Article(id=1244280832605664013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7520/1001-4888-24-079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=1719158400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774589268113, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774589268113, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774589268113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589268113, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244280827157263057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, year='2025', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='387', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774589266813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589721933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=467, endPage=478, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244280832806990612, articleId=1244280832605664013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, language=EN, title=Model experiments on calculi tissue ablation induced by holmium laser, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the dynamic process of calculi ablation by holmium(Ho) laser and its collateral damage to the surrounding tissues, various model experiments were conducted on artificial gelatin-gypsum samples, along with a homemade holmium laser device. The experimental parameters included the laser energy, the fiber diameter, and the distance between the fiber and the artificial calculi. High-speed shadow graphs showed that an hourglass-shaped bubble would occur in gelatin during the ablation, and a discussion was provided on the morphology evolution mechanism of hourglass-shaped bubbles under different loading conditions. Characterizations on the recovered samples were carried out via optical imaging and scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that gelatin tissue undergoes damage from erosion, cavitation, and fragments jetting of artificial calculi. The ablation crater shows two kinds of morphology on its side face and subface with different roughness due to different material failure mechanisms. Geometric parameters of the ablation crater were obtained using the white-light interferometry technique, along with discussions on the effects of loading conditions. Energy analysis was given on the ablation process, and a linear relation between crater volume and laser energy was evaluated.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yufeng ZHANG, Junyi HUA, Yalong BIAN, Yang CAI, Lei LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244280836418286495, articleId=1244280832605664013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, language=CN, title=钬激光消融凝胶结石组织的模型实验研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=实验力学, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究钬激光消融人体内结石的动力学过程及对周遭组织的附带伤害,使用凝胶与石膏块模拟真实人体的软组织和结石,基于自主研制的钬激光器开展一系列钬激光消融凝胶-人造结石组织的模型实验,实验变量包括激光能量、光纤芯径和光纤距离人造结石的高度。首先通过动态高速阴影成像观察到消融过程中加载区域及附近的凝胶组织中出现葫芦状空化气泡,并根据阴影成像的差异讨论了不同加载工况下空泡形态演化的不同机制。然后通过光学成像与扫描电子显微成像开展了回收凝胶与人造结石样品的表征,发现凝胶组织遭受的附带伤害主要来自烧蚀、空化、破碎和人造结石碎片溅射;另外发现人造结石消融坑内壁侧面与底部形貌显著不同,这与坑内不同区域经历的材料失效机制不同有关。最后通过白光干涉扫描获取了高精度的消融坑几何参数,用以定量分析不同实验变量对消融坑几何参数的影响,数据统计结果表明,消融坑体积与激光能量呈线性正相关。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢磊(1990-),男,博士,副教授。主要研究领域:实验固体力学。Email:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ogA2E46t/wkH8RlUnqDNpg==, magXml=u0BVjMvAz367TJrwuJqLfg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=qXBhIc5C0ql5NCCK4RlgdQ==, pdfFileSize=4804125, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=j7iryi3MuwBWuRwCDvl/Ww==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=x/CSaO2TOc2UgRUvcL5mFQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=张玉锋, 华浚亦, 边雅龙, 蔡洋, 卢磊)}, authors=[Author(id=1244340235518198731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1244340235627250645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340235518198731, language=EN, stringName=Yufeng ZHANG, firstName=Yufeng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1244340235719525342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340235518198731, language=CN, stringName=张玉锋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西南交通大学物理科学与技术学院,四川成都 610031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340235111351211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235119739822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235111351211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235128128430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235111351211, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西南交通大学物理科学与技术学院,四川成都 610031)])]), Author(id=1244340235828577253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1244340235950212079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340235828577253, language=EN, stringName=Junyi HUA, firstName=Junyi, middleName=null, lastName=HUA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1244340236042486775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340235828577253, language=CN, stringName=华浚亦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340235232986038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235245568952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235262346169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031)])]), Author(id=1244340236189287424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1244340236289949704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340236189287424, language=EN, stringName=Yalong BIAN, firstName=Yalong, middleName=null, lastName=BIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1244340236445138963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340236189287424, language=CN, stringName=边雅龙, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340235232986038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235245568952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235262346169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031)])]), Author(id=1244340236541607964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1244340236675825702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340236541607964, language=EN, stringName=Yang CAI, firstName=Yang, middleName=null, lastName=CAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1244340236793266220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340236541607964, language=CN, stringName=蔡洋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340235232986038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235245568952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235262346169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031)])]), Author(id=1244340236906512437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=llu@swjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1244340237023952957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340236906512437, language=EN, stringName=Lei LU, firstName=Lei, middleName=null, lastName=LU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1244340237153976395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, authorId=1244340236906512437, language=CN, stringName=卢磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都 610031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340235379786688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235388175297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235379786688, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235400758210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235379786688, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都 610031)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1244340237460160608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=holmium laser ablation), Keyword(id=1244340239024636007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=gelatin-artificial calculi tissue), Keyword(id=1244340239154659441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=model experiments), Keyword(id=1244340239246934136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=cavitation bubble), Keyword(id=1244340239393734785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=钬激光消融), Keyword(id=1244340239511175305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=凝胶-人造结石组织), Keyword(id=1244340239624421520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=模型实验), Keyword(id=1244340239741862042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=空化气泡)], refs=[Reference(id=1244340244355596654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=86, issue=4, pageStart=651, pageEnd=653, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=KIRKALI Z, RASOOLY R, STAR R A, journalName=Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KIRKALI Z, RASOOLY R, STAR R A, et al. Urinary stone disease: Progress, status, and needs[J]. Urology, 2015, 86(4):651-653., articleTitle=Urinary stone disease: Progress, status, and needs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340244510785910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ALELIGN T, PETROS B, journalName=Advances in Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALELIGN T, PETROS B. Kidney stone disease: An update on current concepts[J]. Advances in Urology, 2018(1):3068365., articleTitle=Kidney stone disease: An update on current concepts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340244628226427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1968, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=654, pageEnd=672, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=PRIEN E L, PRIEN JR E L, journalName=American Journal of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PRIEN E L, PRIEN JR E L. Composition and structure of urinary stone[J]. American Journal of Medicine, 1968, 45(5):654-672., articleTitle=Composition and structure of urinary stone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340244724695427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=34, issue=2, pageStart=146, pageEnd=150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=SCHUBERT G, journalName=Urological Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHUBERT G. Stone analysis[J]. Urological Research, 2006, 34(2):146-150., articleTitle=Stone analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340244804387210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=368, issue=9542, pageStart=1171, pageEnd=1179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=HOLLINGSWORTH J M, ROGERS M A M, KAUFMAN S R, journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOLLINGSWORTH J M, ROGERS M A M, KAUFMAN S R, et al. Medical therapy to facilitate urinary stone passage: A meta-analysis[J]. The Lancet, 2006, 368(9542):1171-1179., articleTitle=Medical therapy to facilitate urinary stone passage: A meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340244934410639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1988, volume=318, issue=7, pageStart=393, pageEnd=397, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=SACKMANN M, DELIUS M, SAUERBRUCH T, journalName=New England Journal of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SACKMANN M, DELIUS M, SAUERBRUCH T, et al. Shock-wave lithotripsy of gallbladder stones[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988, 318(7):393-397., articleTitle=Shock-wave lithotripsy of gallbladder stones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245060239770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=681, pageEnd=682, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=孙颖浩, 戚晓升, 王林辉, journalName=中华泌尿外科杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙颖浩, 戚晓升, 王林辉, . 输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附51例报告)[J]. 中华泌尿外科杂志, 2002, 23(11):681-682, articleTitle=输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附51例报告), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245177680295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=681, pageEnd=682, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=SUN Yinghao, QI Xiaosheng, WANG Linhui, journalName=Chinese Journal of Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(SUN Yinghao, QI Xiaosheng, WANG Linhui, et al. Treatment of renal calculi with Ho:YAG laser lithotriptor through flexible ureteroscope (report of 51 cases)[J]. Chinese Journal of Urology, 2002, 23(11):681-682 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Treatment of renal calculi with Ho:YAG laser lithotriptor through flexible ureteroscope (report of 51 cases), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245307703730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=305, pageEnd=309, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=TEICHMAN J M, journalName=Current Opinion in Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TEICHMAN J M. Laser lithotripsy[J]. Current Opinion in Urology, 2002, 12(4):305-309., articleTitle=Laser lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245416755643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=17, issue=9, pageStart=721, pageEnd=724, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=SÖZEN S, KüPELI B, TUNC L, journalName=Journal of Endourology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SÖZEN S, KüPELI B, TUNC L, et al. Management of ureteral stones with pneumatic lithotripsy: Report of 500 patients[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2003, 17(9):721-724., articleTitle=Management of ureteral stones with pneumatic lithotripsy: Report of 500 patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245521613252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=59, issue=4, pageStart=490, pageEnd=493, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=MATLAGA B R, ASSIMOS D G, journalName=Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MATLAGA B R, ASSIMOS D G. Changing indications of open stone surgery[J]. Urology, 2002, 59(4):490-493., articleTitle=Changing indications of open stone surgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245618082250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=76, issue=5, pageStart=658, pageEnd=666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=DE CONINCK V, ANTONELLI J, CHEW B, journalName=European Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DE CONINCK V, ANTONELLI J, CHEW B, et al. Medical expulsive therapy for urinary stones: Future trends and knowledge gaps[J]. European Urology, 2019, 76(5):658-666., articleTitle=Medical expulsive therapy for urinary stones: Future trends and knowledge gaps, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245693579727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=153, issue=5, pageStart=1390, pageEnd=1394, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=KATAOKA H, journalName=Journal of Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KATAOKA H. Cardiac dysrhythmias related to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using a piezoelectric lithotriptor in patients with kidney stones[J]. Journal of Urology, 1995, 153(5):1390-1394., articleTitle=Cardiac dysrhythmias related to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using a piezoelectric lithotriptor in patients with kidney stones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245815214554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=46, issue=null, pageStart=2087, pageEnd=2093, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=DEMIR A, KARADAĞ M A, ÇEÇEN K, journalName=International Urology and Nephrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEMIR A, KARADAĞ M A, ÇEÇEN K, et al. Pneumatic versus laser ureteroscopic lithotripsy: A comparison of initial outcomes and cost[J]. International Urology and Nephrology, 2014, 46:2087-2093., articleTitle=Pneumatic versus laser ureteroscopic lithotripsy: A comparison of initial outcomes and cost, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340245915877856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=323, pageEnd=331, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=PAIK M L, RESNICK M I, journalName=Urologic Clinics of North America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAIK M L, RESNICK M I. Is there a role for open stone surgery?[J]. Urologic Clinics of North America, 2000, 27(2):323-331., articleTitle=Is there a role for open stone surgery?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340246016541157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=451, pageEnd=457, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=PANTHIER F, DOIZI S, CORRALES M, journalName=Progrès En Urologie, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PANTHIER F, DOIZI S, CORRALES M, et al. Pulsed lasers and endocorporeal laser lithotripsy[J]. Progrès En Urologie, 2021, 31:451-457., articleTitle=Pulsed lasers and endocorporeal laser lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340246125593067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=18, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=许文山, 张晓萍, journalName=中国肛肠病杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许文山, 张晓萍. 外痔钬激光切除联合弹力线痔疮套扎术治疗混合痔65例疗效观察[J]. 中国肛肠病杂志, 2023, 43(3):18-19, articleTitle=外痔钬激光切除联合弹力线痔疮套扎术治疗混合痔65例疗效观察, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340246234644982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=451, pageEnd=457, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=XU Wenshan, ZHANG Xiaoping, journalName=Chinese Journal of Coloproctology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(XU Wenshan, ZHANG Xiaoping. Holmium-laser resecting external hemorrhoids combined with thread-elastic coincide & ligature of hemorrhoids in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids: Effect observation on 65 cases[J]. Chinese Journal of Coloproctology, 2023, 43(3):451-457 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Holmium-laser resecting external hemorrhoids combined with thread-elastic coincide & ligature of hemorrhoids in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids: Effect observation on 65 cases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340246339502588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=213, pageEnd=218, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=JOHNSON D E, journalName=Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON D E. Use of the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for treatment of superficial bladder carcinoma[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1994, 14(3):213-218., articleTitle=Use of the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for treatment of superficial bladder carcinoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340246431777282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=276, pageEnd=283, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=19, authorNames=SCHAFER S A, DURVILLE F M, JASSEMNEJAD B, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHAFER S A, DURVILLE F M, JASSEMNEJAD B, et al. Mechanisms of biliary stone fragmentation using the Ho:YAG laser[J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1994, 41(3):276-283., articleTitle=Mechanisms of biliary stone fragmentation using the Ho:YAG laser, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340246528246281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=15, issue=9, pageStart=563, pageEnd=573, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=FRIED N M, IRBY P B, journalName=Nature Reviews Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FRIED N M, IRBY P B. Advances in laser technology and fibre-optic delivery systems in lithotripsy[J]. Nature Reviews Urology, 2018, 15(9):563-573., articleTitle=Advances in laser technology and fibre-optic delivery systems in lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340248075944464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=48, issue=2, pageStart=199, pageEnd=206, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=GRASSO M, journalName=Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRASSO M. Experience with the holmium laser as an endoscopic lithotrite[J]. Urology, 1996, 48(2):199-206., articleTitle=Experience with the holmium laser as an endoscopic lithotrite, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340248331797017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=28, issue=3, pageStart=e68, pageEnd=e73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=NI Z K, JIN H M, LI X W, journalName=Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NI Z K, JIN H M, LI X W, et al. Combination of electronic choledochoscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for complicated biliary calculus treatment: A new exploration[J]. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 2018, 28(3):e68-e73., articleTitle=Combination of electronic choledochoscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for complicated biliary calculus treatment: A new exploration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340248457626145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=361, issue=null, pageStart=75, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=23, authorNames=PHILIPP A, LAUTERBORN W, journalName=Journal of Fluid Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PHILIPP A, LAUTERBORN W. Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1998, 361:75-116., articleTitle=Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340248621204009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=84, issue=11, pageStart=5905, pageEnd=5912, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=24, authorNames=FRENZ M, KÖNZ F, PRATISTO H, journalName=Journal of Applied Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FRENZ M, KÖNZ F, PRATISTO H, et al. Starting mechanisms and dynamics of bubble formation induced by a Ho:Yttrium aluminum garnet laser in water[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1998, 84(11):5905-5912., articleTitle=Starting mechanisms and dynamics of bubble formation induced by a Ho:Yttrium aluminum garnet laser in water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340248759616043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=22, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=25, authorNames=CHAN K F, VASSAR G J, PFEFER T J, journalName=Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAN K F, VASSAR G J, PFEFER T J, et al. Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy: A dominant photothermal ablative mechanism with chemical decomposition of urinary calculi[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1999, 25(1):22-37., articleTitle=Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy: A dominant photothermal ablative mechanism with chemical decomposition of urinary calculi, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340248885445172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=18, issue=3, pageStart=278, pageEnd=293, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=26, authorNames=JANSEN E D, ASSHAUER T, FRENZ M, journalName=Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JANSEN E D, ASSHAUER T, FRENZ M, et al. Effect of pulse duration on bubble formation and laser-induced pressure waves during holmium laser ablation[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1996, 18(3):278-293., articleTitle=Effect of pulse duration on bubble formation and laser-induced pressure waves during holmium laser ablation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249011274294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=371, pageEnd=377, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=27, authorNames=徐云飞, 边雅龙, 张玉锋, journalName=实验力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐云飞, 边雅龙, 张玉锋, . 钬激光诱导空化气泡及组织消融的实验研究[J]. 实验力学, 2023, 38(3):371-377, articleTitle=钬激光诱导空化气泡及组织消融的实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249128714811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=371, pageEnd=377, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=28, authorNames=XU Yunfei, BIAN Yalong, ZHANG Yufeng, journalName=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(XU Yunfei, BIAN Yalong, ZHANG Yufeng, et al. Experimental study on holmium laser-induced cavitation bubble and tissue ablation[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2023, 38(3):371-377 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Experimental study on holmium laser-induced cavitation bubble and tissue ablation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249246155333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=1469, pageEnd=1475, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=29, authorNames=HEIN S, PETZOLD R, SCHOENTHALER M, journalName=World Journal of Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HEIN S, PETZOLD R, SCHOENTHALER M, et al. Thermal effects of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy: Real-time evaluation in an in vitro model[J]. World Journal of Urology, 2018, 36:1469-1475., articleTitle=Thermal effects of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy: Real-time evaluation in an in vitro model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249355207240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=25, issue=3, pageStart=223, pageEnd=225, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=30, authorNames=苏汉忠, 白培明, 张其清, journalName=中国临床研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=苏汉忠, 白培明, 张其清, . 微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术与标准通道气压弹道联合超声碎石术的疗效比较[J]. 中国临床研究, 2012, 25(3):223-225, articleTitle=微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术与标准通道气压弹道联合超声碎石术的疗效比较, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249434899022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=25, issue=3, pageStart=223, pageEnd=225, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=31, authorNames=SU Hanzhong, BAI Peiming, ZHANG Qiqing, journalName=Chinese Journal of Clinical Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(SU Hanzhong, BAI Peiming, ZHANG Qiqing, et al. Comparison of efficacy between mPCNL with holmium laser and EMS standard tract PCNL in the treatment of complex renal calculi under ultrasound guidance[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Research, 2012, 25(3):223-225 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Comparison of efficacy between mPCNL with holmium laser and EMS standard tract PCNL in the treatment of complex renal calculi under ultrasound guidance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249531368025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=1000, pageEnd=1002, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=32, authorNames=江锋, 吴鹏飞, journalName=陕西医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=江锋, 吴鹏飞. 输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效和安全性研究[J]. 陕西医学杂志, 2018, 47(8):1000-1002, articleTitle=输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效和安全性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249657197149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=1000, pageEnd=1002, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=JIANG Feng, WU Pengfei, journalName=Shaanxi Medical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(JIANG Feng, WU Pengfei. Efficacy and safety of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for renal calculus[J]. Shaanxi Medical Journal, 2018, 47(8):1000-1002 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for renal calculus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249753666146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=6, pageStart=391, pageEnd=395, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=34, authorNames=陈静, 何亮军, 陈翔, journalName=微创泌尿外科杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈静, 何亮军, 陈翔, . 输尿管镜钬激光碎石术对不同成分结石的疗效比较[J]. 微创泌尿外科杂志, 2023, 12(6):391-395, articleTitle=输尿管镜钬激光碎石术对不同成分结石的疗效比较, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249862718056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=6, pageStart=391, pageEnd=395, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=35, authorNames=CHEN Jing, HE Liangjun, CHEN Xiang, journalName=Journal of Minimally Invasive Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(CHEN Jing, HE Liangjun, CHEN Xiang, et al. Comparative effectiveness of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy on different component of stones[J]. Journal of Minimally Invasive Urology, 2023, 12(6):391-395 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Comparative effectiveness of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy on different component of stones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340249967575663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=83, issue=4, pageStart=738, pageEnd=744, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=36, authorNames=MOLINA W R, MARCHINI G S, POMPEO A, journalName=Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOLINA W R, MARCHINI G S, POMPEO A, et al. Determinants of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser time and energy during ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy[J]. Urology, 2014, 83(4):738-744., articleTitle=Determinants of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser time and energy during ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250089210488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=860, pageEnd=870, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=37, authorNames=HO D S, SCIALABBA D, TERRY R S, journalName=Journal of Endourology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HO D S, SCIALABBA D, TERRY R S, et al. The role of cavitation in energy delivery and stone damage during laser lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2021, 35(6):860-870., articleTitle=The role of cavitation in energy delivery and stone damage during laser lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250181485178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=15, issue=3, pageStart=257, pageEnd=273, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=38, authorNames=CHAN K F, JOSHUA PFEFER T, TEICHMAN J M H, journalName=Journal of Endourology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAN K F, JOSHUA PFEFER T, TEICHMAN J M H, et al. A perspective on laser lithotripsy: The fragmentation processes[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2001, 15(3):257-273., articleTitle=A perspective on laser lithotripsy: The fragmentation processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250286342785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=37, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=39, authorNames=RIEHLE JR R A, CARTER H B, VAUGHAN JR E, journalName=Journal of Endourology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RIEHLE JR R A, CARTER H B, VAUGHAN JR E. Quantitative and crystallographic analysis of stone fragments voided after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Endourology, 1987, 1(1):37-44., articleTitle=Quantitative and crystallographic analysis of stone fragments voided after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250366034567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1988, volume=140, issue=5, pageStart=957, pageEnd=958, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=40, authorNames=WILLSCHER M K, CONWAY JR J F, BABAYAN R K, journalName=Journal of Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WILLSCHER M K, CONWAY JR J F, BABAYAN R K, et al. Safety and efficacy of electrohydraulic lithotripsy by ureteroscopy[J]. Journal of Urology, 1988, 140(5):957-958., articleTitle=Safety and efficacy of electrohydraulic lithotripsy by ureteroscopy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250466697869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=153, issue=null, pageStart=849, pageEnd=853, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=41, authorNames=VORREUTHER R, CORLEIS R, KLOTZ T, journalName=Journal of Urology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VORREUTHER R, CORLEIS R, KLOTZ T, et al. Impact of shock wave pattern and cavitation bubble size on tissue damage during ureteroscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Urology, 1995, 153:849-853., articleTitle=Impact of shock wave pattern and cavitation bubble size on tissue damage during ureteroscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250563166867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=10, issue=10, pageStart=1240, pageEnd=1249, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=42, authorNames=HARDY L A, KENNEDY J D, WILSON C R, journalName=Journal of Biophotonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HARDY L A, KENNEDY J D, WILSON C R, et al. Analysis of thulium fiber laser induced bubble dynamics for ablation of kidney stones[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 2017, 10(10):1240-1249., articleTitle=Analysis of thulium fiber laser induced bubble dynamics for ablation of kidney stones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250655441560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=27, issue=11, pageStart=1001, pageEnd=1004, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=43, authorNames=赵卫, 孙永道, journalName=光子学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵卫, 孙永道. 脉冲激光等离子体冲击波碎石机理分析[J]. 光子学报, 1998, 27(11):1001-1004, articleTitle=脉冲激光等离子体冲击波碎石机理分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250747716253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=27, issue=11, pageStart=1001, pageEnd=1004, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=44, authorNames=ZHAO Wei, SUN Yongdao, journalName=Acta Photonica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHAO Wei, SUN Yongdao. Analysis of the stone destruction mechanism in pulsed laser lithotripsy[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 1998, 27(11):1001-1004 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Analysis of the stone destruction mechanism in pulsed laser lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250844185248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=26, issue=10, pageStart=1257, pageEnd=1263, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=45, authorNames=ABOUMARZOUK O M, MONGA M, KATA S G, journalName=Journal of Endourology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABOUMARZOUK O M, MONGA M, KATA S G, et al. Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for stones>2 cm: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2012, 26(10):1257-1263., articleTitle=Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for stones>2 cm: A systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340250940654246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=116, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=46, authorNames=夏磊, 段雪辉, 吴小荣, journalName=中国激光医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=夏磊, 段雪辉, 吴小荣, . 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术中阶梯式激光能量设置技巧[J]. 中国激光医学杂志, 2018, 27(2):116, articleTitle=输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术中阶梯式激光能量设置技巧, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340251032928939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=116, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=47, authorNames=XIA Lei, DUAN Xuehui, WU Xiaorong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(XIA Lei, DUAN Xuehui, WU Xiaorong, et al. Stepped laser energy setting skills in flexible ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 2018, 27(2):116 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Stepped laser energy setting skills in flexible ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340252551266991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=224, issue=3, pageStart=316, pageEnd=344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=48, authorNames=BRENNER E, journalName=Journal of Anatomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRENNER E. Human body preservation-old and new techniques[J]. Journal of Anatomy, 2014, 224(3):316-344., articleTitle=Human body preservation-old and new techniques, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340252643541684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=112, issue=4, pageStart=1265, pageEnd=1268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=49, authorNames=LIU Y, ZHONG P, journalName=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Y, ZHONG P. BegoStone: A new stone phantom for shock wave lithotripsy research[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2002, 112(4):1265-1268., articleTitle=BegoStone: A new stone phantom for shock wave lithotripsy research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340252752593594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=291, pageEnd=316, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=50, authorNames=DABBAGH A, ABDULLAH B J J, RAMASINDARUM C, journalName=Ultrasonic Imaging, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DABBAGH A, ABDULLAH B J J, RAMASINDARUM C, et al. Tissue-mimicking gel phantoms for thermal therapy studies[J]. Ultrasonic Imaging, 2014, 36(4):291-316., articleTitle=Tissue-mimicking gel phantoms for thermal therapy studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340252916171456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=51, authorNames=叶世佳, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶世佳. 透明高分子材料在冲击加载下的损伤机理研究[D]. 广州:华南理工大学, 2022, articleTitle=透明高分子材料在冲击加载下的损伤机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253117498056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=52, authorNames=YE Shijia, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YE Shijia. Damage mechanism of transparent polymer materials under impact loading[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2022 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Damage mechanism of transparent polymer materials under impact loading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253276881614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=38, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=53, authorNames=LIU Q, HUA J Y, FAN D, journalName=Materials Today Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Q, HUA J Y, FAN D, et al. High-speed perforation of high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi plates: Experiments and modeling[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2024, 38:108083., articleTitle=High-speed perforation of high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi plates: Experiments and modeling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253377544916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=146, issue=1, pageStart=516, pageEnd=531, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=54, authorNames=PISHCHALNIKOV Y A, BEHNKE-PARKS W M, SCHMIDMAYER K, journalName=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PISHCHALNIKOV Y A, BEHNKE-PARKS W M, SCHMIDMAYER K, et al. High-speed video microscopy and numerical modeling of bubble dynamics near a surface of urinary stone[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2019, 146(1):516-531., articleTitle=High-speed video microscopy and numerical modeling of bubble dynamics near a surface of urinary stone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253486596830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=150, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=55, authorNames=何永辉, 蒋剑峰, 赵万生, journalName=光学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何永辉, 蒋剑峰, 赵万生. 基于扫描白光干涉法的表面三维轮廓仪[J]. 光学技术, 2001, 27(2):150-152, articleTitle=基于扫描白光干涉法的表面三维轮廓仪, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253595648740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=150, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=56, authorNames=HE Yonghui, JIANG Jianfeng, ZHAO Wansheng, journalName=Optical Technique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(HE Yonghui, JIANG Jianfeng, ZHAO Wansheng. Surface 3D profiler based on scanning white light interferometry method[J]. Optical Technique, 2001, 27(2):150-152 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Surface 3D profiler based on scanning white light interferometry method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253666951912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=55, issue=11, pageStart=5885, pageEnd=5891, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=57, authorNames=顾永玉, 张永康, 张兴权, journalName=物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=顾永玉, 张永康, 张兴权, . 约束层对激光驱动冲击波压力影响机理的理论研究[J]. 物理学报, 2006, 55(11):5885-5891, articleTitle=约束层对激光驱动冲击波压力影响机理的理论研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244340253763420906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=55, issue=11, pageStart=5885, pageEnd=5891, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=58, authorNames=GU Yongyu, ZHANG Yongkang, ZHANG Xingquan, journalName=Acta Physics Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(GU Yongyu, ZHANG Yongkang, ZHANG Xingquan, et al. Theoretical study on the influence of the overlay on the pressure of laser shock wave in photomechanics[J]. Acta Physics Sinica, 2006, 55(11):5885-5891 (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Theoretical study on the influence of the overlay on the pressure of laser shock wave in photomechanics, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340235111351211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235119739822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235111351211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235128128430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235111351211, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西南交通大学物理科学与技术学院,四川成都 610031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1244340235232986038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235245568952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235262346169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235232986038, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1244340235379786688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235388175297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235379786688, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340235400758210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, companyId=1244340235379786688, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都 610031)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244340240027074738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Initial materials and experimental schematic of Ho laser impact tests:(a) initial gelatin and artificial calculi;(b) schematic of gelatin,artificial calculi and optical fiber assembly;(c) experimental schematic and parameters of Ho laser ablation tests, figureFileSmall=np8sT1DdUMKXFLZC/CgiiQ==, figureFileBig=GGzQ7CnhLXKdA6uFGky4dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240136126650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图1, caption=钬激光冲击实验初始样品与装置设计示意图:(a)初始凝胶和人造结石样品;(b)人造结石和光纤的摆放方式;(c)激光冲击加载实验装置和实验参数示意, figureFileSmall=np8sT1DdUMKXFLZC/CgiiQ==, figureFileBig=GGzQ7CnhLXKdA6uFGky4dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240282927304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Shadow graphs of the Ho laser melting gelatin-artificial calculi tissue process with different loading conditions, figureFileSmall=xn9QkjU1jvu/ejroc3YW9g==, figureFileBig=eLkkNz2HOpiquJxPyWrirw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240396173519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同钬激光加载工况下凝胶-人工结石组织的消融过程阴影成像, figureFileSmall=xn9QkjU1jvu/ejroc3YW9g==, figureFileBig=eLkkNz2HOpiquJxPyWrirw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240496836824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optical imaging on the recovered artificial calculi:(a) h0=0;(b) h0>0, figureFileSmall=Afuw+vU0XFbcsYwi+/Bscg==, figureFileBig=H0qTS1VV3IBuoqGtdt7J5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240614277340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图3, caption=回收人工结石的光学成像表征:(a)h0=0;(b)h0>0, figureFileSmall=Afuw+vU0XFbcsYwi+/Bscg==, figureFileBig=H0qTS1VV3IBuoqGtdt7J5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240731717860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM characterizations on the melting crater of 800μm-3.0 J-0μm Ho laser impact-recovered artificial calculi:(a) 3D view;(b) top view, figureFileSmall=lCTNTJfwFKaeQ71dmkIRbg==, figureFileBig=ZDPbaCySK/a8TwRpU3YTyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240840769770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图4, caption=800μm-3.0 J-0μm钬激光冲击后回收人工结石样品的消融坑SEM表征:(a)三维视图;(b)俯视图, figureFileSmall=lCTNTJfwFKaeQ71dmkIRbg==, figureFileBig=ZDPbaCySK/a8TwRpU3YTyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340240970793204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SEM characterizations on four representative melting craters, figureFileSmall=z2o7hClzVeupZkDSGBaoSw==, figureFileBig=5CVnB/wim1vy6LjIInDtwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241088233723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图5, caption=4组具有代表性的消融坑的SEM表征, figureFileSmall=z2o7hClzVeupZkDSGBaoSw==, figureFileBig=5CVnB/wim1vy6LjIInDtwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241235034371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Optical imaging of melted gelatin with different distance between fiber and artificial calculi, figureFileSmall=qUpDUP9COSrBuqO38ezD3w==, figureFileBig=yIAPy8QWm1Z5aQYAUbjPRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241318920459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同光纤端面高度消融凝胶组织效果的光学成像, figureFileSmall=qUpDUP9COSrBuqO38ezD3w==, figureFileBig=yIAPy8QWm1Z5aQYAUbjPRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241440555282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Surface scanning characterizations on the melting crater with the white light interferometry technique:(a) schematic of the white-light interferometer;(b) 3D point cloud data of the recovered artificial calculi sample;(c) 3D reconstructed surfaces of the melting crater inner walls, figureFileSmall=HKuarHY/baaLTkWakwElkg==, figureFileBig=dRB39Rm8ehlxGsmOO0bkYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241541218584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图7, caption=消融坑的白光干涉扫描表征:(a)白光干涉原理示意;(b)回收人工结石样品表面形貌点云数据;(c)消融坑壁面的三维重构曲面, figureFileSmall=HKuarHY/baaLTkWakwElkg==, figureFileBig=dRB39Rm8ehlxGsmOO0bkYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241637687582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The geometric shape data of ablation craters:(a) and (b) the curve of the diameter and depth of ablation craters with laser energy under different core diameters when the laser approaches the artificial calculi;(c) and (d) under the same core diameter and laser energy,the diameter and depth of the ablation pit are related to the height of the fiber end face, figureFileSmall=bZ69G3WtvtC827fUOw6STQ==, figureFileBig=AqEaW/SJ7HLO5/1zIVIgpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241725767971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图8, caption=消融坑的几何形貌数据:(a)和(b)激光抵近人造结石加载时,不同芯径下消融坑直径和深度关于激光能量的变化曲线;(c)和(d)芯径和激光能量相同的情况下,消融坑直径和深度关于光纤端面高度的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=bZ69G3WtvtC827fUOw6STQ==, figureFileBig=AqEaW/SJ7HLO5/1zIVIgpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340241859985710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Linear relation between the ablation crater volume Vc and the laser energyE, figureFileSmall=7E4XHrKKmKgE6VMd/ytYdg==, figureFileBig=wF+vowDTnL2EfVUe1PfRKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340242048729400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=图9, caption=消融坑体积Vc与激光能量E之间的线性关系, figureFileSmall=7E4XHrKKmKgE6VMd/ytYdg==, figureFileBig=wF+vowDTnL2EfVUe1PfRKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340243655147842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Ablation pit data of different experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验参数
(芯径-能量-高度)
直径/μs深度/μs体积/mm3
600μm-0.5 J-0μm8722500.054
600μm-1.0 J-0μm10273500.137
600μm-2.0 J-0μm12625000.295
600μm-3.0 J-0μm15145700.505
800μm-0.5 J-0μm9931800.055
800μm-1.0 J-0μm11163000.149
800μm-2.0 J-0μm13614500.311
800μm-3.0 J-0μm16265200.533
800μm-2.0 J-200μm12542800.154
800μm-2.0 J-400μm11471800.067
800μm-2.0 J-600μm10671650.062
), ArticleFig(id=1244340243768394059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同实验的消融坑数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验参数
(芯径-能量-高度)
直径/μs深度/μs体积/mm3
600μm-0.5 J-0μm8722500.054
600μm-1.0 J-0μm10273500.137
600μm-2.0 J-0μm12625000.295
600μm-3.0 J-0μm15145700.505
800μm-0.5 J-0μm9931800.055
800μm-1.0 J-0μm11163000.149
800μm-2.0 J-0μm13614500.311
800μm-3.0 J-0μm16265200.533
800μm-2.0 J-200μm12542800.154
800μm-2.0 J-400μm11471800.067
800μm-2.0 J-600μm10671650.062
), ArticleFig(id=1244340243957137750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Ablation pit data of fiber end face added with added ablation layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量直径/μs深度/μs体积/mm3
2.0 J13614500.311
2.0 J-10μm Al1180300
2.0 J-100μm PET1020170
), ArticleFig(id=1244340244082966877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280832605664013, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光纤端面加入烧蚀层的消融坑数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量直径/μs深度/μs体积/mm3
2.0 J13614500.311
2.0 J-10μm Al1180300
2.0 J-100μm PET1020170
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1243978863919808540, delFlag=0, nameCn=实验力学, nameEn=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1001-4888, eissn=null, cn=34-1057/O3, coden=CODEN SHLOEQ, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=HQxnIIHlD3y1M44u5Bjmpg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1774517273171, updatedTime=1774517358136, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=HQxnIIHlD3y1M44u5Bjmpg==, picEn=C/yqinNiVamVr7BP3165Rg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1243979221798863223, language=CN, name=实验力学, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1774517358493, updatedTime=1774517358493, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/sylx/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/sylx/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/sylx/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1243979221857583480, language=EN, name=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1774517358507, updatedTime=1774517358507, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/sylx/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/sylx/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/sylx/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1243978990336127019, websiteList=[Website(id=1243979673030471850, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1243978990336127019, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/CN, language=CN, createTime=1774517466075, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1774517487172, updateBy=18614031015, name=实验力学-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=实验力学, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1243979931831611572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1774517527778, updateTime=1774517527778, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931810640049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1774517527773, updateTime=1774517527773, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931852583095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1774517527783, updateTime=1774517527783, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931802251440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/CN/file/pic?fileId=S3WL4VUWkxyYumEhdWYLzA==, createTime=1774517527771, updateTime=1774517527771, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931865166009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1774517527786, updateTime=1774517527786, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931823222963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/CN/file/pic, createTime=1774517527776, updateTime=1774517527776, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931856777400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1774517527784, updateTime=1774517527784, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931814834354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1774517527774, updateTime=1774517527775, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931840000181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1774517527780, updateTime=1774517527780, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979931844194486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673030471850, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1774517527781, updateTime=1774517527781, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1243979673101775019, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1243978990336127019, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/EN, language=EN, createTime=1774517466092, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1774517502012, updateBy=18614031015, name=实验力学-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1243979958759043262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1774517534198, updateTime=1774517534198, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958738071739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1774517534193, updateTime=1774517534193, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958784209089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1774517534204, updateTime=1774517534204, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958729683130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/EN/file/pic?fileId=S3WL4VUWkxyYumEhdWYLzA==, createTime=1774517534191, updateTime=1774517534191, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958800986307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1774517534208, updateTime=1774517534208, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958750654653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/EN/file/pic, createTime=1774517534196, updateTime=1774517534196, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958792597698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1774517534206, updateTime=1774517534206, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958742266044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1774517534194, updateTime=1774517534194, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958767431871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1774517534200, updateTime=1774517534200, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1243979958780014784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1243979673101775019, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1774517534203, updateTime=1774517534203, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=实验力学, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://sylx.ustc.edu.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, journalPhotoCn=HQxnIIHlD3y1M44u5Bjmpg==, journalPhotoEn=C/yqinNiVamVr7BP3165Rg==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/CN/10.7520/1001-4888-24-079, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/EN/10.7520/1001-4888-24-079, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/CN/PDF/10.7520/1001-4888-24-079, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/EN/PDF/10.7520/1001-4888-24-079, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
钬激光消融凝胶结石组织的模型实验研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
张玉锋 1 , 华浚亦 2 , 边雅龙 2 , 蔡洋 2 , 卢磊 3
实验力学 | 2025,40(4): 467-478
收起
收藏切换
实验力学 | 2025, 40(4): 467-478
钬激光消融凝胶结石组织的模型实验研究
全屏
张玉锋1, 华浚亦2, 边雅龙2, 蔡洋2, 卢磊3
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学物理科学与技术学院,四川成都 610031
  • 2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031
  • 3.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都 610031

通讯作者:

卢磊(1990-),男,博士,副教授。主要研究领域:实验固体力学。Email:
Model experiments on calculi tissue ablation induced by holmium laser
Yufeng ZHANG1, Junyi HUA2, Yalong BIAN2, Yang CAI2, Lei LU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
  • 2.The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-079
文章导航
收藏切换

为探究钬激光消融人体内结石的动力学过程及对周遭组织的附带伤害,使用凝胶与石膏块模拟真实人体的软组织和结石,基于自主研制的钬激光器开展一系列钬激光消融凝胶-人造结石组织的模型实验,实验变量包括激光能量、光纤芯径和光纤距离人造结石的高度。首先通过动态高速阴影成像观察到消融过程中加载区域及附近的凝胶组织中出现葫芦状空化气泡,并根据阴影成像的差异讨论了不同加载工况下空泡形态演化的不同机制。然后通过光学成像与扫描电子显微成像开展了回收凝胶与人造结石样品的表征,发现凝胶组织遭受的附带伤害主要来自烧蚀、空化、破碎和人造结石碎片溅射;另外发现人造结石消融坑内壁侧面与底部形貌显著不同,这与坑内不同区域经历的材料失效机制不同有关。最后通过白光干涉扫描获取了高精度的消融坑几何参数,用以定量分析不同实验变量对消融坑几何参数的影响,数据统计结果表明,消融坑体积与激光能量呈线性正相关。

钬激光消融  /  凝胶-人造结石组织  /  模型实验  /  空化气泡

In order to investigate the dynamic process of calculi ablation by holmium(Ho) laser and its collateral damage to the surrounding tissues, various model experiments were conducted on artificial gelatin-gypsum samples, along with a homemade holmium laser device. The experimental parameters included the laser energy, the fiber diameter, and the distance between the fiber and the artificial calculi. High-speed shadow graphs showed that an hourglass-shaped bubble would occur in gelatin during the ablation, and a discussion was provided on the morphology evolution mechanism of hourglass-shaped bubbles under different loading conditions. Characterizations on the recovered samples were carried out via optical imaging and scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that gelatin tissue undergoes damage from erosion, cavitation, and fragments jetting of artificial calculi. The ablation crater shows two kinds of morphology on its side face and subface with different roughness due to different material failure mechanisms. Geometric parameters of the ablation crater were obtained using the white-light interferometry technique, along with discussions on the effects of loading conditions. Energy analysis was given on the ablation process, and a linear relation between crater volume and laser energy was evaluated.

holmium laser ablation  /  gelatin-artificial calculi tissue  /  model experiments  /  cavitation bubble
张玉锋, 华浚亦, 边雅龙, 蔡洋, 卢磊. 钬激光消融凝胶结石组织的模型实验研究. 实验力学, 2025 , 40 (4) : 467 -478 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-079
Yufeng ZHANG, Junyi HUA, Yalong BIAN, Yang CAI, Lei LU. Model experiments on calculi tissue ablation induced by holmium laser[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2025 , 40 (4) : 467 -478 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-079
结石常出现于人体或动物体内的导管腔体或腔性器官(如输尿管、胆囊等)[12],主要由无机盐(如草酸钙、尿酸等)或有机物沉积形成[34],是临床医学中的常见病灶之一。以尿路结石为例,其治疗方法主要包括药物治疗[5]、体外冲击波碎石术[6]、软镜激光碎石术[78]、气压弹道碎石术[9]和开放手术治疗[10]等。其中药物治疗仅适用于结石尺寸较小(<0.6 cm)的情况[11],体外冲击波碎石术不适用于部分特殊人群[12],气压弹道碎石术耗时较长[13],开放手术治疗则因为会造成较大创伤而很少被使用[14]。与其他常用方法相比,软镜激光碎石术更成熟,且具有结石清除率高、创面小、并发症少等优势[8],因此激光碎石技术在近些年受到广泛关注,并被广泛用于临床治疗[15]。钬(Ho)激光的波长为2.1μm,处于水的吸收峰附近,可用于消融如痔疮[16]、肿瘤[17]、结石[718]等人体组织。钬激光可通过低羟基石英光纤传输,便于微创手术的开展[1921]。钬激光主要通过空化射流、热烧蚀、热冲击等消融结石。激光会在光纤前方形成气泡,气泡的塌缩产生微射流并冲击结石[2223]。照射在结石表面的激光会产生烧蚀作用[24],结石局部温度突增并引起内部应力波传递,使结石碎裂[25]。近年来,已有不少关于钬激光消融技术应用的实验及研究[2627]。苏汉忠等[28]和江锋等[29]分别对比了钬激光碎石术和气压弹道碎石术或体外冲击波碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床效果,发现临床上采用钬激光消融结石更具有效性和安全性。陈静等[30]比较了钬激光消融不同成分结石的疗效,发现同样能量下钬激光对质地较软的结石(如尿酸结石)清除效率更高。在实际应用中,激光设备的多项参数都会对疗效产生影响,大量文献探究了包括激光能量[31]、光纤直径[20]、脉冲时间[3233]等因素对钬激光消融结石的影响,RIEHLE等[34]对回收的结石碎块开展了量化分析和微观表征。也有不少文献讨论了激光消融对周遭组织的附带伤害[3537],并主要集中于研究热烧蚀和空化射流对结石周遭组织的附带伤害。但是,目前关于激光消融结石的实验研究大多在空气环境或水环境中进行[38],实验环境与实际应用环境仍有差距。部分文献提供了临床的激光消融结石数据[39],但缺乏消融过程的原位观察信息,这无疑阻碍了人们对激光消融结石过程和机理的进一步研究。此外,大多数实验中采用的激光能量低于2.0 J,对高能量(>2.0 J)钬激光消融结石的效果缺乏实验数据[2440],因此,有必要开展更接近实际人体环境的钬激光消融结石组织的实验和研究,并获取更高激光能量下的实验数据。
考虑到人体结石和周遭软组织存在不易获取、不易保存、不易观测等问题[41],本研究采用具有近似性状的替代材料制备人体结石组织模型,开展一系列激光消融的模型实验。采用石膏模拟人体结石[42],采用凝胶模拟包裹结石的人体软组织[4344],使用自主研制的钬激光器[26]开展不同光纤芯径、不同激光能量、不同光纤与人造结石距离的激光消融凝胶-人造结石组织实验。实验过程采用高速阴影成像进行原位观察,并对回收的凝胶与人造结石样品进行光学成像、扫描电子显微成像、白光干涉扫描等多种表征。对人造结石消融坑的几何形貌进行重构和统计分析,以比较不同加载工况对最终消融效果的影响。
钬激光冲击消融组织内结石的实验中,采用人造结石替代真实结石,采用凝胶替代人体软组织(图1(a))。实验所用人造结石的主要成分为熟石膏(2CaSO4•H2O),密度为2.03 g•cm-3,尺寸为28 mm×17 mm×17 mm。人造结石的制备流程[44]为:取100 g超硬石膏粉和22 g水放入模具中并充分搅拌,约10 min后石膏凝固并成型,取出成型石膏并于干燥空气中静置24 h后,石膏样品充分干燥,制备完成。实验所用凝胶(密度为1.04 g•cm-3,尺寸为20 mm×20 mm×15 mm)由明胶颗粒制备[44]:取100 g明胶颗粒和450 g水混合并在室温下搅拌至明胶吸水微胀,再加入70℃~80℃的热水并置于45℃的水浴锅中不断搅拌至明胶完全溶解,之后加入5 mL丙酸以防止明胶变质,随后将明胶溶液静置于室温下以消除气泡。待24 h后明胶溶液凝固为果冻状,再置于冰箱冷藏室24 h取出,制备完成。
制备得到的初始凝胶与人造结石样品如图1(a)所示。实验中,凝胶被放置于人造结石上方,并在凝胶中自上而下插入光纤。凝胶、人造结石与光纤的组合关系如图1(b)所示。
图1(c)为激光加载实验装置示意图。激光加载通过自主研制的钬激光器实现,产生的钬激光耦合进低羟基石英光纤中,并沿z方向发射。凝胶-人造结石组织放置于三轴位移台上以方便在xy平面上移动。高亮度脉冲闪光灯、凝胶-人造结石组织和高速摄像机沿y轴摆放,并通过阴影成像实现冲击消融过程的实验记录,触发时序由一台数字延迟发生器(DG535)控制。其中,高速摄像机的拍摄帧率设置为每秒96000帧,曝光时间为159 ns,横纵方向像素数量分别为384和432,1个像素(pixel)对应30μm,视野大小为11.5 mm×13 mm。
图1(c)的圆框中展示了对应区域的放大图,其中粗实线表示光纤-凝胶界面和凝胶-人造结石界面,此外还标注了本研究主要关注的3个影响因素,分别为光纤内芯的直径(芯径)d0(600μm和800μm)、激光能量E(0.5 J、1.0 J、2.0 J和3.0 J)和光纤端面到结石上表面的高度h0(200μm、400μm和600μm)。为方便表述,文中将以“芯径-能量-高度”的方式表示各实验组。
钬激光冲击消融凝胶-人造结石组织过程的高速阴影成像结果如图2所示,定义激光发射时刻为零时刻(t=0)。以图2(b)为例(800μm-2.0 J-0μm加载),由图可见在激光抵近人造结石的上表面发射后,光纤前端的凝胶在加热作用下出现空化气泡并迅速膨胀。在膨胀过程中,气泡的上半部分被挤入光纤-凝胶界面中并向上方逃逸(如469μs时刻箭头所示),而下半部分被挤入凝胶-人造结石界面中并向四周逃逸(如781μs时刻箭头所示),并造成凝胶组织的震荡。气泡中气体向上、下2个方向的分流会导致气泡最终演化为葫芦状,形成上、下2个气泡并在中间部分出现颈缩现象(如虚线所示)。此外激光加载为气体持续膨胀提供了驱动力,气体向凝胶-人造结石界面的运动趋势更显著,下方气泡的体积显著大于上方气泡。最终气泡塌陷,并在加载区域和光纤周遭的凝胶组织中残留大量的微小气泡(如885 μs时刻箭头所示)。
图2(a)为600μm-2.0 J-0μm实验的加载过程。对比图2(a)图2(b)可知,凝胶中空化气泡的演化过程基本一致,但采用较大的光纤芯径对结石的加热面积更大,可以在凝胶-人造结石界面上造成直径更大的气泡。
图2(c)为800μm-3.0 J-0μm实验的加载过程。对比图2(b)图2(c)可知,更高的激光能量会造成更大的空化气泡,为空化气泡中的气体提供更强的向下驱动力,使葫芦状空化气泡中下方气泡的体积显著大于上方气泡。
图2(d)为800μm-2.0 J-400μm实验的加载过程。对比图2(b)图2(d)可见,光纤端面高度对加载过程的影响。在抵近加载情况下(h0=0,图2(b)),颈缩现象会在空泡演化的早期在靠近空泡顶端的地方出现,其高度变化幅度较小,且上方气泡的尺寸始终小于下方气泡。而在间隔加载情况下(h0>0,图2(d)),颈缩现象出现较晚,会从空泡底部出现并不断上升,且颈缩初期上方气泡体积大于下方气泡,说明不同h0下颈缩现象出现的机制不同。在间隔加载下,样品组合中各物质沿着加载轴呈“光纤-凝胶-人造结石”的分布。在激光发射后,凝胶在光热效应下汽化膨胀,气体沿着光纤侧壁的界面逃逸。后续加载激光直接作用于结石表面并诱导新的空化气泡,新空泡迅速自底部向上膨胀并在凝胶-人造结石界面沿着轴向逃逸,使颈缩界线自下向上移动。由图2(d)可见,加载后光纤四周和下方均出现大量残留微气泡,在光纤周围的凝胶组织中也可以观察到结石碎屑,这些碎屑是结石表面在激光的烧蚀作用下碎裂并溅射到凝胶中的。
激光消融实验回收的人造结石样品在经过超声清洗、干燥和真空镀膜操作后,通过光学形貌成像(Optical Morphology,OM)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanned Electron Microscopy,SEM)成像和白光干涉扫描[26]进行表征。图3展示了不同激光加载实验回收人工结石样品上消融坑的光学形貌,由图可见消融坑边缘近似呈正圆形,并且坑口直径受到激光能量、光纤芯径及光纤端面高度的影响。当抵近(h0=0)加载时(图3(a)),光纤芯径相同的情况下,消融坑的坑口直径与激光能量正相关;激光能量相同的情况下,消融坑的坑口直径与光纤芯径正相关;当光纤芯径与激光能量均相同时,坑口直径与光纤端面到结石上表面的高度h0负相关(图3(b))。
SEM表征中可以观察到更高分辨率的消融坑内壁形貌。以800μm-3.0 J-0μm加载工况下的消融坑(图4)为例,图4(a)(b)分别展现了消融坑的三维(3D)视角和俯视视角,从图中能观察到在消融坑内壁存在光滑壁面和粗糙壁面2个区域。接近坑口区域的消融坑内壁较光滑,且仅附着少量小尺寸碎块(直径约10μm)。而靠近坑底的区域较粗糙,其粗糙程度与距坑底的距离正相关,且壁面上附着有大量较大尺寸的人造结石碎块(直径约50μm)。在光滑壁面和粗糙壁面间存在较为明显的分界线,这一现象在以往关于弹道侵彻的文献中有过报道[45],并归因于可能存在的材料失效机制的转变,即由剪切主导的准解理失效转变为拉/压主导的材料失效。本研究中,激光会对人造结石产生沿着z方向的梯度加载[46],使消融坑侧壁和边缘承受烧蚀与剪切作用,并发生准解理断裂,空泡膨胀也会进一步冲刷消融坑的侧壁和边缘,使相应部位呈现较为光滑的形貌[26]。消融坑底部主要承受来自钬激光的冲击压缩作用,其损伤机制主要为压溃失效,且在加载过程中部分人造结石碎块会溅射并沉积至底部,最终呈现出坑底较为粗糙的形貌。
具有代表性的4组加载实验(600μm-2.0 J-0μm、600μm-3.0 J-0μm、800μm-2.0 J-0μm和800μm-3.0 J-400μm)的消融坑SEM表征结果分别如图5(a)~(d)所示。由图5(a)图5(b)对比可知,在其他加载工况相同的情况下,激光能量越高,消融坑内壁越粗糙,其中出现的碎块数量越多、体积越大。由图5(a)图5(c)对比可知,光纤芯径对消融坑内壁面粗糙程度的影响不显著。而由图5(c)图5(d)对比可知,在其他加载工况相同的情况下,光纤端面高度越高,消融坑越浅且壁面越粗糙,这是由于处于光纤端面与人造结石上表面之间的凝胶组织吸收部分激光能量导致的。
图6(a)~(c)展示了在E=2.0 J,d0=800μm情况下,不同h0(0μm、400μm和600μm)对凝胶组织最终损伤效果的影响,由图可以看出,在钬激光冲击过程中,凝胶-人造结石界面附近的凝胶组织不可避免地受到来自高温消融、空化冲击和人造结石碎片溅射等造成的伤害。在人造结石加载区域及光纤附近的凝胶组织中均能观察到不同尺寸的气泡(图6箭头标注),且气泡尺寸随高度的增加而减小。抵近加载时,在人造结石表面存在大气泡(直径约1 mm),而光纤四周存在大量直径在20μm左右的微气泡。在间隔加载下,人造结石表面的大气泡显著减少,但在人造结石表面附近的凝胶组织中出现因人造结石碎屑溅射造成的损伤区(图6虚线区域标注),其中存在大量凝胶/人造结石碎片。此外,在光纤周遭的凝胶组织中出现空化损伤区域(图6虚线区域标注),其中夹杂大量中等尺寸气泡(直径约为100μm)。综合以上现象可知,钬激光间隔加载(h0>0)会使凝胶组织遭受更大范围的附带伤害。
通过白光干涉仪可获取高精度的消融坑内壁曲面,其结果如图7所示。图7(a)展示了白光干涉仪的工作原理,具体可参考文献[47]。通过白光干涉仪获取回收人工结石表面的三维点云信息(图7(b))后,将表面数据重构为曲面(图7(c)),进一步可以得到人工结石消融坑的几何参数。由于消融坑洞口边缘近似圆形,因此用近似圆的直径dc表示消融坑的直径,深度hc、体积Vc可直接测得,结果记录在表1中。
表1中的实验数据绘制图8(a)~(d),其中图8(a)(b)为抵近加载的实验结果,图8(c)(d)为间隔加载的实验结果。
图8(a)(b)可知,消融坑的直径dc和深度hc与激光能量E正相关,其中dcE近似呈线性关系,而hc随着E的增加而增加,并且增长逐渐变缓慢hc趋于常值(分别约为1.4 mm和1.6 mm)。此外,消融坑直径与光纤芯径正相关,而深度则与芯径负相关,这是因为在激光能量不变时,更大的光纤芯径会降低能量密度,使照射在人造结石表面的激光分布更广,但能量密度更低。由图8(c)(d)可知,光纤端面高度的增加会降低消融坑尺寸(dchc),这是因为光纤和人造结石之间的凝胶组织会吸收和消耗激光能量,使直接作用于人造结石的能量降低。
图9展示了消融坑体积和激光能量之间的线性关系,类似关系在终端弹道侵彻的相关文献中有过报道[45]。本工作中,VcE的线性关系如下:
式中:Vc的单位为mm3E的单位为J;0.18为Vc-E曲线的斜率,单位为J/mm3,代表单位体积人造结石破碎并成坑所需的能量,截距的绝对值0.04 J代表人造结石发生消融出现凹坑所需的最小能量。当入射激光所携带的能量低于0.04 J时,其在人造结石表面造成的温升和热冲击不足以克服人工结石的自身强度,不会产生消融。
使用纳秒激光进行冲击测试时[48],在样品表面附加一定厚度的烧蚀层(材质一般为铝或聚合物)可有效增加加载压力。为测试烧蚀层对钬激光消融结石过程的影响,分别在直径为800μm的光纤端面加入厚度为10μm的铝膜和厚度为100μm的透明聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜,并进行激光能量为2.0 J的抵近消融实验,实验结果与对照组(无烧蚀层)的实验结果见表2。因介质膜对出射激光的吸收作用,减少了直接作用在结石表面的激光能量,使消融效果弱化,结石消融坑的直径和深度较对照组显著降低。
本文使用自行制备的凝胶与石膏块模拟真实人体软组织及其包裹的结石组织,并利用自主研制的Ho:YAG激光器开展了钬激光消融凝胶-人造结石组织的系列模型实验。实验中涉及不同的光纤芯径(800μm和600μm)、不同的激光能量(0.5 J、1.0 J、2.0 J和3.0 J)和不同的光纤到人造结石表面距离(0.2 mm、0.4 mm和0.6 mm)的对照实验。实验中通过高速阴影成像记录动态过程,实验后利用OM、SEM、白光干涉扫描等手段对回收样品进行表征。基于动态影像和表征结果,分析了不同加载工况条件对结石消融效果的影响,得出以下结论:
1)钬激光消融凝胶-人造结石组织过程中,气体向着光纤-凝胶界面与凝胶-人造结石界面的方向膨胀,加载区域会演化出葫芦状的空化气泡。在抵近加载下,初始球形空化气泡中的上、下气体发生分流而演化为葫芦状,而在间隔加载下,球形空化气泡分别在光纤-凝胶界面和凝胶-人造结石界面上先后膨胀并相连而形成葫芦状空化气泡。
2)激光消融加载过程中,人造结石的消融坑内壁的侧面主要经受烧蚀、剪切主导的准解理断裂和空化气泡的冲刷,底部主要经受梯度应力导致的压溃,最终形成消融坑内壁侧面光滑、底部粗糙的形貌。
3)激光能量、光纤芯径、光纤到人造结石表面距离等变量对消融效果的影响方式不同。钬激光能量直接影响结石消融效果,在抵近加载条件下,消融坑体积与激光能量呈线性相关。光纤芯径影响出射激光的功率密度,进而影响烧蚀坑的直径和深度,同等能量下,芯径800μm的光纤相较于芯径600μm的光纤产生的烧蚀坑直径更大,但深度更小。光纤端面距人造结石表面越近,消融过程中被凝胶组织吸收的能量越小,消融效果越好,同时凝胶组织遭受的附带损伤越小。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
KIRKALI Z, RASOOLY R, STAR R A, et al. Urinary stone disease: Progress, status, and needs[J]. Urology, 2015, 86(4):651-653.
[2]
ALELIGN T, PETROS B. Kidney stone disease: An update on current concepts[J]. Advances in Urology, 2018(1):3068365.
[3]
PRIEN E L, PRIEN JR E L. Composition and structure of urinary stone[J]. American Journal of Medicine, 1968, 45(5):654-672.
[4]
SCHUBERT G. Stone analysis[J]. Urological Research, 2006, 34(2):146-150.
[5]
HOLLINGSWORTH J M, ROGERS M A M, KAUFMAN S R, et al. Medical therapy to facilitate urinary stone passage: A meta-analysis[J]. The Lancet, 2006, 368(9542):1171-1179.
[6]
SACKMANN M, DELIUS M, SAUERBRUCH T, et al. Shock-wave lithotripsy of gallbladder stones[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988, 318(7):393-397.
[7]
孙颖浩, 戚晓升, 王林辉, . 输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附51例报告)[J]. 中华泌尿外科杂志, 2002, 23(11):681-682
(SUN Yinghao, QI Xiaosheng, WANG Linhui, et al. Treatment of renal calculi with Ho:YAG laser lithotriptor through flexible ureteroscope (report of 51 cases)[J]. Chinese Journal of Urology, 2002, 23(11):681-682 (in Chinese))
[8]
TEICHMAN J M. Laser lithotripsy[J]. Current Opinion in Urology, 2002, 12(4):305-309.
[9]
SÖZEN S, KüPELI B, TUNC L, et al. Management of ureteral stones with pneumatic lithotripsy: Report of 500 patients[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2003, 17(9):721-724.
[10]
MATLAGA B R, ASSIMOS D G. Changing indications of open stone surgery[J]. Urology, 2002, 59(4):490-493.
[11]
DE CONINCK V, ANTONELLI J, CHEW B, et al. Medical expulsive therapy for urinary stones: Future trends and knowledge gaps[J]. European Urology, 2019, 76(5):658-666.
[12]
KATAOKA H. Cardiac dysrhythmias related to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using a piezoelectric lithotriptor in patients with kidney stones[J]. Journal of Urology, 1995, 153(5):1390-1394.
[13]
DEMIR A, KARADAĞ M A, ÇEÇEN K, et al. Pneumatic versus laser ureteroscopic lithotripsy: A comparison of initial outcomes and cost[J]. International Urology and Nephrology, 2014, 46:2087-2093.
[14]
PAIK M L, RESNICK M I. Is there a role for open stone surgery?[J]. Urologic Clinics of North America, 2000, 27(2):323-331.
[15]
PANTHIER F, DOIZI S, CORRALES M, et al. Pulsed lasers and endocorporeal laser lithotripsy[J]. Progrès En Urologie, 2021, 31:451-457.
[16]
许文山, 张晓萍. 外痔钬激光切除联合弹力线痔疮套扎术治疗混合痔65例疗效观察[J]. 中国肛肠病杂志, 2023, 43(3):18-19
(XU Wenshan, ZHANG Xiaoping. Holmium-laser resecting external hemorrhoids combined with thread-elastic coincide & ligature of hemorrhoids in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids: Effect observation on 65 cases[J]. Chinese Journal of Coloproctology, 2023, 43(3):451-457 (in Chinese))
[17]
JOHNSON D E. Use of the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for treatment of superficial bladder carcinoma[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1994, 14(3):213-218.
[18]
SCHAFER S A, DURVILLE F M, JASSEMNEJAD B, et al. Mechanisms of biliary stone fragmentation using the Ho:YAG laser[J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1994, 41(3):276-283.
[19]
FRIED N M, IRBY P B. Advances in laser technology and fibre-optic delivery systems in lithotripsy[J]. Nature Reviews Urology, 2018, 15(9):563-573.
[20]
GRASSO M. Experience with the holmium laser as an endoscopic lithotrite[J]. Urology, 1996, 48(2):199-206.
[21]
NI Z K, JIN H M, LI X W, et al. Combination of electronic choledochoscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for complicated biliary calculus treatment: A new exploration[J]. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 2018, 28(3):e68-e73.
[22]
PHILIPP A, LAUTERBORN W. Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1998, 361:75-116.
[23]
FRENZ M, KÖNZ F, PRATISTO H, et al. Starting mechanisms and dynamics of bubble formation induced by a Ho:Yttrium aluminum garnet laser in water[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1998, 84(11):5905-5912.
[24]
CHAN K F, VASSAR G J, PFEFER T J, et al. Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy: A dominant photothermal ablative mechanism with chemical decomposition of urinary calculi[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1999, 25(1):22-37.
[25]
JANSEN E D, ASSHAUER T, FRENZ M, et al. Effect of pulse duration on bubble formation and laser-induced pressure waves during holmium laser ablation[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1996, 18(3):278-293.
[26]
徐云飞, 边雅龙, 张玉锋, . 钬激光诱导空化气泡及组织消融的实验研究[J]. 实验力学, 2023, 38(3):371-377
(XU Yunfei, BIAN Yalong, ZHANG Yufeng, et al. Experimental study on holmium laser-induced cavitation bubble and tissue ablation[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2023, 38(3):371-377 (in Chinese))
[27]
HEIN S, PETZOLD R, SCHOENTHALER M, et al. Thermal effects of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy: Real-time evaluation in an in vitro model[J]. World Journal of Urology, 2018, 36:1469-1475.
[28]
苏汉忠, 白培明, 张其清, . 微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术与标准通道气压弹道联合超声碎石术的疗效比较[J]. 中国临床研究, 2012, 25(3):223-225
(SU Hanzhong, BAI Peiming, ZHANG Qiqing, et al. Comparison of efficacy between mPCNL with holmium laser and EMS standard tract PCNL in the treatment of complex renal calculi under ultrasound guidance[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Research, 2012, 25(3):223-225 (in Chinese))
[29]
江锋, 吴鹏飞. 输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效和安全性研究[J]. 陕西医学杂志, 2018, 47(8):1000-1002
(JIANG Feng, WU Pengfei. Efficacy and safety of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for renal calculus[J]. Shaanxi Medical Journal, 2018, 47(8):1000-1002 (in Chinese))
[30]
陈静, 何亮军, 陈翔, . 输尿管镜钬激光碎石术对不同成分结石的疗效比较[J]. 微创泌尿外科杂志, 2023, 12(6):391-395
(CHEN Jing, HE Liangjun, CHEN Xiang, et al. Comparative effectiveness of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy on different component of stones[J]. Journal of Minimally Invasive Urology, 2023, 12(6):391-395 (in Chinese))
[31]
MOLINA W R, MARCHINI G S, POMPEO A, et al. Determinants of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser time and energy during ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy[J]. Urology, 2014, 83(4):738-744.
[32]
HO D S, SCIALABBA D, TERRY R S, et al. The role of cavitation in energy delivery and stone damage during laser lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2021, 35(6):860-870.
[33]
CHAN K F, JOSHUA PFEFER T, TEICHMAN J M H, et al. A perspective on laser lithotripsy: The fragmentation processes[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2001, 15(3):257-273.
[34]
RIEHLE JR R A, CARTER H B, VAUGHAN JR E. Quantitative and crystallographic analysis of stone fragments voided after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Endourology, 1987, 1(1):37-44.
[35]
WILLSCHER M K, CONWAY JR J F, BABAYAN R K, et al. Safety and efficacy of electrohydraulic lithotripsy by ureteroscopy[J]. Journal of Urology, 1988, 140(5):957-958.
[36]
VORREUTHER R, CORLEIS R, KLOTZ T, et al. Impact of shock wave pattern and cavitation bubble size on tissue damage during ureteroscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Urology, 1995, 153:849-853.
[37]
HARDY L A, KENNEDY J D, WILSON C R, et al. Analysis of thulium fiber laser induced bubble dynamics for ablation of kidney stones[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 2017, 10(10):1240-1249.
[38]
赵卫, 孙永道. 脉冲激光等离子体冲击波碎石机理分析[J]. 光子学报, 1998, 27(11):1001-1004
(ZHAO Wei, SUN Yongdao. Analysis of the stone destruction mechanism in pulsed laser lithotripsy[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 1998, 27(11):1001-1004 (in Chinese))
[39]
ABOUMARZOUK O M, MONGA M, KATA S G, et al. Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for stones>2 cm: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Endourology, 2012, 26(10):1257-1263.
[40]
夏磊, 段雪辉, 吴小荣, . 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术中阶梯式激光能量设置技巧[J]. 中国激光医学杂志, 2018, 27(2):116
(XIA Lei, DUAN Xuehui, WU Xiaorong, et al. Stepped laser energy setting skills in flexible ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 2018, 27(2):116 (in Chinese))
[41]
BRENNER E. Human body preservation-old and new techniques[J]. Journal of Anatomy, 2014, 224(3):316-344.
[42]
LIU Y, ZHONG P. BegoStone: A new stone phantom for shock wave lithotripsy research[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2002, 112(4):1265-1268.
[43]
DABBAGH A, ABDULLAH B J J, RAMASINDARUM C, et al. Tissue-mimicking gel phantoms for thermal therapy studies[J]. Ultrasonic Imaging, 2014, 36(4):291-316.
[44]
叶世佳. 透明高分子材料在冲击加载下的损伤机理研究[D]. 广州:华南理工大学, 2022
(YE Shijia. Damage mechanism of transparent polymer materials under impact loading[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2022 (in Chinese))
[45]
LIU Q, HUA J Y, FAN D, et al. High-speed perforation of high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi plates: Experiments and modeling[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2024, 38:108083.
[46]
PISHCHALNIKOV Y A, BEHNKE-PARKS W M, SCHMIDMAYER K, et al. High-speed video microscopy and numerical modeling of bubble dynamics near a surface of urinary stone[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2019, 146(1):516-531.
[47]
何永辉, 蒋剑峰, 赵万生. 基于扫描白光干涉法的表面三维轮廓仪[J]. 光学技术, 2001, 27(2):150-152
(HE Yonghui, JIANG Jianfeng, ZHAO Wansheng. Surface 3D profiler based on scanning white light interferometry method[J]. Optical Technique, 2001, 27(2):150-152 (in Chinese))
[48]
顾永玉, 张永康, 张兴权, . 约束层对激光驱动冲击波压力影响机理的理论研究[J]. 物理学报, 2006, 55(11):5885-5891
(GU Yongyu, ZHANG Yongkang, ZHANG Xingquan, et al. Theoretical study on the influence of the overlay on the pressure of laser shock wave in photomechanics[J]. Acta Physics Sinica, 2006, 55(11):5885-5891 (in Chinese))
2025年第40卷第4期
PDF下载
99
47
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-079
  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-01
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
  • 修回日期:2024-06-24
基金
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学物理科学与技术学院,四川成都 610031
    2.顶峰多尺度科学研究所,四川成都 610031
    3.西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院,四川成都 610031

通讯作者:

卢磊(1990-),男,博士,副教授。主要研究领域:实验固体力学。Email:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sylx/CN/10.7520/1001-4888-24-079
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏