Article(id=1244280830877610734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7520/1001-4888-24-044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=1713888000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774589267701, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774589267701, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774589267701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589267701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244280827157263057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, year='2025', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='387', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774589266813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589721933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=455, endPage=466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244280832265925377, articleId=1244280830877610734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, language=EN, title=Full-field 3D morphology measurement of continuous specular objects by translational phase measuring deflectometry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-precision full-field morphology measurement of specular structures is an indispensable step in numerous high-end manufacturing fields. This paper proposes Translational Phase Measuring Deflectometry to achieve high-precision measurement of specular surfaces. Based on a monoscopic single-screen setup, the method establishes a complete model of the relationship between fringe phase, surface gradient, and height, and establishes basic constraints in the model through the assumption of surface continuity. A method for solving model parameters is proposed, addressing the ambiguity issue present in traditional phase measuring deflectometry. This method allows for the measurement of the morphology and pose of the structure under test through simple and arbitrary movements of the screen. A series of validation experiments are conducted to discuss the influence of surface gradient and height variation on the method’s ability to measure morphology and validate its comprehensive measurement capability. Experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in measurement accuracy compared to traditional methods in the measurement of specular structures’ morphology.

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镜面反射结构的高精度全场形貌测量是众多高端制造领域中不可或缺的重要环节。为了实现镜面形貌的高精度测量,本文提出一种移动相位偏折术。以单目单屏为基础,给出了完整的条纹相位-梯度-高度关系模型,并通过表面连续性假设实现了模型中的基本约束条件;提出了一种模型参数的求解方法,解决了传统相位偏折术中存在的二义性问题,该方法能够通过显示器的任意刚体位移实现被测结构形貌及位姿的测量;通过开展一系列验证实验,分别讨论了被测表面梯度、高度变化对该方法形貌测量能力的影响,验证了方法的形貌测量综合能力。实验结果表明,在镜面反射结构形貌测量中,本文方法相较于传统方法的测量精度显著提升。

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孙晨(1989-),男,博士,副研究员。主要研究领域:光测力学。Email:
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基于移动相位偏折术的连续镜面反射结构全场三维形貌测量
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首成逸 , 谭新韵 , 孙晨 , 陈巨兵
实验力学 | 2025,40(4): 455-466
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实验力学 | 2025, 40(4): 455-466
基于移动相位偏折术的连续镜面反射结构全场三维形貌测量
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首成逸, 谭新韵, 孙晨 , 陈巨兵
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240

通讯作者:

孙晨(1989-),男,博士,副研究员。主要研究领域:光测力学。Email:
Full-field 3D morphology measurement of continuous specular objects by translational phase measuring deflectometry
Chengyi SHOU, Xinyun TAN, Chen SUN , Jubing CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-044
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镜面反射结构的高精度全场形貌测量是众多高端制造领域中不可或缺的重要环节。为了实现镜面形貌的高精度测量,本文提出一种移动相位偏折术。以单目单屏为基础,给出了完整的条纹相位-梯度-高度关系模型,并通过表面连续性假设实现了模型中的基本约束条件;提出了一种模型参数的求解方法,解决了传统相位偏折术中存在的二义性问题,该方法能够通过显示器的任意刚体位移实现被测结构形貌及位姿的测量;通过开展一系列验证实验,分别讨论了被测表面梯度、高度变化对该方法形貌测量能力的影响,验证了方法的形貌测量综合能力。实验结果表明,在镜面反射结构形貌测量中,本文方法相较于传统方法的测量精度显著提升。

镜面测量  /  全场三维形貌  /  相位偏折术  /  单目单屏  /  条纹

High-precision full-field morphology measurement of specular structures is an indispensable step in numerous high-end manufacturing fields. This paper proposes Translational Phase Measuring Deflectometry to achieve high-precision measurement of specular surfaces. Based on a monoscopic single-screen setup, the method establishes a complete model of the relationship between fringe phase, surface gradient, and height, and establishes basic constraints in the model through the assumption of surface continuity. A method for solving model parameters is proposed, addressing the ambiguity issue present in traditional phase measuring deflectometry. This method allows for the measurement of the morphology and pose of the structure under test through simple and arbitrary movements of the screen. A series of validation experiments are conducted to discuss the influence of surface gradient and height variation on the method’s ability to measure morphology and validate its comprehensive measurement capability. Experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in measurement accuracy compared to traditional methods in the measurement of specular structures’ morphology.

specular measurement  /  full-field 3D morphology  /  phase measuring deflectometry  /  single-camera single-screen  /  fringe
首成逸, 谭新韵, 孙晨, 陈巨兵. 基于移动相位偏折术的连续镜面反射结构全场三维形貌测量. 实验力学, 2025 , 40 (4) : 455 -466 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-044
Chengyi SHOU, Xinyun TAN, Chen SUN, Jubing CHEN. Full-field 3D morphology measurement of continuous specular objects by translational phase measuring deflectometry[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2025 , 40 (4) : 455 -466 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-044
镜面反射结构广泛存在于如半导体[12]、天文望远镜[34]、精密仪器[56]、医疗器械[78]、空间通信设备[910]、激光加工设备[11]等高端制造领域。镜面反射结构的表面轮廓在结构的稳定性与性能方面起到了决定作用,如半导体先进封装中晶圆的表面轮廓与其厚度及残余应力控制密切相关[2],反射式望远镜主镜的面形与其观测能力直接关联[3],因此,镜面反射结构的全场形貌测量对众多高端制造领域中产品的质量监测具有重要意义。现有的镜面反射结构全场形貌测量一般采用光学方法[12],主要包括干涉(Interferometry)法[1314]、夏克-哈特曼波前检测(Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing)法[15]和相位偏折术(Phase Measuring Deflectometry,PMD)[1618]。其中,干涉法需要复杂的补偿光学系统与严苛的环境,测量范围有限且通用性差;波前检测法在动态范围和测量点数量方面存在缺陷[19]。PMD因其结构简单、设备门槛低、通用性强等优点,具有实现高效高精度镜面反射结构全场形貌测量的巨大潜力。
基础的PMD系统[20]由相机、显示器和被测物体(含参考平面)组成,利用经被测镜面偏折的条纹信息测量镜面形貌。相比漫反射结构,镜面反射结构的形貌测量中最关键的问题是梯度-高度二义性问题,即相同条纹相位对应的被测面梯度-高度组合并不唯一。基础的单目单屏PMD通常忽略相对高度对相位变化的影响[2123],故此法仅适合测量平面或类平面物体(将此法简称为基础PMD,basic PMD)。为了解决镜面形貌测量的二义性问题,研究人员发展了一系列增加显示设备或传感器的PMD[202426],但这类方法一定程度上削弱了PMD结构简单的优势;也有学者[2730]针对单目单屏的硬件设置,设计了平移显示器的PMD,利用光线追踪的原理解决二义性问题,但需要严格控制显示器的平移方向与距离,现实中难以满足这一实验要求是此类方法误差的主要来源[24];还有学者[31]利用远心镜头与傅里叶镜头,引入准直相机光线与准直结构光光源系统,从光路模型上消除梯度-高度二义性问题。近年来,基于深度学习的相位偏折术也在不断发展,有学者[32]利用深度学习为相位偏折术设计了单张图片的解相位方法,也有学者[33]针对低反射率复杂表面,利用深度学习的方法在采集到的单张低质量图片上测量表面形貌。
本文提出移动相位偏折术(Translational PMD,简称TPMD),通过引入任意移动显示器后的第2组条纹信息解决二义性问题,实现镜面反射结构全场形貌的高精度测量。方法的基本思想是,首先建立单相机单显示器硬件设置下的完整相位-梯度-高度关系模型,然后利用连续表面假设为模型提供梯度-高度关系公式,最后利用显示器任意移动前后两位置条纹相位信息确认被测形貌。相比基础PMD,本文方法考虑了高度对条纹相位的影响,通过提供显示器任意2个位置下的条纹信息,解决梯度-高度二义性问题,从而适用于各种形状连续镜面的形貌测量,具有更广的测量适用范围与更高的测量精度;相比其他平移显示器的PMD,本文方法消除了因无法精准平移显示器带来的测量误差,同时降低了对实验操作的要求。通过旋转平面镜、平移平面镜与球面凹面镜形貌测量实验,本文详细讨论了被测镜面梯度、高度变化对该方法形貌测量能力的影响,并验证了方法的形貌测量的精度。
梯度-高度二义性问题是镜面形貌测量中的核心问题。如图1(a)所示,相机发射一条探照光线,经过图中具有不同的位置z1z5与法向量至表面反射后,都可以拍摄到显示器上相同的点位,即对单目单屏的测试系统,通过相机捕捉的显示器条纹信息,无法唯一确定被测点的真实梯度和高度值。相位偏折术利用相对参考平面的条纹相位变化测量被测面形貌,由于被测面上梯度引起的相位变化显著大于高度所致的相位变化,因此基础PMD忽略了高度的影响,仅通过梯度与条纹相位的变化关系进行形貌测量。以x方向为例,基础PMD的原理如图1(b)所示,假设被测面相对参考面转过的倾角为α,点RR′分别为相机光线与参考面和被测面的交点,点AB分别为参考面与被测面反射在显示器上的点。根据几何关系可知,RAR′B间的夹角为2α,被测面梯度可以近似表达为
式中:分别为线段AB及线段RA的长。若显示器条纹像素周期为T,显示器像素间距为d,则相位变化可以表示为
式中:ϕAϕB分别表示AB点对应位置的条纹相位。梯度与相位变化的关系可以表示为
式(1)~(3)即基础PMD的相位-梯度关系式。相位偏折术对被测表面的梯度敏感,而对高度偏移不敏感,故当被测表面为与参考平面相近的平面或类平面时,忽略参考平面高度影响的基础PMD可以对被测镜面形貌实现良好的测量。
基础PMD的测量误差,主要来源于模型中对高度影响的忽略。当被测表面偏离参考平面时,忽略高度影响将为测量结果引入较大误差。若要进一步提升单目单屏相位偏折术的形貌测量能力,必须将高度影响引入相位偏折术关系模型中,推导单相机、单显示器设置下的条纹相位与被测镜面梯度、高度的完整关系模型。以反射定律为基础建立的逐点相位-梯度-高度关系模型,可用于任何形状镜面的测量。
图2所示,TPMD系统包含1台相机,1台显示器和被测镜面物体。根据光路可逆原理,模型中相机发射“探照射线”PR,经被测面上点反射后形成“反射射线”RR,与显示器交于点B;其中B′为与B对应的参考镜面下显示器虚像点。在相机镜头光心、参考镜面及参考镜面下的显示器虚像处分别建立相机坐标系(Oc-xcyczc)、参考坐标系(Or-xryrzr)与显示器虚像坐标系(Oi-xiyizi)。除特殊说明外,符号的下标代表该点或向量坐标所处的坐标系,上标用于区别不同的点或向量。
根据相机采集到的相位信息可确定对应点在显示器上的相对位置,B′在显示器虚像坐标系下的坐标Bi′与显示器虚像点在相机坐标系下的坐标Bc′为
式中:ϕxϕy分别为平行于yixi方向条纹的相位(yi方向条纹提供的相位信息用于确认xi方向位置信息,反之同理);b为条纹周期宽度;ϕx0ϕy0Oi处相位值;Rc′、tc′分别为显示器虚像坐标系到相机坐标系的旋转矩阵、平移矩阵。
显示器虚像与显示器关于参考平面对称,利用参考平面法向量,可以由显示器虚像点在相机坐标系下的坐标Bc′求得显示器上对应实际物理点的位置坐标Bc。令参考平面的单位法向量,其在参考坐标系下的坐标为,通过从参考坐标系到相机坐标系的旋转矩阵,可以得到在相机坐标系下的对应坐标,进一步可以求得Bc
对一张无畸变图像,图像上的每一像素唯一确定了一条“探照射线”,像素点所捕捉到物理点的实际位置即位于此“探照射线”上。点P在相机坐标系下的坐标Pc可以表示为
式中:uv是像素坐标;u0v0是图像坐标系原点的像素坐标;fxfy为相机xy方向的焦距。由点B和点P的坐标,可以得出射线PRRR在相机坐标系下的表达式PRcRRc,以及它们的单位向量在相机坐标系下的表达式rcrrc
根据反射定律,可以求得点P处被测反射面的法向量坐标与点P处的梯度
至此完成了相位-梯度-高度关系完整模型的建立。与传统的单屏相位偏折术基本原理相比,移动相位偏折术的相位-梯度-高度关系模型同时考虑了梯度、高度对相位的影响,通过相位的绝对值而非相对变化计算被测梯度与高度,可消除被测表面偏离参考平面带来的模型误差。
从数量上看,基于反射定律建立的相位-梯度-高度关系模型为求解每个被测点方向梯度与高度3个未知量仅能提供2个独立方程,这是梯度-高度二义性问题在物理模型中的数学体现。
为求解镜面形貌,对光滑被测表面引入连续性假设,将每一点均存在的二义性问题简化。假设被测镜面结构表面连续,对图像中含有M×N个像素的矩形测量区域,利用区域波前重建法的Southwell模型,可以建立梯度场与高度场的关系,为系统提供(M×N-1)个独立方程:
对含有M×N个像素的测量区域,每一像素点有3个未知参量,即共有3×M×N个待求未知量,相位-梯度-高度关系与连续表面的梯度-高度关系可以为系统提供3×M×N-1独立方程;至此,被测表面每一点均存在的梯度-高度二义性问题已被极大简化,确认测量区域内任意一点的高度后,即可同时求解区域内所有点的梯度、高度,从而获得整体被测镜面的形貌。
为确认被测面上任一点的真实高度,进而完成被测面整体形貌的测量,本文提出一种任意移动显示器位置的被测镜面位置求解方法。该方法通过将显示器置于任意2个位置,引入第2组被测表面反射条纹信息,比较2组数据结果的接近程度,确定测量区域内选定点的真实高度。得益于两位置间相位-梯度-高度关系与连续表面模型的独立性,与需要额外采集参考平面条纹图像的基础PMD相比,本文方法仅多采集1张图像用于标定显示器第2位置;与其他移动显示器的PMD相比,独立的位置标定省去了严苛繁琐的显示器定方向、定距离移动的要求。在不额外增加传感器与实验操作要求的同时,本文所提出任意移动显示器的方法可以求解指定点的真实高度,进而确定被测面的真实形貌。
方法的具体过程如下:1)在假定被测面任一点高度的情况下,分别利用2组拍摄到的被测面条纹相位信息进行形貌的求解,比较2组形貌结果的接近程度。2)2组结果最接近时所假设的固定点位置,即为此点的真实物理位置,而此位置下还原的被测表面形貌也为实际真实的物体形貌。移动显示器本质上为每1个测试点提供了额外的约束方程,使原本欠定的方程组可解;在显示器两位置相位信息的共同约束下,原本2组方程组的解空间中仅有同一组解可以同时满足所有方程组,此解对应的物体形貌即为真实的被测形貌。在相机内外参数标定过程中,采用张正友标定法,通过显示棋盘格图案将显示器作为标定板,使用相机采集显示器处于不同位置与姿态下的图像,标定相机的内部参数;将显示器置于参考镜面位置与实验中显示器移动前后的位置下,分别标定参考镜面对应的外部参数,以及两位置显示器位于参考镜面内虚像的相机外部参数。
本文开展了旋转平面镜、平移平面镜和球面凹面镜的形貌测量实验,以分析梯度、高度变化对方法测量效果的影响,以及对非平面镜面的形貌测量能力。实验采用分辨率为2388×1668的显示器,并选择BASLER acA5472-5gm工业相机,搭配焦距50 mm、光圈f/2.4镜头组成拍摄系统。被测结构包括大小为300 mm×300 mm、平整度为1μm的平面镜,以及直径为25.4 mm、曲率半径为50.80 mm、焦距公差为2%的球面凹面镜,并搭配旋转范围为360°、单向旋转重复精度为0.002°、双向旋转重复精度为±0.01°的New Port URS150BPP转台,以及最大行程范围为400 mm、闭环位移控制精度为0.01μm的斯达普STMC-01S型伺服平移平台,分别用于分析梯度、高度变化对方法测量能力的影响,以及验证方法的形貌测量综合能力。标定过程中,实验使用边长为70像素的棋盘格标定板图案;测量阶段中,显示器显示周期为32像素的正弦横、纵条纹。实验采用相移法提取条纹相位。
使用高精度转台多角度旋转平面镜,以评估被测梯度变化对方法测量精度的影响。旋转实验所采用的被测系统如图3所示,固定相机参数、显示器与相机位置后,使用高精度旋转台将平面镜旋转-5°、-10°、5°、10°、15°和20°(正角度方向为旋转台俯视视角下相对于参考位置顺时针旋转角度,负角度方向相反),选择图像中旋转轴附近边长为500像素的正方形作为测量区域,分别采用基础PMD与TPMD在相同的条纹周期等实验设置下,对各转角镜面进行三维形貌测量,从而得到测量区域内镜面三维形貌。
以旋转20°实验为例,图4为使用基础PMD与TPMD对平面镜形貌的测量结果,其中图4(a)(b)分别为图像中同一像素区域对应的被测物体区域,由基础PMD与TPMD测量结果在参考坐标系下的被测平面镜三维形貌图,不同颜色表示不同大小的参考坐标系z坐标值。从整体形貌测量结果来看,虽然选取了同一像素区域,但是两方法测量结果存在差异;基础PMD假设被测镜面与参考平面仅存在梯度差异,取参考平面与相机光线交点的xy轴坐标代替实际被测点坐标,这一假设为测量结果带来了较大误差。从图4(c)(d)所示的平面拟合残差直方图中可以看到,PMD残差分布于(-0.0199 mm,0.0104 mm),TPMD残差集中分布在(-0.0003 mm,0.0011 mm),这表明TPMD测量所得形貌更接近于平面。
不同转角下各方法的测量效果如图5所示,本文主要采用了2类不同指标,综合评估2种方法对不同角度旋转平面镜的测量结果。从图5中数据可以看到,无论是平面拟合均方根误差还是还原转角,TPMD的测量效果都显著优于基础PMD;随着转角的不断增大,基础PMD测量结果的误差也不断增大,而TPMD的测量效果保持相对稳定。上述结果表明,在梯度测量中,TPMD拥有更加稳定且良好的测量效果。当被测表面与参考平面发生较大偏离时,基础PMD因为不考虑高度对相位的影响,测量结果与实际情况会发生较大偏离;而TPMD拥有完整的相位-梯度-高度关系,模型上比基础PMD更加完备,TPMD对多种测量对象都有更优秀的测量效果。
平移测试使用高精度位移台平移平面镜评估高度变化对测量精度的影响。平移测试所采用的被测系统如图6所示,固定相机参数、显示器与相机位置后,将平面镜移动至距离参考平面5 mm、10 mm、15 mm、20 mm、25 mm、30 mm的位置,选择边长为500像素的正方形区域作为测量区域,在相同实验条件下,测试基础PMD和TPMD的形貌测量效果。
图7为平移30 mm的实验中分别使用基础PMD与TPMD对平面镜形貌的测量结果。与旋转测试相同,图7(a)(b)为2种方法对同一像素区域的测量结果。由于基础PMD忽略了高度变化的影响,在只有高度变化的平移实验中,基础PMD将相位的变化完全归咎于梯度,故产生了倾斜的平面镜形貌测量结果,对被测点参考坐标系下的xy轴坐标测量存在较大误差;而TPMD考虑了完整相位-梯度-高度关系,对被测点的定位与高度测量均保持了良好的测量效果。从图7(c)(d)中可以看到,TPMD结果拟合残差集中分布于(-0.0072 mm,0.0148 mm),而PMD结果的拟合残差分布于(-0.0001 mm,0.0002 mm),表明TPMD还原结果更接近所测量的平面镜。
不同平移距离测量效果如图8所示。随着平面镜相对参考平面平移距离的增加,基础PMD的测量结果逐渐偏离平面,且与参考平面形成夹角;而TPMD由于引入了高度变化对相位的影响,因此从理论模型上消除了因忽略高度变化引入的理论误差,从图8(b)中可以看到其结果保持稳定,维持了较低的误差值。由图8可见,TPMD在平移实验中对平面镜的形貌还原效果优于基础PMD。
分别使用基础PMD与TPMD在相同实验条件下对球面凹面镜进行形貌测量,分析方法在曲面形貌测量中的可靠性,被测凹面镜如图9所示,测量结果如图10所示。实验中使用的凹面镜为球面镜,通过2种方法分别得到被测区域点云数据后,将坐标数据代入球面方程中,利用迭代算法优化球面方程参数,最终得到所拟合球面的球心与半径。被测形貌的标准半径为50.80 mm,采用基础PMD测量结果曲率半径为53.65 mm,TPMD测量结果的曲率半径为50.26 mm。由曲率半径计算结果可以发现,基础PMD的测量相对误差高达5.6%,这是由于曲面与参考平面存在高度差异,而基础PMD忽略了被测物高度对条纹相位的影响,这一忽略在被测物为曲面时给系统带来了较大误差;相比之下,本文所提出的TPMD相对误差仅为1.1%。图10(c)(d)给出了2种方法球面拟合残差分布直方图,由图可以看到,TPMD的测量数据残差更小,形貌结果更接近球面。综合图10(c)(d)与曲率半径计算结果可知,TPMD具备更加优秀的形貌综合测量能力。
本文提出了一种用于测量镜面形貌的移动相位偏折术(TPMD),在单目单屏的硬件设置下,采集显示器位于任意两位置下的条纹相位信息,通过完整的相位-梯度-高度关系与连续表面假设,求得被测面形貌。相比基础的单目单屏PMD,TPMD在保持了简洁的硬件设置与实验操作的同时,通过引入高度对相位的影响解决了二义性问题带来的误差与局限,将测试范围拓宽至任意自由形状。在实验操作中,本文方法不需要对显示器移动的方向与距离进行严格控制,相比其他平移显示器的PMD更易操作。多组实验表明,TPMD相较于基础的单目单屏PMD,具有更加稳定且更高精准度的测量能力,在科学研究与生产实践中,具有进一步发展与应用的潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12327802)
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doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-044
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 修回日期:2024-04-24
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12327802)
作者信息
    上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240

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孙晨(1989-),男,博士,副研究员。主要研究领域:光测力学。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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