Article(id=1320176242746307579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766419200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-23, revisedDate=1769961600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-02, acceptedDate=1772553600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-04, onlineDate=1792684143959, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684143959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684143959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684143959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176147946648091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='137', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684121357, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720571222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329029853495708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329029853495709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=54, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176245225141245, articleId=1320176242746307579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Construction and experimental study of a dielectrophoretic microfluidic platform for red blood cell fatigue assessment, columnId=1320176148672262684, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Microscale and Nanoscale Flows, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the coupled effects of storage duration and cyclic tensile loading on the viscoelasticity and deformability of red blood cells (RBCs), a dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic platform for single-cell mechanical characterization was developed. RBCs stored for different durations (0, 4, 7, and 13 days) were subjected to controlled cyclic electrical deformation (period of 4 s, effective voltage of 2 V). Using the Kelvin−Voigt viscoelastic model, the deformation ratio–time curves were piecewise fitted with exponential functions to quantitatively determine the changes in shear modulus and shear viscosity of the RBCs membrane. The results show that as the number of cyclic stretching cycles increases, the maximum deformation ratio of RBCs continuously decreases. Both shear modulus and shear viscosity increase monotonically, with the shear modulus in the 13-day storage group rising to 5–6 times its initial value after 2250 cycles. Storage duration significantly affects the degradation rate of RBCs mechanical properties: short-term storage (0–7 days) results in relatively mild changes in mechanical parameters, while long-term storage (13 days) markedly enhances fatigue sensitivity, with the shear modulus increasing by more than 250%. This study reveals that cumulative membrane fatigue hardening induced by cyclic stretching is the primary cause of the decline in RBCs deformability, and that storage duration accelerates this process by reducing membrane structural stability, offering a new perspective for understanding the mechanical adaptation mechanism of RBCs in blood circulation.

, authors=Weizhen Zeng, Yahui Du, Keqin Han*, Xuejin Li*, authorsList=Weizhen Zeng, Yahui Du, Keqin Han, Xuejin Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Keqin Han, Xuejin Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176281841414273, articleId=1320176242746307579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=面向红细胞疲劳评估的介电泳微流控平台构建与实验研究, columnId=1320176148844229150, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=微纳尺度流动专刊, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究储存时间与循环拉伸载荷对红细胞黏弹性及变形能力的耦合影响,搭建了基于介电泳的微流控单细胞力学表征平台。对不同储存时长(0、4、7、13 d)的红细胞施加可控循环电变形载荷(周期4 s,有效电压2 V),采用Kelvin−Voigt黏弹性本构模型,通过指数函数对红细胞变形比−时间曲线进行分段拟合,定量表征剪切模量及剪切黏度的变化。结果表明:随循环拉伸次数增加,红细胞最大变形比持续下降;剪切模量与剪切黏度均呈单调上升趋势,其中储存13 d的实验组在2250次循环后,剪切模量跃升至初始值的5~6倍。储存天数也会影响红细胞力学特性的退化速率,短期储存(0~7 d)参数变化平缓,而较长期储存(13 d)后疲劳敏感性显著增强,剪切模量提升幅度高达250%。本文发现,循环拉伸诱导的累积性膜疲劳硬化是红细胞变形能力衰退的主要原因,储存时长则通过降低膜结构稳定性加速这一过程,这为理解红细胞在血液循环中的力学适应机制提供了新视角。

, authors=曾为臻, 杜亚辉, 韩柯沁*, 李学进*, authorsList=曾为臻, 杜亚辉, 韩柯沁, 李学进, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩柯沁, 李学进, authorNote=

曾为臻(2001—),男,浙江温州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

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面向红细胞疲劳评估的介电泳微流控平台构建与实验研究
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曾为臻 , 杜亚辉 , 韩柯沁 * , 李学进 *
实验流体力学 | 微纳尺度流动专刊 2026,40(4): 54-63
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实验流体力学 |微纳尺度流动专刊 2026 , 40 (4) : 54 -63
面向红细胞疲劳评估的介电泳微流控平台构建与实验研究
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曾为臻(2001—),男,浙江温州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

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曾为臻 , 杜亚辉, 韩柯沁* , 李学进*
作者信息
  • 浙江大学 流体工程研究所,杭州 310027
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作者简介:

曾为臻(2001—),男,浙江温州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

Construction and experimental study of a dielectrophoretic microfluidic platform for red blood cell fatigue assessment
Weizhen Zeng , Yahui Du, Keqin Han* , Xuejin Li*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Fluid Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310027
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250118
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为探究储存时间与循环拉伸载荷对红细胞黏弹性及变形能力的耦合影响,搭建了基于介电泳的微流控单细胞力学表征平台。对不同储存时长(0、4、7、13 d)的红细胞施加可控循环电变形载荷(周期4 s,有效电压2 V),采用Kelvin−Voigt黏弹性本构模型,通过指数函数对红细胞变形比−时间曲线进行分段拟合,定量表征剪切模量及剪切黏度的变化。结果表明:随循环拉伸次数增加,红细胞最大变形比持续下降;剪切模量与剪切黏度均呈单调上升趋势,其中储存13 d的实验组在2250次循环后,剪切模量跃升至初始值的5~6倍。储存天数也会影响红细胞力学特性的退化速率,短期储存(0~7 d)参数变化平缓,而较长期储存(13 d)后疲劳敏感性显著增强,剪切模量提升幅度高达250%。本文发现,循环拉伸诱导的累积性膜疲劳硬化是红细胞变形能力衰退的主要原因,储存时长则通过降低膜结构稳定性加速这一过程,这为理解红细胞在血液循环中的力学适应机制提供了新视角。

微纳尺度流动  /  红细胞  /  细胞力学  /  微流控  /  介电泳

To investigate the coupled effects of storage duration and cyclic tensile loading on the viscoelasticity and deformability of red blood cells (RBCs), a dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic platform for single-cell mechanical characterization was developed. RBCs stored for different durations (0, 4, 7, and 13 days) were subjected to controlled cyclic electrical deformation (period of 4 s, effective voltage of 2 V). Using the Kelvin−Voigt viscoelastic model, the deformation ratio–time curves were piecewise fitted with exponential functions to quantitatively determine the changes in shear modulus and shear viscosity of the RBCs membrane. The results show that as the number of cyclic stretching cycles increases, the maximum deformation ratio of RBCs continuously decreases. Both shear modulus and shear viscosity increase monotonically, with the shear modulus in the 13-day storage group rising to 5–6 times its initial value after 2250 cycles. Storage duration significantly affects the degradation rate of RBCs mechanical properties: short-term storage (0–7 days) results in relatively mild changes in mechanical parameters, while long-term storage (13 days) markedly enhances fatigue sensitivity, with the shear modulus increasing by more than 250%. This study reveals that cumulative membrane fatigue hardening induced by cyclic stretching is the primary cause of the decline in RBCs deformability, and that storage duration accelerates this process by reducing membrane structural stability, offering a new perspective for understanding the mechanical adaptation mechanism of RBCs in blood circulation.

micro/nano flow  /  red blood cell  /  cell mechanics  /  microfluidics  /  dielectrophoretic
曾为臻, 杜亚辉, 韩柯沁, 李学进. 面向红细胞疲劳评估的介电泳微流控平台构建与实验研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (4) : 54 -63 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250118
Weizhen Zeng, Yahui Du, Keqin Han, Xuejin Li. Construction and experimental study of a dielectrophoretic microfluidic platform for red blood cell fatigue assessment[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 54 -63 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250118
红细胞(Red Blood Cell, RBC)是血液的关键组分,呈典型的双凹圆盘状,直径约 7~8 μm,厚度约 2.5 μm,承担着氧气与二氧化碳输运以及代谢产物清除的重要生理功能[1-3]。在约120 d的生命周期内,红细胞在具有复杂血流动力学特征的多尺度血管网络中循环,需反复穿过直径小于其自身尺寸的毛细血管(3~5 μm)。因此,卓越的变形能力及长期循环负荷下的抗疲劳特性是维持其正常流动变形行为的必要条件[4-8]。红细胞独特的双凹圆盘状结构赋予其较高的表面积−体积比(Surface-Area-to-Volume ratio, S/V),该几何特征不仅有助于降低血流阻力,还为红细胞的剪切变形提供了结构基础。当红细胞穿过直径小于其自身的毛细血管时,能够发生形状变化,呈现为“子弹型”“伞状”“拖鞋状”等形态,从而避免局部应力集中引发的细胞膜破损[9-11]。此外,该结构还能优化细胞膜表面的剪切力分布,延缓循环负荷下的机械疲劳累积。从微观组成看,由脂质双分子层与膜骨架网络构成的复合细胞膜结构赋予了红细胞良好的黏弹性,可确保其在经历反复大变形后,仍能维持结构完整性并迅速恢复初始状态[12-14]。
尽管红细胞具有优异的变形特性,但其抗疲劳能力并非无上限。在约120 d的生命周期中,红细胞需经历多次“变形−恢复”循环过程[15-18];若叠加体外储存或病理状态下的异常血流动力学等环境因素,细胞膜结构损伤将发生不可逆累积[19],导致其黏弹性和抗疲劳能力显著衰退[20-25]。例如,衰老还会使红细胞表面积−体积比下降,从而被脾脏捕获清除[26-27];与健康状态相比,Ⅱ型糖尿病血液中红细胞剪切模量(μ)提升约2倍[28]。红细胞的形态−力学特性是维持其在微循环中正常流动的关键因素,其力学特性损伤可能严重影响微循环功能。
目前,表征红细胞力学性能的经典技术包括原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM)和微吸管吸吮技术(Micropipette Aspiration)。原子力显微镜技术具有极高的空间和力学分辨率,但其探针对细胞膜的直接机械接触可能引入局部损伤,且其逐个扫描的串行操作模式限制了实验通量。微吸管吸吮技术虽能够准确测量膜模量,但其操作极其繁琐,且通常仅能实现局部变形加载,难以模拟红细胞在微循环中受到的全细胞动态循环载荷环境。相比之下,介电泳技术(Dielectrophhyphen, DEP)作为一种新技术,在评估红细胞疲劳行为方面展现出独特优势。介电泳是指悬浮于流体介质中的电中性微粒在非均匀电场作用下,因极化差异而产生平移运动的现象[29-31]。当微粒的极化效应强于周围介质时,微粒将受到指向高电场梯度方向的合力,该特性被广泛应用于微颗粒分离和定向操控[32-34]中。介电泳技术的优势在于:第一,其利用非均匀电场,可同时捕获并拉伸微通道内的多个红细胞,能够在线获取大量样本的统计学特征,显著提升了疲劳累积规律分析的可靠性;第二,其可通过编程控制电信号参数(如频率、电压等),对细胞施加精确可控的、非接触式的重复载荷,最大限度避免了机械探针对细胞膜的物理损伤;第三,其诱导的拉伸更能模拟红细胞在微血管中的挤压变形过程,有利于观测全细胞尺度下的黏弹性演变及残余变形累积。例如,Qiang等[35]利用介电泳微流控平台研究了红细胞在静态和循环加载条件下的力学响应,发现循环加载诱发的机械疲劳对细胞膜的损伤显著高于静态加载。Ali等[36]基于介电泳技术开发了高通量单细胞拉伸实验平台,通过定量分析红细胞的尺寸、应变、拉伸因子及松弛时间,发现Ⅱ型糖尿病患者红细胞较健康对照组尺寸更大(大约27%),且变形能力显著降低(拉伸因子下降约29%)。Zheng等[37]利用介电泳技术评估了人工心脏辅助循环对红细胞膜的机械损伤。研究表明:随着剪切暴露时间逐渐延长,红细胞膜的杨氏模量逐渐增大,而变形指数和机械稳定性下降。Engelhardt和Sackmann[38]则通过介电泳技术测定了红细胞膜的剪切模量和剪切黏度(η),并系统阐明了物理环境(渗透压、温度),生化修饰和遗传性疾病(如椭圆形红细胞增多症)对细胞黏弹性参数的调控机制。
具体而言,随着循环加载周期的累积,红细胞膜骨架蛋白网络因反复机械刺激而发生渐进式降解和断裂,同时细胞膜脂质双分子层的流动性降低,从而使红细胞的变形和恢复能力显著衰退。值得注意的是,体外储存红细胞的疲劳演化存在明确的时间依赖性差异。在储存早期,红细胞凭借完整的膜结构保留了较高的机械耐受阈值,疲劳损伤累积速率相对较慢;然而,进入长期储存阶段后,受ATP(腺苷三磷酸)耗竭和氧化应激的影响,细胞膜的机械稳定性大幅下降。在此状态下,红细胞对循环载荷的敏感性显著增强,疲劳损伤不再遵循线性规律,而是呈指数加剧,最终导致结构失稳与溶血。
储存红细胞的疲劳效应与临床输血的安全性和有效性密切相关。随着储存时间的延长,受ATP耗竭、代谢产物堆积及氧化应激等因素影响,红细胞会出现累积性功能损伤,表现为膜刚度增大与变形能力衰退。此类损伤严重的储存红细胞在输注后,往往出现循环存活率低及微血管通过性差的问题,难以有效改善受血者的组织缺氧状态,甚至反而增加溶血性输血反应的风险。特别是对于镰状红细胞贫血或遗传性球形红细胞增多症等红细胞膜缺陷疾病患者,其机体本就处于低疲劳耐受状态,若输入抗疲劳性能较差的储存红细胞,溶血产物可能诱发炎症级联反应,进一步加剧原发病情。因此,深入探究储存红细胞的疲劳发生机制、关键影响因素(如储存时长)及调控规律,不仅有助于揭示其体外损伤特征,更能为储存液配方与制备工艺的优化、储存时限标准的科学制定和精准临床用血的实现提供理论支撑。
微流控平台主要由注射泵(TSD01−01,雷弗流体(保定)智能设备制造有限公司)、波形信号发生器(SDG1022X,深圳市鼎阳科技股份有限公司)、微流控芯片、显微镜(IX73, Olympus, Japan)和高速相机(C13440−20CU, Hamamatsu, Japan)组成,如图1所示。微流控芯片由聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)微流道层与玻璃基底电极层构成,采用标准软光刻工艺和等离子体键合技术制备。PDMS流道长10 mm、宽500 μm、高50 μm;玻璃基底表面镀有厚100 nm的交叉金电极,其宽度与间隙均为20 µm。该实验平台结合介电泳技术与微流控系统,能够对单细胞或多细胞群体实现长时间、可控的静态或循环力学加载。
实验时,首先将红细胞悬浮液注入微流控芯片,并将电极连接至信号发生器。施加高频正弦交流信号(有效电压2 V,频率1.825 MHz),在通道内构建电场,利用介电泳效应在电极边缘实现对红细胞的捕获与拉伸。为模拟疲劳加载环境,设置电场调制周期为4 s(开启2 s,关闭2 s)。实验过程中利用高速相机记录红细胞的形态变化(图1):电场开启前(松弛态),红细胞呈典型的双凹圆盘状,其长度为$ {a}_{0} $,宽度为$ {b}_{0} $;电场开启后(加载态),红细胞在介电泳力(FDEP)作用下沿电场线方向被拉伸为椭球形,拉伸后长度为$ a(t) $,宽度为$ b(t) $(t为加载时长)。
血液样本采集自健康志愿者的静脉血,所有样品储存于EDTA抗凝管中。临床常用的红细胞储存液(如CPDA−1)含有较高浓度的柠檬酸钠和磷酸盐等离子组分,其电导率通常在1.5~2.0 S/m之间。在介电泳实验中,如此高电导率的介质在电场作用下会产生剧烈的焦耳热。根据焦耳定律,热量与电导率成正比,过高的热量会导致局部温度快速升高,不仅会直接损伤细胞膜的力学性质,还会引发强烈的电热流扰动,使得细胞无法被稳定捕获。因此,本文选用低电导率介质并提供等渗环境。介电泳工作缓冲溶液的主要溶质为葡萄糖(5 g/L)和牛血清白蛋白(1 g/L),并含有微量氯化钙以使电导率达到0.02 S/m[35]。细胞清洗过程如下:首先,将血液样本分散于PBS缓冲液中;然后,利用离心机在4 ℃、400 × g条件下离心5 min,重复洗涤3次并去除上清液;最后将洗涤后的红细胞重悬于上述DEP工作缓冲液中,调整细胞浓度至106 cells/mL,以维持细胞活性和渗透压平衡。为防止红细胞在微流道壁发生非特异性黏附,实验前向通道内注入含BSA(质量浓度为0.5 g/L)的PBS缓冲溶液进行表面处理,浸润30 min后用PBS缓冲液冲洗。完成后,将红细胞悬液注入微流控芯片进行测试。
在本研究中,红细胞在交流电场作用下,其膜界面产生Maxwell−Wagner极化效应。由此产生的诱导偶极矩在非均匀电场中受到介电泳力$ {F}_{\text{DEP}} $的作用,导致红细胞被电极边缘捕获并发生拉伸变形。$ {F}_{\text{DEP}} $的幅值和方向主要由细胞及其悬浮介质的介电特性(电导率、介电常数)和外加电场的频率、电压共同决定[39-42]。在量化分析时,通常将受力变形的红细胞近似为椭圆体,其受到的时间平均介电泳力可通过下式估计[35]:
$ {F}_{\text{DEP}}=\dfrac{{\text{π}}}{4}abc\cdot {\epsilon }_{\text{m}}\cdot \mathrm{Re}\left({f}_{\text{CM}}\right)\cdot \nabla E_{\text{rms}}^{2} $
式中:$ a $、$ b $和$ c $分别为红细胞沿流动方向(长轴)的尺寸、在流动平面内垂直于流动方向(短轴)的尺寸,以及垂直于流动平面方向(厚度)的尺寸;$ {\epsilon }_{\text{m}} $为周围介质的介电常数;$ \nabla E_{\text{rms}}^{2} $为电场强度平方的梯度。红细胞的受力方向由Clausius−Mossotti因子的实部$ \text{Re}\left({f}_{\text{CM}}\right) $决定:当$ \text{Re}\left({f}_{\text{CM}}\right) \gt 0 $时,红细胞向电极移动并被捕获;反之,当$ \text{Re}\left({f}_{\text{CM}}\right) \lt 0 $时,红细胞被电极排斥。$ {f}_{\text{CM}} $可通过同心多壳模型量化评估:
$ {f}_{\text{CM}}=\dfrac{1}{3}\dfrac{C}{D} $
$\begin{split} C=&(\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{m}}^{*})\left[\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*} + {A}_{1}\left(\epsilon _{\text{cyto}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}\right)\right]+\\& \rho \left(\epsilon _{\text{cyto}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}\right)\left[\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}-{A}_{1}\left(\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{m}}^{*}\right)\right]   \,\end{split} $
$ \begin{split} D =& \left[\epsilon _{\text{m}}^{*} + {A}_{1}\left(\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{m}}^{*}\right)\right]\left[\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*} + {A}_{1}\left(\epsilon _{\text{cyto}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}\right)\right]+ \\& \rho {A}_{2}\left(1-{A}_{2}\right)\left(\epsilon _{\text{cyto}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}\right)\left(\epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*}-\epsilon _{\text{m}}^{*}\right) \\[-1pt]\end{split} $
$ \rho =\left(a-d\right)\left(b-d\right)\left(c-d\right)/{abc} $
$ {A}_{i}=\dfrac{{a}_{i}{b}_{i}{c}_{i}}{2}\int\nolimits_{0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\dfrac{1}{\left(s + a_{i}^{2}\right){B}{_{i}}{\mathrm{d}}s}   \,\,i=1,2 $
$ {B}_{i}=\sqrt{\left(s + a_{i}^{2}\right)\left(s + b_{i}^{2}\right)\left(s + c_{i}^{2}\right)}  \,\,i=1,2 $
式中:$ \epsilon _{\text{mem}}^{*} $、$ \epsilon _{\text{m}}^{*} $和$ \epsilon _{\text{cyto}}^{*} $分别为细胞膜、周围介质和细胞质的介电常数;$ d $为细胞膜的厚度;$ {A}_{i=1,2} $为退极化因子;s为积分哑变量,且$ {a}_{1}=a $、$ {b}_{1}=b $、$ {c}_{1}=c $、$ {a}_{2}=a-d $、$ {b}_{2}=b-d $、$ {c}_{2}=c-d $。
在恒定振幅循环电变形加载下,红细胞膜表现出时间依赖的黏弹性变形。为模拟该行为,采用Kelvin−Voigt模型进行物理描述。红细胞膜受到细胞骨架支撑,表现为黏弹性固体而非流体。Kelvin−Voigt模型由弹簧和阻尼器并联组成,其核心特性是能够描述物体在卸载后恢复到初始形状的能力,这与红细胞在循环卸载后能够恢复初始形状的物理特征一致。Kelvin−Voigt模型在表征红细胞力学性质方面已有广泛应用(如介电泳微流控拉伸[35]、光镊实验[43]等),能够较好地解耦红细胞膜的剪切模量(μ)和剪切黏度(η)。在实验中,红细胞在单个循环卸载阶段表现出良好的弹性回弹,未观察到明显的塑性变形,因此采用Kelvin−Voigt模型可以更直观地评价疲劳引起的力学性质变化。
在介电泳微流控芯片中,红细胞通过两端的金电极产生的非均匀电场被捕获并拉伸。由于金电极不透明,在沿长轴方向(即拉伸载荷方向),红细胞两端的膜边界会有部分区域被电极边缘遮挡。这种物理遮挡会导致长轴瞬时值$ a(t) $的图像识别产生较大误差,进而影响变形比分析的准确性。与长轴不同,红细胞的短轴方向(垂直于拉伸载荷方向)始终处于视野可见区域,其边缘清晰且不受遮挡。因此,通过监测短轴的变化来评估变形比具有较好的鲁棒性。因此,采用瞬时伸长比$ \lambda \left(t\right) $量化红细胞变形程度,其定义为某一循环中红细胞短轴的初始值$ {b}_{0,N} $(下标N为循环拉伸次数)与瞬时值$ b\left(t\right) $之比。剪切应变$ \varepsilon (t) $的计算公式为:
$ \varepsilon (t)=\dfrac{\lambda^{2} {\left(t\right)}-\lambda ^{-2}{\left(t\right)}}{2} $
电变形加载产生的瞬态剪切应力$ \sigma $的定义为:
$ \sigma \left(t\right)=\dfrac{F\left(t\right)}{2b\left(t\right)} $
式中:$ F\left(t\right) $为红细胞在拉伸阶段沿长轴方向中间位置所受的介电泳力。根据Kelvin−Voigt模型,红细胞的瞬时应力与变形关系可表示为[35]:
$ \dfrac{\sigma \left(t\right)}{2\mu }=\dfrac{1}{4}\left[\lambda^{2} {\left(t\right)}-\lambda ^{-2}{\left(t\right)}\right]+ {t}_{\text{c}}\dfrac{\partial {\mathrm{ln}}\lambda \left(t\right)}{\partial t} $
式中:$ {t}_{\text{c}}=\eta /\mu $,为松弛阶段的特征时间。$ {t}_{\text{c}} $可从松弛阶段的$ \lambda \left(t\right) $指数拟合中获取:
$ \exp \left(-\dfrac{t}{{t}_{\text{c}}}\right)=\dfrac{\left[\lambda (t)-{\lambda }_{0}\right]\left({\lambda }_{\max } + {\lambda }_{0}\right)}{\left[\lambda (t) + {\lambda }_{0}\right]\left({\lambda }_{\max }-{\lambda }_{0}\right)} $
式中:$ {\lambda }_{\max } $和$ {\lambda }_{0} $分别为红细胞在完全拉伸和完全松弛状态下的$ \lambda $值。在实验分析中,各实验组(不同储存天数、不同循环拉伸次数)均保证了足够的样本规模,具体观测红细胞数量(n)均不少于15个。为保证分析的一致性与可比性,最终统一选取每组15个红细胞的观测值计算平均值,作为该组代表性数据进行后续对比分析。
红细胞优异的变形能力是其实现高效物质输运的力学基础,使其既能在动脉高剪切流场中维持形态稳定,又能在大变形通过毛细血管后迅速恢复初始构型。本文通过循环拉伸实验记录了红细胞的形态演化过程,如图2(a)所示。在加载阶段,介电泳力驱动红细胞从初始的双凹圆盘状(直径7~8 μm)变为长椭球状。当电场关闭(卸载)后,红细胞迅速恢复至初始形态,表现出典型的黏弹性回复行为。
为消除细胞尺寸差异的影响,引入无量纲参数λ(t)。λ(0) = 1.0对应未受力状态,λ(t)越大,表明红细胞变形程度越显著。图2(b)展示了红细胞在首次循环载荷(循环拉伸次数N = 1,无疲劳累积)下的“加载−卸载”过程及λ(t)的动态变化过程。在加载阶段,λ(t)从1.0上升至1.6左右,并进一步增至1.8左右;卸载后,λ(t)恢复至1.0左右,体现了红细胞高效的变形与恢复能力。
以储存4 d的单个红细胞为例,其伸长比λ(t)的变化曲线如图3所示。在首次加载周期(N = 1)中,红细胞对拉伸响应迅速,最大伸长比λmax = 1.75,表明此时红细胞膜具有良好的变形性能,能够有效顺应外力发生大变形;卸载后,λ迅速回归基线,未见明显塑性残余,体现了红细胞膜优异的弹性回复特性。历经约1 h的连续加载(N = 900)后,λmax降至1.64,尽管此时红细胞在卸载后仍能恢复初始构型,但峰值变形能力下降,表明反复拉伸已引起细胞膜结构出现疲劳效应。值得注意的是,随着循环拉伸次数N的增大,红细胞力学性能显著退化,λmax最终衰减至1.24,较初始状态下降约29.1%。同时,红细胞在松弛状态下的宽度$ {b}_{0} $发生不可逆的减小,表明长时程循环拉伸已导致红细胞产生不可逆的膜疲劳损伤。
图4(a)展示了新鲜及不同储存时长(4、7、13 d)红细胞的最大伸长比λmax(15个细胞的均值)随循环拉伸次数N的变化规律。无论储存时长如何,随N增大,各组红细胞的最大伸长比均呈递减趋势,表明连续力学刺激导致红细胞变形能力发生渐进性衰退。储存时间也显著影响最大伸长比:随着储存天数的延长,红细胞的最大伸长比呈持续下降趋势,且随着循环拉伸次数增加,衰减速率加快。特别地,当储存时长为13 d且N = 2700时,最大伸长比降至极低水平,表明较长期储存和反复拉伸共同导致红细胞变形能力大幅下降。
图4(b)展示了不同储存时长与循环加载次数下红细胞的变形特征。在储存早期(0、4 d),红细胞膜结构完整,受拉伸时由初始的双凹圆盘状迅速转变为细长纺锤状,表现为纵向长度显著增大、横向宽度相应收缩,呈现出典型的弹性变形特征。随着循环拉伸次数的增加,红细胞受力后的形态发生改变,其在拉伸状态下的宽度b(t)逐渐增大,而长度则相应减小,反映膜刚性逐渐上升。
在生理循环过程中,红细胞持续承受血流剪切与血管挤压等复杂载荷,其力学响应呈现典型的黏弹性特征,主要通过剪切模量μ和剪切黏度η这2个关键参数定量描述。剪切模量反映红细胞抵抗剪切形变的刚性程度,数值越小表明红细胞变形能力越强;剪切黏度表征细胞膜在剪切形变过程中的内摩擦阻力,数值越高意味着膜内物质流动受阻越明显,二者共同决定了红细胞的变形能力和回复能力。对于健康红细胞,膜的剪切模量为2.4~11.3 μN/m,剪切黏度为0.3~2.8 μN·s·m−1[40]。
本文采用Kelvin−Voigt模型描述红细胞的变形与恢复行为。为获取红细胞的流变学参数,采用指数衰减函数对单次拉伸−松弛过程中的细胞伸长比λ(t)的变化曲线进行分段拟合,进而实现对膜剪切模量μ和剪切黏度η的定量表征。拉伸阶段和松弛阶段的拟合函数分别为:
$ \begin{gathered}\lambda(t)=\lambda_0+(\lambda_{\mathrm{max}}-\lambda_0)\times[1-\exp(-t/t_{\mathrm{c}})] \\ \lambda(t)=\lambda_0+(\lambda_{\mathrm{max}}-\lambda_0)\times\exp[-(t-t_{\mathrm{stretch}})/t_{\mathrm{c}}] \\ \end{gathered} $
式中:tstretch = 2 s,为拉伸阶段持续时间。
图5(a)和(b)分别展示了不同储存时长(0、4、7、13 d)红细胞的黏弹性参数随循环拉伸次数的变化趋势。总体而言,随着循环拉伸次数的增加,红细胞的剪切模量和剪切黏度均呈单调递增趋势。具体来看,疲劳演化过程可分为2个阶段:
1)累积阶段(N $\leqslant $ 2250):红细胞力学性能呈线性衰退。与初始状态相比,各组红细胞的μ与η均逐步上升。μ累积提升幅度分别为:新鲜红细胞(0 d)组86%、储存4 d组153%、储存7 d组178%、储存13 d组270%。η累积提升幅度分别为:新鲜红细胞(0 d)组125%、储存4 d组212%、储存7 d组227%、储存13 d组382%。在此阶段,随着循环加载的进行,红细胞膜的刚性逐渐增强,内摩擦阻力增大,导致变形能力与恢复能力逐步减弱。
2)临界恶化阶段(N > 2250):μ出现显著的非线性跃升。相较初始状态,提升幅度分别为:新鲜红细胞(0 d)组127%、储存4 d组210%、储存7 d组292%、储存13 d组503%。此现象表明反复形变导致的疲劳损伤已突破临界阈值,膜结构刚性急剧增大,无法有效抵御持续力学刺激,最终导致变形能力急速下降。与此同时,η也进一步上升,较初始阶段分别提升:新鲜红细胞(0 d)组161%、储存4 d组311%、储存7 d组379%、储存13 d组619%。尽管η在该阶段未出现如μ般的急剧跃升,但其持续增长进一步反映了膜内黏性耗散机制的持续恶化。
储存周期对红细胞黏弹性特性也有较大影响,如图5(c)~(f)所示。在短中期储存(0、4、7 d)范围内,μ和η随储存周期呈渐进式增长。相较于新鲜红细胞(0 d)组,在各循环加载工况下,储存4 d组红细胞的μ和η分别增大20%~65%和28%~101%;储存7 d组的增幅进一步扩大至50%~160%和60%~194%。然而,当储存周期延长至13 d(较长期储存)时,红细胞的力学性能发生显著恶化,μ和η分别比新鲜组增大60%~500%和30%~550%。这表明,短中期储存未严重破坏红细胞的力学特性,但长期储存会显著放大疲劳损伤效应,导致细胞膜黏弹性性能急剧下降。
虽然本文发现长期储存与循环载荷会导致红细胞出现不可逆的力学性能衰退,然而这一现象背后的生化与分子机制尚不明确。后续研究可聚焦于疲劳损伤与细胞内能量代谢(如ATP水平)及氧化应激状态之间的内在联系。例如,通过在实验体系中添加外源性ATP或抗氧化剂(如N−乙酰半胱氨酸、谷胱甘肽),观察其对红细胞膜力学性能、变形恢复能力及疲劳寿命的影响,从代谢调控角度寻找延缓或修复储存损伤的途径。同时,可结合荧光标记、蛋白质组学等技术,动态监测细胞骨架蛋白(如血影蛋白、肌动蛋白)在疲劳过程中的结构变化与修饰状态,在分子层面揭示力学信号与生化响应之间的耦合机制,为发展新型细胞保存液及抗疲劳仿生材料提供理论依据。
本文研究对象为健康志愿者来源的红细胞,而临床常见的贫血(如缺铁性贫血、镰状细胞贫血)、Ⅱ 型糖尿病、肾病等病理状态往往伴随红细胞膜骨架蛋白组成、代谢水平及力学性能的改变。与健康红细胞相比,这些病理红细胞在疲劳损伤阈值、累积动力学及临界响应等方面可能存在系统性差异。本文搭建的介电泳−微流控平台具有良好的可拓展性与参数调控灵活性,适用于各类病理状态红细胞的高通量力学表征。未来可系统开展病理与健康红细胞的对比研究,建立基于力学表型的疾病评估模型,探索将细胞变形性、膜黏弹性等参数作为疾病进展或治疗响应潜在生物标志物的可能性,为临床输血策略的个性化选择提供新依据。
本文基于搭建的介电泳微流控实验平台,系统研究了储存周期和循环拉伸载荷对红细胞黏弹性性能的耦合影响。通过对伸长比λ、剪切模量μ和剪切黏度η等关键参数的定量分析,揭示了红细胞在循环载荷下的疲劳累积规律,以及储存周期对该过程的影响,从而为理解红细胞生理功能维持机制和临床输血质量评估提供了实验依据。
红细胞的黏弹性行为在实验中得到了直接验证:在外力作用下,红细胞由双凹圆盘状拉伸为椭球状,λ快速上升并趋于稳定;卸载后则能迅速恢复初始形态,表现出生物材料典型的弹性恢复特性。通过指数函数对λ−t曲线进行分段拟合,可有效分离弹性与黏性成分,为定量表征红细胞力学性能提供可靠方法。
循环拉伸引起的机械疲劳损伤是红细胞变形能力衰减的关键因素。随着循环拉伸次数增加,不论储存周期长短,红细胞的最大伸长比均持续下降,同时剪切模量与剪切黏度逐步升高,表明反复变形导致红细胞膜刚性增强、黏度增大。当循环拉伸次数达到2700时,λmax降至极低水平,剪切模量出现显著跃升,标志着疲劳损伤累积已突破临界阈值,红细胞膜结构完整性受损,变形能力急剧丧失。
储存周期也会影响红细胞的黏弹性性能。短期储存(0、4、7 d)的红细胞对循环载荷的力学响应较为稳定,损伤累积速率相对缓慢;而较长期储存(13 d)则显著增强了红细胞对机械疲劳损伤的敏感性,导致其力学参数随循环拉伸次数增加而急剧恶化。此外,较长期储存后红细胞在松弛状态下的λ持续偏高,表明储存老化与循环加载共同作用可诱导细胞膜产生永久性力学损伤。
综上所述,红细胞的变形能力与黏弹性高度依赖于循环力学刺激和储存周期:反复拉伸通过累积疲劳损伤使细胞膜刚性逐渐增大;储存周期则通过影响膜结构稳定性来调控疲劳损伤累积的速率。短期储存可维持红细胞力学性能的相对稳定,而长期储存则会显著加剧其疲劳效应。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250118
  • 接收时间:2025-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23
  • 修回日期:2026-02-02
  • 录用日期:2026-03-04
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    浙江大学 流体工程研究所,杭州 310027

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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