Article(id=1320167376922984929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20230100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691510400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-09, revisedDate=1694620800000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-14, acceptedDate=1695657600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-26, onlineDate=1792682030181, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792682030181, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792682030181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792682030181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=117, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320167378219024866, articleId=1320167376922984929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=An experimental investigation on impingement characteristics of droplets with various incidence angles impinging on wetted surface, columnId=1301954885767946779, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Research and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The phenomena of millimeter sized water droplets impinging on a thin stationary water film at multiple incidence angles are experimentally investigated in this work. The effects of water droplet impacting Weber number, incidence angle, and dimensionless water film thickness on crown characteristic parameters and splash threshold are comprehensively analyzed. The experimental results show that as the tangential impacting Weber number is constant, the height of the liquid crown increases with the increase of the incidence angle, but the evolution law of the liquid crown radius is independent. As the normal impacting Weber number is constant, the height and radius of the liquid crown increase with the decrease of the incidence angle. As the dimensionless water film thickness increases, the radius of the liquid crown top decreases, while the radius of the liquid crown bottom increases. The height of the liquid crown first increases and then decreases with the increasing dimensionless film thickness. The prediction models are summarized to describe the experimental results of the maximum liquid crown height and the evolution of the liquid crown radius over time when the dimensionless water film thickness is 0.1. The splash threshold models for the dimensionless water film thickness of 0.1 and 0.2 are also summarized, respectively.

, authors=Rongying GUO1, Jingxin WANG1, Chunling ZHU1, 2, *, Chengxiang ZHU1, authorsList=Rongying GUO, Jingxin WANG, Chunling ZHU, Chengxiang ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunling ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320167401870705299, articleId=1320167376922984929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=湿表面多入射角水滴撞击特性实验研究, columnId=1301954885923136029, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=基础研究与应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对毫米级水滴多入射角撞击静置薄水膜的现象进行实验研究,综合分析了水滴撞击韦伯数、入射角度和相对水膜厚度对液冠特征参数及飞溅阈值的影响。研究表明:当水滴切向撞击韦伯数一定时,随着入射角度的增大,液冠高度增大,但液冠半径随无量纲时间演化的规律不受影响;当水滴法向撞击韦伯数一定时,液冠高度和液冠半径均随入射角度的减小而增大。随着相对水膜厚度增大,液冠顶部半径减小,液冠底部半径增大,液冠高度呈现先增大后降低的趋势。本文建立了预测模型以描述相对水膜厚度为0.1时的最大冠顶高度和液冠半径的时间演化结果,得到了相对水膜厚度为0.1和0.2时的飞溅阈值模型。

, authors=郭镕颖1, 王敬鑫1, 朱春玲1, 2, *, 朱程香1, authorsList=郭镕颖, 王敬鑫, 朱春玲, 朱程香, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱春玲, authorNote=

郭镕颖(2000—),女,江西宜春人,硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机结冰与水滴动力学。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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figureFileBig=2zbYG2PtbyRyhqv6Zz/8Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167406975173325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167376922984929, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental parameters

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参数数值
水滴尺寸($ {D}_{0} $)(2.8 ± 0.1) mm
相对水膜厚度($ \delta $)0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6
切向速度($ {v}_{\tau } $)0~1.25 $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $
法向速度($ {v}_{n} $)1.25~3.15 $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $
入射角($ \theta $)0°~44°
), ArticleFig(id=1320167407054865102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167376922984929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
水滴尺寸($ {D}_{0} $)(2.8 ± 0.1) mm
相对水膜厚度($ \delta $)0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6
切向速度($ {v}_{\tau } $)0~1.25 $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $
法向速度($ {v}_{n} $)1.25~3.15 $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $
入射角($ \theta $)0°~44°
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湿表面多入射角水滴撞击特性实验研究
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郭镕颖 1 , 王敬鑫 1 , 朱春玲 1, 2, * , 朱程香 1
实验流体力学 | 基础研究与应用 2026,40(1): 117-126
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实验流体力学 |基础研究与应用 2026 , 40 (1) : 117 -126
湿表面多入射角水滴撞击特性实验研究
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郭镕颖1 , 王敬鑫1, 朱春玲1, 2, * , 朱程香1
作者信息
  • 1南京航空航天大学 航空学院, 南京 210016
  • 2南京航空航天大学 机械结构力学及控制国家重点实验室, 南京 210016
通讯作者:
作者简介:

郭镕颖(2000—),女,江西宜春人,硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机结冰与水滴动力学。E-mail:

An experimental investigation on impingement characteristics of droplets with various incidence angles impinging on wetted surface
Rongying GUO1 , Jingxin WANG1, Chunling ZHU1, 2, * , Chengxiang ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230100
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对毫米级水滴多入射角撞击静置薄水膜的现象进行实验研究,综合分析了水滴撞击韦伯数、入射角度和相对水膜厚度对液冠特征参数及飞溅阈值的影响。研究表明:当水滴切向撞击韦伯数一定时,随着入射角度的增大,液冠高度增大,但液冠半径随无量纲时间演化的规律不受影响;当水滴法向撞击韦伯数一定时,液冠高度和液冠半径均随入射角度的减小而增大。随着相对水膜厚度增大,液冠顶部半径减小,液冠底部半径增大,液冠高度呈现先增大后降低的趋势。本文建立了预测模型以描述相对水膜厚度为0.1时的最大冠顶高度和液冠半径的时间演化结果,得到了相对水膜厚度为0.1和0.2时的飞溅阈值模型。

多入射角  /  薄水膜  /  液冠特征  /  飞溅阈值

The phenomena of millimeter sized water droplets impinging on a thin stationary water film at multiple incidence angles are experimentally investigated in this work. The effects of water droplet impacting Weber number, incidence angle, and dimensionless water film thickness on crown characteristic parameters and splash threshold are comprehensively analyzed. The experimental results show that as the tangential impacting Weber number is constant, the height of the liquid crown increases with the increase of the incidence angle, but the evolution law of the liquid crown radius is independent. As the normal impacting Weber number is constant, the height and radius of the liquid crown increase with the decrease of the incidence angle. As the dimensionless water film thickness increases, the radius of the liquid crown top decreases, while the radius of the liquid crown bottom increases. The height of the liquid crown first increases and then decreases with the increasing dimensionless film thickness. The prediction models are summarized to describe the experimental results of the maximum liquid crown height and the evolution of the liquid crown radius over time when the dimensionless water film thickness is 0.1. The splash threshold models for the dimensionless water film thickness of 0.1 and 0.2 are also summarized, respectively.

various incidence angles  /  thin water film  /  crown characteristics  /  splash threshold
郭镕颖, 王敬鑫, 朱春玲, 朱程香. 湿表面多入射角水滴撞击特性实验研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 117 -126 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230100
Rongying GUO, Jingxin WANG, Chunling ZHU, Chengxiang ZHU. An experimental investigation on impingement characteristics of droplets with various incidence angles impinging on wetted surface[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 117 -126 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230100
液滴撞击湿表面现象广泛存在于自然界和工程应用中,如雨水收集、农药喷洒、喷雾冷却,以及液滴撞击飞机表面导致结冰等。其中,在飞机结冰过程中,水膜始终存在,如初始水膜、溪流[1-2]和冰层表面水膜[3-4],以及湿防冰过程中的水膜[5-6]。在水滴撞击极限范围内,除驻点位置外,过冷水滴以多入射角撞击水膜表面[7-8]。因此研究湿表面上多入射角水滴撞击特性,对于探索飞机结冰机理具有重要意义。
目前,已有大量关于水滴撞击干燥表面后的动力学行为研究[9-10]。然而当表面覆有液体水膜时,水滴的撞击现象、撞击机制和飞溅阈值将发生变化[11]。通常使用无量纲相对水膜厚度$ \delta $,其定义为初始水膜厚度$ {H}_{0} $与入射水滴直径$ {D}_{0} $的比值。同时,为准确描述水滴撞击壁面的动力学特性,引入液滴的无量纲参数韦伯数$ W e $($ W e=\rho {v}^{2}{D}_{0}/\sigma $,其中$ \rho $为水滴密度,$ v $为水滴速度,$ \sigma $为表面张力系数)。根据基底表面和液膜厚度对撞击结果的影响程度,将液膜划分为薄液膜、液膜、浅池和深池[11-12]。Motzkus[13]和Cossali等[14]则进一步将薄液膜的无量纲液膜厚度定义为小于1。当液滴撞击液膜表面时,液滴内的流体由垂直方向流动转变为水平方向流动,进而与静态液膜相遇,该处的运动不连续性促进了液冠的形成和传播。液冠特征,如液冠高度(简称“冠高”)和液冠直径(简称“冠直径”)等,是描述液滴撞击湿表面动力学的关键参数。Liang等[15]选取冠中间位置的内径作为冠直径参数,认为冠直径与撞击韦伯数无关,但随液膜厚度的减小而增大,而冠高随着韦伯数增大而增大。Lu等[16]的实验结果表明,随着液膜厚度增大,最大冠高呈先增大后降低的趋势,而虽然对应时刻下的冠顶直径与液膜厚度无关,但两者均随韦伯数增大而线性增大。Mukherjee和Abraham[17]的数值计算结果表明:对于$ \delta \lt 0.25 $的水膜,增大液膜厚度将导致冠底直径和冠高增大;而对于$ \delta \gt 0.25 $的水膜,增大液膜厚度将导致冠底直径和冠高减小。随着撞击惯性力增大或液膜厚度降低,液冠开始不稳定,边缘位置出现指状结构并发生断裂产生次生水滴[18]。根据次生水滴产生时刻不同,将液滴撞击液膜后的行为分为沉积、冠形成不破碎、延迟飞溅和瞬态飞溅[16, 19-20]。通常采用无量纲参数$ K=W e{Oh}^{-0.4} $来划分撞击行为的临界值,其中$ Oh=\mu /\sqrt{\rho {D}_{0}\sigma } $($ \mu $为水滴动力黏度系数)。Terzis等[21]简单地划分了冠形成不破碎与飞溅的临界值($ K=1\ 413+9\ 347\delta^{1.2} $);Zhu等[19]则划分了延迟飞溅与瞬态飞溅的临界值($ K=1\,880 + 156\,122{\delta }^{2.017} $,其中,$ 0.08 \lt \delta \lt 0.18 $);而Rioboo等[22]将沉积与冠形成不破碎、冠形成不破碎与飞溅的临界K值分别定为400和2100。
液滴垂直撞击液膜已经得到了如上所述的广泛研究,但是带有入射角的液滴与液膜撞击的研究还比较少。针对干燥表面,可以通过调节基底倾斜角度来研究水滴入射角的影响[23]。但水膜表面因存在重力驱动效应和表面张力效应,倾斜表面水膜无法保证厚度均匀,该方法仅对超薄液膜($ \delta \lt 0.1 $)可行[24-26]。因此对于δ ≥ 1的水膜表面,通常采用数值模拟方法进行研究[27-29]。
综上所述,尽管液滴撞击液膜问题得到了广泛研究讨论,但是关于带有不同入射角度的水滴撞击不同厚度静置液膜表面的动力学行为研究讨论不足,实验数据及结论总结仍较为缺乏;此外,关于入射角对飞溅模型的影响在此前研究中鲜有提及。因此,本文通过实验研究水滴撞击韦伯数、入射角度和相对水膜厚度对液冠特征参数及飞溅阈值的影响。
带有入射角的单颗水滴撞击湿表面的实验装置如图1所示(图中vτ为切向速度,vn为法向速度)。实验装置主要由水滴发生系统、水膜生成及测量系统和图像采集系统3个部分构成。
本次实验中的液滴和液膜均采用去离子水作为实验流体。将内径为0.5 $ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $的不锈钢毛细针通过软管与注射器连接,并固定于选定的轨道位置,用于产生直径为2.8 $ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $的水滴。水滴在重力作用下脱离针头,并沿自制的超疏水轨道表面[30](接触角为151°,滚动角为 7.8°)持续加速。获得水平速度的水滴脱离超疏水轨道后在空中以抛物线方式运动,最终撞击水膜表面。通过调节超疏水轨道的角度、高度和针头固定位置,可改变水滴撞击水膜表面的切向速度和法向速度,从而调控水滴的撞击角度。
水膜生成及测量系统用于产生实验所需的厚度均匀的水膜。将经过2000目砂纸打磨和超声波清洗的光滑亲水铝板浸没在水箱中,使其表面形成水膜。所用铝板表面粗糙度为0.05 μm,不影响撞击现象[11]。通过调节水箱的注水体积,可准确控制形成的水膜厚度。采用色散共焦位移传感器(STIL Initial4, CL4MG35, France,精度为0.1 μm)测量水膜厚度。
图像采集系统则用于捕捉水滴撞击水膜过程。为了能够清晰地观察到撞击细节,设置高速相机(PCO.DIMAX Germany)的帧率为5000 帧/s(曝光时间为02 ms),对应的图像分辨率为16.67 μm/像素。采用LED强光源提供背景光,以照亮水滴以及在撞击过程中形成的液冠、次生水滴等。实验在常温常压下进行,每组工况至少进行3次重复实验。
基于高速相机捕捉的液滴撞击水膜前的最后2张照片,通过自主编制的MATLAB程序,可识别出水滴撞击速度、直径及入射角度。水滴测速原理如图2所示:首先,利用高速相机获取水滴下落过程图像序列(图2(a)),通过二值化处理和识别边缘获得水滴轮廓(图2(b));然后,通过填充处理,运用面积法确定水滴的重心位置(图2(c));最后,计算相邻2帧水滴图像的重心在水平方向和重力方向的位移,得到切向速度$ v_{\tau} $和法向速度$ v_n $(图2(d))。因此,分别定义切向韦伯数$ {W e}_{\tau } $和法向韦伯数$ {W e}_{n} $如下:
$ \begin{gathered} {W e}_{\tau }=\frac{\rho {v}_{\tau }^{2}{D}_{0}}{\sigma }\\{W e}_{n}=\frac{\rho {v}_{n }^{2}{D}_{0}}{\sigma }\end{gathered}$
本文涉及的各项实验参数如表1所示,其中,入射角$ \theta $定义如下:
$ \theta =\mathrm{arctan}\frac{{v}_{\tau }}{{v}_{n}} $
保持水滴切向撞击速度为(0.54 ± 0.03) $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $,改变其法向撞击速度,实现多入射角撞击$ \delta =0.1 $的水膜。结果显示,水滴撞击水膜后呈现出3种现象—冠形成不破碎、延迟飞溅和瞬态飞溅,如图3所示。定义水滴开始撞击水膜的时刻为初始时刻(t = 0 ms,t为实际时间),通过选取水膜发展不同时刻的图像,可以更清晰地描述每种现象的具体特征。
图3(a)为$ W e_n=103.79 $时形成的典型冠形成不破碎现象。水滴撞击水膜时,水滴的法向速度转化为径向速度,推动水膜向外运动,在运动不连续处,水膜转变为向上生长,从而形成冠状结构。此外,水滴具有切向速度,其与转化的径向速度叠加,导致液冠下游的铺展速度高于上游,使得液冠下游的半径明显大于上游,液冠下游的高度也明显高于上游,从而呈现出非对称现象。并且,由于边缘不稳定性,液冠顶部会有尖端形成。随着时间增长,该冠状结构增至顶点后逐渐下降直至消失。图3(b)和(c)分别为$ {W e}_{n} $ = 142.72和190.65时的延迟飞溅现象。随着法向撞击速度的增大,液冠顶部的尖端更为明显,且随时间增长会演变为液指。在冠状结构下降的过程中,由于多种不稳定机制的共同作用[31],部分液指会破碎断裂,形成次生液滴并向外飞溅,该现象主要发生在液冠下游。图3(d)为$ {W e}_{n} $ = 233.47时的瞬态飞溅现象。随着法向撞击速度再次增大,冠状结构在上升过程中顶部边缘即出现液指,液指破碎断裂形成次生液滴。与延迟飞溅相比,瞬态飞溅产生的液滴尺寸更小,数量更多。
如图4所示,为进一步分析水滴法向撞击速度对撞击结果的影响,本文定义了以下5个液冠特征参数:液冠下游液指高度Hf、冠顶高度Hc、液指半径Rf、冠顶半径Rc和冠底半径Rb。以上参数除以D0,即得到对应的无量纲量($H_{\mathrm{f}}^* $、$H_{\mathrm{c}}^* $、$R_{\mathrm{f}}^* $、$R_{\mathrm{c}}^* $、$R_{\mathrm{b}}^* $)。
图5展示了不同法向撞击韦伯数下液冠特征参数随无量纲时间的演化规律(图中$t^* $为无量纲时间,$t^*=vt/D_0 $)。在相同相对水膜厚度和水滴切向撞击速度的条件下,无量纲液指高度和无量纲冠顶高度均随着水滴法向撞击速度的增大而升高,且水滴法向撞击速度越大,高度增长至最大值所需的时间越长。这是因为水滴法向撞击速度越大,水滴具有的能量越大,可用于转化为冠生长的能量越大。值得注意的是,水滴法向撞击速度增大对无量纲液指半径、无量纲冠顶半径和无量纲冠底半径随时间的演化规律并无影响,这与Cossali等[32]的水滴垂直撞击水膜的实验结果一致。因此,认为法向撞击速度对冠的径向生长没有影响,随法向撞击速度增大而增大的动能仅作用于液冠垂直方向。对不同法向撞击速度下的冠半径参数数据进行拟合,得到无量纲冠半径与无量纲时间的关系如下:
$ \begin{array}{c}{R}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{*}=1.602{\left({t}^{*}\right)}^{0.41}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}{R}_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{*}=1.401{\left({t}^{*}\right)}^{0.384}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}{R}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{*}=1.289{\left({t}^{*}\right)}^{0.368}\end{array} $
选取水滴法向撞击速度为(1.91 ± 0.01) $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $,改变其切向撞击速度,实现多入射角撞击$ \delta =0.1 $的水膜,结果如图6所示。
水滴切向撞击速度的增大导致了边缘不稳定性的增强,从而促进了飞溅现象的发生。由图6(a)可知,水滴垂直撞击湿壁面时形成对称冠状。当水滴具有切向撞击速度时,液冠开始向下游偏移,液冠下游高度明显高于上游,如图6(b)所示。随着切向撞击速度的增大,液冠向下游的偏移加剧,且上、下游冠高差异增大,如图6(c)所示。同时,液冠下游液指延伸长度更长,而上游液指生长受到抑制。当切向撞击速度足够大时,液冠下游液指在液冠高度降至0时仍明显存在,如图6(d)所示。
图7展示了不同切向撞击韦伯数下,液冠特征参数随无量纲时间的演化规律。由图7可知,在相同相对水膜厚度和水滴法向撞击速度条件下,无量纲液指高度、无量纲冠顶高度、无量纲液指半径、无量纲冠顶半径和无量纲冠底半径均随着水滴切向撞击速度的增大而增大。这是因为水滴的切向撞击韦伯数增大,用于冠生长的能量更多。但不同于增大法向撞击韦伯数仅影响冠垂直方向的生长,切向撞击韦伯数的增大同时影响冠垂直和水平方向的生长。
实验结果表明,法向速度和切向速度均对液冠高度产生影响。因此,选取冠顶高度发展最大值作为特征值,综合考虑法向速度和切向速度进行预测,结果如图8所示。对相对水膜厚度$ \delta =0.1 $时的实验数据进行拟合,得到无量纲冠顶高度最大值$ H_{\mathrm{c,max}}^{\mathrm{*}} $与$ {c{W e}_{n}}^{a} + {d{W e}_{\tau }}^{b} $的关系式(a、b为系数,c、d为指数):
$ H_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{,max}}^{\mathrm{*}}=0.100\, 2\times\left(0.054W e_n+W e_{\tau}^{0.53}\right)-0.273\, 7 $
为研究相对水膜厚度对撞击结果的影响,使水滴以切向撞击速度0.54 m/s、法向撞击速度2.45 $ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s} $、入射角11.5°倾斜撞击不同相对水膜厚度的水膜,结果如图9所示。
随着水膜厚度的增大,虽然水滴撞击水膜时有更多的能量被水膜吸收,但冠状结构包含的水膜质量也更多,这尚不足以使此刻的冠状结构破碎。因此,水滴撞击湿表面的现象先由图9(a)所示的瞬态飞溅现象向图9(b)所示的延迟飞溅现象转变,再向图9(c)所示的冠形成不破碎现象转变。
图10展示了不同相对水膜厚度下,液冠特征参数随无量纲时间的演化规律。由图可见:当相对水膜厚度由0.2增至0.4时,冠状高度升高;当相对水膜厚度由0.4增至0.6时,冠状高度反而降低。这个结果与Lu等[16]的实验结果一致。此外,随着液膜厚度的增大,液指半径和冠顶半径均减小,而冠底半径则呈现相反的变化趋势,这与Ninomiya等[33]的实验结果一致。这是因为当水膜较薄时,其吸收水滴能量的能力有限,增加的能量用于冠状结构的水平扩张和垂直生长,所以产生了高度较低、冠顶半径较大的冠状结构。而随着水膜厚度的增大,水膜吸收水滴能量的比例增大,垂直方向生长能量增大,冠状高度相应升高,冠顶半径相应减小。当水膜厚度增加到一定值时,冠状结构的厚度和包含的水膜质量随之增大,受能量守恒限制,冠状结构上升过程需要消耗更多能量以增加势能,使得冠状高度开始下降。对于冠底半径,在水膜向外铺展的过程中,壁面对水膜有黏滞作用,而这种黏滞作用随着水膜厚度的增大而减弱,故冠底半径随着水膜厚度的增大而增大。
为了确定水膜不同无量纲厚度下的飞溅阈值,根据实验结果绘制相图,如图11所示。此处分别定义切向飞溅阈值$ {K}_{\tau } $和法向飞溅阈值$ {K}_{n} $如下:
$ \begin{gathered} {K}_{\tau }={W e}_{\tau }{Oh}^{-0.4} \\{K}_{n}={W e}_{n}{Oh}^{-0.4}\end{gathered} $
通过建立切向飞溅阈值$ {K}_{\tau } $与法向飞溅阈值$ {K}_{n} $之间的关系,划分水滴撞击水膜的临界条件,总结实验范围内冠形成不破碎与飞溅的阈值。
对于$\delta =0.1 $:
$ \begin{split} {K}_{n}=-1.4{K}_{\tau } + 1\,158= \frac{1\,158}{(1 + 1.4{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}\mathrm{\theta })} \;\;\;\;\; 0 \leqslant \theta \leqslant 44° \end{split}$
对于$\delta =0.2 $:
$ \begin{split} {K}_{n}& =\left\{\begin{array}{lr}1\,353 & 0\leqslant {K}_{\tau }\leqslant 270\\ -3.3{K}_{\tau } + 2\,244 & {K}_{\tau } \gt 270\end{array}\right.\\&= \left\{\begin{array}{lr}1\,353 & 0\leqslant \theta \leqslant 24.07°\\ 2\,244/\left(1 + 3.3{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}\theta \right) & 24.07° \lt \theta \leqslant 44°\end{array}\right. \end{split}$
当相对水膜厚度为0.1时,由于增大水滴切向撞击韦伯数能促进液冠飞溅,因此飞溅阈值$ {K}_{n} $随着入射角的增大而减小。而相对水膜厚度为0.2时,若入射角较小($ 0\leqslant \theta \leqslant 24.07° $),飞溅阈值$ {K}_{n} $不变。这是因为水膜增厚会相应抑制液冠的飞溅,只有切向撞击韦伯数足够大时,才能够影响$ {K}_{n} $。
本文通过实验研究了湿表面多入射角水滴撞击的行为,讨论了水滴撞击韦伯数、入射角和相对水膜厚度的影响,观察和探究了不同的撞击现象。主要结论如下:
1)保持水滴切向撞击韦伯数和相对水膜厚度不变,增大水滴法向撞击韦伯数,即增大水滴入射角,会导致液冠高度增大,但不影响液冠半径的演化规律。
2)保持水滴法向撞击韦伯数和相对水膜厚度不变,增大水滴切向撞击韦伯数,即减小水滴入射角,会使液冠高度和半径均增大。另外,在相对水膜厚度$ \delta =0.1 $的条件下,建立了基于$ {W e}_{\tau } $和$ {W e}_{n} $的最大冠顶高度的预测模型。
3)保持水滴切向撞击韦伯数和法向撞击韦伯数不变,即保持入射角不变,当相对水膜厚度由0.2增大至0.4时,液冠高度增大;而当相对水膜厚度由0.4增至0.6时,液冠高度降低;在相对水膜厚度增大的整个过程中,冠顶半径始终减小,冠底半径始终增大。
4)水膜厚度影响飞溅阈值。相对水膜厚度$ \delta =0.1 $时,飞溅阈值随着入射角的增大而减小;但相对水膜厚度$ \delta =0.2 $时,只有在$ \theta \gt 24.07° $的条件下,入射角才会影响飞溅阈值。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230100
  • 接收时间:2023-08-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-09
  • 修回日期:2023-09-14
  • 录用日期:2023-09-26
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    1南京航空航天大学 航空学院, 南京 210016
    2南京航空航天大学 机械结构力学及控制国家重点实验室, 南京 210016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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