Article(id=1320176732192223526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176652034880125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=1756396800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-29, acceptedDate=1758124800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-18, onlineDate=1792684260651, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684260651, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684260651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684260651, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176652034880125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684241540, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684241540, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176732380967207, articleId=1320176732192223526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Study on applicability of aerodynamic experiment scaling parameters for hypersonic transverse jet interaction based on the HB-1 standard model, columnId=1320176652752106111, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Topic on Research and Application Progress of Jet Flow in High-Speed Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The reaction control system requires fundamental information concerning the process of transverse Jet Interaction (JI) with a crossflow. The effects of JI properties on hypersonic aerodynamic interference, have been the subject of several wind tunnel experimental investigations. In wind tunnel facilities, it is more convenient to perform JI tests with jet fluids of different compositions and with test models of scaled size from those of the actual vehicle. There are a myriad of scaling issues/differences from flight to wind tunnel, and a review of scaling theories has been presented and verified, with calibrated computational fluid dynamics simulations based on HB-1 standard model, as well as NASA Space Shuttle flight data from open literatures. In this work it is found that, in the case of strong jet flow that can penetrate the incoming shock wave, the momentum ratio as the scaling parameter is appropriate, while in the case of weak jet flow that cannot penetrate the incoming shock wave, the mass flow ratio is more suitable as the scaling parameter.

, authors=Huacheng QIU, Futian XIE*, Jie LI, Genming CHAO, authorsList=Huacheng QIU, Futian XIE, Jie LI, Genming CHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Futian XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176756980560366, articleId=1320176732192223526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=基于HB-1标模的高超声速横向喷流干扰气动力试验模拟准则适用性研究, columnId=1320176654538879617, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

反作用控制系统要求对喷流干扰现象有足够的认识。研究人员常通过风洞试验获取高超声速横向喷流干扰特性。在风洞试验中,一般使用缩比模型,且喷流介质不同于真实飞行器的燃气喷流。本文简要综述了用于指导风洞开展喷流干扰气动力试验的多种模拟准则,开展了基于HB-1标模的喷流干扰数值仿真,并分析了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)航天飞机的飞行测试数据。结果表明:对于喷流可穿透来流激波的强喷流干扰,使用动量比作为模拟准则较为合适;而对于喷流无法穿透来流激波的弱喷流干扰,则更适合使用质量流量比作为模拟准则。

, authors=邱华诚, 解福田*, 李杰, 巢根明, authorsList=邱华诚, 解福田, 李杰, 巢根明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=解福田, authorNote=

邱华诚(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高超声速空气动力学。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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邱华诚(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高超声速空气动力学。E-mail:

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邱华诚(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高超声速空气动力学。E-mail:

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Experimental study of the influence of the specific heat and pressure ratios on the hypersonic vehicle’s nozzle plume[J]. 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Dimensions of the model

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参数符号单位全尺寸模型20%缩比模型
模型全长Lm2.940.588
底部直径Dm0.60.12
底部面积Arefm20.28270.0113
喷管喉道直径dtjm0.010.002
喷管出口直径djm0.050.007
喷管出口扩张角 $ \alpha\mathrm{_j} $°2525
喷管轴向位置xm2.050.41
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763129410079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型的外形尺寸

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参数符号单位全尺寸模型20%缩比模型
模型全长Lm2.940.588
底部直径Dm0.60.12
底部面积Arefm20.28270.0113
喷管喉道直径dtjm0.010.002
喷管出口直径djm0.050.007
喷管出口扩张角 $ \alpha\mathrm{_j} $°2525
喷管轴向位置xm2.050.41
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763196518944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major simulation parameters

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参数符号单位全尺寸
模型
20%缩比
模型
自由来流马赫数 $ {Ma}_{\infty } $11.4
自由来流静压 $ p_{\infty} $Pa38.3519.58
自由来流静温 $ {T}_{\infty } $K258.5755.57
自由来流雷诺数 $ Re $3.40 × 105
喷流马赫数 $ Ma\mathrm{_j} $4.1
喷流介质燃气空气
喷流总温T0jK2000300
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763267822113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位全尺寸
模型
20%缩比
模型
自由来流马赫数 $ {Ma}_{\infty } $11.4
自由来流静压 $ p_{\infty} $Pa38.3519.58
自由来流静温 $ {T}_{\infty } $K258.5755.57
自由来流雷诺数 $ Re $3.40 × 105
喷流马赫数 $ Ma\mathrm{_j} $4.1
喷流介质燃气空气
喷流总温T0jK2000300
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763334930978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Jet flow parameters (for the full scale model with fuel injectant total pressure of 1 MPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位全尺寸
模型
20%缩比模型
质量流量比动量比
来流流量 $ {\dot{m}}_{\infty } $g/s536.823.6
来流动量 $ \dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty} $N1972.940.3
喷流总压 $ p\mathrm{_{0j}} $MPa10.3820.541
喷流流量 $ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j} $g/s57.52.533.58
喷流动量 $ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}v\mathrm{_j} $N122.81.772.51
质量流量比 $ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}/\dot{m}_{\infty} $0.1070.1070.152
动量比 $ \left(\dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v_{\mathrm{j}}\right)/\left(\dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty}\right) $0.006230.00440.00623
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763402039843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

喷流具体参数(全尺寸模型的喷流总压为1 MPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位全尺寸
模型
20%缩比模型
质量流量比动量比
来流流量 $ {\dot{m}}_{\infty } $g/s536.823.6
来流动量 $ \dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty} $N1972.940.3
喷流总压 $ p\mathrm{_{0j}} $MPa10.3820.541
喷流流量 $ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j} $g/s57.52.533.58
喷流动量 $ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}v\mathrm{_j} $N122.81.772.51
质量流量比 $ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}/\dot{m}_{\infty} $0.1070.1070.152
动量比 $ \left(\dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v_{\mathrm{j}}\right)/\left(\dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty}\right) $0.006230.00440.00623
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763469148708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Jet flow parameters (for the full scale model with fuel injectant total pressure of 10 MPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位全尺寸
模型
20%缩比模型
质量流量比动量比
来流流量 $ {\dot{m}}_{\infty } $g/s536.823.6
来流动量 $ \dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty} $N1972.940.3
喷流总压 $ p_{\mathrm{0j}} $MPa103.825.41
喷流流量 $ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}} $g/s575.025.335.8
喷流动量 $ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v\mathrm{_j} $N1228.417.725.1
质量流量比 $ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j}/\dot{m}_{\infty} $1.071.071.52
动量比 $ \left(\dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v_{\mathrm{j}}\right)/\left(\dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty}\right) $0.6230.4400.623
), ArticleFig(id=1320176763540451877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176732192223526, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

喷流具体参数(全尺寸模型的喷流总压为10 MPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位全尺寸
模型
20%缩比模型
质量流量比动量比
来流流量 $ {\dot{m}}_{\infty } $g/s536.823.6
来流动量 $ \dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty} $N1972.940.3
喷流总压 $ p_{\mathrm{0j}} $MPa103.825.41
喷流流量 $ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}} $g/s575.025.335.8
喷流动量 $ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v\mathrm{_j} $N1228.417.725.1
质量流量比 $ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j}/\dot{m}_{\infty} $1.071.071.52
动量比 $ \left(\dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v_{\mathrm{j}}\right)/\left(\dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty}\right) $0.6230.4400.623
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基于HB-1标模的高超声速横向喷流干扰气动力试验模拟准则适用性研究
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邱华诚 , 解福田 * , 李杰 , 巢根明
实验流体力学 | 高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题 2026,40(2): 32-39
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实验流体力学 |高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题 2026 , 40 (2) : 32 -39
基于HB-1标模的高超声速横向喷流干扰气动力试验模拟准则适用性研究
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邱华诚(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高超声速空气动力学。E-mail:

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邱华诚(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高超声速空气动力学。E-mail:

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邱华诚 , 解福田* , 李杰, 巢根明
作者信息
  • 中国空气动力研究与发展中心 超高速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

邱华诚(1987—),男,江西九江人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高超声速空气动力学。E-mail:

Study on applicability of aerodynamic experiment scaling parameters for hypersonic transverse jet interaction based on the HB-1 standard model
Huacheng QIU , Futian XIE* , Jie LI, Genming CHAO
Affiliations
  • Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250024
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反作用控制系统要求对喷流干扰现象有足够的认识。研究人员常通过风洞试验获取高超声速横向喷流干扰特性。在风洞试验中,一般使用缩比模型,且喷流介质不同于真实飞行器的燃气喷流。本文简要综述了用于指导风洞开展喷流干扰气动力试验的多种模拟准则,开展了基于HB-1标模的喷流干扰数值仿真,并分析了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)航天飞机的飞行测试数据。结果表明:对于喷流可穿透来流激波的强喷流干扰,使用动量比作为模拟准则较为合适;而对于喷流无法穿透来流激波的弱喷流干扰,则更适合使用质量流量比作为模拟准则。

喷流干扰  /  高超声速流动  /  模拟准则  /  动量比  /  质量流量比

The reaction control system requires fundamental information concerning the process of transverse Jet Interaction (JI) with a crossflow. The effects of JI properties on hypersonic aerodynamic interference, have been the subject of several wind tunnel experimental investigations. In wind tunnel facilities, it is more convenient to perform JI tests with jet fluids of different compositions and with test models of scaled size from those of the actual vehicle. There are a myriad of scaling issues/differences from flight to wind tunnel, and a review of scaling theories has been presented and verified, with calibrated computational fluid dynamics simulations based on HB-1 standard model, as well as NASA Space Shuttle flight data from open literatures. In this work it is found that, in the case of strong jet flow that can penetrate the incoming shock wave, the momentum ratio as the scaling parameter is appropriate, while in the case of weak jet flow that cannot penetrate the incoming shock wave, the mass flow ratio is more suitable as the scaling parameter.

jet interaction  /  hypersonic flow  /  scaling parameter  /  momentum ratio  /  mass flow ratio
邱华诚, 解福田, 李杰, 巢根明. 基于HB-1标模的高超声速横向喷流干扰气动力试验模拟准则适用性研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (2) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250024
Huacheng QIU, Futian XIE, Jie LI, Genming CHAO. Study on applicability of aerodynamic experiment scaling parameters for hypersonic transverse jet interaction based on the HB-1 standard model[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (2) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250024
随着航空航天技术的快速发展,高超声速飞行器已成为各国研究的重点。在高超声速飞行过程中,横向喷流作为一种重要的控制手段,在飞行器的姿态控制和轨道修正中得到了广泛应用[1]。然而,横向喷流与高超声速来流之间的相互作用会产生复杂干扰流场,从而影响飞行器的气动特性和控制性能。
风洞试验是获取高超声速横向喷流干扰效应的一种重要研究手段。在风洞试验中,受限于风洞尺寸、喷流介质、测试设备及模型加工等因素,通常采用空气作为喷流介质,并使用缩比模型。因此,有必要确定合适的相似性模拟参数,以使缩比模型的试验结果尽可能与全尺寸飞行器的实际情况相符。
过去几十年中,研究者已积累了大量喷流干扰试验数据[2-6]。开展风洞试验时,通常基于以下假设:由于喷流动量守恒,可通过喷管出口处的动量通量来表征喷流特性。因此,在风洞试验中主要将动量比、出口压力比等作为关键模拟参数,此时也可同步模拟喷流推力比[7-8]。然而,由于喷流干扰效应的复杂性,对于不同类型的喷流干扰,其相似性模拟准则似乎存在差异[9-10]。根据公开资料,仅有少数文献报道了喷流干扰相关的飞行试验数据,例如,NASA在航天飞机飞行试验数据分析中,将质量流量比作为横向喷流的相似性模拟参数,而将动量比作为飞行器头部和尾部姿控喷流的模拟参数[11]。
一般而言,对于喷流较强、喷流动量占主导的情况,风洞试验主要关注喷流与来流的动量交换对激波结构、分离区扩散及喷流轨迹的影响,此状态下激波形态、边界层分离及喷流穿透深度主要由动量比决定;而对于喷流较弱、喷流动量不足以主导流场的情况,试验则更关注喷流质量流量对周围气体的混合效率、扩散范围及边界层发展的影响。在高超声速喷流干扰风洞试验中,具体的模拟参数选择需根据试验目标、流动特性及喷流条件综合判断。
与研究其他空气动力学问题的方法一样,开展横向喷流气动干扰效应研究,通常采用数值模拟与风洞试验相结合的方法,充分发挥前者高效、低成本、模拟范围广的优势,以及后者反映问题全面、数据可靠性高的特点,从而逐步提高横向喷流气动干扰效应研究的效率和可信度。
根据相似理论,若要实现风洞模型喷流与飞行器喷流的完全流动相似,必须保证两者单值条件相同,且所有相关物理量组成的相似参数相等。然而,在风洞模型喷流干扰试验中,往往无法同时满足所有相似参数。为增进对喷流干扰现象的认识,根据试验目的及喷流特性的不同,选择合适的模拟准则与风洞试验方法,本文简要综述常用的高超声速横向喷流干扰效应气动力试验模拟准则,通过开展基于HB-1标模的高超声速喷流干扰数值仿真计算,并分析NASA航天飞机飞行测试数据,以验证动量比和质量流量比这2种常用模拟准则的适用性。
为了研究与喷流干扰相关的流动现象,学者们针对气动力试验的相似性模拟准则开展了大量工作,其中包括量纲分析[12]、物理模型简化[13-17]以及基于工程经验的拟合参数[18-22]等。本节简要叙述喷流干扰作用下流场模拟要求,并讨论相似性模拟参数背后的物理假设。
为满足相似性模拟准则,首要要求是飞行器与试验模型几何相似,其次是自由来流和喷流的流场相似。
自由来流的流场相似性模拟参数主要如下:
$ \begin{gathered}Ma_{\infty}=\frac{v_{\infty}}{\sqrt{\gamma_{\infty}R_{\infty}T_{\infty}}}\text{,} \\ Re_{L,\infty}=\frac{\rho_{\infty}v_{\infty}L}{\mu_{\infty}}\text{,} \\ Pr_{\infty}=\frac{\mu_{\infty}C_{p_{\infty}}}{k_{\infty}}\text{,} \\ \gamma_{\infty}\text{,}T_{\mathrm{w}}/T_{\infty}\end{gathered} $
如果喷流不与自由来流耦合,则喷流的相似性模拟参数如下:
$ \begin{gathered}Ma\mathrm{_j}=\frac{v\mathrm{_j}}{\sqrt{\gamma\mathrm{_j}R\mathrm{_j}T\mathrm{_j}}}\text{,} \\ Re_{L,\mathrm{j}}=\frac{\rho\mathrm{_j}v_{\mathrm{j}}d}{\mu\mathrm{_j}}\text{,} \\ Pr\mathrm{_j}=\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{j}}C_{p_{\mathrm{j}}}}{k\mathrm{_j}}\text{,} \\ \gamma_{\mathrm{j}}\text{,}T_{\mathrm{w}}/T_{\mathrm{j}}\end{gathered} $
式中:$ Ma $、$ {Re}_{L} $、$ Pr $、$ \gamma $、$ T $、$ v $、$ R $、$ \rho $、$ \mu $、$ C_{\mathrm{\mathit{p_{ }}}} $、$ k $、$ L $和$ d $分别是飞行器来流和喷流气体的马赫数、雷诺数、普朗特数、比热比、温度、速度、气体常数、密度、动力黏度、恒压比热、热导率和参考长度;下标$ \infty $、j和w分别表示来流、喷流和壁面。
可以用以下的参数代替式(1)和(2)中所列出的参数:
$ \frac{v_{\mathrm{j}}}{v_{\infty}}\text{,}\frac{R_{\mathrm{j}}T_{\mathrm{j}}}{R_{\infty}T_{\infty}}\text{,}\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{j}}}{\rho_{\infty}}\text{,}\frac{C_{p_{\mathrm{j}}}}{C_{p_{\infty}}}\text{,}\frac{k_{\mathrm{j}}}{k_{\infty}}\text{,}\gamma\mathrm{_j}\text{,}\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{j}}}{\mu_{\infty}}\text{,}\frac{d}{L} $
在风洞试验中,通常需要将式(3)中的参数进一步简化。如果外部来流始终为空气,$ {Pr}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $和$ {\gamma }_{\mathrm{\infty }} $将自动匹配。壁温影响在精确模拟转捩和分离区范围时非常重要,但流场噪声、壁面粗糙度等对转捩和分离区影响也很大。因此,在风洞试验中,通常不对壁温提出严格要求,而更注重边界层状态的模拟。
通过以上假设,喷流干扰模拟参数简化如下:
1)飞行器外形和喷管的几何相似;
2)马赫数和雷诺数相同;
3)$ v_{\mathrm{j}}/v_{\mathrm{\infty}} $、$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{j}}}/{\rho }_{\mathrm{\infty }} $、$ {R}_{{\mathrm{j}}}{T}_{{\mathrm{j}}}/{R}_{\mathrm{\infty }}{T}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $和$ {\gamma }_{{\mathrm{j}}} $相同。
对于高超声速飞行器而言,匹配以上参数依然很困难,其难点之一在于喷流介质的不同。在地面风洞试验中,冷喷流试验方法因装置简单、操作方便而得到广泛采用。若对喷流干扰流场进行理想化处理,仅考虑对流场干扰结构最重要的因素,则可进一步简化相似性模拟参数。
图1是喷流注入高超声速来流的欠膨胀模式[23](过压状态)流场结构示意图。图中,$ {\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $为来流的质量流量,$ {p}_{\infty } $、$ p\mathrm{_j} $和$ p\mathrm{_{0j}} $分别为来流静压、喷流出口静压和喷流总压,$ {\text{Δ}} \nu $为喷流压力膨胀引起的喷流转向角,θN为平衡压力情况下的喷流膨胀角,$ \delta\mathrm{_j} $为偏转角。
当喷流从喷管中喷出时,其压力会从喷流边界处膨胀至周围介质的压力。描述膨胀边界形状的重要因素是其偏转角$ \delta\mathrm{_j} $,或者是喷流压力膨胀引起的喷流转向角$ {\text{Δ}} \nu $。当$ {\text{Δ}} \nu $值较小时,来流静压和喷流出口静压之比可以用以下级数表示:
$ \frac{p_{\infty}}{p_{\mathrm{j}}}=1-\frac{\gamma_{\mathrm{j}}Ma_{\mathrm{j}}^2}{\beta_{\mathrm{j}}}\text{Δ}\nu+\cdots $
式中,$ {\beta }_{{\mathrm{j}}}=\sqrt{{Ma}_{{\mathrm{j}}}^{2}-1} $。若缩比模型(式左)与全尺寸模型(式右)的喷流转向角相同,则可得关系式:
$ \left[\left(1-\frac{p_{\infty}}{p_{\mathrm{j}}}\right)\frac{\beta_{\mathrm{j}}}{\gamma_{\mathrm{j}}Ma_{\mathrm{j}}^2}\right]_{\mathrm{m}}=\left[\left(1-\frac{p_{\infty}}{p_{\mathrm{j}}}\right)\frac{\beta_{\mathrm{j}}}{\gamma_{\mathrm{j}}Ma_{\mathrm{j}}^2}\right]_{\mathrm{f}} $
假设模型喷流出口马赫数$ {Ma}_{{\mathrm{j}}} $与全尺寸飞行器相同,且模型风洞试验的来流$ {M}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $和$ {\gamma }_{\mathrm{\infty }} $与飞行环境一致,同时满足几何相似性,则可得动量比关系式:
$ \mathrm{动}\mathrm{量}\mathrm{比}=\frac{\dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}v_{\mathrm{j}}}{\dot{m}_{\infty}v_{\infty}}=\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{j}}v_{\mathrm{j}}^2A_{\mathrm{j}}}{\rho_{\infty}v_{\infty}^2A\mathrm{_{ref}}}=\frac{p_{\mathrm{j}}\gamma_{\mathrm{j}}Ma_{\mathrm{j}}^2A_{\mathrm{j}}}{p_{\infty}\gamma_{\infty}Ma_{\infty}^2A\mathrm{_{ref}}} $
式中:$ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}} $为喷流质量流量;$ A\mathrm{_j} $和$ A_{\mathrm{ref}} $分别为喷管和飞行器的参考面积。
基于能量(质量流)添加模型,可以得到基于质量流量比的相似性模拟参数。这种模型认为:喷流的干扰作用主要由喷流向自由来流输送的质量和能量所决定[14]。
飞行器阻力消耗的能量为:
$ \begin{gathered}E_v=D_vv_{\infty}=C_{Dv}q_{\infty}A_vv_{\infty} \\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\;\;\;\;\; =C_{Dv}\frac{1}{2}\rho_{\infty}v_{\infty}^2A_vv_{\infty} \\ \qquad\qquad\quad \;\; =\frac{1}{2}C_{Dv}{\dot m_{\infty}}v_{\infty}^2\end{gathered} $
式中:$ {E}_{v} $是耗散在飞行器阻力中的主流能量,$ {D}_{v} $为飞行器阻力,$ {C}_{Dv} $为飞行器阻力系数,$ {q}_{\infty } $为来流动压。
主流通过偏转,为喷流气体腾出空间,并改变了模型表面的压力分布(图2,其中$ {T}_{0{\mathrm{j}}} $为喷流总温)。假设喷流气体以不做功的形式膨胀,并且当其与来流混合时,在喷管中获得的横向速度将完全损失。这种效应可以通过向主流中添加能量来近似模拟。
喷流加入来流的能量$ E\mathrm{_j} $可以写成如下形式:
$ \begin{gathered}E_{\mathrm{j}}=\dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}} v_{\infty}^2\left[1+\frac{1}{\left(\gamma_{\infty}-1\right)M\mathrm{a}_{\infty}^2}\frac{\rho_{\infty}}{\rho_{\mathrm{j}}}\right] \\ \qquad\qquad\quad\;\;\, =\dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}v_{\infty}\left[1+\frac{2+\left(\gamma_{\infty}-1\right)Ma_{\infty}^2}{2\left(\gamma_{\infty}-1\right)Ma_{\infty}^2}\frac{\mathcal{M}_{\mathcal{\infty}}}{\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{j}}}\frac{T_{0j}}{T_{0\infty}}\right]\end{gathered} $
式中:$ {E}_{{\mathrm{j}}} $是喷流注入能量,$ {\mathcal{M}}_{{\mathrm{j}}} $和$ {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathcal{\infty }} $分别为喷流和来流气体的摩尔质量,$ {T}_{0\infty } $为来流总温。
上述喷流和来流能量比可简化为质量流量比,即:
$ \begin{gathered}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}\mathrm{流}\mathrm{量}\mathrm{比}=\frac{\dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}}{\dot{m}_{\infty}}=\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{j}} v_{\mathrm{j}} A_{\mathrm{j}}}{\rho_{\infty}v_{\infty}A_{{\mathrm{ref}}}} \\ \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad=\frac{p_{\mathrm{j}}\sqrt{\gamma_{\mathrm{j}}\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{j}} /T_{0{\mathrm{j}}}}Ma_{\mathrm{j}} A_{\mathrm{j}}}{p_{\infty}\sqrt{\gamma_{\infty}\mathcal{M}_{\mathcal{\infty}}/T_{0\infty}}Ma_{\infty}A_{{\mathrm{ref}}}}\end{gathered} $
本文使用前期已验证的数值模拟方法[24],对动量比和质量流量比这2种模拟准则在高超声速横向喷流试验中的适用性开展研究。本研究采用带有横向喷流的HB-1标模,其中喷流出口马赫数$ Ma\mathrm{_j} $为5。该仿真未考虑气体的真实气体效应和化学反应。
本文分别对全尺寸模型和20%缩比模型进行了喷流干扰的数值仿真。对于全尺寸模型,喷流气体采用一种燃气组分,其组成为34%CO(摩尔分数)、18.5%CO2、18%H2、17%H2O和12.5%N2[25];对于20%缩比模型,喷流气体使用冷空气。全尺寸模型与缩比模型的自由来流条件通过雷诺数参数来模拟。模型的几何尺寸如表1所示,表2给出了主要的数值仿真参数。
图3为全尺寸模型在不同喷流总压下的喷流干扰压力云图对比(本文以模型头部顶点为坐标原点,沿模型轴向建立x轴,y轴垂直向上,z轴由右手法则确定),喷流介质为燃气,喷流总压$ p_{\mathrm{0j}} $分别为1和10 MPa。对于$ p\mathrm{_{0j}} $ = 1 MPa的情况,喷流较弱,因此无法穿透来流激波;而对于$ p\mathrm{_{0j}} $ = 10 MPa的情况,喷流增强,足以穿透来流激波。
针对全尺寸模型喷流总压为1和10 MPa这2种状态,20%缩比模型的喷流参数分别根据质量流量比和动量比模拟准则确定。表3和表4列出了仿真计算时使用的具体喷流参数。
图4和5分别给出了全尺寸模型在喷流总压为1和10 MPa时,根据不同模拟准则得到的喷流干扰气动系数对比结果。从图中可以看出,当全尺寸模型喷流总压为1 MPa时,缩比模型采用质量流量比准则进行喷流模拟,所得结果与全尺寸模型更为接近;而当喷流总压为10 MPa时,采用动量比准则模拟的结果更为吻合。
过去几十年中,研究者已积累了大量的喷流干扰试验数据。开展风洞试验时,通常通过喷管出口处的动量通量来表征喷流特性。因此,早期的风洞试验主要将动量比、出口压力比$ p\mathrm{_j}/p_{\mathrm{\infty}} $和缩放喷管面积比$ A_{\mathrm{j}}/A_{\mathrm{\infty}} $作为主要匹配参数,此时也同步匹配了喷流推力比。工程界还围绕欠膨胀喷流、完全膨胀喷流、喷射角度和多喷流等问题开展了大量研究[26-28]。
然而,也有试验数据表明,其他喷流参数可能同样重要。喷流干扰试验通常使用空气作为喷流介质,但也有研究人员采用其他混合气体来研究喷流气体热力学性能对喷流干扰的影响[29-31]。此外,喷流出口的气流密度也被证实会影响喷流干扰结构[10]。
由于喷流干扰的复杂性,其相似性模拟参数存在多种选择,需要从中选取合适的一组参数来开展气动力试验。风洞试验通常采用空气喷流介质以及缩比试验模型,因此,有必要依据文献资料、地面试验和飞行数据进行验证,以确定能够尽可能准确预测飞行气动数据的模拟参数。
根据公开资料,仅有少数文献报道了喷流干扰相关的飞行试验数据。例如,在NASA航天飞机的飞行试验数据分析中,将风洞预测数据和飞行试验数据绘制于图6[11]所示的对数图中,图中还给出了整个飞行包线内的马赫数变化。结果表明,滚转力矩$ {C}_{Mxji} $、侧向力$ {C}_{Zji} $和偏航力矩$ {C}_{Myji} $的喷流干扰系数是质量流量比和自由来流马赫数的函数。
这些结果表明,相较于高质量流量比的情况,低质量流量比时的飞行数据与风洞测试数据吻合得更好。与图6(b)和(c)中侧向力和偏航力矩的数据相比,图6(a)中由横向喷流诱导的滚转力矩所呈现的类似趋势更明显。对比飞行试验数据和地面风洞测试数据可以发现,大约从质量流量比$ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}/\dot{m}_{\mathrm{\infty}}=0.01 $开始,两者间的数据逐渐出现偏差。
此外,文献[24]的结果也表明,在某些喷流状态下,干扰效应与喷流介质的总温和分子量存在一定关联,此时喷流干扰力的决定因素并非喷流动量,而是其质量流量。因此,某一种模拟准则很可能无法适用于所有喷流干扰情形。
本文进一步对比了HB-1标模在0°攻角下喷流干扰系数的变化规律。其中,来流参数与表3保持一致,全尺寸模型燃气喷流总压范围为0.1~40 MPa,20%缩比模型冷喷流总压范围为0.03~5.4 MPa。从图7中可以看出,在弱喷流情况下(质量流量比$ \dot{m}_{\mathrm{j}}/\dot{m}_{\mathrm{\infty}} \lt 0.1 $),20%缩比模型采用质量流量比模拟得到的喷流干扰系数与全尺寸模型基本吻合;而在强喷流情况下(动量比$ \dot{m}\mathrm{_j}v\mathrm{_j}/\dot{m}_{\mathrm{\infty}}v_{\infty} \gt 0.2 $),20%缩比模型采用动量比模拟得到的喷流干扰系数则与全尺寸模型吻合更好。当然,该仿真仅采用了理想气体模型,并未考虑化学反应、高温效应等复杂因素。
本文旨在分析高超声速横向喷流干扰这一复杂气动现象,对风洞试验模拟准则的适用范围进行了总结和验证。通过开展基于HB-1标模的喷流干扰数值仿真,并分析NASA航天飞机的试验数据,发现动量比和质量流量比这2种常用的气动力试验模拟准则之间存在差异,但也具有内在联系。总体而言,对于喷流可穿透来流激波的强喷流干扰情况(本文中,动量比$ \gt 0.2 $),需重点模拟喷流对来流的阻塞效应以及对激波、分离区及轨迹的影响,采用动量比作为模拟准则较为合适;而对于喷流无法穿透来流激波的弱喷流干扰情况(本文中,质量流量比$ \lt 0.1 $),需重点模拟喷流对来流的质量注入和扩散效应,则更适合采用质量流量比作为模拟准则。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250024
  • 接收时间:2025-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11
  • 修回日期:2025-08-29
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    中国空气动力研究与发展中心 超高速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000

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