Article(id=1320167310183220058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20230148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698768000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-01, revisedDate=1705593600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-19, acceptedDate=1706198400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-26, onlineDate=1792682014269, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792682014269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792682014269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792682014269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=127, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320167310447461211, articleId=1320167310183220058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=An analysis method for the uncertainty of heat flux estimation, columnId=1301954885767946779, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Research and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Identifying the surface aerodynamic heat flux using the time-series temperature data collected from internal measurement points of the thermal protection system is a crucial method for acquiring the surface thermal environment of high-speed aircraft. Analyzing and quantifying the uncertainty of identification results can provide a quantitative criterion for the validity of test data and support the safety assessment of “ extreme thermal service conditions" in thermal environments. Surface heat flux identification is a typical ill-posed problem, and measurement noise can lead to explosion in high frequency, so regularization is needed to obtain stable solution. Regularization reduces the uncertainty of estimation results, but it also brings obstacles to uncertainty quantification analysis. Therefore, regularization is regarded as a low-pass filter, and the identification results are transformed into the frequency domain to analyze the uncertainty of identification results. Finally, the uncertainty sources of typical aerospace surface heat flux sensor are analyzed. The effectiveness of uncertainty quantification is verified by Monte Carlo method.

, authors=Yu ZHOU, Yuanpei SHAO, Weiqi QIAN, Fengqi ZHENG*, authorsList=Yu ZHOU, Yuanpei SHAO, Weiqi QIAN, Fengqi ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fengqi ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320167326721360848, articleId=1320167310183220058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=一种表面热流辨识结果的不确定度分析方法, columnId=1301954885923136029, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=基础研究与应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用热防护层内部温度时序数据辨识表面热流,是获取高速飞行器表面热环境的重要手段。分析及量化辨识结果的不确定度,可为试验数据有效性提供量化标准,支撑热环境“极端工况”安全评估。表面热流辨识是一种典型的不适定问题,测量噪声中的高频成分会破坏解的稳定性,需要通过正则化获得稳定解。虽然正则化降低了估计结果的不确定性,但给不确定度分析制造了障碍。为此,将正则化看作低通滤波器,将辨识结果转换到频域来分析辨识结果的不确定度。最后,以典型飞行器温度测量组件的表面热流辨识为例,分析了不确定度来源,并利用蒙特卡洛方法验证了不确定度分析方法的有效性。

, authors=周宇, 邵元培, 钱炜祺, 郑凤麒*, authorsList=周宇, 邵元培, 钱炜祺, 郑凤麒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑凤麒, authorNote=

周宇(1984—),男,安徽人,副研究员。研究方向:传热反问题。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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周宇(1984—),男,安徽人,副研究员。研究方向:传热反问题。E-mail:

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Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2013, 27(4): 17-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9897.2013.04.004, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320167326939464657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167310183220058, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167326956241874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167310183220058, companyId=1320167326939464657, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Computational Aerodynamics Institute of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167326964630483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167310183220058, companyId=1320167326939464657, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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articleId=1320167310183220058, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Thermophysical parameters of materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接触热阻面传热系数/
[W· (m2 ·K)−1]
密度/
(kg·m−3)
比热/
[J·(kg·K)−1]
导热系数/
[W·(m·K)−1]
1007800481.516
), ArticleFig(id=1320167330601091086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167310183220058, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型材料的热物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接触热阻面传热系数/
[W· (m2 ·K)−1]
密度/
(kg·m−3)
比热/
[J·(kg·K)−1]
导热系数/
[W·(m·K)−1]
1007800481.516
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一种表面热流辨识结果的不确定度分析方法
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周宇 , 邵元培 , 钱炜祺 , 郑凤麒 *
实验流体力学 | 基础研究与应用 2026,40(1): 127-134
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实验流体力学 |基础研究与应用 2026 , 40 (1) : 127 -134
一种表面热流辨识结果的不确定度分析方法
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周宇 , 邵元培, 钱炜祺, 郑凤麒*
作者信息
  • 中国空气动力研究与发展中心 计算空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

周宇(1984—),男,安徽人,副研究员。研究方向:传热反问题。E-mail:

An analysis method for the uncertainty of heat flux estimation
Yu ZHOU , Yuanpei SHAO, Weiqi QIAN, Fengqi ZHENG*
Affiliations
  • Computational Aerodynamics Institute of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230148
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利用热防护层内部温度时序数据辨识表面热流,是获取高速飞行器表面热环境的重要手段。分析及量化辨识结果的不确定度,可为试验数据有效性提供量化标准,支撑热环境“极端工况”安全评估。表面热流辨识是一种典型的不适定问题,测量噪声中的高频成分会破坏解的稳定性,需要通过正则化获得稳定解。虽然正则化降低了估计结果的不确定性,但给不确定度分析制造了障碍。为此,将正则化看作低通滤波器,将辨识结果转换到频域来分析辨识结果的不确定度。最后,以典型飞行器温度测量组件的表面热流辨识为例,分析了不确定度来源,并利用蒙特卡洛方法验证了不确定度分析方法的有效性。

表面热流  /  辨识  /  不适定性  /  正则化  /  不确定度  /  低通滤波器

Identifying the surface aerodynamic heat flux using the time-series temperature data collected from internal measurement points of the thermal protection system is a crucial method for acquiring the surface thermal environment of high-speed aircraft. Analyzing and quantifying the uncertainty of identification results can provide a quantitative criterion for the validity of test data and support the safety assessment of “ extreme thermal service conditions" in thermal environments. Surface heat flux identification is a typical ill-posed problem, and measurement noise can lead to explosion in high frequency, so regularization is needed to obtain stable solution. Regularization reduces the uncertainty of estimation results, but it also brings obstacles to uncertainty quantification analysis. Therefore, regularization is regarded as a low-pass filter, and the identification results are transformed into the frequency domain to analyze the uncertainty of identification results. Finally, the uncertainty sources of typical aerospace surface heat flux sensor are analyzed. The effectiveness of uncertainty quantification is verified by Monte Carlo method.

surface heat flux  /  identification  /  ill-posed  /  regularization  /  uncertainty  /  low pass filter
周宇, 邵元培, 钱炜祺, 郑凤麒. 一种表面热流辨识结果的不确定度分析方法. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 127 -134 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230148
Yu ZHOU, Yuanpei SHAO, Weiqi QIAN, Fengqi ZHENG. An analysis method for the uncertainty of heat flux estimation[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 127 -134 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230148
在高速飞行器飞行试验中,飞行器表面气动加热环境过于恶劣,直接测量表面热流存在困难,往往需在飞行器防热层内部布置温度传感器,并利用测点的温度时序数据辨识飞行器的表面热流[1]。目前,表面热流辨识已广泛应用于航空航天领域,如Reentry−F飞行试验项目[2]利用热电偶测量温度辨识表面热流,并以此来判断流动转捩;X−15[3]、X−17[4]项目同样利用热电偶测量温度辨识表面热流。中国空气动力研究与发展中心在MF−1飞行试验[5]中布置了58路温度测点,并用这些测点辨识表面热流[6],且捕捉到了转捩阵面[7]。表面热流的辨识结果可以支撑热环境“极端工况”安全评估、验证理论机理,其不确定度则是评估这些分析结果可信度的重要依据。
表面热流辨识是典型的传热反问题,反问题是相对正问题而言的。正问题是已知模型结构和结构参数,根据初始条件和边界条件计算模型状态的演化过程;相对应的反问题则是由测量得到的状态参数来辨识反演模型结构参数、初始条件或边界条件。在不确定性量化中,反问题与正问题都要考虑模型参数(如热物性参数)的不确定性,此外,反问题还要考虑状态测量(如温度)的不确定性。
在不确定性量化分析中,常用基于灵敏度的误差传递算法解决弱非线性问题。在传热正问题方面,Blackwell和Dowding[8]利用误差传递,分析了输出温度的不确定度。在表面热流辨识方面,文献[9-10]建立了表面热流辨识的Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)方法,并给出了辨识结果的不确定度。Blackwell和Beck[11]利用顺序函数法的滤波系数形式[12-13],解决了反问题中灵敏度的计算问题,分析了测量噪声对表面热流辨识结果不确定度的影响,并在文献[14]中给出了表面热流辨识Tikhonov正则化的滤波形式,在此基础上分析了测量噪声对热流不确定度的影响。Woodfield和Monde[15]利用理论解获得了相应灵敏度,以此计算出了热流的不确定度,并进一步分析了热流的空间和时间分辨率。可以看到,文献[11-15]主要借助反问题的显式解来规避反问题灵敏度计算代价高的问题,属于非典型的反问题不确定度分析方法。
一般来说,一些复杂的反问题难以获得显式解,需转化为有约束的优化问题迭代求解。对于这类问题,利用差分法获取灵敏度是一种有效且常用的手段。该方法需围绕不确定度维度n(即需考虑的扰动因素数量)求解n + 1次反问题,才能构建完整的灵敏度矩阵。而在表面热流辨识等依赖时序测量数据的场景中,通常假设时序测量数据中含有加性白噪声序列,但由于测量序列需足够长才能捕捉热流的瞬态变化(如高速飞行中的热流峰值波动),灵敏度矩阵的维度会随测量序列长度同步增高,导致n值显著增大,求解的计算代价急剧上升,难以满足工程应用需求。在系统辨识领域,Cramér给出了利用信息矩阵之逆估计辨识方差的方法,即克拉美‒罗界(Cramér−Rao Bound, CRB)[16]。其与上面求解反问题来获得灵敏度相比较,需求解n + 1次正问题来获取信息矩阵。但是表面热流辨识在数学上属于典型的不适定问题[17-20],其不适定性主要体现在解在高频的爆破[21],辨识结果的不确定度在测量噪声影响下增长至无界。因此,求解此类问题需要利用合适的正则化方法获得稳定解。正则化虽然降低了辨识结果的不确定度,但同时会引入估计偏差,此时无法直接应用克拉美−罗界估计辨识结果的方差。本文将正则化看作是原问题的滤波器,通过数值计算获得滤波器的幅频响应曲线,并结合克拉美−罗界获得辨识结果的方差。
本文首先介绍表面热流辨识的数学模型,并分析问题的不适定性;然后,基于克拉美−罗界与辨识结果的幅频响应相结合的方法,对典型正则化方法的辨识结果不确定度开展量化分析;最后,通过典型测温组件的表面热流辨识算例,验证所提不确定度分析方法在工程实际中的适用性。
表面热流辨识的原理如图1所示。考虑一维传热问题,设材料右端绝热,基于右端或材料内部的温度测量数据,对左端的边界热流进行反演辨识。传热控制方程如式(1)所示。
$ \rho {C}_{p}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\dfrac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(k\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right) $
边界条件为:
x = 0时,$ -k\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial x} = Q $;
x = L时,$ k\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial x} = 0 $。
初始条件为:t = 0时,$ T=0 $。
观测方程为:$ \stackrel{~}{T}({x}_{i},t)=T({x}_{i},t) + v\left(t\right) $。
式中:$ \rho $ 为密度,$ {C}_{p} $为比热,$ T $为温度,$ t $为时间,$ k $为导热系数,x为位置坐标,Q为热流密度,L为材料厚度; xi为温度测点位置,v(t)为测量噪声。通常的热传导正问题计算是给定热流Q(t),计算测点的温度响应,而热流辨识问题则是根据观测方程中的测点温度信息来确定Q(t)。
表面热流辨识属于典型的不适定问题,基于本团队前期[22]对表面热流的可辨识性分析可知:表面热流的频率特性是影响表面热流可辨识性的重要因素。因此本文采用线性系统频域分析思路来讨论表面热流辨识的不适定性。将传热过程视作输入为真实热流、输出为测点温度的线性响应系统,基于系统响应特性分析表面热流辨识的不适定性。
传递函数是线性系统响应输出的拉普拉斯变换与输入的拉普拉斯变换之比,则表面热流辨识的传递函数可记作G(s)= Q(s)/T(s),其中s为复变量,T(s)为温度的拉普拉斯变换,Q(s)为热流的拉普拉斯变换。当测点位于右边界时,对式(1)进行拉普拉斯变换,可得如下传递函数:
$ G\left(s\right)=\dfrac{\sqrt{\rho C_pks}\left({{\mathrm{e}}}^{\sqrt{\frac{\rho C_ps}{k}}L}-{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\sqrt{\frac{\rho C_ps}{k}}L}\right)}{2} $
令$ \alpha =k/\rho C_p $,利用传递函数得到输入信号与输出信号的理论频域幅值之比,如式(3)所示:
$ \begin{split} & {G}_{{\mathrm{amp}}}\left(\omega \right)=\left|G\left({\mathrm{i}}\omega \right)\right|= 0.5k \sqrt{\omega /\alpha }\; \times \\&\sqrt{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{L\sqrt{2\omega /\alpha }} + 4{\rm{sin}}^{2}\left(\dfrac{L\sqrt{2\omega /\alpha }}{2}\right)-2 + {{\mathrm{e}}}^{-L\sqrt{2\omega /\alpha }}}\end{split} $
式中:$ \omega $为频率。
根据式(3)绘制的理论曲线如图2所示。可见随频率增大,频域幅值之比增长至无界。辨识表面热流时,温度测量误差导致的热流误差在频域可表示为:$ \text{Δ}Q\left(\omega\right)=[Q\left(\omega\right)/T\left(\omega\right)]\text{Δ}T\left(\omega\right)=G_{\mathrm{amp}}\left(\mathrm{\omega}\right)\text{Δ}T\left(\omega\right) $。
一般意义上的白噪声在整个频域上能量均匀分布。因此,在连续系统中,由白噪声导致的热流误差随着频率的增长是无界的;而在离散系统中,虽然高频被截断,此时白噪声导致的热流误差是有界的,但在高频部分,热流误差仍远高于真实热流。为保证算法的稳定性,需采用正则化方法。
将表面热流辨识转化为求如下目标函数达极小的最优化问题:
$ J\left(\boldsymbol{Q}\right)={\left(\boldsymbol{T}-\tilde {\boldsymbol{T}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\left(\boldsymbol{T}-\tilde{\boldsymbol{T}}\right) $
式中:$\tilde {\boldsymbol{T}} $为测量所得温度,$\boldsymbol{T} $为计算所得温度。
先利用伴随方程[6]获得目标函数的负梯度,然后将其与上一次迭代的搜索方向组合生成共轭梯度,最后沿着目标函数共轭梯度方向进行一维搜索来寻找函数的极小值点。
考虑停止准则的共轭梯度法通过提前终止迭代以防止解的爆破。当目标函数满足$ J \lt {C}_{{\mathrm{s}}}n{\sigma }_{T}^{2} $时停止优化迭代。其中,Cs为停止系数,n为测量样本数,$ {\sigma }_{T} $为测量噪声的标准差。
下面给出一个利用共轭梯度法辨识表面热流的算例,通过此算例可以直观地了解正则化的作用。令无量纲热扩散率$ \alpha =1 $,无量纲厚度$\tilde L $ = 0.2,测量噪声$ {\sigma }_{T}=0.008 $,测点位于右边界,测得温度如图3所示。分别考虑停止系数为1.0和停止系数为0的情况,辨识所得热流结果如图4所示。当停止系数为1.0时,迭代7~10步即满足停止准则;而当停止系数为0时进行了1000步优化迭代。从图中可以看到:停止系数为0时,辨识结果受噪声影响产生较大的震荡,而停止系数为1时,辨识结果相对光滑。这说明考虑停止准则的共轭梯度法可以有效抑制震荡。图3给出了由辨识结果计算所得的测点温度对比,可以看到:停止系数等于0时,计算温度与测量温度基本重合,这说明热流的较大震荡来源于测量中的微小噪声。
表面热流辨识的不确定性主要来源于模型本身、模型参数(包括传热模型中的热物性参数、几何参数等)的不确定性和物理量测量的不确定性。本文根据这些不确定性来源的特点,采用基于摄动的灵敏度法来计算模型参数不确定性对表面热流辨识结果的影响,发展了考虑正则化的克拉美−罗界计算方法,用以分析测量噪声对表面热流辨识结果的影响,最后利用方差合成公式得到表面热流辨识结果的总方差。
基于灵敏度的方差${\sigma }_{Q_p}^{2} $的计算公式如下:
$ {\sigma }_{Q_p}^{2}={\left(\dfrac{\partial Q\text{}}{\partial p}{\sigma }_{p}\right)}^{2} _{ } $
式中:p代表模型参数,如比热、导热系数、厚度等。通过对式(3)直接求导,可获得热流幅值相对于导热系数、比热、厚度等参数的灵敏度。式(6)和(7)给出了热流幅值相对厚度的灵敏度:
$ \begin{split} & \dfrac{\partial {Q}_{{\mathrm{amp}}}\left(\omega \right)}{\partial L}=\dfrac{\partial \left[{G}_{{\mathrm{amp}}}\left(\omega \right)T\left(\omega \right)\right]}{\partial L}=\\& \dfrac{\partial {G}_{{\mathrm{amp}}}\left(\omega \right)}{\partial L}\dfrac{Q\left(\omega \right)}{{G}_{{\mathrm{amp}}}\left(\omega \right)}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}& \dfrac{\partial {G}_{{\mathrm{amp}}}\left(\omega \right)}{\partial {L}}=\\& \dfrac{0.5k\sqrt{\alpha \omega }\left[\left({\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\alpha \omega }{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }}}\right)/{2} + 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\alpha \omega }\mathrm{sin}\left({\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }}/{2}\right)\mathrm{cos}\left({\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }}/{2}\right)-\left({\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\alpha \omega }{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }}}\right)/{2}\right]}{\sqrt{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }} + 4{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left({\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }}/{2}\right)-2 + {{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\sqrt{2}L\sqrt{\alpha \omega }}}} \end{split} $
通过上面的理论解可以看出:模型参数的影响随着输入热流幅值的增大而增大,且随热流频率的变化而变化。
在工程实际中,可以利用差分求导获取时域热流相对参数的灵敏度。如1.3节所述,考虑停止准则时,只需迭代较少步数就可获得合理的表面热流。当模型参数变化时,迭代步数也可能产生变化,此时迭代步数的影响呈现出不连续的特性,即对于迭代优化方法,辨识结果并不连续依赖于模型参数,这就需要考虑差分求导时摄动量的大小。可利用与参数p偏差相当的摄动量计算灵敏度:$ {\sigma }_{Q_p}^{2}=\left[Q(p + {\sigma }_{p})- Q\left(p\right)\right]^{2} $。
通过有限的试验数据对未知参数进行估计时,所得辨识结果是真值的近似。系统辨识理论证明,最大似然估计是渐近一致和渐近有效的。测量噪声引起的参数估计值的协方差矩阵渐近趋于信息矩阵M之逆[16],M的表达式如式(8)和(9)所示。
$ p\left(\left.\boldsymbol{T}\right|\boldsymbol{Q}\right)=\dfrac{1}{{\left(2\pi {\sigma }_{T}^{2}\right)}^{m/2}}{{\mathrm{exp}}}\left[\begin{aligned} -\dfrac{{\left(\boldsymbol{T}-\tilde{\boldsymbol{T}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\left(\boldsymbol{T}-\tilde{\boldsymbol{T}}\right)}{2{{\sigma }_{T}^{2}}}\end{aligned}\right] $
$ \boldsymbol{M}=E\left[\left(\dfrac{\partial \mathrm{ln}\;p\left(\boldsymbol{T}|\boldsymbol{Q}\right)}{\partial \boldsymbol{Q}}\right){\left(\dfrac{\partial \mathrm{ln}\;p\left(\boldsymbol{T}|\boldsymbol{Q}\right)}{\partial \boldsymbol{Q}}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}\right] $
式中:m为温度T序列的长度,E[ ]为期望值。d为矩阵D中元素,djj为对角线上第j个参数。令$ \boldsymbol{D}= {\boldsymbol{M}}^{-1} $,矩阵${\boldsymbol{D}} $的对角线元素djj给出第j个参数方差的下界:$ {\sigma }_{{\widehat{\theta }}_{j}}^{2}\geqslant {d}_{jj} $。
克拉美−罗界不仅给出了估计方差的下界,而且当试验数据足够多时,克拉美−罗界接近于最大似然估计的方差。因此,克拉美−罗界给出了参数估计准度的理论度量:$ {\sigma }_{{\widehat{\theta }}_{j}}=\sqrt{{d}_{jj}} $。
考虑停止准则的辨识结果显然不满足最大似然估计的条件,这给利用克拉美−罗界进行误差分析带来了困难。在传热问题中,由于低频成分的热流灵敏度较高,在梯度法优化迭代过程中,滤波的截止频率随着迭代步数的增加和目标函数的降低而不断提升。从频域分析的角度来看,可以把正则化方法看作是某种滤波算法,从而抑制解在高频段的失真[22]。
基于上述思想,可通过比较停止系数为1.0和0.8时辨识结果在频域中不同频率点位下的幅值之比Gamp,获得对应的滤波器频率响应曲线,如图5所示。
从图5中可以看到,每个正则化参数(停止系数)都对应一个截止频率,停止系数越小,截止频率越高。当热流频率小于该截止频率时,Gamp约为1;否则Gamp快速趋近于0。结合图5中的频率响应曲线,可在频域计算热流的标准差。
为了在频域计算热流,利用傅里叶级数将热流${Q}_{i} $参数化:
$ \begin{split}{Q}_{i}=& {f}_{1} + {\sum }_{j=1}^{n}\left[{f}_{2j}{{\mathrm{cos}}}\left(2\pi \dfrac{i\times j}{m}\right) + \right.\\& \left. {f}_{2j + 1}{{\mathrm{sin}}}\left(2\pi \dfrac{i \times j}{m}\right)\right] \end{split} $
利用式(9)可以计算得到傅里叶系数f的协方差矩阵${\boldsymbol{D}} $。
利用时域频域的灵敏度矩阵$ \dfrac{\partial {Q}_{i}}{\partial {f}_{j}} $和频率响应曲线,可以获得时域内的热流协方差矩阵,则对应的热流方差${\sigma }_{{Q}_{i}}^{2} $为:
$ {\sigma }_{{Q}_{i}}^{2}={\sum }_{j=1}^{n}{\sum }_{k=1}^{n}{d}_{jk}\dfrac{\partial {Q}_{i}}{\partial {f}_{j}}\dfrac{\partial {Q}_{i}}{\partial {f}_{k}}{{G}_{f}}_{ j}{{G}_{f}}_{ k} $
图6给出了蒙特卡洛抽样统计得到的标准差与利用上述方法计算所得的标准差。从图中可以看到,2种停止系数下的预测结果都与蒙特卡洛结果吻合较好,且具有明显的区分度,说明频率响应曲线可以准确反映停止准则的影响,对应的不确定度分析方法可以有效预测不同正则化参数对辨识结果的影响。需要注意的是,考虑停止准则的共轭梯度法在末时段的不确定度与预测值存在差异。这是由于温度响应有一个由低到高的发展过程,末时段热流对应的温度还未充分响应,缺乏充分的信息去反演热流;而傅里叶级数参数化的热流无法反映这种时域局部特性。因此,这种不一致性是时域与频域热流特性不同导致的。
上述计算流程只需要3个关键参数:信息矩阵、滤波器频率响应曲线和测量噪声大小。其中,信息矩阵只与传热模型有关,滤波器频率响应曲线与正则化方法有关,而温度测量噪声不仅影响计算结果,还可能影响正则化参数的选取。
下面以一个典型飞行试验的表面热流辨识结果不确定度分析来验证本文提出的方法。图7 [6]为MF−1的温度测量组件和飞行器结构耦合传热的三维有限元模型(采用1/4对称模型)。测量组件为边长40 mm的变厚度薄壁扣板,侧面与壳体通过激光焊接,扣板底面与壳体之间存在接触热阻。上表面为加热面,测点位于下表面中心位置。图8为热电偶测得的温度曲线,总历时244 s,共1490个采样点,测量温度白噪声的标准差约为0.2 ℃。模型材料的热物性参数见表1,图9为辨识所得热流。
首先识别与量化不确定度来源,主要考虑导热系数k、比热Cp、材料厚度L、接触热阻面传热系数H和测量温度等参数的不确定性。由于本文研究的是验证方法,因此假设模型参数的偏差服从高斯分布,其标准差分别取相应参数值的0.02倍,即${\sigma }_{k}=0.02k $,$ {\sigma }_{C_p}=0.02C_p $,${\sigma }_{L}=0.02L $,${\sigma }_{H}=0.02H $。
基于参数摄动的方式计算模型参数的不确定性,针对导热系数、比热、结构厚度、接触面传热系数4个参数分别摄动2%,通过仿真辨识获得辨识偏差。从参数摄动导致的热流偏差(图10)可以看出:材料厚度和比热对辨识结果影响最大;材料厚度和比热摄动导致的偏差与热流本身在时域的发展趋势较为一致,但有一定的变形,二者表现出明显的比例关系,这与式(6)和(7)中热流幅值相对于厚度的灵敏度特性相符,且这种比例关系随热流频率变化而变化。
下面分析测量噪声对辨识结果的影响。通过对比测量温度和辨识所得温度的频域特性,获得频率响应曲线,结果如图11所示(图中T(s)是T(t)的拉普拉斯变换)。从图11可以看到,频率响应曲线迅速下降,因此,在计算信息矩阵时可以只保留一部分低频成分。为了验证不确定度的预测结果,生成了512组测量样本进行辨识,以统计辨识结果的不确定度。图12给出了128组和512组测量样本辨识获得的蒙特卡洛抽样统计标准差和克拉美−罗界预测标准差。由图可见:蒙特卡洛抽样统计结果与预测结果较为符合;蒙特卡洛抽样样本数由128增加到512时,统计结果的标准差分布更为集中,方差收敛率总体上满足O(n−1/2)。进一步基于方差合成了模型参数不确定性和测量噪声共同影响下的表面热流标准差,图13给出了方差合成结果与蒙特卡洛抽样统计结果的比较。从图13可以看到:在大部分区域,合成方差与蒙特卡洛抽样统计结果符合较好。
以上算例分析显示,本文建立的方法是有效的,且有能力分析复杂传热条件下表面热流辨识结果的不确定度。
本文建立了考虑温度测量噪声和传热模型参数不确定性的表面热流不确定度量化方法。针对迭代算法相对模型参数灵敏度不连续的情况,利用摄动法代替灵敏度求解;针对温度测量白噪声的影响,基于辨识结果的温度频率响应曲线和克拉美−罗界建立了一种预测表面热流方差的新方法,并利用该方法分析了典型三维传热组件表面热流辨识结果的不确定度。主要结论如下:
1)热物性等模型参数对热流辨识结果的影响呈现出一定的比例特性。
2)温度测量噪声对热流辨识结果的影响与模型结构、正则化方法相关,与热流的整体幅值无直接关系(但热流幅值与测量噪声的关系会影响正则化参数的选取)。
3)本文建立的方法具有较好的适应性,可应用于复杂传热条件下的表面热流辨识结果的不确定度分析,减少不确定度计算量。
本文不确定度量化的核心是灵敏度与信息矩阵的计算,本质上属于线性分析方法,主要适用于线性和弱非线性传热情况(如金属结构的表面热流不确定度分析)。对于大不确定度、强非线性的情况(如复合材料的传热逆分析),本文方法存在一定局限性。后续将利用频率响应曲线结合混沌多项式进一步发展分析方法,拓展应用范围。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230148
  • 接收时间:2023-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-01
  • 修回日期:2024-01-19
  • 录用日期:2024-01-26
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    中国空气动力研究与发展中心 计算空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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