Article(id=1320124753759813674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=1751731200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-06, acceptedDate=1752163200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-11, onlineDate=1792671868028, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792671868028, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792671868028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792671868028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320124754024054828, articleId=1320124753759813674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Research on the influence of icing on the lip of the aero engine nacelle, columnId=1320124753915002923, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Topic on Multiscale Flow Morphology Measurement Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aero-engine nacelle lip icing poses a significant threat to engine safety. Understanding the icing characteristics on the nacelle lip surface provides a crucial basis for analyzing icing hazards and designing protective measures. This study focuses on a self-designed nacelle model, employing a combination of numerical simulations and ice wind tunnel experiments to systematically analyze the icing characteristics and influencing factors on the nacelle lip surface. The findings show that an increase in intake airflow and a decrease in incoming airflow speed result in a reduction of the actual airflow attack angle at the lip, which in turn reduces the ice coverage on the inner surface and increases the ice coverage on the outer surface. As the incoming temperature and droplet diameter decrease, the ice coverage on both the inner and outer surfaces of the nacelle decreases, while the ice thickness increases with lower temperatures but decreases with smaller droplet diameters. The droplet diameter has a minor effect on ice thickness. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the average ice thickness for different parameters indicates that the droplet size has the most significant impact on nacelle lip icing, followed by intake airflow, incoming wind speed, and incoming temperature. The results of this study provide important theoretical support for the research on icing mechanisms and the design of anti-icing measures for aircraft engine nacelle.

, authors=Cong LI, Xian YI, Ningli CHEN*, Yingjie LUO, Senyun LIU, authorsList=Cong LI, Xian YI, Ningli CHEN, Yingjie LUO, Senyun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ningli CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320124766275616942, articleId=1320124753759813674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=航空发动机短舱唇口结冰特性, columnId=1320124754095357997, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

航空发动机短舱唇口结冰危害发动机安全。短舱唇口表面的结冰规律研究,可为短舱结冰危害性分析及防护设计提供依据。本文针对某自主设计的短舱标模,采用数值模拟与结冰风洞试验相结合的方法,系统分析了短舱唇口表面的结冰特性及其影响因素。研究发现:进气流量增大和来流风速减小会使唇口实际气流迎角减小,进而导致唇口内表面结冰覆盖范围缩小、外表面结冰覆盖范围扩大;随着来流温度和水滴直径的降低,短舱内外表面的结冰覆盖范围均趋于缩小;冰厚随温度降低而增加,随水滴直径减小而减小,其中水滴直径对冰厚的影响相对较小。此外,基于不同参数对平均冰厚的敏感性分析表明,水滴直径对短舱唇口结冰的影响最为显著,其次依次为进气流量、来流风速和来流温度。本研究成果可为航空发动机短舱进气道的结冰机理研究及防除冰设计提供理论支持。

, authors=李聪, 易贤, 陈宁立*, 罗英杰, 刘森云, authorsList=李聪, 易贤, 陈宁立, 罗英杰, 刘森云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈宁立, authorNote=

李聪(2000—),女,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机结冰与防除冰。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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李聪(2000—),女,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机结冰与防除冰。E-mail:

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Icing and pressure drop loss of helicopter multi-tube separator[J]. 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Computation conditions

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序号d/μmL/(g·m−3)T/KQ/(kg·s−1)VTS/(m·s−1)
Case 1301253.153070
Case 2301253.153050
Case 3301253.153090
Case 4301253.151070
Case 5301253.152070
Case 6201253.153070
Case 7401253.153070
Case 8201268.153030
Case 9201263.153030
Case 10201258.153030
), ArticleFig(id=1320167048945193431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算工况

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序号d/μmL/(g·m−3)T/KQ/(kg·s−1)VTS/(m·s−1)
Case 1301253.153070
Case 2301253.153050
Case 3301253.153090
Case 4301253.151070
Case 5301253.152070
Case 6201253.153070
Case 7401253.153070
Case 8201268.153030
Case 9201263.153030
Case 10201258.153030
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049024885208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test conditions

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序号T/KVTS/(m·s−1)d/μmL/(g·m−3)t/sQ/(kg·s−1)
Run 1268.1530201180030
Run 2263.1530201180030
Run 3258.1530201120030
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049091994073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号T/KVTS/(m·s−1)d/μmL/(g·m−3)t/sQ/(kg·s−1)
Run 1268.1530201180030
Run 2263.1530201180030
Run 3258.1530201120030
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049163297242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Result of numerical calculation

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序号mimp/kgmevap/kgmice/kgqevap/kJqimp/kJqh/kJ
Case 22.64 × 10−42.97 × 10−41.85 × 10−40.100.34−1.20
Case 12.34 × 10−42.60 × 10−41.39 × 10−40.090.58−1.04
Case 32.25 × 10−42.38 × 10−40.91 × 10−40.080.96−0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049238794715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数值计算结果

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序号mimp/kgmevap/kgmice/kgqevap/kJqimp/kJqh/kJ
Case 22.64 × 10−42.97 × 10−41.85 × 10−40.100.34−1.20
Case 12.34 × 10−42.60 × 10−41.39 × 10−40.090.58−1.04
Case 32.25 × 10−42.38 × 10−40.91 × 10−40.080.96−0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049326875100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results and calculating conditions of lip icing

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序号d/μmT/KQ/(kg·s−1)VTS/(m·s−1)平均厚度/mm
Case 130253.1530700.426
Case 230253.1530500.532
Case 330253.1530900.368
Case 430253.1510700.325
Case 530253.1520700.355
Case 620253.1530700.270
Case 740253.1530700.568
Case 820268.1530300.082
Case 920263.1530300.098
Case 1020258.1530300.130
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049414955485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

唇口结冰计算工况及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号d/μmT/KQ/(kg·s−1)VTS/(m·s−1)平均厚度/mm
Case 130253.1530700.426
Case 230253.1530500.532
Case 330253.1530900.368
Case 430253.1510700.325
Case 530253.1520700.355
Case 620253.1530700.270
Case 740253.1530700.568
Case 820268.1530300.082
Case 920263.1530300.098
Case 1020258.1530300.130
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049490452958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis results of relative influence degree of each factor

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参数回归系数相对影响程度
d0.09150.4164
T−0.07920.3605
Q0.03580.1629
VTS−0.01320.0602
), ArticleFig(id=1320167049553367519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124753759813674, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各因素相对影响程度分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数回归系数相对影响程度
d0.09150.4164
T−0.07920.3605
Q0.03580.1629
VTS−0.01320.0602
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航空发动机短舱唇口结冰特性
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李聪 , 易贤 , 陈宁立 * , 罗英杰 , 刘森云
实验流体力学 | 多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题 2026,40(1): 45-55
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实验流体力学 |多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题 2026 , 40 (1) : 45 -55
航空发动机短舱唇口结冰特性
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李聪 , 易贤, 陈宁立* , 罗英杰, 刘森云
作者信息
  • 中国空气动力研究与发展中心 低速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

李聪(2000—),女,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机结冰与防除冰。E-mail:

Research on the influence of icing on the lip of the aero engine nacelle
Cong LI , Xian YI, Ningli CHEN* , Yingjie LUO, Senyun LIU
Affiliations
  • Low Speed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250012
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航空发动机短舱唇口结冰危害发动机安全。短舱唇口表面的结冰规律研究,可为短舱结冰危害性分析及防护设计提供依据。本文针对某自主设计的短舱标模,采用数值模拟与结冰风洞试验相结合的方法,系统分析了短舱唇口表面的结冰特性及其影响因素。研究发现:进气流量增大和来流风速减小会使唇口实际气流迎角减小,进而导致唇口内表面结冰覆盖范围缩小、外表面结冰覆盖范围扩大;随着来流温度和水滴直径的降低,短舱内外表面的结冰覆盖范围均趋于缩小;冰厚随温度降低而增加,随水滴直径减小而减小,其中水滴直径对冰厚的影响相对较小。此外,基于不同参数对平均冰厚的敏感性分析表明,水滴直径对短舱唇口结冰的影响最为显著,其次依次为进气流量、来流风速和来流温度。本研究成果可为航空发动机短舱进气道的结冰机理研究及防除冰设计提供理论支持。

航空发动机  /  短舱唇口  /  结冰  /  数值模拟  /  风洞试验

Aero-engine nacelle lip icing poses a significant threat to engine safety. Understanding the icing characteristics on the nacelle lip surface provides a crucial basis for analyzing icing hazards and designing protective measures. This study focuses on a self-designed nacelle model, employing a combination of numerical simulations and ice wind tunnel experiments to systematically analyze the icing characteristics and influencing factors on the nacelle lip surface. The findings show that an increase in intake airflow and a decrease in incoming airflow speed result in a reduction of the actual airflow attack angle at the lip, which in turn reduces the ice coverage on the inner surface and increases the ice coverage on the outer surface. As the incoming temperature and droplet diameter decrease, the ice coverage on both the inner and outer surfaces of the nacelle decreases, while the ice thickness increases with lower temperatures but decreases with smaller droplet diameters. The droplet diameter has a minor effect on ice thickness. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the average ice thickness for different parameters indicates that the droplet size has the most significant impact on nacelle lip icing, followed by intake airflow, incoming wind speed, and incoming temperature. The results of this study provide important theoretical support for the research on icing mechanisms and the design of anti-icing measures for aircraft engine nacelle.

aero-engines  /  nacelle lip  /  icing  /  numerical simulation  /  wind tunnel testing
李聪, 易贤, 陈宁立, 罗英杰, 刘森云. 航空发动机短舱唇口结冰特性. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 45 -55 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250012
Cong LI, Xian YI, Ningli CHEN, Yingjie LUO, Senyun LIU. Research on the influence of icing on the lip of the aero engine nacelle[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 45 -55 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250012
飞机在穿过含有过冷水滴的云层时,发动机短舱唇口表面易发生结冰现象[1-2]。唇口结冰会破坏其气动构型,并阻塞发动机进口截面,轻则减少发动机的进气流量,重则可引起发动机喘振;同时,脱落的冰块也易打伤叶片,损坏发动机部件,进而造成飞行事故[3]。因此,开展短舱唇口结冰问题研究,深入了解唇口结冰特性,对于保障航空发动机在结冰环境下的安全飞行和性能优化具有重要意义。
风洞试验和数值仿真是研究结冰冰形的重要方法[4]。通过控制环境参数,如温度、水滴直径、液态水含量等,能够模拟不同大气环境条件下的结冰形态[5]。目前,数值模拟方法在短舱结冰研究中应用广泛,美国航空航天局(NASA)开发了专业飞机结冰计算分析软件LEWICE[6-7]。在此基础上,Bidwell[8]利用LEWICE-3D软件对进气道和波音737–300短舱的水滴撞击特性与冰形进行了分析。Al-Khalil等[9]提出了一个分析发动机进气道结冰过程的程序,计算结果与试验数据吻合良好,表明数值仿真工具能够较为精确地预测不同飞行条件下的冰层厚度和形态。同年,Wright等[10]基于NASA的LEWICE软件对航空发动机短舱唇口结冰开展了仿真,发现不同飞行条件下的冰形具有相似的分布特征;Gent等[11]则研究了短舱唇口冰形的生长与演变,指出唇口几何形状、表面温度和气流速度是影响冰形态的关键因素。Özgen等[12]基于三维面元法对进气道冰形进行研究,发现其数值预测结果与文献报道的试验结果吻合度较高。然而,现有数值模拟研究主要关注短舱结冰形态的预测和影响因素分析,对进气流量影响结冰形态的作用机制探讨较少。近期,么虹等[13]基于分区多块结构网格体系,研究了不同发动机进气流量对唇口水滴撞击特性的影响,指出飞行状态变化对进气流量的影响应纳入防除冰系统设计,但进气流量对结冰形态的具体影响规律仍缺乏系统研究。
尽管数值仿真方法具有较好的精度,风洞试验却能更全面地模拟大气环境[14],更真实地再现实际飞行条件下短舱唇口的结冰形态。为此,研究人员开展了大量相关试验[15-18]。Potapczuk等[15]率先在风洞内测量了水滴收集系数。Papadakis等[19]在NASA Glenn风洞中对全尺寸发动机进气道进行了结冰试验,记录了不同结冰条件下前缘的冰形。在此基础上,Dong等[20]研究了进气道导叶的结冰特性,对比了不同结冰条件下前缘的结冰形态。Li等[21]探索了发动机在各种结冰条件下的瞬态结冰过程,发现起飞及初始爬升阶段更易产生显著积冰;Bragg等[22]则分析了机翼前缘结冰对气动性能的影响,发现其冰形通常在前缘较厚并呈非对称分布,可能导致失速点提前,这一特征与短舱唇口结冰存在相似性。Piscitelli等[23]通过结冰风洞试验,研究了初始飞行阶段条件下低润湿性对结冰的影响。然而,现有风洞试验研究多聚焦于短舱唇口的结冰形态演化,对进气流量等因素的影响尚未形成系统认知,试验手段也缺乏针对进气流量影响结冰规律的专门设计。
总体而言,现有研究多聚焦于唇口结冰规律本身,对进气流量等多因素共同作用下的唇口结冰研究尚有不足。为弥补此类局限,本文采用数值模拟与风洞试验相结合的方法,系统研究短舱唇口处的水滴撞击分布特性及结冰形态演化规律,并在风洞中进行了带进气流量的大尺寸短舱结冰试验。基于研究结果,进一步探讨了不同发动机结冰参数对唇口结冰的影响程度,以期为航空发动机短舱进气道设计与防除冰策略提供重要依据。
选取课题组自主设计的短舱标模,在采用欧拉–欧拉法模拟空气–过冷水滴两相流时,不考虑水滴对空气相的影响[24],水滴被视为不可压缩层流。计算过程使用中国空气动力研究与发展中心开发软件NNW–ICE进行数值仿真。
采用RANS方法求解空气流场,在空气流场计算中,不考虑水滴运动对于空气流场的影响[25]。空气相的连续性方程为:
$ \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_i}}}\left( {\rho {v_i}} \right) = 0 $
式中:$ x_i $表示空间坐标在i方向的分量,$v$i表示对应的气流速度分量,$\rho $表示气流密度。后文中出现的$ x_j $、$ x_k $和$v$j、$v$k遵循相同的命名规则。
空气相的动量方程[26]为:
$ \begin{split}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}\left(\rho v_iv_j\right)=\; & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left[\mu\left(\frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial v_j}{\partial u_i}\right)\right]+ \\ &\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left(\rho\frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_i}\frac{\partial v_j}{\partial x_j}\right)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x_i}\end{split} $
式中:$p$表示压强,$ \mu $表示气体分子黏度。
空气相的能量方程[27]为:
$ \begin{split}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} & \left(\rho v_ic_pT\right)=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}\left[\kappa_t\left(\mu_{\mathrm{eff}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x_i}\right)\right]+ \\ &\frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j}\left[\mu_{\mathrm{eff}}\left(\frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial v_j}{\partial x_i}\right)-\frac{2}{3}\mu_{\mathrm{eff}}\frac{\partial v_k}{\partial x_k}\right]\end{split} $
式中:$ {c_p} $表示气体的定压比热容,$T$表示来流温度,$ {\kappa _t} $表示气体的导热系数,$ \mu\mathrm{_{e f f}} $表示气体的有效黏度。
采用欧拉法求解水滴的运动轨迹,并计算短舱唇口表面的水收集系数。欧拉法将水滴视为连续流体[28],用体积分数$\alpha $来表示液滴的密度。水滴的连续方程为[29]:
$ \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_j}}}\left( {{\rho _{\mathrm{w}}}\alpha {v_{\mathrm{w}}}} \right) = 0 $
式中:$ v_{\mathrm{w}} $和$ \rho_{\mathrm{w}} $分别代表水滴的速度和密度;后文中,下标w和a将分别用于标识与水滴和空气相关的物理量。
水滴的动量方程表述为[30]:
$ \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_j}}}\left( {{\rho _{\mathrm{w}}}\alpha {v_i}{v_j}} \right) = {\rho _{\mathrm{w}}}\alpha K\left( {{v_{{\mathrm{a}}i}} - {v_{{\mathrm{w}}i}}} \right){\text{ + }}{\rho _{\mathrm{w}}}\alpha {g_i} $
式中:K为空气与水滴之间的动量传递系数,vai和vwi分别为空气和水滴的速度在i方向的分量。
$ K = \frac{{18{\mu _{\mathrm{a}}}}}{{{\rho _{\mathrm{w}}}{d^2}}} \cdot \frac{{{C_d}{{{{{Re}}} }_{\mathrm{w}}}}}{{24}} $
式中:d为水滴直径;$ \mathit{\mathrm{\mathrm{\mathit{Re}}}}_{\mathrm{w}} $为水滴雷诺数;${C_d}$是水滴阻力系数,可采用Schiller–Naumann模型计算得到。
$ {C_d} = \max \left[ {\frac{{24}}{{{{{{Re}} }_{\mathrm{w}}}}}\left( {1 + 0.15} \right){{Re}} _{\mathrm{w}}^{0.687},0.44} \right] $
通过求解短舱表面撞击水滴所形成的连续水膜的流动与相变过程[31],建立结冰计算模型。水膜的连续方程可以表示为[29]:
$ \frac{{\partial h}}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {Uh} \right) = \frac{1}{\rho }\left( {{{\dot m}_{{\mathrm{imp}}}} - {{\dot m}_{{\mathrm{evap}}}} - {{\dot m}_{{\mathrm{ice}}}}} \right) $
式中:h为水膜厚度;t为喷雾时间;$U$为水膜沿着厚度z方向的平均速度;${\dot m_{{\mathrm{imp}}}}$为过冷水滴撞击到表面的质量流率,${\dot m_{{\mathrm{imp}}}} = \beta \cdot {V_{{\mathrm{TS}}}} \cdot L$,$\beta $为局部水收集系数,${V_{{\mathrm{TS}}}}$为来流速度,$L$为来流的液态水含量(liquid water content);${\dot m_{{\mathrm{ice}}}}$为结冰质量流率;${\dot m_{{\mathrm{evap}}}}$为蒸发水质量流率[32-34]。U的计算公式如下:
$ U=\frac{1}{h}\int_0^hu\mathrm{d}z $
式中:u为水膜速度。
结冰表面水膜在流动过程中受到空气的压力${p_{\mathrm{a}}}$,气流剪切力${\tau _{\mathrm{a}}}$,表面张力$\sigma $,重力$\rho gh$,以及不完全润湿效应引起的水膜前锋毛细力${\tau _\theta }$。
在结冰表面的水膜流动过程中,气流剪切力,壁面的摩擦阻力以及毛细力是影响水膜流动的主要作用力[35],因此水膜运动的动量方程可以简化为:
$ U = \frac{{{\tau _{\mathrm{a}}}}}{{2\mu }}h + \frac{{{\tau _\theta }}}{{3\mu }}h $
式中,毛细力${\tau _\theta }$的计算公式为:
$ \tau_{\theta}=\sigma\left(1-\cos\theta\right)\nabla w $
式中:$\theta $为表面接触角,$w$为表面的湿润系数。
对于表面水膜流动,其完整的能量守恒方程为:
$ \frac{\partial\left(hT_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla\cdot\left(UhT\mathrm{_m}\right)=\frac{1}{\rho}\left(\dot{q}_{\mathrm{imp}}-\dot{q}_{\mathrm{evap}}+\dot{q}_{\mathrm{ice}}-\dot{q}_{\mathrm{h}}\right) $
式中:Tm为水膜内部沿着厚度方向上的平均温度。$ \dot{q}_{\mathrm{imp}}、\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\end{array}\dot{q}\mathrm{_{evap}}、\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\end{array}\dot{q}_{\mathrm{ice}}、\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\end{array}\dot{q}_{\mathrm{h}} $分别为撞击水滴带入的能量、水膜蒸发吸收的潜热、结冰相变释放的潜热以及空气与水膜表面之间的对流换热。
本文计算模型采用自主设计的标模短舱。该短舱为三维轴对称结构,唇口直径为0.15 m,具体几何结构如图1所示(图中x轴沿短舱轴向,y轴沿径向,坐标原点位于短舱中心)。选取短舱长度X = 3.7 m作为特征长度。为便于后文分析,以气流驻点(−0.7, 0.58)为界,将图中红色线条所对应的表面定义为短舱外表面,橙色线条所对应的表面定义为短舱内表面。
由于短舱为轴对称结构,为减少计算量,本文采用半模进行计算分析(图2)。计算域沿特征长度方向延伸20倍,入口设为速度入口边界,出口设为压力出口边界,短舱出口则采用流量出口边界条件以模拟发动机的实际抽吸效应。网格采用结构化划分,并对短舱唇口区域进行了局部加密处理,如图3所示。
计算工况如表1所示,表中Q表示进气流量。选取若干工况进行对比分析,分别在以下条件下研究短舱唇口的积冰生长规律:不同来流速度(Case 2、Case 1、Case 3)、不同进气流量(Case 6、Case 7、Case 1)、不同水滴直径(Case 1、Case 4、Case 5)以及不同来流温度(Case 8、Case 9、Case 10)。所有工况中,喷雾时间t均设为1800 s。
针对图1中的相同标模短舱模型,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心大型结冰风洞(FL–16)中开展结冰风洞试验。如图4所示,短舱试验模型通过定位销、定位键和螺钉等部件与风洞试验段下转盘固定连接,短舱出口则通过转接段与进气模拟系统相连。
共开展3个不同工况的结冰试验,具体参数见表2。试验结束后,采用热刀法对短舱模型唇口处的冰形轮廓进行测量。该试验是国内较早开展的大型三维短舱结冰试验,主要目的在于对带进气模拟条件的发动机短舱唇口结冰计算方法进行验证。
试验选取的3个工况分别对应明冰、混合冰及霜冰类型,旨在验证所采用数值模拟方法对不同结冰类型的适用性与预测精度。3种工况下的结冰冰形如图5所示。可以看出,Run 1条件下,唇口整体形成了典型的透明明冰。当温度降至263.15 K(Run 2)时,唇口驻点处仍为透明明冰,而两侧下游区域则转变为明显不透明的霜冰。这是由于下游两侧水收集量较低而对流换热系数较大,导致该区域结冰率先向霜冰转变。当温度进一步降至258.15 K(Run 3)时,唇口全部结冰均转为不透明的霜冰,如图5(c)所示。
3种工况下的数值模拟结果与试验结果的对比如图6所示。图中给出了积冰特征参数的相对误差,其中“$\varepsilon $”表示相对误差,“upper”代表短舱外表面,“lower”代表短舱内表面,“icing”表示积冰极限,“angle”表示冰角。
从图中可以看出,针对明冰、混合冰和霜冰3种冰形,计算结果与试验结果的相对误差均小于20%,冰形吻合较好。这表明本文所采用的结冰计算方法能够较为准确地模拟带进气模拟的发动机短舱唇口结冰现象。
值得注意的是,在Run 3霜冰工况下,试验中观察到较为明显的流线型冰层,而计算结果则表现为下冰角较大。这一差异可能源于计算模型中水滴轨迹模拟的简化:数值模型采用了单一水滴直径,而实际试验中水滴具有多直径分布,可能导致水滴与表面相互作用产生差异,进而影响结冰形态。在霜冰工况下,水滴与表面的凝结过程更为复杂,计算未能完全模拟这些微小差异,导致下冰角的出现。
图7对比了不同进气流量条件下短舱唇口的结冰冰形和厚度。可以看出,随着进气流量的增加,唇口外表面的结冰范围扩大,内表面的结冰范围缩小。这意味着进气流量越小,短舱内表面结冰越严重。对发动机短舱而言,内表面结冰通常更受关注,因其脱落的冰块易打伤发动机核心部件,造成不可逆损伤。因此,计算结果表明,在短舱结冰分析中需更加关注小流量状态,即发动机低功率条件下的结冰问题。
根据图1所示的短舱唇口几何外形可知,在不考虑进气流量时,唇口截面具有一个负迎角(设定从短舱外壁面到内表面为负,反之为正)。因此,短舱唇口外表面的水滴撞击范围更大,如图8所示。随着进气流量的增加,水滴在短舱外表面的撞击范围进一步扩大,在内表面的撞击范围则减小。
这是由于考虑短舱内部进气流量时,唇口附近的实际气流速度Ua是来流风速与短舱抽吸风速的合速度,导致唇口处的实际气流迎角发生改变。如图9所示,随着进气流量的增加,短舱唇口前缘的实际气流迎角减小(负值增大),从而使撞击到短舱内表面的水滴减少,而撞击到外表面的水滴增加。
图10对比了结冰生长过程中不同来流速度下短舱唇口的结冰冰形和厚度(图中hice为结冰厚度)。可以看出,短舱唇口内表面的结冰范围随来流速度增加而增大,外表面的结冰范围则随之减小。这是由于短舱的型面特征及进气模拟的共同作用,使唇口前缘气流实际具有一个负迎角。随着来流速度增加,实际气流迎角增大(如图11中流线所示),从而导致短舱唇口外表面的水滴撞击极限减小,内表面的水滴撞击极限增大(如图12(a))。
值得注意的是,随着来流速度增加,水滴收集量反而减小,这与直观认识有所不同。其原因在于,在带有进气流量的工况下,短舱唇口处的实际速度场是来流速度与进气流量共同作用的矢量合成。在低速条件下,唇口处实际迎角较大,使得外表面的水收集量随速度增加而减小。同时,驻点位置随速度增加由外表面向内表面迁移。由于外表面曲率较大,水滴捕获能力较强,而内表面曲率较小,水滴不易聚集,因此在低速条件下表面收集量反而更大。
此外,随着来流速度增加,唇口表面驻点附近区域的冰厚呈减小趋势。分析发现,该区域存在未冻结水,属于典型的明冰结冰(如图12 (b))。根据明冰结冰计算公式[29],结冰量取决于撞击水滴带入的能量qimp、水膜蒸发吸收的潜热qevap以及空气与水膜表面之间的对流换热qh。尽管随着速度增加,水滴撞击到表面的质量mimp和蒸发水质量mevap均减小(见表3,其中mice为结冰质量),撞击水滴带入的能量有所增加,但其增幅远小于对流换热的减小幅度,因此结冰厚度随速度升高而降低。
图13(a)对比了不同水滴直径条件下短舱唇口的结冰冰形和厚度。可以看出,随着水滴直径增大,短舱唇口内外表面的结冰范围均明显扩大。这是因为水滴直径增大导致其惯性增加,因而在短舱表面具有更大的撞击范围(如图14所示)。相较于内表面,水滴直径对外表面结冰范围的影响更为显著,这是由于唇口处来流速度与进气流量的共同作用使气流方向呈现负迎角。
随着水滴直径的增加,驻点附近的冰厚增加并不明显。这是由于在所采用的计算条件下,驻点附近为明冰结冰,而决定明冰结冰厚度大小的主要因素是表面的对流换热以及撞击水滴所带入的能量。由于气流来流条件相同,驻点附近的对流换热相同,但是水滴直径越大,撞击水滴所具有的动能则越大,从而导致结冰量增加。同时,相比于对流换热,撞击水滴所带入的动能是小量,结冰量随水滴直径的增加并不明显。因此,水滴直径对于唇口表面的结冰影响更多的体现在结冰覆盖范围上。
图15对比了不同来流温度条件下短舱唇口的结冰冰形和厚度。可以看出,来流温度越低,唇口表面的结冰范围缩小,但冰厚增加,且最大冰厚位置向外表面偏移。这是因为随着温度降低,唇口表面的结冰由明冰向霜冰转变。对于明冰,上游未冻结水膜会流至水滴撞击极限之外,使结冰覆盖范围大于水滴撞击范围;而对于霜冰,撞击水滴在表面瞬间冻结,结冰覆盖范围与水滴撞击范围一致,冰形呈流线型(258.15 K)。对于明冰结冰,水膜流动使驻点处的水流向下游流动,从而形成冰角(268.15 K)。
为评估不同因素对唇口结冰厚度的影响程度,采用基于扰动分析的灵敏度分析方法。通过对各因素施加小幅扰动(即在原始值基础上进行微小变动),评估其对结冰厚度的影响。回归系数反映了各因素对结冰厚度的直接影响。灵敏度系数越大,表明该因素对目标变量的影响越强;反之则越弱。通过计算归一化后的灵敏度系数,可得到各因素对结冰厚度变化的相对贡献。选取平均结冰厚度作为衡量唇口结冰程度的指标[36]。各因素的影响结果如表4所示。
对各因素下唇口平均结冰厚度的分析(表5)表明,在所给工况范围内,各因素对短舱唇口结冰厚度的影响程度由大到小依次为:水滴直径、温度、进气流量、来流速度。
本文采用数值模拟与结冰风洞试验相结合的方法,研究了进气流量、来流速度、水滴直径以及来流温度对短舱唇口表面积冰生长的影响,并分析了其影响机制,主要结论如下:
1)通过结冰风洞试验获得了航空发动机短舱唇口标模的冰形试验数据,数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,验证了计算方法的有效性。
2)随着来流速度增大和进气流量减小,唇口附近的实际气流迎角增大,导致唇口内表面结冰范围扩大,外表面结冰范围缩小。来流速度对短舱内表面结冰量的影响较为显著,进气流量对短舱内外表面结冰范围的影响较大。同时,随着进气流量增大和来流速度减小,唇口表面的冰厚均呈增加趋势。
3)随着来流温度和水滴直径的降低,短舱表面结冰覆盖范围缩小。冰厚随温度降低而增加,随水滴直径减小而略微减小。此外,随着温度降低,短舱表面的冰形由角状冰逐渐转变为流线型冰。
4)在本文所计算的工况范围内,各因素对唇口表面平均结冰厚度的影响程度从大到小依次为:水滴直径、温度、进气流量、来流速度。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250012
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
  • 修回日期:2025-07-06
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    中国空气动力研究与发展中心 低速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000

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