Article(id=1156967372511862837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967360193192910, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=2058738419827174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753772117021, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753772117021, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753772117021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753772117021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156967360193192910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753772114084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753778008087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156992081479689064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967360193192910, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156992081479689065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967360193192910, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156967374034395211, articleId=1156967372511862837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=The diagnostic value and health economic evaluation of BALF detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF, MTB-PCR, SAT-TB in smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare the diagnostic value and healtheconomic value of rapid detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis andrifampicin resistance (XpertMTB/RIF), mycobacterium nucleic acidPCR-fluorescent probe detection (MTB-NTM-PCR) and RNA isothermalamplification real-time fluorescence detection (SAT-TB) in detectingbronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in smear-negative pulmonarytuberculosis Be worth. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on100 patients with clinically diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis butnegative sputum smears admitted to Guiyang Public Health TreatmentCenter from January 2019 to July 2022. All patients had negative sputumsmears for three consecutive times and underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopyin the fiberoptic bronchoscopy room of our hospital. BALF specimens weresimultaneously tested by smear acid-fast staining, GeneXpert MTB/RIF,MTB-PCR and SAT-TB detection methods. Taking the final clinicaldiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis as the gold standard, the diagnosticefficiency of the three methods and cost-effectiveness analysis werecalculated. Results The positive rates of XpertMTB/RIF, MTB-PCR andSAT-TB in 100 BALF samples were 53.00%, 43.00% and 35.00%, respectively.Taking clinical diagnosis as the gold standard, the positive rates ofXpertMTB/RIF $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {21.459}, P<{0.001}}\right)$ , MTB-PCR $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {17.695}, P<{0.001}}\right)$ , SAT-TB $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {12.631}, P<{0.001}}\right)$ and clinical diagnosis were statisticallysignificant. The sensitivity of XpertMTB/RIF, MTB-PCR, SAT-TB,XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR, XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB, MTB-PCR+SAT-TB and the threecombined detections were 64.20%, 53.09%, 43.21% and 67, respectively ${90}\%,{66.67}\%,{58.02}\%,{69.14}\%$ ; Thespecificity was ${94.74}\%,{100.00}\%,{100.00}\%,{94.74}\%,{94.74}\%,{100.00}\%$ ,94.74%, respectively. ROC analysis showed that The AUC of XpertMTB/RIF,MTB-PCR, SAT-TB, XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR, XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB,MTB-PCR+SAT-TB and the combined detection were 0.795, 0.765, 0.716 and0.813, respectively 0.807, 0.790, 0.819. Conclusion In the rapiddetection of negative tuberculosis, it is not recommended to select theabove three tests at the beginning of diagnosis and treatment. In termsof cost effectiveness, MTB-PCR can be used as the preferred diagnosticmethod for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis.

, correspAuthors=Xue WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Xue, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China. E-mail:
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目的 比较结核分枝杆菌及利福平耐药快速检测技术(XpertMTB/RIF)、分枝杆菌核酸PCR- 荧光探针检测(MTB-NTM-PCR)、RNA恒温扩增实时荧光检测(SAT-TB)检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)在涂阴肺结核的诊断价值及卫生经济学价值。方法 回顾性分析 2019 年 1 月至 2022 年 7 月在贵阳市公共卫生救治中心收治的 100例临床确诊肺结核但痰涂片阴性的患者,所有患者连续 3次痰涂片阴性,且均在本院纤维支气管镜室进行纤维支气管镜检查, BALF标本同时采用涂片抗酸染色、GeneXpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR 和 SAT-TB检测方法进行检测, 以最终临床诊断肺结核为金标准,计算三种方法的诊断效率及进行成本一效果分析。结果 100 例涂阴肺结核患者BALF 样本 XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 的阳性率分别为53.00%、43.00%、35.00%;以临床诊断作为金标准, XpertMTB/RIF( ${\chi }^{2}= {21.459}$ , $P <{0.001}$ )、MTB-PCR( ${\chi }^{2}= {17.695}$ , $P <{0.001}$ )、SAT-TB( ${\chi }^{2}= {12.631}$ , $P <{0.001}$ )和临床诊断的阳性率差异均有统计学意义;XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB、XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR、XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB、MTB-PCR+SAT-TB 和三者联合检测的灵敏度分别为64.20%、53.09%、43.21%、67.90%、 66.67%、58.02%、69.14%;特异性分别为94.74%、100.00%、100.00%、94.74%、94.74%、100.00%、94.74%;经 ROC分析显示,XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB、XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR、XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB、MTB-PCR+SAT-TB及三者联合检测的 AUC 分别为0.795、0.765、0.716、0.813、0.807、0.790、0.819。结论 在对涂阴肺结核快速检测时,不提倡在诊治之初时同时选择上述三种检查。从成本效果上考虑,MTB-PCR 可作为涂阴肺结核诊断的优选检查方式。

, correspAuthors=汪雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*汪雪,研究方向:疾病预防与控制。E-mail:
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井晓婷,硕士,主任医师,研究方向:呼吸与危重症医学。

汪雪,研究方向:疾病预防与控制。

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井晓婷,硕士,主任医师,研究方向:呼吸与危重症医学。

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井晓婷,硕士,主任医师,研究方向:呼吸与危重症医学。

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指标 类别 例数(n) 百分比(%)
临床表现 发热 40 40.00
咳嗽咳痰 78 78.00
咯血 12 12.00
痰中带血 15 15.00
呼吸困难 3 3.00
夜间盗汗 8 8.00
乏力 27 27.00
肺部阴影 3 3.00
$\mathrm{X}$ 线、$\mathrm{{CT}}$ 结果 结节影 63 63.00
条索影 39 39.00
斑片絮状影 76 76.00
胸腔积液 35 35.00
空洞影 10 10.00
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指标 类别 例数(n) 百分比(%)
临床表现 发热 40 40.00
咳嗽咳痰 78 78.00
咯血 12 12.00
痰中带血 15 15.00
呼吸困难 3 3.00
夜间盗汗 8 8.00
乏力 27 27.00
肺部阴影 3 3.00
$\mathrm{X}$ 线、$\mathrm{{CT}}$ 结果 结节影 63 63.00
条索影 39 39.00
斑片絮状影 76 76.00
胸腔积液 35 35.00
空洞影 10 10.00
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检测方法 检出结果 临床确诊病例 ${\chi }^{2}$ $P$
阳性 阴性
Xpert MTB/RIF 阳性 52 1 21.459 $P <{0.001}$
阴性 29 18
MTB-PCR 阳性 43 0 17.695 $P <{0.001}$
阴性 38 19
SAT-TB 阳性 35 0 12.631 $P <{0.001}$
阴性 46 19
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检测方法 检出结果 临床确诊病例 ${\chi }^{2}$ $P$
阳性 阴性
Xpert MTB/RIF 阳性 52 1 21.459 $P <{0.001}$
阴性 29 18
MTB-PCR 阳性 43 0 17.695 $P <{0.001}$
阴性 38 19
SAT-TB 阳性 35 0 12.631 $P <{0.001}$
阴性 46 19
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检查方法 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 阴性预测值(%) 阳性预测值(%)
XpertMTB/RIF 64.20 94.74 38.30 98.11
MTB-PCR 53.09 100.00 33.33 100.00
SAT-TB 43.21 100.00 29.23 100.00
XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR 67.90 94.74 40.91 98.21
XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB 66.67 94.74 40.00 98.18
MTB-PCR+SAT-TB 58.02 100.00 35.85 100.00
三者联合 69.14 94.74 19.00 98.25
), ArticleFig(id=1156967418733093835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967372511862837, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=三种检查技术及其联合检测对涂阴肺结核的诊断效能比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检查方法 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 阴性预测值(%) 阳性预测值(%)
XpertMTB/RIF 64.20 94.74 38.30 98.11
MTB-PCR 53.09 100.00 33.33 100.00
SAT-TB 43.21 100.00 29.23 100.00
XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR 67.90 94.74 40.91 98.21
XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB 66.67 94.74 40.00 98.18
MTB-PCR+SAT-TB 58.02 100.00 35.85 100.00
三者联合 69.14 94.74 19.00 98.25
), ArticleFig(id=1156967418804397004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967372511862837, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Cost per case of tuberculosis diagnosed (yuan), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Xpert MTB SAT Xpert+MTB Xpert+SAT MTB+SAT 三者联合
C/E 1566.04 186.05 314.29 1625.00 1709.09 404.26 1789.47
$\mathrm{h}$ $2\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$ $2\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$ $2\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156967418884088781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967372511862837, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=每诊断出 1 例肺结核所需支付的费用 (元), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Xpert MTB SAT Xpert+MTB Xpert+SAT MTB+SAT 三者联合
C/E 1566.04 186.05 314.29 1625.00 1709.09 404.26 1789.47
$\mathrm{h}$ $2\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$ $2\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$ $2\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$ $6\mathrm{\;h}$
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GeneXpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 检测BALF 在涂阴肺结核的诊断价值及卫生经济学评价
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井晓婷 1 , 周忠 1 , 秦万 1 , 高莹 1 , 汪雪 *
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(8): 8-13
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(8): 8-13
GeneXpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 检测BALF 在涂阴肺结核的诊断价值及卫生经济学评价
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井晓婷1, 周忠1, 秦万1, 高莹1, 汪雪*
作者信息
  • 1 贵阳市公共卫生救治中心 贵阳 550004
  • 2 贵州医科大学 贵阳 550004
  • 井晓婷,硕士,主任医师,研究方向:呼吸与危重症医学。

    汪雪,研究方向:疾病预防与控制。

通讯作者:

*汪雪,研究方向:疾病预防与控制。E-mail:
The diagnostic value and health economic evaluation of BALF detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF, MTB-PCR, SAT-TB in smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis
Xiao-Ting JING1, Zhong ZHOU1, Wan QIN1, Ying GAO1, Xue WANG*
Affiliations
  • 1 Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center Guiyang 550004 China
  • 2 Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 China
doi: 2058738419827174
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目的 比较结核分枝杆菌及利福平耐药快速检测技术(XpertMTB/RIF)、分枝杆菌核酸PCR- 荧光探针检测(MTB-NTM-PCR)、RNA恒温扩增实时荧光检测(SAT-TB)检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)在涂阴肺结核的诊断价值及卫生经济学价值。方法 回顾性分析 2019 年 1 月至 2022 年 7 月在贵阳市公共卫生救治中心收治的 100例临床确诊肺结核但痰涂片阴性的患者,所有患者连续 3次痰涂片阴性,且均在本院纤维支气管镜室进行纤维支气管镜检查, BALF标本同时采用涂片抗酸染色、GeneXpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR 和 SAT-TB检测方法进行检测, 以最终临床诊断肺结核为金标准,计算三种方法的诊断效率及进行成本一效果分析。结果 100 例涂阴肺结核患者BALF 样本 XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 的阳性率分别为53.00%、43.00%、35.00%;以临床诊断作为金标准, XpertMTB/RIF( ${\chi }^{2}= {21.459}$ , $P <{0.001}$ )、MTB-PCR( ${\chi }^{2}= {17.695}$ , $P <{0.001}$ )、SAT-TB( ${\chi }^{2}= {12.631}$ , $P <{0.001}$ )和临床诊断的阳性率差异均有统计学意义;XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB、XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR、XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB、MTB-PCR+SAT-TB 和三者联合检测的灵敏度分别为64.20%、53.09%、43.21%、67.90%、 66.67%、58.02%、69.14%;特异性分别为94.74%、100.00%、100.00%、94.74%、94.74%、100.00%、94.74%;经 ROC分析显示,XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB、XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR、XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB、MTB-PCR+SAT-TB及三者联合检测的 AUC 分别为0.795、0.765、0.716、0.813、0.807、0.790、0.819。结论 在对涂阴肺结核快速检测时,不提倡在诊治之初时同时选择上述三种检查。从成本效果上考虑,MTB-PCR 可作为涂阴肺结核诊断的优选检查方式。

BALF  /  XpertMTB/RIF  /  MTB-PCR  /  SAT-TB  /  涂阴肺结核  /  成本—效果

Objective To compare the diagnostic value and healtheconomic value of rapid detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis andrifampicin resistance (XpertMTB/RIF), mycobacterium nucleic acidPCR-fluorescent probe detection (MTB-NTM-PCR) and RNA isothermalamplification real-time fluorescence detection (SAT-TB) in detectingbronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in smear-negative pulmonarytuberculosis Be worth. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on100 patients with clinically diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis butnegative sputum smears admitted to Guiyang Public Health TreatmentCenter from January 2019 to July 2022. All patients had negative sputumsmears for three consecutive times and underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopyin the fiberoptic bronchoscopy room of our hospital. BALF specimens weresimultaneously tested by smear acid-fast staining, GeneXpert MTB/RIF,MTB-PCR and SAT-TB detection methods. Taking the final clinicaldiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis as the gold standard, the diagnosticefficiency of the three methods and cost-effectiveness analysis werecalculated. Results The positive rates of XpertMTB/RIF, MTB-PCR andSAT-TB in 100 BALF samples were 53.00%, 43.00% and 35.00%, respectively.Taking clinical diagnosis as the gold standard, the positive rates ofXpertMTB/RIF $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {21.459}, P<{0.001}}\right)$ , MTB-PCR $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {17.695}, P<{0.001}}\right)$ , SAT-TB $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {12.631}, P<{0.001}}\right)$ and clinical diagnosis were statisticallysignificant. The sensitivity of XpertMTB/RIF, MTB-PCR, SAT-TB,XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR, XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB, MTB-PCR+SAT-TB and the threecombined detections were 64.20%, 53.09%, 43.21% and 67, respectively ${90}\%,{66.67}\%,{58.02}\%,{69.14}\%$ ; Thespecificity was ${94.74}\%,{100.00}\%,{100.00}\%,{94.74}\%,{94.74}\%,{100.00}\%$ ,94.74%, respectively. ROC analysis showed that The AUC of XpertMTB/RIF,MTB-PCR, SAT-TB, XpertMTB/RIF+MTB-PCR, XpertMTB/RIF+SAT-TB,MTB-PCR+SAT-TB and the combined detection were 0.795, 0.765, 0.716 and0.813, respectively 0.807, 0.790, 0.819. Conclusion In the rapiddetection of negative tuberculosis, it is not recommended to select theabove three tests at the beginning of diagnosis and treatment. In termsof cost effectiveness, MTB-PCR can be used as the preferred diagnosticmethod for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis.

BALF  /  XpertMTB/RIF  /  MTB-PCR  /  SAT-TB  /  smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis  /  cost-effectiveness
井晓婷, 周忠, 秦万, 高莹, 汪雪. GeneXpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 检测BALF 在涂阴肺结核的诊断价值及卫生经济学评价. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (8) : 8 -13 . DOI: 2058738419827174
Xiao-Ting JING, Zhong ZHOU, Wan QIN, Ying GAO, Xue WANG. The diagnostic value and health economic evaluation of BALF detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF, MTB-PCR, SAT-TB in smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (8) : 8 -13 . DOI: 2058738419827174
结核病是一种由结核分枝杆菌引起的慢性呼吸系统传染病, 严重威胁了人类的健康和生活。据 WHO 报道, 2021 年全球新发结核病人数为 1060 万,我国高达 78 万,排名第 3 位 [ 1 ] 。由此可见,我国的结核病疫情仍十分严重,实现 “终止结核病策略” 的任务十分艰巨 [ 2 ]
结核病以肺结核最为常见,其诊断方法主要包括临床表现、 影像学、痰涂片、培养、免疫学和分子生物学诊断 [ 3 ] 。其中由于涂阴肺结核诊断缺乏 “金标准”,容易误诊和漏诊,是防控中的难点和热点问题 [ 4 ] 。有研究表明超过一半的涂阴肺结核患者 (53.2%) 的诊断被推迟到确认阳性培养结果 [ 5 ] 。涂阴肺结核的诊断困难,易延误诊治而导致病情恶化 [ 6 ] 。随着分子生物学检查的广泛应用, 其对涂阴肺结核的诊断起到了很大作用, 但诊断效能差异情况并没有统一的结论。Xpert MTB/RIF 对涂阴肺结核具有较高的诊断价值 [ 7 - 8 ] 。但也有研究表明 MTB PCR 为在临床高度怀疑但常规检测呈阴性的患者中提供了诊断优势 [ 9 ] 。Wu $\mathrm{Z}$ 等人发现 BALF 对涂片阴性患者的 SAT-TB 诊断敏感性为 ${45.18}{\%}$[01] 。在痰液和 BALF 样本中使用结核分枝杆菌培养、Xpert MTB/RIF 和 SAT-TB 进行平行检测将显著提高涂片阴性 PTB 的诊断性能 [ 11 ] 。故寻找合适、快速、高效的检测方式对初期的涂阴结核病的确诊具有重要意义。因此, 本研究对 100 例涂阴肺结核患者的 BALF 标本同时采用 GeneXpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR 和 SAT-TB 检测,并结合临床及其他实验室相关数据, 对这三种检测方法的诊断性能及卫生经济学进行评价,旨在找到一种合适的方案,准确、快速地诊断临床疑似的肺结核。
回顾性分析 2019 年 1 月至 2022 年 7 月在贵阳市公共卫生救治中心收治的 100 例临床确诊肺结核但痰涂片阴性的患者的临床资料。收集患者年龄、性别、症状、实验室检查和影像学检查。 以最终临床诊断肺结核为金标准 [ 12 ] 。本研究通过医院伦理委员会批准。
涂阴肺结核诊断标准 [ 13 ] : 凡符合下列条件之一者,为涂阴肺结核:(1) 伴咳嗽、咳痰、咯血等可疑症状,胸片影像学与活动性肺结核一致的病灶, 且痰涂片 3 次阴性;(2) 痰涂片 3 次阴性, 胸片见有活动性肺结核的病灶, PPD 强阳性;(3) 痰涂片 3 次阴性,胸片与活动性肺结核相符,抗结核抗体阳性;(4)痰涂片 3 次阴性,胸片与活动性肺结核一致,经肺外组织病理检查, 确认为结核病变者;(5) 经诊断治疗或随访观察肺部其他疾病者, 可排除三次痰涂片阴性肺结核疑似病例。
当三种检测方法中任何一种检测结果为阳性, 联合检测结果皆为阳性 [ 14 ]
(1)年龄≥18 岁;(2)临床确诊肺结核;(3)至少三次痰涂片 (晨痰、夜痰和即时痰) 为阴性;(4) 愿同时接受 BALF 中的 Xpert、MTB-PCR 和 SAT-TB 的三种检查。
(1)有支气管镜检查禁忌证或无法配合支气管镜检查者;(2)抗酸杆菌痰涂片阳性者;(3)不愿接受 BALF 中的 Xpert、 MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 的一种或两种及两种以上的检查。
Xpert MTB/RIF 检测试剂及仪器购自美国 Cepheid 公司。 MTB-PCR 试剂由北京博奥公司提供;仪器: ${95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\mathrm{K}{30}$ 干式恒温器 (上海之信仪器有限公司); ExtractorTM36 核酸快速提取仪 (博奥公司); ABI 7300 PCR 仪 (ABI 公司)。SAT-TB 检测试剂盒 (上海仁度公司), 仪器: TL988-IV 实时荧光定量 PCR 仪 (西安天隆公司)。
BALF 标本采集: 所有研究对象均行支纤维支气管镜检查, 将患者胸部 CT 显示的病变支气管部位作为灌洗部位,灌洗留取肺泡灌洗液 (BALF) 作为标本,待测。
XpertMTB/RIF: 按试剂盒的说明书将处理后的标本加入检测反应盒,上机检测。结果 包括未检出 (阴性),极低 (阳性),低 (阳性),中 (阳性) 和高 (阳性)。
MTB-PCR: 严格按照说明书的相关要求进行检测操作。 结果判断:① MTB-DNA,样本扩增曲线呈 $\mathrm{S}$ 型, $\mathrm{{Ct}}< {36}$ 为阳性; ② NTM-DNA,样本扩增曲线呈 $\mathrm{S}$ 型, $\mathrm{{Ct}}< {40}$ 为阳性; ③ MTB-DNA 和 NTM-DNA 均 为 阳性,判 MTB-DNA 阳性; ④未检出分枝杆菌时,判断 MTB-DNA 和 NTM-DNA 均为阴性。
SAT-TB: 严格按照说明书的相关要求进行检测操作。结果 判定:首先阴阳对照 $\mathrm{{Dt}}$ 值满足质量控制要求,否则为无效,需重测。 $\mathrm{{Dt}}\leq {35}$ 为阳性; 35 $<\mathrm{{Dt}}< {40}$ 重测,检测结果 $\mathrm{{Dt}}< {40}$ 为阳性; Dt 无数值或为 40 为阴性。
采用 SPSS26.0 和 R4.2.1 软件进行数据分析, 正态分布的计量资料用 $\left({\bar{x}\pm s}\right)$ 表示,组间比较用独立样本 $t$ 检验;非正态分布的计量资料用 $M\left\lbrack {{P}_{25},{P}_{75}}\right\rbrack$ 描述,组间比较用 Mann-Whitney $U$ 检验。计数资料用频数 $\left(\%\right)$ 描述,组间比较用 ${\chi }^{2}$ 检验或 Fisher 确切概率法。诊断价值则采用受试者工作曲线(ROC) 进行分析, $P <{0.05}$ 提示差异具有统计学意义。
本研究共纳入 100 名患者,其中女性 33 人 (33%),男性 67 人 (67%),平均年龄为 55.26 ± 19.24 岁。临床表现以发热、 咳嗽、咳痰、乏力、痰中带血为主;X 线及 CT 检查结果以斑片絮状影多见。具体见 表 1
100 例涂阴肺结核患者 BALF 样本 XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 三种检测方法的阳性率分别为 53.00%、43.00%、 35.00%,见 图 1
100 例涂阴肺结核患者中,临床阳性 81 例 (81%),阴性 19 例 (19%), XpertMTB/RIF $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {21.459}, P <{0.001}}\right)$ 、见表 MTB-PCR $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {17.695}, P <{0.001}}\right)$ 、SAT-TB $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {12.631}}\right.$ , $P <{0.001})$ 和临床诊断的阳性率差异均有统计学意义。具体见表 2
以临床诊断作为金标准, XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB、两两联合和三者联合检测的灵敏度分别为 64.20%、53.09%、 43.21%、67.90%、66.67%、58.02%、69.14%;特异性分别为 94.74%、100.00%、100.00%、94.74%、94.74%、100.00%、
94.74%。具体见 表 3
经 ROC 分析, 各种检测方法单一检测、两两结合检测及三者联合检测的 AUC 值十分接近, 可见, 单一检测与联合检测对涂阴肺结核诊断可靠性及准确性差异并不显著。见 图 2
忽略患者被误诊为肺结核所支出的各种费用, Xpert MTB/RIF 检查费用是 830 元 / 例, PCR- 荧光探针检查费用是 80 元 / 例, SAT-TB 检查费用是 110 元 / 例。本研究中所有患者均进行一次上述三种检测, 故 Xpert MTB/RIF 一次检测的成本 / 效果值为 ${830}\times {100}/{53}= {1566.04}$ 元,远远高于 MTB-PCR 和 SAT-TB 的一次检测的成本/效果值, 具体见 表 4
由于缺乏直接确诊的依据, 涂阴肺结核的诊断是十分困难的, 这可能会推迟最佳治疗, 导致治疗结果不佳, 并增加传播的风险。荷兰的一个大型队列研究表明 12.6% 的结核病传播是由涂阴肺结核患者引起的 [ 15 ] 。此外,我国作为结核大国,现阶段约有 70% 涂阴肺结核患者 [ 16 ] 。因此,对涂阴肺结核快速检测是临床工作的一项刻不容缓的重大工作。
近几年随着分子生物学技术在医学中的广泛应用, XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 检测等技术在一定程度上弥补了病原学检测的不足, 但常规的痰标本易被口咽部的细菌污染,而 BALF 标本在支气管内灌洗后直接从体内取出,可减少标本污染,提高检测和诊断准确率 [ 17 ] 。本研究采用 BALF 进行 Xpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、SAT-TB 检测。研究结果显示, 100 例涂阴肺结核患者中, XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、 SAT-TB三种检测方法的阳性率分别为 53.00%、43.00%、 35.00%,这与已有的研究结果相近 [ 18 ]
据相关研究报道, 将不同检查方法进行联合检测可以提高检测灵敏度 [ 19 ] 。因此本研究将 Xpert MTB/RIF、MTB-PCR 及 SAT-TB 进行联合检测, 以临床诊断为金标准。从诊断效能角度看,本研究结果显示, XpertMTB/RIF、MTB-PCR、 SAT-TB 的灵敏度分别为 ${64.20}\%$${53.09}\%$${43.21}\%$ ,特异度分 别 为 94.74%、100.00%、100.00%,说 明 XpertMTB/RIF、 TB-RNA、TB-DNA 诊断涂阴肺结核的特异度均较高,具有较高的诊断价值, 但灵敏度均较低, 可出现假阴性, 这与已有的相关研究结果不一致 [ 20 ] ,可能是因为本次研究未区分是初治涂阴患者还是复治涂阴患者。此外, 与其他两种检测方法相比, SAT-TB 的检出率较低,与王芳等人的研究结果不一致 [ 21 ] ,原因可能是:(1) 标本要求高: 标本放置时间不宜过长, 但灌洗液标本放置时间较长, 若未及时检测标本, 会导致标本中 RNA 降解, 菌量不足无法被检出, 致使 MTB 检出率降低;(2) 操作要求高: SAT-TB 操作时间控制不当或者标本前处理不当, 也可能造成 SAT-TB 阳性率下降;(3)灌洗液冲洗不够充分也会导致 MTB 检出率降低。另外, 经 ROC 分析显示, 各种检测方法单一检测、两两结合检测及三者联合检测的 AUC 值十分接近, 可见,单一检测与联合检测对涂阴肺结核诊断可靠性及准确性差异并不显著, 临床上可根据实际情况酌情选择其中一种方案, 这与有关实验结论不相符 [ 22 ] ,可能由于结核分枝杆菌的分子生物学快速检测技术已逐渐完善。从健康经济学观点考虑, 联合检查成本太高, 让病人无法承受; XpertMTB/RIF 比其他二种方式贵; 而 MTB-PCR 的检查成本则较低, 更适合于低收入的群体。 所以, 从成本效果上考虑, MTB-PCR 也可以视为涂阴肺结核治疗的优选检查方式。
综上所述, 在对涂阴肺结核快速检测时, 从诊断性能角度来看, 三种检测方法单独检测的阳性率相差不大, 同时单一检测与联合检测对涂阴肺结核诊断可靠性及准确性差异并不显著, 故不提倡在诊治之初时同时选择上述三种检查。从成本效果上考虑, MTB-PCR 可作为涂阴肺结核诊断的优选检查方式。
  • 贵阳市科技计划项目(2022-4-9-2)
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Guiyang Science and Technology Plan Project(2022-4-9-2)
贵阳市科技计划项目(2022-4-9-2)
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    1 贵阳市公共卫生救治中心 贵阳 550004
    2 贵州医科大学 贵阳 550004

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*汪雪,研究方向:疾病预防与控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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