Article(id=1244280831544505071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7520/1001-4888-25-034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739376000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-13, revisedDate=1744387200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774589267860, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774589267860, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774589267860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589267860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244280827157263057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, year='2025', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='387', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774589266813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589721933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=398, endPage=408, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244280831875855095, articleId=1244280831544505071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, language=EN, title=Effect of neutral salt spray corrosion on impact fatigue life of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aviation metal structures often face the combined effect of Marine corrosion environment and repeated impact loads during service, which leads to corrosion damage on the material surface and significantly deteriorates its impact fatigue performance. In order to explore this phenomenon in depth, this paper systematically studied the impact fatigue life of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy, the key structural materials in the aviation field, under different durations of neutral salt spray corrosion. The impact of corrosion duration on the impact fatigue life of two types of notched three-point bending specimens and the damage mechanism were systematically revealed by the neutral salt spray corrosion test, the dropping hammer impact fatigue life measurement test, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization technology. The results show: with the increase of salt spray corrosion time, the fatigue life of U/V-90° notched specimens of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy U-notched specimens show a nearly linear decay trend, and the fatigue life of AerMet100 steel decreases to about 50% of that of non-corroded specimens after 240 h of corrosion. However, the U-notched specimen of TC18 titanium alloy decreases to about 50% of the uncorroded specimen after 480 h of corrosion. In contrast, the fatigue life of the V-90° notched specimen of TC18 titanium alloy is mainly affected by the stress state rather than the corrosion damage due to the high stress triaxial degree at the notch location. In addition, the SEM results show that with the extension of corrosion time, the number of corrosion products and pitting pits on the surface of AerMet100 steel samples increases significantly, accompanied by surface cracking, which promotes the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Due to the shielding effect of the surface passivating film on the corrosive medium, the TC18 titanium alloy effectively prevents the in-depth erosion of the corrosive medium, limits the propagation path of the crack, and maintains a high fatigue life.

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部分航空金属结构在服役过程中常面临海洋腐蚀环境与反复冲击载荷的联合作用,从而导致材料表面发生腐蚀损伤并显著劣化其冲击疲劳性能。为深入探讨这一现象,本文对航空领域关键结构材料AerMet100钢与TC18钛合金在中性盐雾腐蚀不同时长作用下,对其冲击疲劳寿命的影响进行了系统研究。通过中性盐雾腐蚀试验、落锤冲击疲劳寿命测定试验及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征技术,系统揭示了腐蚀时长对2类缺口三点弯曲试样冲击疲劳寿命的影响及其损伤机制。结果显示,随着盐雾腐蚀时长的增加,AerMet100钢的U/V-90°型缺口试样和TC18钛合金U型缺口试样的疲劳寿命均呈现近似线性的衰减趋势,AerMet100钢在腐蚀240 h后疲劳寿命降至未腐蚀试样的约50%,而TC18钛合金的U型缺口试样在腐蚀480 h后降至未腐蚀试样的约50%,相比之下,TC18钛合金的V-90°型缺口试样由于缺口处较高的应力三轴度,其疲劳寿命主要受应力状态影响而非腐蚀损伤。另外,SEM结果分析表明,随着腐蚀时间的延长,AerMet100钢试样表面的腐蚀产物和点蚀坑数量显著增加,并伴随表面龟裂,因此促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展;而TC18钛合金因表面氧化膜对腐蚀介质的屏蔽效应,可有效阻止腐蚀介质的深入侵蚀,从而限制裂纹的扩展路径,保持较高的疲劳寿命。

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朱亚新(1987-),男,教授,博士生导师。主要从事极端条件下金属材料的力学行为与机理研究。Email:
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The principal chemical compositions of AerMet100 steel

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CNiCoCrMoMnFe
0.2%11.7%13.8%3.1%1.3%0.1%69.8%
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AerMet100钢主要化学成分

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CNiCoCrMoMnFe
0.2%11.7%13.8%3.1%1.3%0.1%69.8%
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The principal chemical compositions of TC18 titanium alloy

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MoAlVCrFeOTi
5.14%5.10%5.06%0.93%0.98%0.15%82.64%
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TC18钛合金主要化学成分

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MoAlVCrFeOTi
5.14%5.10%5.06%0.93%0.98%0.15%82.64%
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Pre-experimental results of impact energy test for AerMet100 steel samples with different notches

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缺口形状冲击能量/J冲击疲劳寿命/次缺口形状冲击能量/J冲击疲劳寿命/次
U10108V1011
1314133
153151
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AerMet100钢不同缺口试样冲击能量测试预试验结果

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缺口形状冲击能量/J冲击疲劳寿命/次缺口形状冲击能量/J冲击疲劳寿命/次
U10108V1011
1314133
153151
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Impact fatigue life test results of AerMet100 steel notch samples under different salt spray corrosion duration

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缺口形状冲击能量/J腐蚀时间/h疲劳寿命/次缺口形状冲击能量/J腐蚀时间/h疲劳寿命/次
U100108V8020
9922
96939618
8514
240622409
576
480494806
422
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不同盐雾腐蚀时长下AerMet100钢缺口试样的冲击疲劳寿命测试结果

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U100108V8020
9922
96939618
8514
240622409
576
480494806
422
), ArticleFig(id=1244340246003958245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280831544505071, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Impact fatigue life test results of TC18 titanium notch samples under different salt spray corrosion duration

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缺口形状冲击能量/J腐蚀时间/h疲劳寿命/次缺口形状冲击能量/J腐蚀时间/h疲劳寿命/次
U10062V809
666
9660968
639
240582407
10
480454807
388
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不同盐雾腐蚀时长下TC18钛合金缺口试样的冲击疲劳寿命测试结果

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U10062V809
666
9660968
639
240582407
10
480454807
388
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中性盐雾腐蚀对AerMet100钢与TC18钛合金冲击疲劳寿命的影响研究
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王科翔 1 , 郭玉佩 2 , 周龙俊 3 , 朱亚新 1 , 白春玉 3 , 杨强 3
实验力学 | 2025,40(4): 398-408
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实验力学 | 2025, 40(4): 398-408
中性盐雾腐蚀对AerMet100钢与TC18钛合金冲击疲劳寿命的影响研究
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王科翔1, 郭玉佩2, 周龙俊3, 朱亚新1 , 白春玉3, 杨强3
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学航空航天学院,湖北武汉 430074
  • 2.中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,陕西西安 710065
  • 3.武汉船舶通信研究所低频电磁通信技术湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430010

通讯作者:

朱亚新(1987-),男,教授,博士生导师。主要从事极端条件下金属材料的力学行为与机理研究。Email:
Effect of neutral salt spray corrosion on impact fatigue life of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy
Kexiang WANG1, Yupei GUO2, Longjun ZHOU3, Yaxin ZHU1 , Chunyu BAI3, Qiang YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
  • 3.Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Communication Technology, Wuhan Institute of Ship Communication, Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-25-034
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部分航空金属结构在服役过程中常面临海洋腐蚀环境与反复冲击载荷的联合作用,从而导致材料表面发生腐蚀损伤并显著劣化其冲击疲劳性能。为深入探讨这一现象,本文对航空领域关键结构材料AerMet100钢与TC18钛合金在中性盐雾腐蚀不同时长作用下,对其冲击疲劳寿命的影响进行了系统研究。通过中性盐雾腐蚀试验、落锤冲击疲劳寿命测定试验及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征技术,系统揭示了腐蚀时长对2类缺口三点弯曲试样冲击疲劳寿命的影响及其损伤机制。结果显示,随着盐雾腐蚀时长的增加,AerMet100钢的U/V-90°型缺口试样和TC18钛合金U型缺口试样的疲劳寿命均呈现近似线性的衰减趋势,AerMet100钢在腐蚀240 h后疲劳寿命降至未腐蚀试样的约50%,而TC18钛合金的U型缺口试样在腐蚀480 h后降至未腐蚀试样的约50%,相比之下,TC18钛合金的V-90°型缺口试样由于缺口处较高的应力三轴度,其疲劳寿命主要受应力状态影响而非腐蚀损伤。另外,SEM结果分析表明,随着腐蚀时间的延长,AerMet100钢试样表面的腐蚀产物和点蚀坑数量显著增加,并伴随表面龟裂,因此促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展;而TC18钛合金因表面氧化膜对腐蚀介质的屏蔽效应,可有效阻止腐蚀介质的深入侵蚀,从而限制裂纹的扩展路径,保持较高的疲劳寿命。

AerMet100钢  /  TC18钛合金  /  中性盐雾腐蚀  /  冲击疲劳寿命  /  损伤机理

Aviation metal structures often face the combined effect of Marine corrosion environment and repeated impact loads during service, which leads to corrosion damage on the material surface and significantly deteriorates its impact fatigue performance. In order to explore this phenomenon in depth, this paper systematically studied the impact fatigue life of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy, the key structural materials in the aviation field, under different durations of neutral salt spray corrosion. The impact of corrosion duration on the impact fatigue life of two types of notched three-point bending specimens and the damage mechanism were systematically revealed by the neutral salt spray corrosion test, the dropping hammer impact fatigue life measurement test, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization technology. The results show: with the increase of salt spray corrosion time, the fatigue life of U/V-90° notched specimens of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy U-notched specimens show a nearly linear decay trend, and the fatigue life of AerMet100 steel decreases to about 50% of that of non-corroded specimens after 240 h of corrosion. However, the U-notched specimen of TC18 titanium alloy decreases to about 50% of the uncorroded specimen after 480 h of corrosion. In contrast, the fatigue life of the V-90° notched specimen of TC18 titanium alloy is mainly affected by the stress state rather than the corrosion damage due to the high stress triaxial degree at the notch location. In addition, the SEM results show that with the extension of corrosion time, the number of corrosion products and pitting pits on the surface of AerMet100 steel samples increases significantly, accompanied by surface cracking, which promotes the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Due to the shielding effect of the surface passivating film on the corrosive medium, the TC18 titanium alloy effectively prevents the in-depth erosion of the corrosive medium, limits the propagation path of the crack, and maintains a high fatigue life.

AerMet100 steel  /  TC18 titanium alloy  /  neutral salt spray corrosion  /  impact fatigue life  /  mechanism of damage
王科翔, 郭玉佩, 周龙俊, 朱亚新, 白春玉, 杨强. 中性盐雾腐蚀对AerMet100钢与TC18钛合金冲击疲劳寿命的影响研究. 实验力学, 2025 , 40 (4) : 398 -408 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-25-034
Kexiang WANG, Yupei GUO, Longjun ZHOU, Yaxin ZHU, Chunyu BAI, Qiang YANG. Effect of neutral salt spray corrosion on impact fatigue life of AerMet100 steel and TC18 titanium alloy[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2025 , 40 (4) : 398 -408 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-25-034
在海洋环境中服役的关键承力结构,如飞机起落架、阻拦索和钩等,常常面临低速或中速反复冲击载荷与中性盐雾腐蚀的共同作用。反复冲击载荷的持续作用将会导致材料内部微观损伤的萌生与扩展,随着载荷作用次数的增加,损伤沿裂纹方向扩展,最终可能引发结构的突发失效[14]。冲击疲劳作为近年来备受关注的一种特殊疲劳形式,具有作用时间短、加载速度快和应变率高等特点,因此,材料的疲劳寿命表现出显著的应变率效应[57]。在高应变率冲击疲劳载荷的作用下,材料的有效强度降低,且冲击疲劳失效往往具有突发性、不可预测性和复杂性。与常规疲劳不同,冲击疲劳的破坏机制更为复杂,涉及局部永久变形、基体裂纹、层间剥离和界面失黏等多种损伤模式[8]。中性盐雾腐蚀是导致金属材料力学性能下降的关键因素之一[911]。在冲击疲劳与海洋环境腐蚀的双重作用下,结构的力学性能迅速恶化,严重威胁其安全性[1216]。这些环境因素加剧了金属的腐蚀过程,并随着服役时间的增加,腐蚀损伤逐渐积累,呈现出复杂多样的腐蚀形态,主要包括整体腐蚀和局部腐蚀2大类。整体腐蚀形式较为单一,以均匀腐蚀为主;而局部腐蚀则包括点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀、空泡腐蚀和电偶腐蚀等[17]。杨东方等[18]提出了腐蚀冲击疲劳的概念和试验方法,发现尽管2种材料在空气中的冲击疲劳寿命相近,但在盐水腐蚀作用下,疲劳寿命的下降差异显著,并认为这是盐水环境加速了疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。杨强等[19]通过盐雾腐蚀试验和落锤冲击试验,研究了不同腐蚀时长下AA6061-T6铝合金的腐蚀损伤及其对缺口三点弯曲试样冲击疲劳寿命的影响,结果表明,随着盐雾腐蚀时间的延长,点蚀坑加深、分布密集,并伴随大量腐蚀微裂纹生成,但冲击疲劳寿命呈现先略增后下降的异常趋势。
AerMet100钢具有高强度和高韧性,且具备优良的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力[2021],已被广泛应用于飞机起落架等结构[22]。此外,TC18钛合金在退火状态下具有较高的强度水平(≥1080 MPa),是目前强度最高的钛合金材料,特别适用于制造飞机机身和起落架结构中的大型锻件[2324]。李松梅等[25]采用载荷控制与应力强度因子控制方法,研究了AerMet100在不同裂纹扩展速率区域受应力比和腐蚀环境影响的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,AerMet100钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN≥1×10-5mm/cycle(每加载周期1×10-5mm)时,腐蚀环境下裂纹扩展较快;而当da/dN<1×10-5 mm/cycle时,氧化物在裂纹尖端堆积,导致裂纹尖端产生闭合效应,裂纹扩展速率减缓。SCHUTZ[26]认为,钛合金对大多数局部腐蚀形式具有较强抗性,包括点蚀、电偶腐蚀和应力腐蚀开裂,然而最易遭受的是缝隙腐蚀,缝隙腐蚀发生在相邻金属表面之间的裂缝和间隙,或金属与其他固体材料之间的空隙中,形成具有侵蚀性的局部化学环境。在此前的工作中,本课题研究了反复冲击对AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金冲击疲劳寿命的影响及损伤机理的定量表征[2728]。然而,目前关于AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金在腐蚀环境下冲击疲劳寿命的研究仍较为缺乏。因此,研究AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金在腐蚀环境下的冲击疲劳性能,对优化其在恶劣环境中的应用具有重要意义。
本研究首先对AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金未腐蚀2种缺口类型的冲击试样进行不同冲击能量下的冲击疲劳寿命测试,基于测试结果选择了2种缺口试样对应的冲击能量;随后对试样进行不同时长的中性盐雾腐蚀试验;其次,采用落锤冲击试验,对腐蚀后的含缺口三点弯曲试样进行冲击疲劳测试;另外通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对不同中性盐雾腐蚀时长的金属表面腐蚀损伤及冲击断口进行表征;最后,分析了中性盐雾腐蚀对AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金冲击疲劳寿命的影响,并探讨了其腐蚀机理和冲击疲劳损伤机理。
本试验采用商用AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金,其化学成分的质量分数分别见表1表2
本文中性盐雾腐蚀试验所使用的中性盐雾腐蚀液为浓度5%的氯化钠溶液。中性盐雾腐蚀试验采用间隔喷雾的方式,即喷雾12 h后间隔12 h,盐雾箱温度在(35±1)℃。根据文献[29]的加速腐蚀等效关系,中性盐雾环境24 h的腐蚀效应近乎相当于自然环境下暴露1年,而实际工程构件在自然环境中的腐蚀过程往往持续数年乃至数十年[30]。基于此,本研究特别选取96 h、240 h和480 h试验周期,分别对应自然环境下的4年、10年和20年腐蚀时长,这一梯度设置既能覆盖短期腐蚀效应,又可反映长期腐蚀演化规律。具体盐雾腐蚀试验参数参见文献[19]
本研究选用AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金2种典型航空金属作为研究材料,设计试样的长度为60 mm,截面尺寸为10 mm×10 mm。试样包括U型和V-90°型(后简称为V型)2种类型的缺口,且2种缺口的深度均为2 mm。为确保试样表面的加工质量,试样表面的粗糙度控制在0.4μm以下。2种类型缺口试样的详细尺寸设计图如图1所示。
冲击疲劳试验的具体设计参照文献[28]。为确保冲击疲劳寿命试验结果的可行性,本文首先对未受腐蚀的试样进行了预试验。预试验的目的是验证冲击疲劳寿命是否处于合理的试验范围内,确保在盐雾腐蚀试验中选择适宜的冲击能量,并据此在盐雾腐蚀试验中选择适宜的冲击能量。表3列出了AerMet100钢未腐蚀试样在不同冲击能量下的冲击疲劳寿命。为便于统计分析,本研究采用试样完全断裂所需的冲击次数作为冲击疲劳寿命的量化指标。
根据表3中的预试验结果,V型缺口的冲击试样在10 J的冲击能量下疲劳寿命仅为11次,过短的疲劳寿命难以有效表征盐雾腐蚀时长对其冲击疲劳性能的影响。相比之下,U型缺口试样在10 J的冲击能量下,其疲劳寿命已经达到108次,由于材料的冲击疲劳寿命随冲击能量的降低表现出指数型增长的趋势[27],而U型缺口选用10 J的冲击能量已能很好地反映腐蚀时长对其疲劳寿命的影响,因此最终确定盐雾腐蚀试验中AerMet100钢U型缺口试样的冲击能量为10 J,V型缺口试样的冲击能量为8 J。这些冲击能量参数同样适用于TC18钛合金试样,以确保不同材料在腐蚀环境下的试验条件具有可比性。另外,为了验证试验的重复性和结果的可靠性,每组试样均进行2次独立测试。试样断裂后,及时对断口进行保护处理,以防止断口形貌发生进一步变化,并利用SEM对断口的微观形貌进行详细观察和分析。
图2图3分别展示了AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金冲击试样在未腐蚀、腐蚀96 h、240 h、480 h时长下的腐蚀效果。通过对比分析可以观察到,AerMet100钢冲击试样的腐蚀程度随着腐蚀时间的增加而逐步加剧。在96 h的盐雾腐蚀下,AerMet100钢试样表现出初期的点状腐蚀;当腐蚀时长延长至240 h,试样表面形成了较为均匀且明显的腐蚀层;而在480 h的腐蚀条件下,试样出现了严重的腐蚀层剥落和结构性损伤,腐蚀形态呈现出由轻微到严重的逐步演变趋势。这一现象表明,随着腐蚀时间的延长,AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的耐腐蚀性能显著下降,腐蚀破坏机制由点状侵蚀逐步演变为大面积的腐蚀剥离,这与其化学成分中易被氯离子侵蚀的元素有关[3132]
相比之下,TC18钛合金试样在经过240 h和480 h的盐雾腐蚀后,其缺口表面仅出现少量锈迹,表明TC18钛合金具有优越的抗腐蚀能力。TC18钛合金的表面腐蚀程度远低于AerMet100钢,这一结果可归因于TC18钛合金在暴露于氧化性环境中时,能够迅速在表面形成一层致密且稳定的氧化钛(TiO2)氧化膜,该氧化膜不仅具有优异的屏蔽效应,能够有效阻隔腐蚀介质(如氯离子)的渗透,还具备自我修复能力[33]
表4图4分别为AerMet100钢在不同盐雾腐蚀时长下进行冲击疲劳测试后的寿命数据结果和疲劳寿命与不同腐蚀时长的散点图。从表4图4的结果可以看出,随着盐雾腐蚀时间的延长,Aer-Met100钢试样的冲击疲劳寿命呈现出近似线性的衰减趋势。当腐蚀时间由0 h增加至480 h,疲劳寿命整体上逐步减少,且U型缺口试样与V型缺口试样的线性衰减斜率基本相同。这表明AerMet100钢的不同缺口试样类型对腐蚀时间的敏感程度相似。当腐蚀时间达到240 h,2种缺口类型试样的疲劳寿命均约为未腐蚀试样的50%,表明盐雾腐蚀显著降低了材料的冲击疲劳性能。
为探讨盐雾腐蚀对AerMet100钢裂纹扩展机理的影响,本研究对不同盐雾腐蚀时长下的冲击断口试样进行了SEM观察。图5图8展示了AerMet100钢的2种缺口试样在不同腐蚀时长下对应的微观形貌SEM图。
图5展示了U型冲击试样缺口根部在不同中性盐雾腐蚀时长下的腐蚀效果及其局部放大图。随着腐蚀时间的延长,AerMet100钢试样表面的腐蚀产物显著增加,点蚀坑的数量亦随之增多。此外,如图5(b2)、(c2)、(d2)所示,试样表面开始出现明显的龟裂现象。对腐蚀时长分别为240 h和480 h的试样,缺口表面均形成了致密的腐蚀产物层。该腐蚀产物层可能对金属基体产生一定的屏蔽作用,但是更容易形成应力集中区,导致裂纹更容易产生和扩展,另外当这层腐蚀产物层被破坏后,也更容易诱发点蚀和局部腐蚀[34]
为进一步深入探讨盐雾腐蚀对AerMet100钢U型缺口试样裂纹形核与扩展机制的影响,本研究对U型缺口试样的冲击断口进行了SEM观察,相关结果如图6所示。从图6中可以观察到,试样内部已出现大小不均的点蚀坑。随着腐蚀时长的增加,盐雾腐蚀深度亦随之加深,最大腐蚀深度达到210μm,同时,点蚀坑的尺寸也逐渐增大。进一步分析显示,未经过盐雾腐蚀处理的试样中,裂纹主要在夹杂相处形核,表明夹杂相对裂纹形核起到了显著的作用[35]。然而,对经过盐雾腐蚀处理的试样,裂纹的主要形核位置转变为点蚀坑周围区域,并沿腐蚀坑向外扩展。这一现象表明,盐雾腐蚀引发的点蚀坑对材料的冲击疲劳寿命影响远大于材料内部夹杂相的影响。点蚀坑的局部损伤导致了材料表面的显著应力集中,进而加剧了裂纹的扩展速度,这一过程比单纯依赖夹杂相的作用更为严重。随腐蚀时间延长,腐蚀坑的应力集中效应与氧化产物的脆性特征共同主导[36],使其演变为裂纹形核的核心区域,显著加速了裂纹萌生并降低了材料抗冲击能力。且由于冲击载荷的能量传导主要集中于试样缺口表层区域[37],导致腐蚀在试样表面产生的微裂纹在反复冲击加载下更易发生扩展,进而导致冲击疲劳性能的急剧劣化。
图7图8展示了经过不同中性盐雾腐蚀时间后,AerMet100钢V型缺口试样的SEM图像。与U型缺口试样的腐蚀特征相似,随着盐雾腐蚀时间的延长,V型缺口试样表面的腐蚀产物显著增多,且腐蚀深度也逐渐加深。此外,在缺口根部观察到较大区域的龟裂现象,表明盐雾腐蚀对材料的局部微观结构造成了较为严重的破坏。
图8所示的V型缺口试样冲击断口SEM图像显示,该类型试样的最大腐蚀深度约为50μm,显著低于U型缺口试样的腐蚀深度。该差异的形成可归因于2种缺口几何形状的不同,特别是缺口曲率半径的差异。具体来说,V型缺口试样的曲率半径为0.25 mm,而U型缺口试样的曲率半径为1 mm。较小的曲率半径导致V型缺口试样的腐蚀面积相对较小,从而限制了腐蚀深度的进一步扩展。另外,较大的曲率半径也导致了U型缺口试样在腐蚀环境中暴露于更广泛的腐蚀介质,从而加速了腐蚀产物的形成和腐蚀深度的增加。
表5图9分别为TC18钛合金在不同盐雾腐蚀时长下经过冲击疲劳测试后的寿命数据结果,以及疲劳寿命随不同腐蚀时长变化的散点图。对TC18钛合金U型缺口试样的疲劳寿命测试结果显示,疲劳寿命随着腐蚀时长的增加呈现出近似线性的下降趋势。这表明在U型缺口条件下,腐蚀时长对材料疲劳寿命的影响较为显著。然而,在TC18钛合金V型缺口试样的疲劳寿命测试结果中,疲劳寿命与腐蚀时长之间并未表现出明显的相关性。由于TC18钛合金自身具有优异的抗腐蚀能力,其表面形成的致密氧化膜(TiO2)可有效抑制盐雾环境中Cl的渗透腐蚀。
与AerMet100钢类似,TC18钛合金的U型缺口和V型缺口在盐雾腐蚀环境下的表现存在显著差异。U型缺口由于其较大的曲率半径,更容易受到腐蚀的影响,腐蚀深度显著高于V型缺口。随着腐蚀时间的增加,U型缺口处的腐蚀产物积累和氧化膜的局部破坏会加剧缺口处的应力集中效应,从而导致疲劳寿命显著降低。相比之下,V型缺口由于其较小的曲率半径,腐蚀介质在缺口尖端的渗透和扩散受到限制,且其表面形成的氧化膜更加完整,能够有效阻挡Cl的进一步侵蚀。此外,V型缺口的应力集中主要集中在断口尖端区域,这种高应力三轴度的局部应力状态对疲劳寿命的影响更为显著,而腐蚀时长对疲劳寿命的直接影响相对较小,因此,V型缺口的疲劳寿命在盐雾腐蚀时长增加的情况下,能够保持相对稳定。
进一步通过SEM扫描观察了TC18钛合金缺口试样的表面和断口特征,相关结果如图10所示。由于在96 h的腐蚀条件下,TC18钛合金表面未表现出显著的变化,因此仅对腐蚀时长分别为240 h和480 h的试样进行了SEM表征。从图10(a)可以看出,在腐蚀时间为240 h的试样中,冲击缺口表面已形成致密的氧化膜,但未观察到点蚀坑的存在。在较短的腐蚀时长下,TC18钛合金能够较好地保持其表面完整性,氧化膜有效地阻止了腐蚀介质的进一步侵入。
然而,随着腐蚀时长延长至480 h,如图10(d)所示,不仅致密的氧化膜依然存在,还出现了大量点蚀坑。这些点蚀坑的形成表明,随着腐蚀时间的增加,盐雾环境对材料表面的侵蚀作用逐渐加剧,导致局部区域的腐蚀扩展。此外,进一步对试样冲击断口SEM扫描发现,腐蚀时长为240 h的试样缺口根部近表面区域无明显腐蚀现象;而在腐蚀时长为480 h的试样中,该区域出现了约20μm深的腐蚀痕迹。这些点蚀坑不仅在表面形成,而且逐渐扩展至缺口根部附近的内层,进而影响材料的疲劳性能和寿命。
本文探讨了2种典型航空金属材料在不同中性盐雾腐蚀的作用时长下对冲击疲劳寿命的影响,得出以下结论:
1)随着盐雾腐蚀时长的增加,AerMet100钢和TC18钛合金的U型缺口试样的疲劳寿命均呈现出近似线性的衰减趋势。AerMet100钢的2种缺口试样在腐蚀240 h后,疲劳寿命降至未腐蚀试样的约50%;TC18钛合金的U型缺口试样在腐蚀480 h后,疲劳寿命亦降至未腐蚀试样的约50%。这一现象表明,尽管2种材料的疲劳寿命随腐蚀时间的延长而显著降低,但TC18钛合金在相同腐蚀条件下展现出更优越的耐腐蚀性能和更长的疲劳寿命。
2)对TC18钛合金V型缺口试样,较高的应力三轴度对疲劳寿命的影响显著高于盐雾腐蚀的作用。在中性盐雾腐蚀条件下,TC18钛合金V型缺口试样的疲劳寿命与腐蚀时长之间未表现出明显的相关性,这表明,在高应力集中区域,材料的应力状态对疲劳性能的影响更加显著,而腐蚀的影响则相对较小。这一现象可以归因于V型缺口试样所承受的较高的应力三轴度,导致其疲劳裂纹的形成更依赖于应力状态,而非表面腐蚀的程度。
3)AerMet100钢在盐雾腐蚀环境中,其疲劳寿命随着腐蚀时间的增加而显著下降,主要原因在于腐蚀产物和点蚀坑的增多,导致表面龟裂和微观结构的损伤,这进一步促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。随着腐蚀时长的增加,AerMet100钢表面的腐蚀产物形成逐渐增多,点蚀坑和局部龟裂现象也更加明显,这些微观结构的变化使疲劳裂纹易于在缺口根部区域形成并扩展。相比之下,TC18钛合金由于其出色的氧化膜形成能力和高抗腐蚀性元素的加入,在较长腐蚀时长下能够保持较高的疲劳寿命,同时腐蚀深度远小于AerMet100钢。这表明TC18钛合金在高腐蚀性环境中具有更优越的耐久性和可靠性。
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2025年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-25-034
  • 接收时间:2025-02-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-13
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
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    1.华中科技大学航空航天学院,湖北武汉 430074
    2.中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,陕西西安 710065
    3.武汉船舶通信研究所低频电磁通信技术湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430010

通讯作者:

朱亚新(1987-),男,教授,博士生导师。主要从事极端条件下金属材料的力学行为与机理研究。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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