Article(id=1263514352456426440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757865600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-15, onlineDate=1779174896586, onlineDateStr=2026-05-19, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779174896586, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779174896586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779174896586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1263514351571428296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779174896376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779174963943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263514635077039012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263514635077039013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, issueId=1263514351571428296, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263514354155119563, articleId=1263514352456426440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, language=EN, title=MBSE-based conceptual design method for complex forming equipment, columnId=1263514353999930314, journalTitle=Journal of Graphics, columnName=Digital Design and Manufacture, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional development approach for complex forming equipment typically relies on Document-Based Systems Engineering (DBSE), which often leads to issues such as protracted development cycles due to inadequate requirement analysis, incomplete requirement coverage caused by textual ambiguity, and equipment development delays lagging behind technological iterations. These shortcomings frequently result in final designs that fail to meet target performance metrics and require inefficient, repetitive modifications. Therefore, in the conceptual design stage of complex forming equipment, and drawing on the U.S. Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) combined with Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), an MBSE-based conceptual-design method for complex forming equipment was proposed. This method utilized five viewpoints, including panoramic viewpoint, capability viewpoint, operational viewpoint, systems viewpoint, and standards viewpoint, as entry points for the conceptual design of complex forming equipment. Through multi-perspective analysis, the method performed top-level requirements acquisition, requirements refinement analysis, functional analysis, and system modeling across four design levels. Eleven types of models were established using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), enabling digital and procedural expression in the conceptual design stage of complex forming equipment. Finally, superplastic-forming equipment was used as a representative example to demonstrate the application of this design method. The application of the method addressed the shortcomings of traditional design approaches and demonstrated that the method provided effective guidance for the forward development of complex forming equipment.

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WANG Shaozong,E-mail:
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复杂成形装备的传统研制方式通常采用基于文档的系统工程(DBSE)方法开展,存在需求分析不完善导致研发缓慢、文本二义性导致需求覆盖不全、装备进展落后于技术迭代等问题,造成设计出的复杂成形装备存在设计指标不满足使用要求、反复修改致使设计效率低下等问题。因此,在复杂成形装备概念设计阶段,参考美国国防部体系结构框架(DoDAF),结合基于模型的系统工程(MBSE),提出了基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法。并以全景、能力、运行、系统及标准共5类视角作为复杂成形装备概念设计的切入点,通过多类视角切入分析开展复杂成形装备顶层需求获取、需求细化分析、功能分析及系统建模共4层级设计,并使用系统建模语言(SysML)建立起11种模型,实现复杂成形装备概念设计阶段的数字化和流程化表达。最后,以超塑成形装备作为典型实例进行设计方法的应用演示。通过实际应用解决了传统设计方式痛点问题,表明了方法对复杂成形装备的正向研制有良好的指导作用。

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王绍宗,E-mail:
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Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1263550875910418921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514352456426440, awardId=112405Q, language=EN, fundingSource=National Science and Technology Major Project of China(112405Q), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1263550876048830958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514352456426440, awardId=112405Q, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(112405Q), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263550820969230403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514352456426440, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263550820981813316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187241531621409, articleId=1263514352456426440, companyId=1263550820969230403, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法
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王博雅 1, 2 , 王绍宗 1, 2 , 杨万然 1, 2 , 周兴炜 3 , 侯亮 3 , 熊成悦 1, 2
图学学报 | 数字化设计与制造 2026,47(1): 179-193
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图学学报 | 数字化设计与制造 2026, 47(1): 179-193
基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法
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王博雅1, 2, 王绍宗1, 2 , 杨万然1, 2, 周兴炜3, 侯亮3, 熊成悦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 北京机科国创轻量化科学研究院有限公司, 北京 101407
  • 2 中国机械科学研究总院先进成形技术与装备全国重点实验室, 北京 101407
  • 3 厦门大学萨本栋微米纳米科学技术研究院, 福建 厦门 361102

通讯作者:

王绍宗,E-mail:
MBSE-based conceptual design method for complex forming equipment
Boya WANG1, 2, Shaozong WANG1, 2 , Wanran YANG1, 2, Xingwei ZHOU3, Liang HOU3, Chengyue XIONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing National Innovation Institute of Lightweight Ltd, Beijing 101407, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Forming Technology and Equipment, China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology, Beijing 101407, China
  • 3 Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361102, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010179
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复杂成形装备的传统研制方式通常采用基于文档的系统工程(DBSE)方法开展,存在需求分析不完善导致研发缓慢、文本二义性导致需求覆盖不全、装备进展落后于技术迭代等问题,造成设计出的复杂成形装备存在设计指标不满足使用要求、反复修改致使设计效率低下等问题。因此,在复杂成形装备概念设计阶段,参考美国国防部体系结构框架(DoDAF),结合基于模型的系统工程(MBSE),提出了基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法。并以全景、能力、运行、系统及标准共5类视角作为复杂成形装备概念设计的切入点,通过多类视角切入分析开展复杂成形装备顶层需求获取、需求细化分析、功能分析及系统建模共4层级设计,并使用系统建模语言(SysML)建立起11种模型,实现复杂成形装备概念设计阶段的数字化和流程化表达。最后,以超塑成形装备作为典型实例进行设计方法的应用演示。通过实际应用解决了传统设计方式痛点问题,表明了方法对复杂成形装备的正向研制有良好的指导作用。

复杂成形装备  /  MBSE  /  DoDAF  /  SysML  /  概念设计方法

The traditional development approach for complex forming equipment typically relies on Document-Based Systems Engineering (DBSE), which often leads to issues such as protracted development cycles due to inadequate requirement analysis, incomplete requirement coverage caused by textual ambiguity, and equipment development delays lagging behind technological iterations. These shortcomings frequently result in final designs that fail to meet target performance metrics and require inefficient, repetitive modifications. Therefore, in the conceptual design stage of complex forming equipment, and drawing on the U.S. Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) combined with Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), an MBSE-based conceptual-design method for complex forming equipment was proposed. This method utilized five viewpoints, including panoramic viewpoint, capability viewpoint, operational viewpoint, systems viewpoint, and standards viewpoint, as entry points for the conceptual design of complex forming equipment. Through multi-perspective analysis, the method performed top-level requirements acquisition, requirements refinement analysis, functional analysis, and system modeling across four design levels. Eleven types of models were established using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), enabling digital and procedural expression in the conceptual design stage of complex forming equipment. Finally, superplastic-forming equipment was used as a representative example to demonstrate the application of this design method. The application of the method addressed the shortcomings of traditional design approaches and demonstrated that the method provided effective guidance for the forward development of complex forming equipment.

complex forming equipment  /  MBSE  /  DoDAF  /  SysML  /  conceptual design method
王博雅, 王绍宗, 杨万然, 周兴炜, 侯亮, 熊成悦. 基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法. 图学学报, 2026 , 47 (1) : 179 -193 . DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010179
Boya WANG, Shaozong WANG, Wanran YANG, Xingwei ZHOU, Liang HOU, Chengyue XIONG. MBSE-based conceptual design method for complex forming equipment[J]. Journal of Graphics, 2026 , 47 (1) : 179 -193 . DOI: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010179
复杂成形装备一般由多系统构成[1-2],在装备设计及研制中存在多学科交叉融合设计的问题。传统的复杂成形装备研制主要是采用基于文档的系统工程(Document-Based Systems Engineering, DBSE)方式,在利益攸关方提出使用需求后,工程师基于人工经验选择并确定总体的设计方案及装备参数,并在设计研制和试验的过程中不断进行方案的修正及参数的分析、验证和修改,保证最终复杂成形装备性能可满足利益攸关方的使用需要。因此,在传统的复杂成形装备设计研制过程中存在以下问题。
1) 需求分析不完善导致研发缓慢。一方面,工程师的经验是设计方案的主导因素,而工程师对利益攸关方的需求捕获与分析没有明确的层次和流程;同时复杂成形装备中涉及机械、电子、液压和控制等多学科耦合的情况,因此可能因工程师的误判或遗漏导致整体设计方案出现漏洞,从而致使整体研发过程的性能不满足使用要求;另一方面,利益攸关方的使用需求在设计中会出现改变,而DBSE的设计研制方法难以清晰有层次的追溯出使用需求与设计之间的关联关系,因此使用需求的调整可能导致设计方案的变动或更改,进而拖长装备的整体研发时间,研制效率降低。
2)文本的二义性导致需求覆盖不全。一方面,DBSE的设计研制方式依赖于文本的自然语言描述,在设计研制过程中不同人员对于需求描述的理解不同,同时工程师之间在文本信息交流过程中也会存在理解歧义、描述错误或误会等情况,致使不同学科、不同出身的工程师对于需求与设计的理解出现偏差,最终导致研制的装备性能无法覆盖使用需求;另一方面,DBSE的设计研制方式可能出现文档的版本交替管理不规范、传达不到位等情况发生,在设计研制过程中出现信息差,进而出现细节问题致使最终装备性能无法覆盖使用需求。
3)装备进展落后于技术迭代。一方面,技术迭代的核心在于动态优化,而DBSE的复杂成形装备设计研制一旦确定,文档的修改需经过多层级审核,无法在短时间内做出原有设计方案的替换或新设计方案的制定,而从头开始新装备研制则对时间和成本消耗较大,导致设计研制变更周期长;另一方面,技术的升级常伴随文档爆炸式增长,DBSE的设计研制方式使工程师需耗费大量时间比对差异,甚至可能因文档版本错误导致采用过时技术方案。因此,现有复杂成形装备的研制方式无法满足装备快速升级迭代的需求。
基于上述传统复杂成形装备设计研制过程中的3个问题,本文参考美国国防部体系结构框架(Department of Defense Architecture Framework, DoDAF)以多种视角作为设计研制的切入点,结合基于模型的系统工程(Model-Based Systems Engineering, MBSE),提出了基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法,并以超塑成形装备作为典型复杂成形装备的实例开展建模及分析。
2007年,国际系统工程协会(International Council on Systems Engineering, INCOSE)在结合了信息技术发展成果之上,提出了MBSE的定义:“以模型作为系统开发流程的驱动”[3],通过模型驱动的方式支持系统工程的各个阶段,包括需求分析、设计、分析、验证和确认,从概念设计阶段开始,贯穿整个开发过程,并延续到系统的后续生命周期阶段,确保全生命周期的连续性和一致性。
目前MBSE被广泛应用于航空航天、国防军工和轨道交通等相关领域的复杂系统、装备设计研制建模中。
国外对MBSE的应用研究起步较早,知名科研机构与企业,如NASA和Airbus等纷纷将MBSE引入实际工程项目,体现了其实用性和有效性。在航空领域,DI MARINO等[4]提出基于系统建模语言(Systems Modeling Language, SysML)的系统工程方法以支持飞机热管理系统设计;THOMPSON等[5]和BEERS等[6]则分别研究了MBSE在飞机维护和生产系统中的应用。在航天领域,KASLOW[7]利用SysML进行了立方体卫星系统的建模与验证;ANYANHUN和EDMONSON[8]强调应采用MBSE理念设计复杂卫星通信系统;HANAFI等[9]则提出了面向小型卫星的MBSE架构框架以改善初始设计的项目管理问题。在汽车领域,KALOOR和BAROSAN[10]构建了适用于复杂汽车系统初始设计与分析的MBSE框架,并以动力总成系统为例进行验证;MOSSADAK等[11]也将MBSE方法成功应用于电动汽车电源管理系统设计中。此外,还有学者致力于推进MBSE方法与新技术的融合研究,如ZHANG等[12]结合SysML v2和API(Application Programming Interface)构建了可自动捕获需求变更的设计框架,并将其应用于氢动力飞机设计;LUTFI和VALERDI[13]开发了集成SysML与VR的方法,增强了SysML模型的可理解性与交互性;SWICKLINE等[14]提出了SysML模型联合方法,并在月球车系统设计中进行了展示。总体而言,国外在MBSE方面的研究已从单一系统建模扩展到跨学科、跨组织的复杂系统全生命周期管理,形成“方法论-工具链-行业验证-生态扩展”一体化发展思路,为复杂系统开发提供了可复用的MBSE范式。
相较于国外,国内目前对MBSE研究是以科研院所和高校为主体,但在具体工程应用与方法创新方面也取得了积极进展。在航空航天领域,ZHAO等[15]提出以SysML为中心的集成框架并应用于直升机燃油系统设计,提升了模型的一致性与可追溯性;张浩轩等[16]通过建立3种模型和语义映射规则实现MBSE的起落架系统模型集成;闫佳宁等[17]将MBSE引入民机系统设计,建立多种功能模型以优化概念设计阶段的问题识别;王乾等[18]提出多层级递进式架构设计流程,并以飞行控制系统为例验证了MBSE的有效性;陈志兵等[19]针对对流层飞艇提出MBSE的运行概念设计方法;焦洪臣等[20]开发了MBSE的航天器研制方法并通过案例显示出其优势。在车辆与特种装备领域,马彦丽等[21]提出了基于RFLP的MBSE设计方法以提高柴油机研发效率;孟庆春等[22]将MBSE引入危化品车辆监控预警系统设计,实现了需求、行为、结构和参数的紧密集成;贺文虎等[23]提出基于模型的航空动力装备功能分析方法,实现功能自上而下的精确分解分配;粟华等[24]则将MBSE应用于地空导弹总体设计,显著提高了设计效率。此外,有学者聚焦于跨学科集成与流程架构构建,如王文跃等[25]系统性总结了现阶段MBSE在复杂产品研制中存在的问题,提出融合数字孪生等新技术的MBSE新架构,并研判未来MBSE发展趋势将以数据模型为核心要素,实现全生命周期关联追溯。综上所述,国内在MBSE方面的研究已从理念验证走向工程落地,形成了较为完善的理论与方法,初步建立起以“需求可追溯、模型可重用和验证自动化”为核心的覆盖全生命周期的数字化设计体系。未来,随着数字孪生和AI等技术深入融合应用,MBSE将由“辅助工具”升级为“复杂系统和装备创新的数字化基座”,推动国内系统工程技术的持续发展。
在MBSE中,模型是系统工程的基础,而建模语言、工具和方法是建立模型的3大核心要素。在建模语言方面,对象管理组织(Object Management Group, OMG)发布的SysML是一种通用的图形建模语言,用于表示包括硬件、软件、数据、人员、设备和自然对象的系统,支持MBSE实践[26];在建模工具方面,现阶段流行的软件中,国外软件占比较多,如IBM Rational Rhapsody,MagicDraw,Cameo Systems Modeler,Visual Paradigm和SCADE Architect等,国产软件有Modelook,Sysbuilder和SysDeSim等;在建模方法方面,主流的MBSE方法有Harmony-SE和面向对象的系统工程方法(Object Oriented Systems Engineering Methodology, OOSEM)。其中Harmony-SE由彼特霍夫曼提出,是用于指导建模过程中需求分析梳理、功能分析设计的一种方法,目前在航空系统中应用较广泛,但在装备研发领域的研究较少;OOSEM由洛克希德马丁公司和软件生产率联盟在工作中研究形成,主要面向软件开发[27]
现阶段,MBSE方法面向复杂成形装备的研制方法研究较少。针对复杂成形装备研制过程中多系统、多学科耦合的情况,在概念设计阶段引入基于模型驱动的思想,是提升复杂成形装备研制过程数字化设计水平、保证装备研发效果和提升研发效率的有效手段。
体系框架结构(Architecture Framework, AF)的核心思想是从不同视角来组织和分析模型产品,为复杂系统理解、比较和集成提供共同的架构基础[28]。“指挥,控制,计算机,情报,监视和侦察”(Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, C4ISR)是美国国防部颁布的第一版AF标准,而后又在C4ISR基础上完善和发展,推出了DoDAF。从2004年DoDAF 1.0问世到现在,架构框架已经经历了多代版本更替,目前最新版本为DoDAF 2.02[29]。DoDAF架构框架可以用于支持复杂系统设计、规划和实施,其中包含了8大视角和52个模型,能够基于多种视角对复杂系统进行分析建模。随着各领域学者对DoDAF体系框架深入研究,发现DoDAF不仅可用于军事领域的指挥控制系统、武器体系架构和保障体系架构等方面的研究指导,还可以广泛地应用于商业运作及装备研制过程中[30]
在MBSE应用实践中,对复杂成形且单装类系统装备,有学者选择需求、功能、架构和物理(Requirement, Function, Logical, Physical, RFLP)方法[4,21],其为单装系统设计提供清晰的V型逻辑递进关系,具有框架结构清楚、易于追溯且紧密导向物理实现的核心优势。相比于RFLP方法,DoDAF框架具备:①要求从多视角切入分析,能够系统性捕获与外部环境的交互和约束,最大限度减少需求分析的遗漏和误判,从源头规避需求分析不完善和覆盖不全的问题;②规定了一套标准化的视角和模型,为不同学科工程师提供了统一的设计建模架构,便于模型的表达和对接,减少协同过程中的理解偏差;③作为体系框架结构,不仅满足装备个体的需求追溯和验证,更能为未来装备融入体系化的制造生产线建模预先奠定基础,支撑装备的持续迭代与升级等优势。综上,本文在复杂成形装备概念设计中,选择了DoDAF框架用于概念设计模型建立。
目前,已有相关领域的学者将DoDAF多视角分析方式与MBSE建模相融合,用于民用飞机及其内部系统、动车组等复杂设备或装备的研制过程中[31-34],在一定程度上提高了研制装备与顶层需求之间的契合度,提升了整体的研制效率。其中文献[31-33]采用SysML作为建模语言,选取全景视角(All Viewpoint, AV)、能力视角(Capability Viewpoint, CV)、运行视角(Operational Viewpoint, OV)和系统视角(Systems Viewpoint, SV),从“需求-功能-架构”逐层对民机进行研制设计,文献[32]提出从标准视角(Standards Viewpoint, StdV)出发建立模型,以描述物理建模过程中涉及的约束等限制条件,但并未在设计中实际开展。而文献[34]与民机研制的语言和视角选取不同,建模语言采用定制化的UPDM(Unified Profile for DoDAF and MoDAF),视角选取引入了数据视角(Data and Information Viewpoint, DIV),以OV,DIV和SV进行动车组需求捕获和功能分析、功能建模2大阶段研制设计。上述不同研制方法均强调将需求捕获作为研制过程的重要起点和方向指引,通过需求追溯与模型一致性维护,提升最终设计与实际需求之间的满足情况。与民机和动车组相类似,复杂成形装备在设计过程中同样存在多系统集成、多学科耦合的情况,因此,结合专家学者的成功经验,本文在复杂成形装备概念设计阶段中引入DoDAF多视角分析进行MBSE建模,为复杂成形装备正向设计研制提供一种新思路和新尝试。
在复杂成形装备自上而下的正向设计研制过程中,本文采用DoDAF架构中的AV,CV,OV,SV和StdV这5类视角,并使用基于模型驱动的系统建模语言SysML,提出MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法,其流程如图1所示。本流程包括顶层需求获取、需求细化分析、功能分析及系统建模4个阶段,满足复杂成形装备在工艺层、功能层和系统层等不同层面的设计研制需求。
在顶层需求获取阶段,从全景视角出发建立AV-1综述和概要信息模型。对于复杂成形装备来说,满足目标产品的控形控性是装备设计研发的目标使命,同样也是装备设计研发的核心所在;而工艺流程的准确实施是完成控形控性这一目标的关键,每一个工艺步骤的功能、所需系统和部件的设计都关系着装备最终能否满足总体要求。因此,在利益攸关方提出使用需求后,需对其要求进行分析判断,得出复杂成形装备应包含的工艺流程及各工艺的顶层需求,作为装备研制初期的方向指南,并通过SysML需求图进行表述,以完成复杂成形装备设计研发的顶层需求获取。
在需求细化分析阶段,依据AV模型对装备顶层需求的描述,从能力视角出发,将复杂成形装备的顶层需求进行细化。首先,对AV-1模型提出的工艺进行流程梳理,基于CV-1构想模型对复杂成形装备的整体工艺进行构想,设计出复杂成形装备在工艺层面上的运行步骤,并通过SysML活动图进行表达;其次,在CV-1模型构想的工艺流程基础上,对工艺层级的能力进行分类设计,通过SysML用例图设计出工艺中所包含的功能,建立CV-2能力分类模型;最后,在CV-2模型分类出的功能基础上,提出系统层级的设计,基于能力所涉及的不同方面设计相对应的系统,将每一步工艺包含的能力合理地归纳到各系统中,依靠SysML模型图表达出复杂成形装备的组成系统及所有功能对系统的依赖关系,建立CV-4能力依赖模型。在这一阶段中,基于CV-1构想模型、CV-2能力分类模型和CV-4能力依赖关系模型,将顶层需求细化到功能层级和系统层级,完善复杂成形装备的整体设计。
在功能分析阶段,根据CV模型设计,以运行视角为设计切入点,对复杂成形装备的功能运行情况进行设计。首先,基于CV-2模型和CV-4模型对复杂成形装备工艺、功能和系统3个层级的关联关系进行梳理归纳,并提出部件层级的动作活动,依靠SysML用例图建立OV-1顶层活动概念模型,以清晰地展示复杂成形装备的整体设计概念,打通工程师与工艺、功能、系统等层级之间联系,作为装备功能设计的总指南;其次,依靠SysML活动图设计复杂成形装备运转中的信息流和物理流传递情况,建立OV-5b运行活动模型,清楚表达各传递活动所发生系统及协同机制;最后,设计复杂成形装备的不同状态与状态之间的转换情况,基于SysML状态机图建立OV-6b运行状态转换模型。
在系统建模阶段,基于OV模型的设计描述,以系统视角和标准视角作为设计切入点,对复杂成形装备各系统进行建模。首先,依靠SysML内部模块图,表达系统内部各模块的组成和连接情况,建立SV-1系统接口表述模型;其次,依靠SysML活动图,表达系统各功能的具体活动步骤,建立SV-4系统功能模型,完成系统的活动设计;之后,关联系统活动与各系统功能之间的分配情况,建立SV-5系统功能与运行活动跟踪矩阵确保装备设计能够支撑各系统的功能,完成各系统功能的覆盖关系追溯;最后,基于SysML参数图,对复杂成形装备的功能参数进行初步的设计检验,建立起StdV-1标准概要模型,确保功能参数符合顶层需求。
在完成流程后,基于使用需求对已设计的复杂成形装备工艺、功能和系统等各层级情况进行反馈验证,并重新循环整个流程,对设计分析进行修正修改,同时结合使用需求的变更,不断完善复杂成形装备的整体设计直至装备各层级设计全部覆盖顶层需求。
超塑成形装备作为一类典型的复杂成形装备,主要应用于航空航天、轨道交通等领域的异形截面薄壁筒形件、多层中空夹层结构、空间点阵结构和微通道结构等的复杂零件整体成形。其主要原理是通过高温、低应变速率和均匀压力,利用材料的超塑性实现复杂形状的精确成形,具有成形零件性能优秀和精度高等特点[35-37]。现阶段,高性能和难成形的金属材料在制造领域中的应用越来越多,超塑成形已成为复杂、大型和精密的薄壁制件以及难成形材料加工制造的重要方法[38-39]。随着超塑成形领域新工艺、新需求的出现,对其装备进行迭代升级或新装备研制的需求日益迫切。基于此,根据第2.2节中提出的概念设计方法,本文以8 000 kN超塑成形装备为典型实例,进行其装备概念设计建模实例示范。
通过对超塑成形工艺流程进行梳理和分解,得出超塑成形工艺包括:升温、上料、合模、反向气胀成形、正向气胀成形、冷却和下料共7个工艺流程。在完成超塑成形装备的工艺需求梳理基础上,依据上述模型建立方法,建立起AV-1综述和概要信息模型,用于表述装备的顶层设计需求,如图2所示。
在需求细化分析阶段,基于AV-1模型对装备顶层需求的表达,梳理各工艺步骤之间的关系,细化各工艺步骤之间的流程线和条件判断情况,建立CV-1构想模型,如图3所示。在CV-1模型中,使用活动图展示超塑成形整个工艺步骤,配合判断节点如位置判断和温度判断等,实现工艺流程进展的控制,为工艺设计和优化提供良好的可视化参考。
根据CV-1模型的7个工艺流程,分解得到每一个工艺流程的功能层级需求,共计14项功能,建立CV-2能力分类模型,如图4所示。在功能分解过程中,压边力调整、加压和下平台移动等步骤在多个工艺中都有应用,只计算一次;在功能分析阶段将对工艺、系统和功能等层级之间关联关系进行梳理,得到相互依赖关系。
在CV-2模型提出的功能基础上,开展系统层级的设计,共设计出加热、温控、液压、物流、气路和水冷共6个系统,并将14项功能归纳到系统中,建立CV-4能力依赖关系模型,如图5所示。依靠模块图,表达出14项功能对6个系统所存在的依赖关系,为超塑成形装备能力视角的分析及功能设计理清思路。
根据CV模型的工艺、功能和系统层级设计,以运行视角为设计切入点,开展功能分析。首先,建立OV-1顶层活动概念图,如图6所示。OV-1模型基于用例图,提出了部件层级的动作活动设计,同时由于每个工艺流程的实现是由不同系统协作完成,不同工艺可能有相同系统的工作,因此所建立的OV-1模型在运行视角下理清工艺、功能、系统及部件层级之间的关联关系,明确各功能各系统的交叉情况,防止后续各系统设计团队之间出现理解歧义,造成研发时协作沟通受阻。
根据CV模型和OV-1模型的梳理和划分,建立OV-5b运行活动模型,如图7所示。运用活动图清晰表达出超塑成形装备各系统之间的协同机制,以及系统之间的交互关系。具体实现方式是通过泳道的垂直分区实现系统划分,箭头和连接线用于表示步骤顺序的信息流和物理流,活动框描述具体操作,每个节点的注释明确关键的输入输出。OV-5b模型能够从运行视角帮助全面理解超塑成形装备的复杂流程。
基于状态机图,建立OV-6b运行状态转换模型,如图8所示。OV-6b模型描述了超塑成形装备的运行状态变化。模型中主要分为关闭状态、启动状态和运行状态。关闭状态包括液压机、加热平台、温控平台、气路系统和冷却系统的停止情况,通过停止状态可以表达出装备系统的待机状态。启动状态则涵盖液压机、加热平台、温控系统、气路系统和冷却系统的初始化或准备操作,如启动液压机和加热平台。执行状态描述具体的工艺,包括升温、上料、合模和气胀等,状态之间通过箭头连接,展现状态转移的顺序及其相关操作。接收信号“accept”用于触发不同状态的转换,如从关闭状态到启动状态的转换,方便工程师在研制过程中理解复杂系统的运作机制,有助于测试和验证系统的正确性。
为进一步完善功能分析阶段OV模型设计的工艺、功能和系统等多层级的运转情况,从系统视角入手,进行各系统内部的设计。由于超塑成形装备含有多组系统,本文以气路系统为例,建立起气路系统气压源的SV-1系统接口描述模型,如图9所示。
基于内部模块图,设计气压源的组成包括真空泵、气动阀门、气动管路和气压检测元件。同时,设计输入输出接口、代理端口和连接器以说明信号、流量等数据和气压力在系统中的交互和传递。基于SV-1模型,表达系统内部组成情况,在装备研制过程中明确系统的接口和信息及能量流转。
本文以气路系统功能为例,根据SV-1模型的描述,通过活动图表达气路系统的功能,包括充压、保压和泄压,建立起SV-4系统功能模型,如图10所示。图中不同泳道表示系统的不同功能,泳道内部活动框表示完成功能所需的活动步骤并通过连接线设计流程。如气路系统充压功能的完成需要选择充气平台:对下平台和上平台充气分别完成反向气胀和正向气胀,在选择平台后需经历低压充气和高压充气2个步骤,以保证对气路系统相关部件保护。SV-4模型基于系统视角,明确系统内部的功能设计,同时完善达到功能所需的活动流程,帮助理解系统的内部设计情况。
根据OV-5b模型与SV-4模型,将活动与功能相互对比分析与关系连接,建立SV-5系统功能与运行活动跟踪矩阵,如图11所示。所建立的SV-5模型能够清晰展示出装备设计对各系统功能的支撑情况与关系追溯,帮助分析查找装备研制的覆盖不全的漏洞及缺陷。
最后,本文以气路系统气压源为例,从标准视角入手,建立StdV-1标准概要模型如图12所示。基于参数图,通过输入多个关键的气压相关参数,包括气体压力变化、气缸流量和气体温度等,进行参数建模。模型的各个模块分别代表了不同的气压计算节点,如气体充气气阻及气容的计算等。每个计算节点的设计均遵循公式化表达,并通过约束块进行定义和关联。为了确保各项参数和公式的准确性,模型利用约束关系逐层细化,逐步导出最终的验证值,即输出气压。通过建立StdV-1模型,在研制初期能够初步检验超塑成形装备主要参数的设计情况,为后续的优化和改进提供了可靠的数据基础。
综上,针对超塑成形装备,基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法的全部模型已基本建立完成。本文未将所有系统SV模型一一列出,在装备研制过程中可按照上述模型建立方法,从系统视角切入对各系统的功能及流程进行分析设计建立起装备系统部件的模型;并且针对主要参数建立StdV模型以检验设计参数对顶层需求的满足情况。
为进一步确定系统功能设计的准确性,可对SV-4系统功能模型进行仿真分析。如图13所示,仿真分析从初始节点开始,到终止节点结束,实现对系统功能全流程测试与验证。当每一项功能运行后,在仿真对话框右侧的模块一栏,即显示对应活动状态为完成,同时活动图对应活动变为蓝色边框。仿真结束后,可根据仿真对话框中的活动状态来检验系统各功能的设计在运行过程中能否按照预期流程进行运转。若某项功能的状态未显示完成,则需对SV-4系统功能模型调整修改,再次进行仿真分析。通过对SV-4系统功能模型的仿真,定性的检验了复杂成形装备系统功能和流程的设计,以确保各系统的设计准确。
在装备正向设计过程中关键性参数确定时,可通过StdV-1标准概要模型进行具体参数的定量验证。在对话框左侧约束对象一栏中选择所要进行仿真验证的系统部件,在对话框右侧的各约束属性中设计输入值,定量得出输出结果。同时在约束属性中,可设置约束表达式和返回值,进一步对输出值进行细化分析,若输出值符合复杂成形装备的设计要求则输出结果,若输出值不符合要求则对不符合要求的约束属性报错。气压源实例的StdV-1模型仿真对话框如图14所示。气压源要求输出最大气压为1 MPa[40],StdV-1模型的仿真验证输出值为1.157 41 MPa,符合输出气压要求。通过StdV-1模型,在正向设计过程中动态调整关键参数的设计值,进一步确保了复杂成形装备在研制设计过程中的准确性。
本文提出的概念设计方法以工艺驱动设计,自上而下开展复杂成形装备正向设计研制。其通过“AV-CV-OV-SV-StdV”视角的逐级分析,实现“需求-工艺-功能-系统”设计紧密衔接,与其他DoDAF-MBSE融合方法研究相比,提出了包含 11种模型的组成,并引入Stdv视角针对复杂成形装备进行对应的实际模型建立,达到装备设计闭环。因此,本方法在复杂成形装备正向设计研制中更具优势,但也存在一定的局限性。
其中,本方法优势体现在:
1) 基于DBSE的传统研制方式需求覆盖情况无法量化和追溯,而本方法将利益攸关者的使用需求与复杂成形装备设计相互关联,根据需求与装备设计的关联关系,可以得到各项需求在研制过程中的覆盖率情况。实例使用国产工具MWORKS.Sysbuilder进行建模,在MWORKS.Sysbuilder“追溯分析”窗口中能够详细查看系统各项需求的覆盖率以及需求与活动的关联情况,帮助工程师排查各项需求是否实现,实例的“追溯分析”窗口如图15所示,窗口显示装备各项需求的覆盖率为100%。覆盖率量化能够改善传统研制方式中因未明确的层次、流程以及多学科综合导致的需求分析不完善和因文本二义性及沟通导致的需求覆盖不全的问题,保证复杂成形装备研制的完整性,同时当需求更改时,能够更清晰的对更改的需求进行相关溯源分析,减少研制时间的浪费。
2) 在多种装备的设计过程中,基于DBSE的传统研制方式具有共同的痛点,即需要基于文档多次迭代形成初版设计,并通过物理实验和数学计算等检验方法反复试错并加以修正得到最终设计,耗时较长[41-42]。本方法通过多视角、多模型的逐层分析和设计,将传统基于DBSE研制过程的文档反复转化为模型驱动的确定性流程,缩短整体研制时间,同时规避技术升级伴随的文档爆炸式增长,更有效地解决因研制方式导致的复杂成形装备无法满足技术快速升级迭代的问题。
本方法的局限性体现在:
1) 本方法对建模工具有较高使用要求,具有较强依赖性。完整的MBSE研发过程需要依靠多个软件协同配合,形成一条可追溯、互影响的链条,因此在SysML建模工具的选择上需要考虑其兼容性及工具链功能丰富程度对方法标准化和复用性的影响。目前支持SysML的建模工具及版本较多,以国外工具IBM Rational Rhapsody和国产工具MWORKS.Sysbuilder为例进行对比,Rhapsody支持UML和SysML语言,内置Harmony-SE方法,可集成IBM DOORS实现需求自动导入和关联,利用GATEWAY插件实现需求覆盖率测试,通过接口与Simulink等工具协同仿真[42-44],同时作为IBM Engineering产品组合的一部分,与IBM其他工程工具和平台具有良好的兼容和集成性,能够实现需求分析、系统设计、代码生成及模型验证的完整流程;Sysbuilder支持SysML语言,无内置方法,通过与MWORKS平台Syslab和Sysplorer集成,可覆盖系统的需求建模、功能分析、架构设计和验证评估过程,实现设计到仿真验证的闭环。为优化MBSE工具链的功能覆盖能力,可提倡发展标准化MBSE工具链,由行业制定标准化规范,整合各类工具,减少工具依赖性和兼容性问题。吴霖志[45]提出,如能将多领域跨平台模型构建、异源数据信息和相关工具软件进行统一集成,同时结合多学科设计优化方法,可形成一条高效率、高互操性、高可复用性和高文档信息可溯性的集成开发工具链。
2) 基于SysML语言及工具的模型建立工作会依托多团队协作开展。语言及工具的使用需要具备较强的专业知识,在其使用过程中需要对使用人员进行统一要求,提升建模过程中的协作和配合能力。因此,在应用本方法开展复杂成形装备概念设计时,需注意建模工具选择、研发工程师培训等方面的统一协调,推动研制建模工作的协作化开展。
本文针对复杂成形装备基于DBSE的传统研制过程存在的需求分析不完善导致研发缓慢、文本的二义性导致需求覆盖不全和装备进展落后于技术迭代三大问题,提出了基于MBSE的复杂成形装备概念设计方法。该方法以AV,CV,OV,SV和StdV共5类视角作为装备设计的切入点,通过多视角的逐级分析,对复杂成形装备工艺、功能和系统等多层级进行设计,准确描述复杂成形装备工艺流程、不同功能下各系统运行状态、系统内部组成及活动等设计研制阶段的重要信息。
在实际应用过程中,相比于复杂成形装备的传统设计方法,本方法的优点包括:
1) 通过多视角模型的建立,可以明确研制过程中的设计分析层次和流程,保证整体设计方案的完整和完善。同时根据系统功能与运行活动跟踪矩阵,在顶层需求更改或设计修正时可清晰追溯顶层需求与设计之间的关联关系,及时对设计方案进行调整。
2) 基于DoDAF架构的多视角及MBSE系统建模语言开展装备研制设计,提高模型的可视化程度和可理解性,可以从源头避免工程师对设计方案的理解歧义,减少因文本过多导致的信息差。
3) 基于模型的设计方法能够在方案设计过程中进行各层级的修改,便于后续装备的升级研制及优化迭代。
同时,本方法仍存在不足之处。如只集中于复杂成形装备概念设计阶段的建模,未指出与其他设计阶段的衔接方式和要求等问题。在后续工作中,还需对复杂成形装备其他设计阶段提出设计方法并规范各阶段的衔接要求,以进一步提高复杂成形装备正向设计的数字化和流程化表达程度,实现复杂成形装备使用需求的全流程追溯。
综上,本方法可有效解决基于DBSE的传统设计方式存在的痛点问题,有利于提高复杂成形装备研制设计效率。相较于传统方法,本文提出的设计方法对复杂成形装备开展正向设计具有更好的指导作用。
  • 国家科技重大专项(112405Q)
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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.11996/JG.j.2095-302X.2026010179
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-05-19
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
  • 录用日期:2025-09-15
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National Science and Technology Major Project of China(112405Q)
国家科技重大专项(112405Q)
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    1 北京机科国创轻量化科学研究院有限公司, 北京 101407
    2 中国机械科学研究总院先进成形技术与装备全国重点实验室, 北京 101407
    3 厦门大学萨本栋微米纳米科学技术研究院, 福建 厦门 361102

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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