Article(id=1244280829241836405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7520/1001-4888-24-084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716048000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-19, revisedDate=1718726400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774589267311, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774589267311, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774589267311, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589267311, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244280827157263057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, year='2025', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='387', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774589266813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774589721933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244282736148595307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, issueId=1244280827157263057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=479, endPage=486, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244280829430580089, articleId=1244280829241836405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, language=EN, title=Study on identification of microcracks in concrete by digital image correlation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Experimental Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Identification of microcracks in time is important for the safety control of concrete structures. In this study, four-point bending experiments were conducted on basalt fiber concrete specimens. The strain fields information on the specimen surface were acquired by digital image correlation technique during the loading process. In the horizontal strain field, 300 points with large strains were selected as points of interest (POI), the aggregation factor was calculated based on the standard deviation of the coordinates of the POI in the strain field, and a method for identifying microcracks associated with a single strain field only was proposed by using the distribution evolution of the aggregation factor during the loading process. This method can exclude the error generated by human judgment of microcracks, but it is not sufficient to identify multiple microcracks. The accuracy of the method exceeds 95% and is suitable for engineering applications.

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及时识别微裂纹对混凝土结构的安全控制十分重要。本研究对玄武岩纤维混凝土试件进行四点弯曲实验,并结合数字图像相关方法获得了加载过程中试件表面的应变场信息。在水平应变场中,选择应变较大的300个点作为兴趣点(Points of Interest,POI),基于POI在应变场中坐标的标准差计算聚集因子,并利用聚集因子在加载过程中的分布演化提出了仅与单一应变场相关的识别微裂纹方法。这种方法可以排除人为判断微裂纹产生的误差,但不足以识别多个微裂纹。该方法的准确率超过95%,适合工程应用。

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符师桦(1985-),男,博士,副教授。主要从事混凝土结构或构件力学建模、土木工程材料力学行为、光学测量方法在土木工程中的应用。Email:
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Mix ratios of concrete (unit:kg/m3)

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水泥砂子石子粉煤灰减水剂纤维
1702908809506580/7/14/21/28/35
), ArticleFig(id=1244340240127734291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243978990336127019, articleId=1244280829241836405, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土配合比(单位:kg/m3)

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水泥砂子石子粉煤灰减水剂纤维
1702908809506580/7/14/21/28/35
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基于数字图像相关方法的混凝土微裂纹识别研究
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李源康 , 黄锋 , 符师桦
实验力学 | 2025,40(4): 479-486
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实验力学 | 2025, 40(4): 479-486
基于数字图像相关方法的混凝土微裂纹识别研究
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李源康, 黄锋, 符师桦
作者信息
  • 海南大学土木建筑工程学院,海南海口 570228

通讯作者:

符师桦(1985-),男,博士,副教授。主要从事混凝土结构或构件力学建模、土木工程材料力学行为、光学测量方法在土木工程中的应用。Email:
Study on identification of microcracks in concrete by digital image correlation
Yuankang LI, Feng HUANG, Shihua FU
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-084
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及时识别微裂纹对混凝土结构的安全控制十分重要。本研究对玄武岩纤维混凝土试件进行四点弯曲实验,并结合数字图像相关方法获得了加载过程中试件表面的应变场信息。在水平应变场中,选择应变较大的300个点作为兴趣点(Points of Interest,POI),基于POI在应变场中坐标的标准差计算聚集因子,并利用聚集因子在加载过程中的分布演化提出了仅与单一应变场相关的识别微裂纹方法。这种方法可以排除人为判断微裂纹产生的误差,但不足以识别多个微裂纹。该方法的准确率超过95%,适合工程应用。

数字图像相关  /  微裂纹识别  /  混凝土  /  应变场演化

Identification of microcracks in time is important for the safety control of concrete structures. In this study, four-point bending experiments were conducted on basalt fiber concrete specimens. The strain fields information on the specimen surface were acquired by digital image correlation technique during the loading process. In the horizontal strain field, 300 points with large strains were selected as points of interest (POI), the aggregation factor was calculated based on the standard deviation of the coordinates of the POI in the strain field, and a method for identifying microcracks associated with a single strain field only was proposed by using the distribution evolution of the aggregation factor during the loading process. This method can exclude the error generated by human judgment of microcracks, but it is not sufficient to identify multiple microcracks. The accuracy of the method exceeds 95% and is suitable for engineering applications.

digital image correlation  /  identification of microcracks  /  concrete  /  evolution of strain field
李源康, 黄锋, 符师桦. 基于数字图像相关方法的混凝土微裂纹识别研究. 实验力学, 2025 , 40 (4) : 479 -486 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-084
Yuankang LI, Feng HUANG, Shihua FU. Study on identification of microcracks in concrete by digital image correlation[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2025 , 40 (4) : 479 -486 . DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-084
混凝土结构在长期复杂的使用环境下,不可避免地会出现局部损伤[13]。随着服役时间的延长,这些损伤将不断累积,最终会对结构的整体安全产生威胁,甚至引发工程事故。因此,为了避免出现上述情况,对混凝土损伤的检测与识别尤为重要。近年来,研究人员利用不同检测手段和分析方法对混凝土的损伤进行检测和评估,如超声波检测、声发射、X射线、地质雷达法等[411]。裂缝的出现和扩展是混凝土损伤最直观的表现形式,为了能及时发现混凝土损伤,有必要对混凝土微裂纹的识别进行研究,从而实现对混凝土损伤的有效控制。
由于数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)方法具有全场测量、非接触、高精度、高分辨率等优点[1213],目前已被应用于研究混凝土的变形,如损伤阶段、裂缝特征和断裂过程区等[1422]。基于DIC方法获得的应变场,ZHANG等[23]提出了2个因子来反映损伤演化和裂纹萌生,一个是损伤程度因子,即重要区域的平均应变与观测区域整体的应变平均值之差;另一个是局域化因子,用来表示重要区域的线性程度,重要区域被定义为前5%~15%最大应变的位置,可以有效反映损伤范围。借助损伤因子和局域化因子,相关学者研究了玄武岩纤维混凝土的弯曲损伤特性[24],分析了混杂纤维混凝土的损伤演化[25],并展现了玄武岩纤维纳米碳酸钙混凝土的断裂过程[26]。这些研究展示了不同荷载水平下混凝土的损伤阶段,然而,为了计算这2个因子,必须对最终状态进行归一化处理,需要整个加载过程中的应变场信息,即必须加载至试样失效。这表明文献[23]的方法在试件破坏前无法反映混凝土的损伤演化,不能通过某一状态下的应变场信息识别微裂纹,亦无法对混凝土损伤进行早期预警。
本文旨在通过DIC方法研究应变场损伤演化,并利用应变场相关参量识别混凝土弯曲过程中出现的微裂纹。首先结合DIC方法对玄武岩纤维混凝土进行四点弯曲实验,获得应变场演化规律并对部分应变场数据进行分析,以总结水平应变场中损伤特征演化规律;然后基于水平应变场中应变最大的300个点的位置分布,提出了一种通过单个任意时刻应变场信息识别混凝土微裂纹的方法;最后通过其他应变场数据对本文所提方法进行验证,同时分析了个别误判点产生的原因。
本文首先利用DIC方法获得四点弯曲过程中玄武岩纤维混凝土的表面应变场信息,通过对部分实验的应变场进行分析,总结水平应变场中损伤特征的演化规律;基于水平应变场中应变最大的300个点的位置分布,提出了一种通过单个任意时刻应变场信息识别混凝土微裂纹的方法。然后通过实验对所提方法的识别结果进行验证,验证结果表明,该方法一定程度上排除了由于自适应颜色标尺范围过大可能导致对微裂纹误判的情况。最后,分析了个别误判点产生的原因。
本研究将不同长度和掺量的玄武岩纤维掺入混凝土中以延长微裂纹的持续时间,有利于分析应变场演化过程。玄武岩纤维的长度分别为6 mm、12 mm、18 mm和30 mm,体积掺量分别为0%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%和1.5%。使用的原材料包括水泥(P•O 42.5普通硅酸盐水泥)、粗骨料(粒径为5 mm~15 mm的连续级配碎石)、细骨料(细度模数为2.6的河砂)、减水剂(高效聚羧酸减水剂)和粉煤灰。混凝土的配合比见表1,共制备了21组尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×400 mm的棱柱形试样。根据GB/T 50081-2019《混凝土物理力学性能试验方法标准》,将混凝土试件脱模后,立即放入温度为(20±5)℃、相对湿度大于95%的标准养护室中,养护28 d。
使用液压伺服万能试验机进行四点弯曲实验,加载速率为0.1 mm/min。加载前在试件表面喷涂分布均匀的黑白散斑用于后续的DIC处理,试件尺寸及DIC分析区域如图1所示。相机位于被检样品表面约70 cm处。相机像素尺寸为4096×3000,采样频率为5 Hz,曝光时间为25 ms,镜头焦距为50 mm,像素长度比为每毫米13像素。加载过程中通过图像采集系统记录试件表面变化,加载后通过DIC分析散斑图以获得表面位移和应变。DIC分析区域为跨中部分,采用一阶形函数,子区大小为29×29,计算步长为5,应变分析窗口为7×7。
通过DIC获得的水平应变场是弯曲变形行为中的重要研究对象,它可以有效反映在弯曲过程中混凝土的损伤特征[24]。本文以纤维长度为30 mm、纤维含量为1.5%的玄武岩纤维混凝土为例,分析其加载过程中水平应变场的演化过程。如图2所示,在荷载水平较低时应变均匀分布(ABC点),在83%的峰值荷载(D点)时出现应变集中。当荷载超过峰值(E点)到达F点时,应变集中区域持续扩展,并且该区域中的应变值继续增加。在加载过程的最后,宏观裂缝的形成导致混凝土的脆性破坏。如图3所示,在F点的散斑图中未有宏观裂缝,随后相邻散斑图出现较大裂缝,试件已破坏,应变得到释放,表明从宏观裂缝出现到试件破坏的持续时间小于0.2 s。应变集中的位置与最终裂纹的位置一致,表明应变集中对应着微裂纹的出现。其余实验组中,应变场演化与图2中规律相似,均随荷载增大由均匀分布发展至应变集中,而后出现宏观裂缝试件迅速破坏。因此,可以通过应变集中来识别微裂纹,从而为材料损伤提供早期预警。
对DIC方法获取的水平应变场进行分析发现,应变较小的点在大部分位置均匀分布,通过少数应变较大点的位置可以反映微裂纹的演化。以往研究[2225]表明,选取应变场内应变最大的100~300个点作为研究对象可以有效反映混凝土的损伤演化特征,本文选择水平应变最大的300个点作为感兴趣点(Points of Interest,POI)用来研究微裂纹识别。图4展示了2.1节中不同荷载水平下POI在应变场中的位置分布情况。由图4可知,在加载初期,POI分布均匀,随着加载的进行,当微裂纹出现时POI逐渐聚集成簇,表明POI的聚集程度可以反映微裂纹的出现。标准差反映了数据分布的离散程度,因此通过POI在应变场中坐标的标准差可以量化POI的聚集程度,从而可以识别微裂纹的形成。
POI聚集程度计算步骤如下:首先,根据每张云图中的应变水平筛选出POI,并计算这些点在水平和竖直方向上坐标的标准差,分别记为sxsy。其次,为了排除由于观测区域的大小改变可能造成的影响,对sxsy进行归一化处理。进一步定义x方向上的聚集因子Axsx/lxy方向上的聚集因子Aysy/ly,式中lxly分别为应变场x方向和y方向的长度,在本文中lxly=100 mm。所有数据按3∶4分为2组:A组用于探究微裂纹演化与聚集因子之间的联系,B组用于验证该方法的准确性。
图5为A组中的聚集因子分布散点图(彩色图可在http://sylx.ustc.edu.cn查看电子版),每一个点对应着一张水平应变云图。通过肉眼观察每一张应变云图,人工判断应变集中的出现,微裂纹的起始时刻由青色三角形点标记,黑色方块点和红色圆形点分别对应微裂纹出现前后的时刻。在加载初期应变水平较小,POI分布较为离散,导致散点图中对应的AxAy数值较大。随着荷载水平增加,POI开始向微裂纹附近集中,AxAy数值不断减小,向原点趋近。根据A组散点图结果,微裂纹出现前后的边界可以用椭圆弧描述:
式中:a为0.3;b为0.36。由于微裂纹沿竖向发展,y方向标准差较大,即Ay大于Ax,因此b值略大于a值。由椭圆弧和坐标轴包围的区域称为预警区域。图5中展示了A组中所有聚集因子的分布情况,所有的青色三角形点和红色圆形点都在该区域内,而黑色点分布在预警区域以外。
接下来,利用B组数据对预警区域进行验证。如图6所示,椭圆弧将出现微裂纹的时刻与没有出现微裂纹的时刻清晰地划分为2部分。由于聚集因子计算简单,本文方法的效率远高于人工判断,故其准确率是十分关键的。此处,准确率r=1-Nm/Na,其中Nm为不符合预期规律的点的数量,Na是判断为出现应变集中后的散点数量,即青色三角形点和红色圆形点的数量。在本实验中,该方法的准确率约为95.3%,适合工程应用。
在实验中仍出现了一些误判点,如图6所示,所有误判点可分为3种类型:预警区域内的黑色方块点(绿色圆圈标记)、远离预警区域的红色圆形点(黄色矩形标记)和边界附近的误判点(蓝色椭圆标记)。下面分别分析3种误判点产生的原因。
尽管这些散点分布于预警区域内,但从原始应变云图并未看出有明显微裂纹的形成。图7(a)为3个这类误判点的原始水平应变云图,图中圈出区域为最大应变所在位置,均位于云图边缘区域。因原始云图采用的是自适应颜色标尺,故其范围是根据应变场中最大值和最小值确定的。本文中的各状态应变最小值差异不大,当应变场中最大值过大时,自适应颜色标尺的范围会扩展至包含最大应变,从而造成每个色阶包含的应变范围扩大,同一应变差值的色阶差异减小,这可能导致微裂纹区域与周围区域在视觉上颜色相近,从而会掩盖微裂纹的存在。因此,我们对自适应颜色标尺取值范围进行手动调整,以增强微裂纹区域与周围区域在颜色上的对比度。如图7(b)所示,随着颜色标尺取值范围的调整,水平应变云图中清晰地显示了微裂纹的出现。3组试件中损伤区域最小的水平应变数值约为0.0046,大于一般混凝土极限拉应变,表明微裂纹区域已经出现了损伤。在A组和B组的聚集因子散点图中,发生这种情况的概率约为0.6%,将这种情况进行修正后该方法的准确率达到95.9%。
这类误判点属于同一组试件,图8显示了这些误判点的出现顺序、应变场和POI分布。微裂纹开始出现时,在应变场右侧出现了一条微裂纹,大部分POI随机分布在远离微裂纹的区域。随着加载的进行,第2个微裂纹区域出现在应变场左侧,在水平方向上大部分POI分布离散,使Ax增大。其次,相较于单一微裂纹,双裂纹区域的应变更小,导致更多的POI分布于微裂纹区域之外,因此,Ay的数值较大。随着荷载的增加,POI不断向裂纹附近聚集,主微裂纹区域(应变场中右侧裂纹)继续扩展,而次微裂纹区域(应变场中左侧裂纹)变化较小。最终,POI大多分布于主微裂纹区域附近,同时散点进入预警区域内。对比荷载位移数据可得,从i点到iv点荷载相差1.05 kN,为峰值荷载的7.2%,位移相差值为最大位移的7.7%,这表明i点和iv点荷载和位移相差较小,出现微裂纹后散点很快进入到曲线范围。通过统计实验数据可知,由于双裂纹而产生的偏离点所占比例约为全部散点个数的1%。
图6中,在预警区域边缘蓝色椭圆标记的误判点被认为处于微裂纹形成过程中的过渡阶段。从开始出现应变集中到形成清晰稳定的微裂纹,POI由离散分布不断向裂纹区域集中,在这个过程中聚集因子会产生一定波动,从而导致预警区域边缘附近误判点的产生。这类误判点的荷载和位移与微裂纹开始出现时的荷载和位移接近,实验中,两者荷载差和位移差分别为(0.36±0.1)kN和(14±6)μm,均小于荷载峰值与最大位移的3.5%。此类误判只发生在微裂纹形成前后的较短时期,仅造成预警时间提前或延后数秒,故对整体判断的影响较小。微裂纹在形成阶段而产生的波动导致偏离预警区域的散点占比约为3.2%,如果这种情况是可接受的,该方法的准确率将提高至99%。
在本研究中,通过DIC获得了玄武岩纤维混凝土试件四点弯曲实验中的应变场信息。对不同荷载水平下水平应变云图的演化过程进行分析,选取应变场中应变较大的300个点视作POI以反映微裂纹的形成。基于POI坐标的标准差计算得出反映POI聚集程度的聚集因子,并以聚集因子为判据提出了一种通过单一应变场识别混凝土微裂纹的方法。通过验证组实验对该方法进行验证,其准确率超过95%。对误判点产生的原因进行归类分析,分析结果表明,该方法能够有效排除由于自适应颜色标尺取值范围过大而引起的人为判断误差,从而提高了损伤识别的准确性,但不足以识别多个裂纹的出现。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11802080)
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(123RC398)
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doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-24-084
  • 接收时间:2024-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-19
  • 修回日期:2024-06-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(11802080)
海南省自然科学基金项目(123RC398)
作者信息
    海南大学土木建筑工程学院,海南海口 570228

通讯作者:

符师桦(1985-),男,博士,副教授。主要从事混凝土结构或构件力学建模、土木工程材料力学行为、光学测量方法在土木工程中的应用。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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