个体对某个目标刺激的注视时间越长,意味着对该刺激的偏好程度越高。在社交机器人领域,COSTA等[46]发现自闭症儿童对机器人的注视时长与其互动偏好存在显著关联。这些研究共同表明,眼动指标可作为隐性偏好的一种体现,具有独立研究意义,并可补充主观评价在捕捉儿童情感偏好的不足。本研究的眼动数据与主观评分的差异也有所体现。
因此,根据注视次数和总注视时长眼动数据表明,儿童对拟人外观的机器人表现出更高的情感偏好和注意力分配。并与ROESLER等[47]的研究一致,拟人化的机器人更能促进人机交互的亲密感和参与度。此外,ROSSINI等[48]也强调,拟人化程度越高,用户对机器人的社会存在感和接受度就越高。这一差异可能与儿童审美认知发展有关,儿童更倾向于选择符合其认知特点的视觉刺激,拟人型外观带来的熟悉感和亲切感。根据单纯曝光效应,熟悉与匹配的外观特征能够提升儿童的互动意愿,从而增加注视次数和持续时间[49]
同时,拟人型机器人在首次进入时间上显著低于拟动物型机器人,而这种差异性在不同声音间并没有体现出来。从眼动指标来看,首次进入时间显著缩短,表明儿童对拟人外观的机器人表现出更快的注意力捕捉。说明儿童在视觉接触的初始阶段,更容易被拟人型机器人所吸引,外观作为最直观的视觉特征在儿童的初始感知和注意力分配中起到了主导作用。该结果支持注意力偏向理论,即儿童在视觉搜索过程中更倾向于优先关注具有外观特征的刺激[50]。因此,外观特征不仅是儿童情感偏好的重要影响因素,也是其注意力分配的关键驱动因素。
动作(手势引导)对儿童的情感偏好和视觉注意力分配具有显著影响。主观评分结果显示,具有手势引导的机器人在情感认同和互动意愿方面表现突出。动态手势作为重要的社交线索,能够传递情感和意图,增强机器人的社会存在感[51]。KANDA等[52]的研究也表明,机器人丰富的动作能够提高儿童的参与度和学习兴趣。眼动数据进一步支持了这一结论。具有手势引导的机器人在注视次数和总注视时长上显著高于无动作机器人。动态手势不仅增强了机器人的社会存在感,还可能通过增强机器人的类人性特征,提升儿童的兴趣与互动意愿[13]。动作特征通过提供动态的视觉刺激和情感化互动线索,能够有效吸引儿童的视觉注意力并促进情感联结。这一结果与动态视觉吸引理论一致,即流畅的动作能够增强物体的视觉吸引力,从而引发儿童的积极情感和注意力[53-54]
声音特征在儿童与机器人互动中扮演了重要角色,显著影响其情感偏好和视觉注意力分配。主观评分结果显示,女声机器人在情感偏好上略高于男声,且两者均显著优于无声机器人。眼动数据进一步揭示了声音特征对视觉注意力的影响。男声机器人在总注视时长上略高于女声,显著高于无声机器人。表明声音特征能够通过多感官整合增强儿童的情感偏好,促进对机器人的认知与情感连接[55]。而女性和男性声音在注视次数的差异不显著,且两者均显著优于无声机器人。由于女性的柔和语调更易引发情感共鸣,更适合传递关怀和支持[56-57]。进化心理学理论也指出男性低频和稳重的音调可能被解读为安全或保护的象征,也增强儿童的注意力投入[58],有助于提升儿童对机器人的接受度和信任感。
尽管外观、动作和声音特征各自对儿童情感偏好和注意力分配产生了显著影响,但本研究未观察到这些特征之间的显著交互作用。即外观、动作和声音3个因素对儿童偏好和注意力的影响基本上是独立的,不会因为附加其他因素就变得更好或更差(超出其各自独立贡献的部分)。该结果可能受主效应强度的影响。COHEN[59]指出,当主效应较强时,强大的主效应可能增加数据的方差,但会掩盖潜在的交互作用。
此外,学龄前儿童(4 ~ 6岁)处于皮亚杰认知发展理论中的前运算阶段,其认知特点包括以自我为中心和单维度思考[60]。这一阶段的儿童倾向于关注事物的单一维度,难以同时考虑多个特征的综合影响。如GELMAN和MARKMAN[61]研究表明,学龄前儿童在分类任务中往往依赖单一特征(如颜色或形状),难以同时处理多重信息。认知心理学的进一步研究发现,学龄前儿童的工作记忆容量相对较小,当机器人同时呈现多种特征时,儿童难以有效整合信息[62-63]。因此,在面对多感官输入时,学龄前儿童更可能依赖单一感官信息来做出判断,所以导致其难以在短时间内整合外观、动作和声音特征,从而未能充分体现特征间的交互作用。
本研究通过系统分析外观、动作和声音特征对学龄前儿童情感偏好和视觉注意的影响,揭示了这些特征在儿童机器人设计中的独立作用及其潜在机制。实验结果表明,拟人型机器人和拟动物型机器人在主观偏好评分上没有显著差异,但拟人型机器人吸引了更长的总注视时长、更多的注视次数和更短的首次注视时间,在注意力指标上显著优于拟动物型机器人,提示拟人化设计在吸引儿童注意力方面具有优势。手势动作和声音特征独立显著影响了儿童的主观评分和注意力分配,强调了动作、声音在增强互动性和情感连接中的重要作用。具体来说,具有手势引导的机器人在主观偏好评分上显著高于无手势机器人,且吸引了更长的总注视时长和更多的注视次数。女声机器人在主观偏好评分上略高于男声,且两者均显著高于无声机器人。男声机器人在总注视时长上略高于女声,且两者均显著高于无声机器人。而女声和男声机器人在注视次数的差异不显著,但两者均显著高于无声机器人。所有因素间未发现显著的交互作用。
因此,在儿童机器人研发过程中需聚焦3大核心要素的独立优化与协同整合:优先采用适度拟人化外观设计(如突出大眼睛、简化面部特征)以快速吸引并维持儿童视觉注意力(提升总注视时长与次数);将手势动作升级为核心交互语言,开发指向性、表达性及描述性动作库(如配合语音指令同步指向物体、用鼓掌表达鼓励),确保动作流畅自然且与内容强绑定,以显著提升主观偏好和互动参与度;标配高质量情感化语音系统,优先选用温暖亲切的女声(略微提升偏好)或清晰沉稳的男声(略微延长注意时长),杜绝无声设计,并通过语调抑扬顿挫增强表现力。各因素对偏好与注意的增益机制互不依赖,基于此线性叠加模型(综合效应≈∑独立效应),研发策略应聚焦模块化优化,并将三者作为基础单元同步整合。该路径规避了组合效应的不确定性,通过独立模块效应的代数叠加实现吸引力最大化,兼具工程可控性与效益确定性。
尽管本研究取得了一些有价值的发现,但仍存在一些不足之处:①实验样本代表性不足:本研究虽然选择了2个最为主流的机器人外观形态类型,但样本量相对有限,且未涵盖其他类型的机器人外观形态,如机械型以及其他动物形态等。未来研究可以扩大实验样本范围,以验证研究结果的普适性;②感官特征的单一性:本研究关注了外观、动作和声音3个主要感官特征,未考虑其他可能影响儿童偏好的因素(如触觉、气味等)。未来研究可以纳入更多感官特征,以全面揭示儿童机器人设计的优化方向;③本研究观察到部分多感官特征(外观、动作、声音)对儿童感知吸引力的效应值低于预期。可归因于实验设计中的互动作用的时间相对较短。由于本研究主要依赖于短期观察,因此不可能捕捉到儿童在与机器人长时间接触时情感偏好和注意力反应的潜在变化。因此,未来的研究应该延长互动的持续时间(如10 ~ 15 min),并研究更自然和持续的儿童机器人互动形式,可能更有效地揭示不同感官特征及组合在建立和维持儿童吸引力中的作用强度。此外,探索时间动态(如吸引力如何随互动时间变化)将是理解多感官特征作用机制的重要方向。
  • 湖北省人文社会科学重点研究基地-湖北美术学院现代公共视觉艺术设计研究中心重大项目(JD-2025-01)
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doi: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010223
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-19
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
  • 录用日期:2025-09-02
基金
Major Projects of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities in Hubei Province-Research Center for Modern Public Visual Arts and Design of Hubei Institute of Fine Arts(JD-2025-01)
湖北省人文社会科学重点研究基地-湖北美术学院现代公共视觉艺术设计研究中心重大项目(JD-2025-01)
作者信息
    1 湖北美术学院工业设计学院, 湖北 武汉 430205
    2 湖北美术学院现代公共视觉艺术设计研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430205
    3 武汉工程大学艺术设计学院, 湖北 武汉 430205
    4 武汉商学院艺术学院, 湖北 武汉 430056
    5 中国地质大学(武汉)计算机学院, 湖北 武汉 430078

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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