Article(id=1320176183623398115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763308800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-17, revisedDate=1766764800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-27, acceptedDate=1767456000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineDate=1792684129862, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684129862, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684129862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684129862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176147946648091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='137', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684121357, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720571222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329029853495708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329029853495709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=64, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176184881689316, articleId=1320176183623398115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Underwater drag reduction and gas film stability of superhydrophobic conical array surface under shear flow, columnId=1320176148672262684, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Microscale and Nanoscale Flows, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces represent an effective approach for drag reduction and reducing energy consumption of underwater vehicles. However, the gas film stability on microstructured surfaces remains insufficient, particularly under hydrodynamic shear conditions, which can lead to premature failure of drag reduction performance. Here, a superhydrophobic conical array surface (CAS) is proposed to enable effective underwater drag reduction in Couette flow and enhance the stability of the gas-film by altering the cone structure. The gas-liquid two-phase-flow over CAS in a planar Couette flow configuration is investigated by COMSOL multiphysics. The key parameters, such as the cone height, inclination angle, and wettability, are analyzed to investigate their effects on the flow velocity, slip length, and drag reduction performance. The results demonstrate that the CAS induces a significant boundary slip velocity, effectively reducing hydrodynamic drag under laminar flow conditions. The slip length exhibits a positive correlation with the cone height, while drag reduction increases with an increase in the inclination angle. The inclined CAS configuration enhances the contact-line pinning effect, and thus further improves the gas-film stability under fluid shear conditions, enhancing sustained drag reduction. These findings provide a theoretical basis for designing and manufacturing functional drag reduction superhydrophobic surfaces for underwater applications.

, authors=Haoyang Li, Xiang Gao, Fujian Zhang, Zhongqiang Zhang*, authorsList=Haoyang Li, Xiang Gao, Fujian Zhang, Zhongqiang Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongqiang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176201663099683, articleId=1320176183623398115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=水下超疏水锥形阵列表面剪切流动减阻及气膜稳定性研究, columnId=1320176148844229150, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=微纳尺度流动专刊, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微结构超疏水表面是实现水下航行器减阻与降低能耗的有效途径。然而,微结构表面的气膜稳定性仍显不足,尤其在流体剪切作用下,减阻性能容易过早失效。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种超疏水锥形阵列表面(CAS)。通过优化锥体结构参数,该表面可有效降低平面Couette流中的水下阻力,并提升气膜稳定性。采用COMSOL多物理场仿真,分析了平面Couette流条件下CAS的气液两相流动,系统研究了锥体高度、倾斜角和润湿性等关键参数对流速、滑移长度及减阻性能的影响。研究结果表明:CAS能产生明显的边界滑移速度,在层流条件下有效降低流体阻力;滑移长度与锥体高度呈正相关,且减阻效果随倾斜角增大而增强;倾斜锥形阵列结构通过增强接触线钉扎效应,进一步提高了流体剪切作用下的气膜稳定性,从而实现持续减阻。这些发现为设计制造适用于水下的功能性超疏水减阻表面提供了理论依据。

, authors=李昊洋, 高翔, 张福建, 张忠强*, authorsList=李昊洋, 高翔, 张福建, 张忠强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张忠强, authorNote=

李昊洋(2000—),男,辽宁大连人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳流动。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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李昊洋(2000—),男,辽宁大连人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳流动。E-mail:

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李昊洋(2000—),男,辽宁大连人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳流动。E-mail:

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The influence of mesh parameters on computational results

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网格类型网格尺寸相对偏差/%
最大单元尺寸/mm最小单元尺寸/mm
10.06500.0007540
20.03350.0002601.87
30.14000.0040006.29
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网格参数对计算结果的影响

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网格类型网格尺寸相对偏差/%
最大单元尺寸/mm最小单元尺寸/mm
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20.03350.0002601.87
30.14000.0040006.29
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水下超疏水锥形阵列表面剪切流动减阻及气膜稳定性研究
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李昊洋 , 高翔 , 张福建 , 张忠强 *
实验流体力学 | 微纳尺度流动专刊 2026,40(4): 64-75
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实验流体力学 |微纳尺度流动专刊 2026 , 40 (4) : 64 -75
水下超疏水锥形阵列表面剪切流动减阻及气膜稳定性研究
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李昊洋 , 高翔, 张福建, 张忠强*
作者信息
  • 江苏大学 机械工程学院,镇江 212013
通讯作者:
作者简介:

李昊洋(2000—),男,辽宁大连人,硕士研究生。研究方向:微纳流动。E-mail:

Underwater drag reduction and gas film stability of superhydrophobic conical array surface under shear flow
Haoyang Li , Xiang Gao, Fujian Zhang, Zhongqiang Zhang*
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250105
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微结构超疏水表面是实现水下航行器减阻与降低能耗的有效途径。然而,微结构表面的气膜稳定性仍显不足,尤其在流体剪切作用下,减阻性能容易过早失效。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种超疏水锥形阵列表面(CAS)。通过优化锥体结构参数,该表面可有效降低平面Couette流中的水下阻力,并提升气膜稳定性。采用COMSOL多物理场仿真,分析了平面Couette流条件下CAS的气液两相流动,系统研究了锥体高度、倾斜角和润湿性等关键参数对流速、滑移长度及减阻性能的影响。研究结果表明:CAS能产生明显的边界滑移速度,在层流条件下有效降低流体阻力;滑移长度与锥体高度呈正相关,且减阻效果随倾斜角增大而增强;倾斜锥形阵列结构通过增强接触线钉扎效应,进一步提高了流体剪切作用下的气膜稳定性,从而实现持续减阻。这些发现为设计制造适用于水下的功能性超疏水减阻表面提供了理论依据。

锥形阵列表面  /  减阻  /  滑移长度  /  气膜稳定性

Microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces represent an effective approach for drag reduction and reducing energy consumption of underwater vehicles. However, the gas film stability on microstructured surfaces remains insufficient, particularly under hydrodynamic shear conditions, which can lead to premature failure of drag reduction performance. Here, a superhydrophobic conical array surface (CAS) is proposed to enable effective underwater drag reduction in Couette flow and enhance the stability of the gas-film by altering the cone structure. The gas-liquid two-phase-flow over CAS in a planar Couette flow configuration is investigated by COMSOL multiphysics. The key parameters, such as the cone height, inclination angle, and wettability, are analyzed to investigate their effects on the flow velocity, slip length, and drag reduction performance. The results demonstrate that the CAS induces a significant boundary slip velocity, effectively reducing hydrodynamic drag under laminar flow conditions. The slip length exhibits a positive correlation with the cone height, while drag reduction increases with an increase in the inclination angle. The inclined CAS configuration enhances the contact-line pinning effect, and thus further improves the gas-film stability under fluid shear conditions, enhancing sustained drag reduction. These findings provide a theoretical basis for designing and manufacturing functional drag reduction superhydrophobic surfaces for underwater applications.

conical array surface  /  drag reduction  /  slip length  /  gas film stability
李昊洋, 高翔, 张福建, 张忠强. 水下超疏水锥形阵列表面剪切流动减阻及气膜稳定性研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (4) : 64 -75 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250105
Haoyang Li, Xiang Gao, Fujian Zhang, Zhongqiang Zhang. Underwater drag reduction and gas film stability of superhydrophobic conical array surface under shear flow[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 64 -75 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250105
海洋覆盖了地球表面的绝大部分,不仅是地球生态系统的重要组成部分,更是人类社会发展所需的重要资源宝库[1]。当前,对潜艇、船舶等水下航行器的性能要求正不断提高,其中流体阻力是导致能耗增加与航速降低的首要因素。船舶航行过程中主要产生3种阻力:兴波阻力、摩擦阻力和形状阻力。其中,摩擦阻力可占总阻力的80%以上[2]。目前降低水下摩擦阻力的方法包括主动气体润滑减阻[3-5]、表面微结构减阻[6-7]和超疏水减阻[8-10]。主动气体润滑技术通过注入气体形成气液界面来降低阻力[11],但该技术需要在船体上安装复杂的气泵系统,系统成本制约了其大规模应用[12-13]。相比之下,超疏水表面因其低表面能和独特的微纳结构,能够在水下自主形成气层,正受到广泛关注[14]。气体减阻技术具有环境友好、适用性强等显著优势,这些优势使该技术在绝大多数水下应用场景中都具有实施的可行性。因此,研究气体减阻技术在水下装备中的应用具有重要的工程意义[15-16]。
当超疏水微结构表面浸入水中时,其微结构中会形成气膜[14]。与固液界面相比,气液界面能显著降低流动中的阻力[17-18]。当前的微结构设计主要源于对自然界生物体的借鉴,通过模拟生物表面特征,研究人员已成功开发出多种新型仿生微结构,这些结构展现出卓越的减阻性能[19-20]。例如,具有盾鳞微结构的鲨鱼皮不仅能防止海洋生物附着,还能实现最高20%的减阻效果[21];具有棘刺结构的河豚表面在流场中可达到12.94%的减阻率[22];而浮萍的楔形沟槽[23]与猪笼草衍生的脊状结构[24]则能使与之接触的气体在水下自发扩散,从而间接实现减阻效应。已有研究表明,若表面缺少气膜,单纯的超疏水微结构浸入水中时非但不能减阻,反而可能会增大阻力[25],这证实了气膜是实现减阻的关键要素。然而,复杂的水下环境[26-28]易导致超疏水微结构表面气膜耗散,从而使减阻效果减弱甚至失效,这成为当前技术面临的关键挑战。为此,研究人员持续开展了气膜补充与维持方面的研究[29]。例如,可以通过主动注气来补充耗散的气层[14]。另一种方法是设计复杂的内部微结构以提供更多的气膜钉扎点[30],从而减少注气操作次数,但制备上的复杂性阻碍了其大规模生产。因此,同时实现显著的减阻效果和持久的气膜稳定性仍然是一个亟待解决的重要问题。
前期研究发现,锥形阵列表面(Conical Array Surface, CAS)具有良好的气体捕获能力。水中的微小气泡被锥体捕获后,在拉普拉斯驱动力的作用下运动到锥体根部,可高效补充气膜[31-32]。在此基础上,本文重点研究流体剪切作用下CAS的气膜稳定性以及水下减阻能力,采用COMSOL有限元模拟软件,建立平面Couette流剪切模型,系统分析锥体高度、倾斜角和润湿性等参数对气膜稳定性、流体边界滑移及减阻特性的影响,并通过实验观测CAS的气膜稳定性。
为检验减阻性能,本文建立了包含CAS的平面Couette流剪切模型(图1(a))。该模型由上下平行平板、CAS、水相与气相组成。定义平行于平板的流向为x方向,垂直于平板向上为y方向,建立xOy坐标系。上平板滑动产生剪切流,CAS置于下平板,与上平板共同构成Couette流道。上平板为光滑表面,流道高度Hm设为10 mm。锥形结构的关键几何参数为:高度h = 0.7 mm,基底直径a = 0.3 mm,锥体间距b = 0.5 mm。横向施加周期性边界条件,以模拟无限大流域。上平板通过阶跃函数使其在x方向的速度逐步增大至恒定剪切速度vτ。下平板CAS的接触角设置为156°(超疏水状态),与实验制备表面的润湿性一致。水流按稳态、不可压缩层流进行设定。在网格划分过程中,对CAS边界层区域进行了特殊处理,在锥形表面附近实施了局部加密,如图1(b)所示。
数学计算采用COMSOL两相流水平集模型来确定和控制气液界面处的液体体积分数。在通道稳态等温层流条件下,控制方程为不可压缩Navier–Stokes方程,表示如下:
$ \rho\left(\frac{\partial\boldsymbol{v}}{\partial t}+\boldsymbol{v}\cdot\nabla\boldsymbol{v}\right)=\nabla\cdot\left[-p+\mu\left(\nabla\boldsymbol{v}+\nabla\boldsymbol{v}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)\right]+\rho\boldsymbol{g}+\boldsymbol{F} $
$ \rho \nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{v}}=0 $
式中:ρ为密度,v为速度,t为时间,p为压力,μ为动力黏度,g为重力加速度,F为表面张力项。水平集方法通过跟踪水平集函数$\phi $的等值线来确定两相流界面,其中$\phi $ = 0.5的等值线代表两相分界线。水平集函数$\phi $的传递和重新初始化方程为:
$ \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t} + {\boldsymbol{v}} \cdot \nabla \phi=\gamma \nabla \cdot\left[\varepsilon \nabla \phi-\phi(1-\phi) \frac{\nabla \phi}{|\nabla \phi|}\right] $
式中:γ和ε为重新初始化参数。γ的作用是保证水平集函数在计算过程中不失真。在多物理场耦合与复杂流动的数值模拟中,界面曲率计算容易出现问题,进而影响表面张力的准确计算。γ值过小会导致计算不稳定,过大则可能使水平集函数无法正确聚焦到气液界面上,合适的取值应与模拟中出现的流场速度范围相匹配。ε为界面厚度控制参数,用于确定气液界面处的网格厚度,其主要作用是生成清晰的气液交界面。ε值过大会使界面模糊不清,过小则会使界面出现严重的锯齿现象,合适的取值应为界面附近最小网格单元的尺寸。全局密度和动力黏度由下式确定:
$ \rho=\rho_1 + \left(\rho_2-\rho_1\right) \phi $
$ \mu=\mu_1 + \left(\mu_2-\mu_1\right) \phi $
式中,μ1、μ2、ρ1和ρ2分别表示相1和相2的黏度和密度。动量方程中的表面张力F表示为:
$ {{\boldsymbol{F}}}=\nabla\cdot\sigma\delta\left(\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{n}\cdot\boldsymbol{n}^{\mathrm{T}}\right) $
式中:σ为表面张力系数,δ为狄拉克函数,n为界面单位法向量,I为单位矩阵。n的计算式和δ的近似函数如下:
$ {\boldsymbol{n}}=\frac{\nabla \phi}{|\nabla \phi|} $
$ \delta=6|\phi(1-\phi)||\nabla \phi| $
为准确评估CAS微结构的减阻性能,首先严格验证网格独立性,以消除网格尺寸和密度对计算结果的影响。如表1所示,以网格类型1所得到的流场速度结果为参考基准,当网格进一步细化至类型2时,相对偏差仅为1.87%,几乎可以忽略不计;相比之下,单元尺寸较大的网格类型3则表现出显著偏差。综合考虑计算效率与精度,后续模拟均采用网格类型1。
为获得锥体间气膜的初始稳态形态,首先在锥体间隙区域充满空气,并在静止流场中弛豫至气体形态稳定,随后通过上壁面滑动施加Couette流剪切。剪切后的体积分数云图与间隙流线分布表明,在表面张力作用下,水相与气相之间形成了明显的气液弯月界面[33](图2(a))。当水流受上壁面滑动驱动在流道内运动时,空气被有效限制在微结构间隙内。进一步观察发现,气体在空腔内形成低速涡旋,涡旋的旋转方向与气液界面处的水流方向一致,产生推力效应与涡流缓冲效应,这一发现与宋保维等[34]报道的模拟结果一致。图2(a)右部展示了流动截面上的速度云图与矢量分布,可见整个流域呈现层流速度分布特征。近上壁面处流速趋近壁面剪切速度,而在微结构区域,固液界面转变为气液界面,可观察到明显的气液界面滑移速度。
对流动截面沿y轴方向(垂直于平板的方向)以0.2 mm的层间距进行分层处理。图2(b)展示了考虑气膜效应时,不同壁面剪切速度下的流体速度剖面对比,纵坐标为每层0.2 mm内的平均流速。可以看出,流场速度剖面随壁面剪切速度的增加呈现规律性上升趋势;同时,在微结构表面层高度处,流体流速并不为0。这种现象源于微结构中的气体改变了邻近区域流体的速度梯度和黏度,从而增强了界面滑移效应。此外,随着壁面剪切速度增大,水流速度剖面的斜率和剪切速率均相应提高。图2(c)显示,流体黏度在锥面气膜附近保持较低值,远离锥面后迅速增大至稳定值,且剪切速度越大,锥形结构附近的流体黏度越低。为利用滑移长度表征减阻性能,本文采用Navier滑移模型进行量化分析,其表达式为:
$ L_{\text {slip }}=\frac{v_{\text {slip }}}{ {\partial v_{\mathrm{w}}}/{\partial y} } $
式中:Lslip为滑移长度,vslip为滑移速度,vw为下边界层处的速度。滑移速度是指微结构表面处流体的流速,滑移长度则是一个虚拟长度,定义为将表面处的速度分布沿速度梯度方向线性外推,使速度从vslip降至0所需向内延伸的法向距离。计算结果表明,滑移长度基本保持恒定。但在某些特定的液固环境中[35],该表达式并不能精确描述滑移长度。为确保模拟结果的准确性,图2(d)给出了剪切速率与滑移速度的关系。对5个数据点进行线性回归分析,得到相关系数R2 ≈ 0.999(接近1),表明二者存在强线性关系,符合Navier滑移模型中滑移速度与表面速度梯度成正比的规律。图2(e)绘制了滑移长度随剪切速度的变化曲线,可以看到,滑移长度稳定维持在100 μm ± 3 μm。
随后,通过计算微结构表面附近的阻尼系数来评估减阻性能。阻尼系数的计算式为:τ = μdv/dy,$ F_{\tau}=\tau\times A $,C = Fτ/vslip,其中τ为剪切应力,v为流向速度,Fτ为剪切力,A为横向单位宽度(1 m)上的载荷面积,C为阻尼系数。图3(a)展示了不同壁面剪切速度下的阻尼系数变化,结果显示,其与图2(e)中不同壁面剪切速度下的滑移长度呈相反的变化趋势。在相同壁面剪切速度下,较高的滑移长度对应较低的阻尼系数,滑移长度减小则意味着阻尼系数增加,这证实了滑移长度作为减阻效果量化指标的可靠性。
接着,本文对比了光滑表面(Smooth Surfaces, SS)与CAS在0.3 m/s壁面剪切速度下的表面滑移速度。图3(b)展示了2类表面附近的局部速度分布,其中H为测量点距锥面的距离。可以观察到,光滑表面由于缺乏捕获气相的微结构,不具备减阻效应,其壁面处的滑移速度为0。为合理表征减阻效果,本文分析了5组壁面剪切速度下微结构表面与SS壁面处的剪切应力差异,并据此计算减阻效果。减阻效果α的计算式为:
$ \alpha=\left(1-\frac{\tau_{\mathrm{CAS}}}{\tau_{\mathrm{SS}}}\right) \times 100 \% $
式中:τCAS为CAS表面处的剪切应力,τSS为SS表面处的剪切应力。计算结果表明,在不同壁面剪切速度下,CAS相较于SS的平均减阻效果最高可提升36% ± 2%(图3(c)),进一步凸显了CAS通过吸附气体实现减阻的优越性。
在流场中,气膜受剪切力作用时容易在微结构内发生迁移,其在微结构中保持稳定的能力称为气膜稳定性。已有研究表明,减阻效率与气膜稳定性密切相关,而气膜稳定性取决于微结构特征(形貌、尺寸、分布密度等)与流场强度的共同作用[36],该关系可定量表示为:
$ l_{\max}=\frac{M\sigma\delta_1}{\mu U_{\mathrm{b}}} $
式中:$ {l}_{{\mathrm{max}}} $为微结构能够维持气膜稳定的最大间距;M为剪切摩擦力与毛细力的比值,是无量纲常数,其值直接表征气膜的稳定状态;δ1为流道特征长度;Ub为主流速度。流场中,壁面剪切速度不同会导致主流速度改变,从而产生不同的流场强度。研究发现,在微结构参数固定时,气膜稳定性与流场强度呈负相关。为此,本文进一步探讨了流场强度对CAS气膜稳定性的影响机制。在前期条件基础上,随着壁面剪切速度持续增大,相邻单元间的气体发生了显著迁移。如图4所示,在1和2 m/s壁面剪切速度下,单个单元内的气体沿流动方向横向扩散,并与下游单元内的气体聚并。流线分布表明,更高的壁面剪切速度在流场中诱发更多涡旋结构,这些涡旋是引发气体迁移的主要原因。当速度达到10 m/s时,涡旋强度进一步增强,导致上游单元内气体大量耗竭,引发Cassie态坍塌,使减阻能力完全丧失。
为研究锥状阵列高度h对液体流动及边界减阻的影响,参照实验中获得的锥体高度参数,构建了4组不同锥体高度(0.7、1.0、1.5和2.0 mm)的平板Couette流剪切模型。不同锥体高度的体积分数轮廓如图5(a)所示。层流流速随锥高增加呈先增后减趋势,在h = 1.5 mm时达到峰值,并出现最大滑移速度;当锥体高度增至2 mm时,流速虽有所下降,但仍保持相似的分布特征(图5(b))。根据Navier滑移模型计算的滑移长度如图5(c)所示,最大滑移长度(129.02 μm)出现在h = 1.5 mm处,随后随锥体高度增加而减小。这表明减阻效果和滑移长度均与微结构锥体高度密切相关,此现象源于锥形阵列的特殊形态特征。在固定锥体间距的条件下,锥体高度增大会使纵横比(a/h)减小。当流体流经CAS时,会与锥体间的空气接触。对于纵横比较低的锥形微结构,其内部气液界面向内凹的弯曲曲率更大(图5(a)),因而气液接触面积更大。
实验中可通过调整磁铁位置来控制锥状阵列的伸长方向。本文选取锥体倾斜角度β = 5°、10°、15°和20°,探究不同β对减阻效果的影响。不同β下的体积分数轮廓如图6(a)所示。从图6(b)可以看到,随着β增大,流体区域的层流流速也随之增大,4种β下的速度曲线呈现相似的变化趋势;此外,具有较大β的锥状阵列在表面附近的剪切应变率更高。在滑移速度相近的前提下,增大β仍可使滑移长度进一步提高(图6(c)),当β = 20°时,滑移长度可达159.8 μm,其主要原因在于,倾斜的锥形阵列结构使间隙内的气体能够更顺畅地沿流动方向扩散,从而在边界处形成更优异的减阻效果,有效降低了流动阻力损失。
接触角θ低于90°的表面通常称为亲水表面(润湿),90°为润湿性临界阈值;接触角大于90°表明表面具有疏水性(不润湿),超过150°则被归类为超疏水表面。由于前期研究已证实超疏水微结构具有减阻能力,本文重点分析亲水至疏水过渡区间的润湿状态对减阻的影响,选取70°至110°区间内以10°为间隔的5个接触角值。不同润湿条件下的体积分数轮廓图如图7(a)所示,可观察到随着接触角减小,气液界面从凹形向凸形发生明显转变。微结构区域内的局部速度分布如图7(b)所示,结果表明,随着接触角减小,近壁面区域(y < 0.8 mm)的流速呈下降趋势,而在主流区域(y ≥ 0.8 mm),流速分布趋于一致。图7(c)展示了5种接触角下的滑移长度变化关系,可以看到,在亲水润湿条件下,减阻效果显著弱于疏水表面,此时最大滑移长度仅为68.98 μm。造成这一现象的主要原因在于:流体流经亲水表面(凸形液面)附近时,界面显著凸起,流动阻力相应增大;此外,亲水基底在水下环境中更难稳定留存气体,需要额外输入能量以维持气膜。
除CAS外,又选取了3种不同结构:正凸台状、柱状和倒凸台状。3种微结构形貌的高度和间距均与CAS相同,并在固定壁面剪切速度0.3 m/s的条件下进行仿真。结果表明,不同的微结构形貌对气膜的舒展至关重要。对于倒凸台结构,气体基本被封存在微结构内部(图8)。CAS与其他3类微结构形貌的滑移长度对比如图9所示。随着微结构上表面宽度的增加,滑移长度随之降低,倒凸台状的滑移长度仅为55.87 μm。造成该现象的原因是,气膜减阻的本质在于将固液界面转变为气液界面,而通过流线可以发现,倒凸台状凹槽内的气体被微结构有效阻挡,不易向表面舒展,间接减小了气液界面的占比,减阻效果较差。
为探究CAS在水下对气膜的吸附特性及抗剪切流能力,采用COMSOL进行了三维抗剪切流模拟。CAS在空气中呈现超疏水性,在水下则表现出超亲气性,这一特性赋予其强大的气膜吸附能力,使其能承受一定程度的剪切流动。三维直立锥形阵列模型如图10(a)所示,关键几何参数与边界条件设置为:流道总高度为3.4 mm,下壁面基底构建8行3列锥形阵列,四周壁面均设置从源端到目标端的周期性边界条件以消除壁面效应;锥体高度为0.7 mm,CAS两侧流体区域长度设为6.4 mm,以减小周期性的影响;上壁面设置沿x轴正方向移动的壁面剪切条件,所有壁面均为光滑表面,CAS上预设气膜,其水下接触角设为156°。网格划分如图10(b)所示,以保证模拟的准确性与可靠性。
首先验证了直立CAS的气膜吸附效应。图10(c)表明,当壁面剪切速度低于0.215 m/s(剪切应变率低于79.61 s−1)时,气膜能稳定吸附在CAS上;而当剪切应变率达到79.61 s−1的临界值时,气膜开始沿流动方向移动并逐渐从表面脱离(图10(d))。这些结果表明,在较低壁面剪切速度下,CAS对气膜的吸附力足以抵消流体剪切力,从而稳定吸附气膜;随着壁面剪切速度增大,剪切力持续增强,最终导致气膜发生剪切运动而脱离。随后,在相同条件下将直立CAS替换为倾斜角10°的倾斜CAS。模拟结果显示,倾斜CAS直到壁面剪切速度增至0.24 m/s(剪切应变率85.19 s−1)时,气膜才从表面脱离(图10(e))。与直立CAS相比,倾斜CAS的抗剪切流能力提升了7%。倾斜结构使气–液–固三相接触线形态更加复杂,其不规则性的增加增强了接触线钉扎效应,从而有效抑制了气膜逃逸。
较高的运动速度通常会导致气膜失稳,从而对减阻效果产生不利影响。为此,本文通过水箱实验,对覆有CAS的载体在水中运动时的气膜稳定性进行了验证。CAS的制备工艺流程如图11所示。采用光固化3D打印系统制备CAS模型,打印完成后将模型置于无水乙醇中超声清洗30 min,用氮气流吹干后得到无疏水性的样品。随后,将PDMS与固化剂按10∶1比例混合,加入正己烷搅拌均匀,再向混合液中添加适量二氧化硅纳米颗粒,制得疏水试剂。使用喷枪将疏水试剂均匀喷涂于样品表面,最后将喷涂后的样品置于真空干燥箱中,在80 ℃条件下加热2 h,完成表面疏水处理。
具体测试流程为:将制备好的CAS置于尺寸为1824 mm × 537 mm × 480 mm的水槽中(图12),以不同速度反复进行5次运动测试,并采用高速摄像机拍摄记录其表面状态。图13(a)展示了静态条件下CAS的表面形貌,可见其表面覆盖着稳定的气膜。当CAS以0.35 m/s的速度运动时,表面仍保持较高的气膜留存率,几乎无气膜损耗,如图13(b)所示。当运动速度逐渐提升至1.10 m/s时,表面大部分气体被剪切流剥离,仅底部区域仍有部分残留(图13(c))。可以观察到,水槽实验中CAS维持气膜稳定的最大速度较模拟结果有所提升,这主要归因于样品制备和疏水试剂喷涂过程中引入的表面粗糙度,该粗糙度进一步增强了气膜稳定性。综上,模拟与实验结果共同证实,所设计的CAS在水下具备优异的抗剪切流能力与气膜稳定性。
本文提出了一种具有超疏水特性的CAS,并通过平面Couette流剪切模型对其减阻性能与气膜稳定性进行了系统研究。结果表明,超疏水CAS具有优异的气膜稳定性,能有效增强边界滑移效应,从而实现显著的减阻效果。通过调控锥体高度和倾斜角度,可进一步改善气膜稳定性与减阻性能。主要结论如下:
1)高度1.5 mm、倾斜角20°的锥形阵列可获得159.8 μm的滑移长度,展现出最优的减阻性能。随着接触角减小,减阻效果相应减弱,这证实了超疏水特性对减阻的重要性。
2)随着剪切速度增加,微结构间的涡旋强度增大,导致锥间气体沿水流方向发生迁移。
3)在抗剪切能力方面,倾斜CAS通过增强接触线钉扎效应,提升了气膜在高速水流中的稳定性。水箱实验验证了CAS在水下运动过程中的气膜稳定性,实验结果与模拟数据相互印证。
本文成果可为超疏水减阻表面在水下装备中的应用提供理论与实验基础。然而,在湍流、多相流等复杂流场条件下,气液界面的减阻性能与稳定性仍需进一步深入研究。

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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250105
  • 接收时间:2025-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-17
  • 修回日期:2025-12-27
  • 录用日期:2026-01-04
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    江苏大学 机械工程学院,镇江 212013

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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