Article(id=1301954938251277086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20240092, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20240092, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=1737043200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-17, acceptedDate=1737993600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-28, onlineDate=1788339846431, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339846431, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339846431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339846431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954940386177823, articleId=1301954938251277086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Two-color-Scheimpflug laser-induced incandescence technique for soot concentration measurements in space-limited combustion field, columnId=1301954871368904982, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Measuring Technique, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the need for measuring soot concentration distributions in complex and spatially constrained combustion flow fields, such as the outlet of aero-engine combustors, this study developed the Two-color-Scheimpflug Laser-Induced Incandescence (2C-Scheimpflug LII) technique and a corresponding measurement system, which obtains soot volume fraction distribution images by employing an oblique imaging method. The technique and measurement system validation experiments were first conducted under specific conditions using three typical ethylene/air flames (McKenna, Gülder, and Santoro). Comparisons with measurement results obtained by other researchers under the same conditions demonstrate the feasibility of the 2C-Scheimpflug LII system. The test results in standard flames show that the lower detection limit of soot volume fraction measurements of our system is approximately 2.0 × 10−9. Further, the 2C-Scheimpflug LII technique was applied to measure the spatial distribution of soot volume fractions at the transverse cross-section of the outlet and the longitudinal section of a single-sector, dual-swirler aero-engine model combustor. The preliminary results show that the soot volume fraction distribution at the combustor outlet exhibits high instantaneous variability and randomness, while within the combustor, the soot volume fraction displays a V-shaped distribution.

, authors=Sijie YAN1, Pengji DING1, *, Linsen WANG2, Jie LI3, Zhenyu XU4, Shuang CHEN2, authorsList=Sijie YAN, Pengji DING, Linsen WANG, Jie LI, Zhenyu XU, Shuang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pengji DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954944836334407, articleId=1301954938251277086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=面向空间受限燃烧场碳烟浓度测量的双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术研究, columnId=1301954871549260056, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=测量技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对航空发动机燃烧室出口等复杂、空间受限环境下的燃烧流场碳烟浓度分布测量需求,本文开发了双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光(Two-Color-Scheimpflug Laser-Induced Incandescence, 2C-Scheimpflug LII)技术及测量系统,通过倾斜焦面拍摄的方式获取碳烟体积分数分布图像。首先在McKenna、Gülder、Santoro这3种典型乙烯/空气火焰的特定工况下对所开发技术和测量系统开展了验证实验,并与国内外同行在相同工况下获得的测量结果进行对比,证明了该双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光测量系统的有效性。标准火焰测试结果表明,该系统的碳烟体积分数测量下限约为2.0 × 10−9。在此基础上,利用双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术测量了某型单头部双旋流航空发动机模型燃烧室出口横向截面及燃烧室内部纵向截面的碳烟体积分数空间分布。初步研究结果显示:燃烧室出口的碳烟体积分数分布呈现出高度的瞬时性和随机性,而燃烧室内部的碳烟体积分数分布则呈V形分布。

, authors=颜思杰1, 丁鹏基1, *, 王林森2, 李杰3, 许振宇4, 陈爽2, authorsList=颜思杰, 丁鹏基, 王林森, 李杰, 许振宇, 陈爽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁鹏基, authorNote=

颜思杰(2000—), 男,湖南涟源人,博士研究生。研究方向:激光诱导炽光碳烟测量技术。Email:

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颜思杰(2000—), 男,湖南涟源人,博士研究生。研究方向:激光诱导炽光碳烟测量技术。Email:

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International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines, 2019, 36(1): 61-73. doi: 10.1515/tjj-2016-0062, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1301954964327265224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954938251277086, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L S, DING P J, YAN S J, et al. Soot volume fraction measurements in aero-engine model combustor outlet using two-color laser-induced incandescence[J]. 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Standard laminar flame and measurement conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃烧器燃料氧化剂当量比流量伴流对比测量位置备注
McKenna乙烯空气2.11.6 L/min乙烯, 8.7 L/min空气,
预混气体总流量10 L/min
2.5 L/min 氮气燃烧器中心线
12 mm高度
火焰21 mm高度上部有稳定铁板,
点火15 min后测量
Gülder乙烯空气非预混0.194 L/min乙烯200 L/min空气燃烧器中心线
42 mm高度
可见火焰高度约为60 mm
Santoro乙烯空气非预混0.231 L/min 乙烯43 L/min 空气燃烧器中心线
50 mm高度
玻璃球直径200 mm,以稳定火焰
), ArticleFig(id=1301954957436023711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954938251277086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准层流火焰和测量工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃烧器燃料氧化剂当量比流量伴流对比测量位置备注
McKenna乙烯空气2.11.6 L/min乙烯, 8.7 L/min空气,
预混气体总流量10 L/min
2.5 L/min 氮气燃烧器中心线
12 mm高度
火焰21 mm高度上部有稳定铁板,
点火15 min后测量
Gülder乙烯空气非预混0.194 L/min乙烯200 L/min空气燃烧器中心线
42 mm高度
可见火焰高度约为60 mm
Santoro乙烯空气非预混0.231 L/min 乙烯43 L/min 空气燃烧器中心线
50 mm高度
玻璃球直径200 mm,以稳定火焰
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面向空间受限燃烧场碳烟浓度测量的双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术研究
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颜思杰 1 , 丁鹏基 1, * , 王林森 2 , 李杰 3 , 许振宇 4 , 陈爽 2
实验流体力学 | 测量技术 2026,40(3): 100-112
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实验流体力学 |测量技术 2026 , 40 (3) : 100 -112
面向空间受限燃烧场碳烟浓度测量的双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术研究
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颜思杰1 , 丁鹏基1, * , 王林森2, 李杰3, 许振宇4, 陈爽2
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学 核科学与技术学院,兰州 730000
  • 2中国空气动力研究与发展中心 设备设计与测试技术研究所, 绵阳 621000
  • 3西北工业大学 动力与能源学院, 西安 710129
  • 4中国科学院 合肥物质科学研究院 安徽光学精密机械研究所, 合肥 230031
通讯作者:
作者简介:

颜思杰(2000—), 男,湖南涟源人,博士研究生。研究方向:激光诱导炽光碳烟测量技术。Email:

Two-color-Scheimpflug laser-induced incandescence technique for soot concentration measurements in space-limited combustion field
Sijie YAN1 , Pengji DING1, * , Linsen WANG2, Jie LI3, Zhenyu XU4, Shuang CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2Facility Design and Instrumentation Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 3School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
  • 4Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240092
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针对航空发动机燃烧室出口等复杂、空间受限环境下的燃烧流场碳烟浓度分布测量需求,本文开发了双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光(Two-Color-Scheimpflug Laser-Induced Incandescence, 2C-Scheimpflug LII)技术及测量系统,通过倾斜焦面拍摄的方式获取碳烟体积分数分布图像。首先在McKenna、Gülder、Santoro这3种典型乙烯/空气火焰的特定工况下对所开发技术和测量系统开展了验证实验,并与国内外同行在相同工况下获得的测量结果进行对比,证明了该双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光测量系统的有效性。标准火焰测试结果表明,该系统的碳烟体积分数测量下限约为2.0 × 10−9。在此基础上,利用双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术测量了某型单头部双旋流航空发动机模型燃烧室出口横向截面及燃烧室内部纵向截面的碳烟体积分数空间分布。初步研究结果显示:燃烧室出口的碳烟体积分数分布呈现出高度的瞬时性和随机性,而燃烧室内部的碳烟体积分数分布则呈V形分布。

航空发动机燃烧室  /  碳烟  /  激光诱导炽光  /  沙姆成像

To address the need for measuring soot concentration distributions in complex and spatially constrained combustion flow fields, such as the outlet of aero-engine combustors, this study developed the Two-color-Scheimpflug Laser-Induced Incandescence (2C-Scheimpflug LII) technique and a corresponding measurement system, which obtains soot volume fraction distribution images by employing an oblique imaging method. The technique and measurement system validation experiments were first conducted under specific conditions using three typical ethylene/air flames (McKenna, Gülder, and Santoro). Comparisons with measurement results obtained by other researchers under the same conditions demonstrate the feasibility of the 2C-Scheimpflug LII system. The test results in standard flames show that the lower detection limit of soot volume fraction measurements of our system is approximately 2.0 × 10−9. Further, the 2C-Scheimpflug LII technique was applied to measure the spatial distribution of soot volume fractions at the transverse cross-section of the outlet and the longitudinal section of a single-sector, dual-swirler aero-engine model combustor. The preliminary results show that the soot volume fraction distribution at the combustor outlet exhibits high instantaneous variability and randomness, while within the combustor, the soot volume fraction displays a V-shaped distribution.

aero-engine combustor  /  soot  /  laser induced incandescence  /  scheimpflug imaging
颜思杰, 丁鹏基, 王林森, 李杰, 许振宇, 陈爽. 面向空间受限燃烧场碳烟浓度测量的双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 100 -112 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240092
Sijie YAN, Pengji DING, Linsen WANG, Jie LI, Zhenyu XU, Shuang CHEN. Two-color-Scheimpflug laser-induced incandescence technique for soot concentration measurements in space-limited combustion field[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 100 -112 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240092
碳烟是碳氢化合物不完全燃烧产生的主要污染物之一,不仅对人体健康危害极大,而且会显著加速全球变暖,其影响仅次于二氧化碳。因此,尽可能减少工业锅炉、燃气轮机、内燃机等动力设备的碳烟排放,对环境保护和减缓全球变暖十分必要。对于航空发动机等先进动力装置,碳烟生成会增强发光火焰辐射,增加燃烧室壁面热负荷,缩短火焰筒寿命,从而影响燃气轮机燃烧室的可靠性和耐久性。准确测量碳烟浓度时空分布是判断燃气轮机燃烧室健康状况的有效方法。燃烧室出口碳烟浓度分布的微小变化是旋流器、喷嘴、注入孔等部件可能轻微受损的早期指标,精确监测这些微小变化可以为及时处理上述受损问题提供依据。特别是对于有红外特征控制需求的飞行器,尾流中的碳烟颗粒是重要的红外示踪物质,因此需要尽可能减少碳烟排放,以获得更低的红外可探测性。在上述应用中,碳烟浓度空间分布的精确测量是研究碳烟生成规律和实时监测碳烟排放水平的基础。
传统的接触式碳烟诊断技术,如滤纸法,需在燃烧流场中取样,不仅会扰乱流场,而且诊断效率低、误差大。激光诱导炽光(Laser-Induced Incandescence, LII)技术是一种非接触式、高灵敏度的碳烟浓度和粒径测量手段,经过20多年的发展已经成为碳烟诊断领域的主流技术。LII技术原理可简要叙述如下:使用激光脉冲加热碳烟颗粒,使其温度快速升高至升华温度,在此过程中碳烟颗粒放出黑体辐射,即炽光。炽光信号强度与碳烟体积分数(Soot Volume Fraction, SVF)近似成正比,衰减速率则与碳烟颗粒粒径成反比。因此,通过测量炽光信号强度的时间演化,结合信号强度标定和理论模型计算,即可获取碳烟体积分数和粒径分布信息。
在Eckbreth[1]工作的基础上,Melton[2]建立了LII技术测量碳烟体积分数和粒径的理论模型。Snelling等[3-6]进一步发展了双色LII技术:首先利用已知辐射强度的标准光源对测量系统进行校准,得到光强敏感系数;然后同时采集2个波长下的LII信号,通过信号比值计算出碳烟颗粒温度与体积分数,实现碳烟浓度的实时在线标定。双色LII技术对激光能量要求不高,能够避免能量过高导致碳烟颗粒升华,很好地保持碳烟形态,这些优点使其在碳烟测量领域得到了广泛应用[7-15]。Schulz[7]、Michelsen[8]、刘福水[9]、何旭[16]等国内外多位研究者对双色LII技术做了全面梳理与总结,指出该技术仍存在改进空间,包括激光入射波长的优化、激光能量的选择和片光均匀性的控制等。
总体而言,针对内燃机燃烧室的碳烟LII测量研究较多,但关于工业燃气轮机和航空发动机燃烧室及尾焰碳烟排放的研究,国内目前尚未见报道。由于燃烧天然气的工业燃气轮机碳烟排放水平很低,基本没有测量需求,国内外相关研究很少。航空发动机燃烧室及出口碳烟排放测量较少,一方面是因为目前航空发动机研发领域对燃烧室碳烟生成机制和浓度测量不够重视,测量需求不足;另一方面,测量空间受限、存在多相流界面效应,以及高温高压高湍流环境对光信号收集的影响不明确等,导致碳烟测量较为困难。
针对测量空间受限的高温高压高湍流复杂燃烧场碳烟浓度测量,本文基于双色LII技术搭建一套碳烟体积分数空间分布成像测量系统,依据沙姆定律采用背向斜拍摄方式获得LII图像,结合标准黑体辐射源标定信号强度校准因子,根据双色LII原理,最终解算出碳烟体积分数。在数据后处理中,采用投影变换方法校正斜拍摄获取的LII图像。为验证所开发双色-沙姆LII碳烟测量系统的可行性与测量能力,本文在McKenna、Gülder和Santoro这3种典型稳态层流乙烯/空气火焰上开展系统性测试,并将测量结果与国内外同行在相同工况下的数据进行对比。在此基础上,进一步将该系统应用于某型单头部双旋流航空发动机模型燃烧室,以获取燃烧室出口横向截面及燃烧室内部径向截面的碳烟体积分数空间分布。
双色LII技术通过采集2个不同波长下的LII信号,根据信号强度比值,结合测量系统对标准黑体光源在相同波长下的光强响应进行标定,利用式(1)和(2)分别解算出碳烟颗粒温度$ T\mathrm{_p} $和体积分数$ f_V $
$ \mathrm{e}^{\tfrac{hc}{kT_{\mathrm{p}}}\left(\tfrac{1}{\lambda_2}-\tfrac{1}{\lambda_1}\right) }=\frac{I_{\exp1}}{I_{\exp2}}\times\frac{\lambda_1^6}{\lambda_2^6}\times\frac{\eta\left(\lambda_2\right)}{\eta\left(\lambda_1\right)}\times\frac{E\left[m(\lambda_2)\right]}{E\left[m(\lambda_1)\right]} $
$ f_V=\frac{I_{\exp}\lambda^{\text{6}}}{\text{12}\pi c^2h\omega_{\mathrm{b}}\eta\left(\lambda\right)E\left[m\left(\lambda\right)\right]\left(\begin{aligned}\mathrm{e}^{\tfrac{hc}{k\lambda T_{\mathrm{p}}}}-1\end{aligned}\right)^{-1}} $
$ \eta(\lambda)=\frac{I_{{\mathrm{cal}}}}{R_{{\mathrm{cal}}}(\lambda,T_{{\mathrm{cal}}})} $
式中:下标1和2分别代表2种不同的探测波长;$h$为普朗克常数,$c$为光速,$k$为玻尔兹曼常数,$\lambda $为LII探测波长;${I_{\exp }}$为LII信号强度,${I_{{\mathrm{cal}}}}$为LII测量系统测得的黑体辐射标定光源在同一波长下的信号强度;$\eta (\lambda )$为LII测量系统校准因子,${R_{{\mathrm{cal}}}}(\lambda ,{T_{{\mathrm{cal}}}})$为黑体辐射标定光源在$\lambda $波长处单位立体角的辐射功率,$ E\left[m\left(\mathit{\lambda}\right)\right] $为碳烟吸收函数;${\omega _{\mathrm{b}}}$为激光片厚度。详细原理介绍可参考Snelling等[3-6]的开创性工作。
双色-沙姆LII碳烟测量系统(图1)由可移动激光器系统、片光光路、探测系统和时序同步单元构成。可移动Nd:YAG纳秒激光器提供1064 nm泵浦脉冲光源,便于在各种实际应用场景(如航空发动机燃烧室出口、风洞、锅炉燃烧室等)中使用。片光光路由反射镜、能量衰减器、柱面透镜、球面透镜、狭缝、能量计等光学器件组成,最终目标是形成能量分布均匀、宽数十毫米、厚约300 μm的激光片光,以加热碳烟颗粒。探测设备由2台性能相近、采样帧频相同的增强型电荷耦合器件相机(Intensified Charge-Coupled Device, ICCD)、光学镜头、沙姆转接口和窄带滤波片组成。激光片光加热碳烟颗粒产生宽波段LII信号,考虑实际台架实验的空间限制,对片光与碳烟颗粒相互作用的二维平面采用斜焦面成像方式收集LII信号图像。时序控制单元由脉冲发生器、示波器、BNC线缆和光电二极管等组成,同时控制激光器输出和ICCD相机数据采集。下面分别对各组成部分做详细介绍:
1)可移动式激光器系统
可移动式激光器系统主要由Nd:YAG激光器、可移动载台和偏转光路构成。可移动载台由上下2层构成,下层承载激光器电源、控制系统和水箱,上层搭载光学平台,用于承载激光器和偏转光路元件。1064 nm激光脉冲宽度约为10 ns,单脉冲能量约为800 mJ,输出重复频率为10 Hz。
2)片光光路
片光光路主要由高度调节镜组、激光能量衰减镜组和片光镜组组成。片光镜组由1面焦距为1 m的球面镜和2面焦距分别为−20和250 mm的柱面镜组成,提供宽度最大为112.5 mm的片光。在低激光功率密度条件下,使用CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)焦斑分析相机对片光成像,直接获得片光厚度;移动相机位置,可得到不同宽度位置处的片光厚度,同时获取激光功率分布情况,用于后期数据处理中的激光功率密度修正。在高激光功率密度下,通过单发激光脉冲烧灼荧光纸获取片光厚度。
3)探测系统
探测系统主要由2台ICCD相机、沙姆镜头、窄带滤波片和数据采集单元组成。1064 nm激光片光加热碳烟颗粒产生宽带LII辐射光,根据双色LII碳烟浓度测量原理,需要同时探测2个不同波长的LII信号图像。依据2个波长不能过于接近且相应波长处LII辐射强度足够强的原则,本文选择450和600 nm的LII信号进行探测。使用2台配备SIGMA镜头(日本森马公司)的ICCD相机(Andor-334T-18-03和Andor-334T-18-E3,英国安道尔科技有限公司),并在相机前分别加装中心波长为450和600 nm的Semrock窄带滤波片(半高宽小于15 nm),以采集这2个波长下的LII信号图像。
4)时序控制单元
已有研究结果表明,LII信号会在激光脉冲持续时间内快速达到峰值,随后随着碳烟颗粒温度的下降而缓慢衰减。根据燃烧场环境的不同(如火焰当量比、碳烟浓度等),衰减时间可在200 ns~1 μs之间变化。由于LII信号上升过程很快,测量系统准确的时序控制是获取信号的关键。使用数字脉冲延迟发生器(Digital Delay Generator, DDG)来触发激光器输出和相机门控,同时用示波器监测其时序。此外,在光路中设置光电二极管探头,用以探测镜面散射的微弱1064 nm激光信号,该信号作为到达作用区域的激光脉冲指示。在寻找LII信号的过程中,关键在于使相机门控监测信号与激光脉冲信号上升沿对齐,在此种时序下即可获取LII信号。
在数据采集中,首先使激光器、ICCD相机和数据采集计算机处于待机状态,由DDG给出所有触发信号。对于航空发动机台架实验或其他由燃烧场状态作为测量起点的实验,由燃烧场控制单元提供触发信号给数字发生器,再由数字发生器触发激光器和ICCD相机。在获取LII信号图像之后,需要使用空间尺度标定板对所测图像的真实大小进行标定,采用透视变换法校正斜角度拍摄的LII图像。使用溴钨灯作为黑体辐射源对探测系统在2个波长下的校准因子进行标定,最终实现了碳烟体积分数的解算。
针对航空发动机燃烧室及出口等复杂燃烧场碳烟浓度空间分布测量需求,在光学接入空间严重受限的工程台架应用情况下,需要将ICCD相机放置在同一侧,通过斜焦面成像方式收集二维LII信号图像。本文基于沙姆成像原理与铰链定律,利用倾斜焦面[17]进行拍摄,得到的LII信号图像为倾斜图像,需在数据处理中进行校正。如图2所示,根据沙姆定律,当被摄体平面、影像平面和镜头平面这3个面的延长面相交于一条直线(scheimpflug线)时,便可获得清晰图像。而根据铰链定律,通过透镜中心且平行于成像平面的假想平面、透镜前焦面和待测平面需相交于同一直线(hinge线)。
基于沙姆成像原理获取的图像在空间上是失真的,在数据处理中首先需要修正。本文采用透视变换方法来进行原始LII图像的空间校正。 使用MATLAB编写了图像校正程序,首先将其应用于已知空间分辨率的标定板图像,应用投影变换算法进行空间校正,获得变换矩阵;然后将获得的变换矩阵应用到原始LII图像,即可获得具有同样空间校正效果的LII图像。图3对比了变换前后的标定板图像和LII图像,由图可见,达到了很好的校正效果。
为了检验沙姆成像时探测信号强度是否随拍摄角度发生改变,本文以不同沙姆成像角度(0°、17°、28.5°和42.3°,其中0°为正面拍摄)拍摄了McKenna火焰600 nm的LII图像。结果显示,LII图像信号强度会随沙姆成像角度发生轻微变化,但不同区域之间的信号强度比值基本不会发生变化。因此,图像强度校正可以忽略。
根据双色LII技术原理,利用标准黑体源对LII测量系统进行标定,以获取系统校准因子。所使用的标准辐射源为溴钨灯(GLORIA-T150A),功率为150 W,色温为3200 K。在满功率条件下,由溴钨灯光谱辐射强度曲线可得,其在450和600 nm波长处的单位波长辐射功率密度分别约为17和40 mW/(m2·nm),因此两波长的单位波长辐射功率密度之比$ R_{\mathrm{cal}}(450\; \mathrm{nm})/ R_{\mathrm{cal}}(600\; \mathrm{nm})=0.425 $。然后,在溴钨灯满功率工作条件下,使用双色-沙姆LII探测系统对溴钨灯光源成像,系统参数设置与燃烧场LII测量时严格保持一致。通过溴钨灯成像测试,获得两波长黑体辐射信号在LII探测系统中的辐射强度之比,由此可得LII测量系统两波长的校准因子之比$\eta ({\lambda _1})/\eta ({\lambda _2})$。在同步测量450和600 nm的LII信号图像后,基于信号强度和校准因子之比,可先根据式(1)计算出碳烟颗粒峰值温度,再根据式(2)计算出碳烟体积分数。
通过在特定燃烧工况下开展LII测量实验,并将测量结果与国内外不同研究单位已公开发表的结果进行对比,可以检验LII技术测量碳烟体积分数的准确性和测量精度,从而测试LII系统的性能。首先在3种典型燃烧器(McKenna[18]、Gülder[19]和Santoro[20]燃烧器)产生的稳态层流火焰上,对LII测量系统的碳烟体积分数空间分布测量能力进行测试。
McKenna平面火焰炉产生的乙烯/空气预混火焰能够提供碳烟体积分数较低的测量环境。该型燃烧器结构如图4(a)所示,其主要部分为直径60 mm的多孔烧结铜板,同轴外围为烧结青铜护罩,二者一同被压入不锈钢外壳。多孔烧结板中间放置阿基米德螺旋冷却回路,以使径向温度梯度最小化。燃料混合物通过0.25 inch(6.35 mm)压缩接头导入多孔烧结铜板底部腔室,再经烧结细孔均匀分布。伴流气体(通常为氮气或惰性气体,本文使用氮气)通过另一个压缩接头通入护罩环底部腔室,再经护罩环烧结细孔均匀流出,以屏蔽外界扰动,稳定火焰。图4(b)为当量比2.1时McKenna乙烯/空气预混火焰的照片,火焰上方21 mm高度处置有铁板,以进一步稳定火焰。
Gülder乙烯/空气扩散火焰能够提供较高浓度的碳烟测量环境。图5(a)和(b)分别展示了Gülder燃烧器的三维结构图和切面图。燃烧器中心的不锈钢燃料管直径为10.9 mm,通入乙烯气体;外围不锈钢同心管直径为110 mm,壁厚1.5 mm,通入空气;在燃料管与空气管之间的环形通道内填充蜂窝陶瓷片,以获得均匀的空气气流,保证火焰稳定。图5(c)为在乙烯流量0.196 L/min、空气流量200 L/min工况下形成的乙烯/空气扩散火焰照片,火焰高度约为48 mm。
图6(a)和(b)分别展示了Santoro燃烧器的三维结构图和实物图。该燃烧器主要由内径11.1 mm的内管和直径108.0 mm的同心外管组成,内管通乙烯气体,外管通空气;内外管之间放置蜂窝陶瓷片和直径3 mm的小玻璃珠,以获得均匀的空气气流,保证火焰稳定。图6(c)为在乙烯流量0.231 L/min、空气流量43 L/min工况下的乙烯/空气扩散火焰照片,火焰形态与Gülder火焰相似,高度约为52 mm。
表1给出了上述3种燃烧器产生层流火焰的测量工况及测量位置。
McKenna乙烯/空气预混火焰在燃烧器上方高度HAB小于21 mm的范围内产生低浓度碳烟。图7(a)和(b)分别为600和450 nm波长的单发LII信号图像。可以看到,LII信号在水平方向均匀分布,与火焰形态一致;在垂直方向,LII信号在HAB ≈ 10 mm处出现,其强度随HAB升高而增大。图7(c)为碳烟颗粒峰值温度分布图像,可以看出峰值温度分布在2500~4000 K区间,与Bladh等[13]在相同当量比乙烯/空气预混火焰中获得的实验结果相近。图7(d)为碳烟体积分数分布图像,可以看出体积分数在10–7量级。
本文连续采集了200帧有效单发LII信号图像,平均后的结果如图8所示。可以看到,平均后的LII信号分布呈现两端强、中间弱的特征。这可能是由于激光片光的聚焦长度偏短,导致片光在约75 mm长度范围内功率密度不均匀,中间位置功率密度过高造成部分碳烟颗粒升华,最终使中间位置的LII信号弱于两端。
图9给出了火焰中轴线上碳烟体积分数随HAB的变化关系,其中数据沿轴向和径向均按1 mm宽度提取。可以看到,碳烟体积分数随HAB升高呈单调增长趋势,在HAB = 17 mm处达到最大值。需要说明的是,用于稳定火焰的铁板阻挡了18 mm以上高度位置的信号收集,因此本文未计算18 mm以上高度的碳烟体积分数。在对比测量高度(HAB = 12 mm)处,碳烟体积分数为4.82 × 10−8 ± 2.00 × 10−9,在数量级上与Hadef等[21]报道的约7.0 × 10−8和Olofsson等[22]报道的约5.0 × 10−8一致。此外,在HAB = 11 mm处获得的最小有效碳烟体积分数为2.0 × 10−9,该数值可认为是本文双色-沙姆LII测量系统的碳烟体积分数测量下限。
图10给出了单发和180次单发测量平均后的LII信号、碳烟颗粒峰值温度及碳烟体积分数分布图像。从平均体积分数分布图像可以看出,碳烟颗粒主要集中在火焰两侧,左右基本对称,体积分数在10–6量级。碳烟体积分数分布形态与LII信号强度分布形态基本一致,证明了体积分数反演过程的准确性。
图11给出了HAB = 10、20、30、40 mm处碳烟体积分数的横向分布,0点代表火焰中心位置。可以看到,由于碳烟颗粒分布在火焰两侧,体积分数横向分布曲线呈双峰结构。总体上,左侧碳烟体积分数峰值高于右侧,这可能是因为火焰两侧的片光厚度和功率密度不一致,或火焰结构本身并不对称。随HAB升高,碳烟体积分数先增大后减小,分布曲线宽度先变窄后增宽,在30 mm高度附近达到最大值,约4.5 × 10−5
为与国内外同行的测量结果进行对比,图12给出了碳烟颗粒体积分数沿火焰中心轴线的纵向分布,其中轴向数据点间距为1 mm,径向间距为1.3 mm(10个像素点平均)。由图可见,火焰中心轴线上碳烟体积分数远小于两侧,大约小一个数量级。碳烟在23 mm火焰高度处开始出现,体积分数随火焰高度总体呈平顶状分布。在对比测量位置(HAB = 42 mm),碳烟体积分数为3.6 × 10−6 ± 0.5 × 10−6。在同类型乙烯/空气扩散火焰、类似工况及相同火焰高度下,王耀东[23]测得的碳烟体积分数为4.0 × 10−6,Snelling等[19]测得的数值为3.9 × 10−6 ± 0.1 × 10−6,De Iuliis等[24]报道的结果在4.5 × 10−6~5.0 × 10−6范围内。上述已报道的测量结果与本文结果均较为接近,具体数值相差不超过40%。
图13分别给出了单发和50次单发测量平均后的LII信号、碳烟颗粒峰值温度和体积分数分布图像。与Gülder乙烯/空气扩散火焰类似,Santoro扩散火焰的碳烟分布区域集中在火焰两侧,但平均后的碳烟体积分数最大值在10−5量级。
图14为Santoro扩散火焰HAB = 10、20、30、40 mm处碳烟体积分数的横向分布曲线,0点表示火焰中心位置。可以看出,Santoro扩散火焰碳烟体积分数分布随火焰高度的变化规律与Gülder扩散火焰相似,主要区别在于体积分数数值不同。Santoro扩散火焰的碳烟体积分数在HAB = 30 mm附近达到最大值(约4.6 × 10−5)。
为与国内外同行测量结果进行对比,图15给出了碳烟颗粒峰值温度和体积分数沿火焰中心轴线的纵向分布,其中轴向数据点间距为1 mm,径向间距为1.3 mm(10个像素点平均)。从图15可以看出:火焰中心轴线上的碳烟体积分数远小于两侧;在HAB = 28 mm处碳烟开始出现,体积分数随HAB总体呈单调增大趋势;在HAB = 52 mm处达到最大值后快速下降。在对比测量位置(HAB = 50 mm),碳烟体积分数为5.0 × 10−6 ± 1.6 × 10−6。较大的重复测量标准偏差主要是由实验室不规则气流对火焰的扰动造成的。在同类型乙烯/空气扩散火焰、相同工况和相同火焰高度下,Santoro等[25]测得的碳烟体积分数为4.3 × 10−6,McEnally等[26]结合热电偶粒子密度法与激光消光法测得的数值约为5.5 × 10−6,Quay等[20]结合LII技术与激光散射法测得的结果约为4.5 × 10−6。上述已报道的测量结果与本文结果非常接近,数值相差不超过15%。
综合来看,在3种典型稳态层流火焰中获得的测量结果,与其他研究团队在相同类型燃烧器、相同工况和相同测量位置下报道的碳烟体积分数分布形态和数量级都较为接近,间接证明了本文双色-沙姆LII系统测量碳烟浓度分布的可行性。本文涉及的碳烟体积分数测量范围为2.0 × 10−9~5.0 × 10−5,虽然已覆盖了4个数量级,但该LII测量系统的测量上限应当更高。
针对航空发动机燃烧室出口碳烟浓度测量需求,在西北工业大学开展了单头部双旋流航空发动机模型燃烧室出口截面碳烟体积分数分布的LII测量。燃烧室头部采用反向双级径向旋流器,中心布置离心喷嘴;火焰筒内外壁面上由前向后依次开设主燃孔和掺混孔,筒体采用多斜孔冷却方式。空气由气源流出,经电阻加热器加热至实验所需温度后进入实验段。实验以RP–3航空煤油为燃料,采用高能火花塞点火。为避免煤油在火花塞表面积聚导致不能正常放电,实验中采取先点火、后喷油的策略。
图16为实验模型、双色-沙姆LII测量系统布局及现场实况(激光波长为1064 nm)。实验模型包括燃烧室段和出口测量段,燃烧室观测窗采用对开式光学窗口设计,出口测量段则采用四面对开式光学窗口。在测量区域,片光纵向宽度基本覆盖玻璃窗口的纵向范围,有效片光测量截面尺寸为65 mm × 85 mm × 0.39 mm(高 × 长 × 厚),距离左侧法兰约58 mm。如图16(b)所示,2台配有沙姆转接件的ICCD相机以对称角度采集LII图像,相机门宽设为20 ns,增益设为满增益。激光脉冲在入射窗口前的能量为150 mJ ± 3 mJ,能量不稳定度约为2%。
燃烧室出口截面碳烟体积分数分布图像测量结果显示,碳烟在分布位置、形态及强度上均表现出强烈的随机性,这与国外已有报道一致[27-30]图17展示了来流温度300 K、稳定燃烧压力340 kPa、油气比0.03工况下稳定运行阶段的燃烧室出口单发测量结果,图17(a)~(d)依次为450和600 nm波长的LII图像、碳烟颗粒温度图像和体积分数分布图像。可以看到,碳烟呈现聚团、小岛、细丝等形态,最高碳烟体积分数在0.1 × 10−6量级,但平均值很低。
本文还测量了燃烧室内部靠近喷嘴位置纵向截面的碳烟体积分数分布。图18为来流温度873 K、稳定燃烧压力529 kPa、油气比0.026工况下的单发测量结果,该工况为该型航空发动机燃烧室的低压模化工况。可以看到,碳烟体积分数分布从燃油喷嘴位置开始整体呈V形,在接触上下壁面后发生反弹,这与旋流器出口燃油喷雾形状极为相似,表明燃烧室内碳烟浓度分布主要取决于燃油喷雾分布,与Meier[31]、Mishra[32]等的研究结论一致。结合燃烧室流场和温度场分布可知,碳烟主要生成区域位于旋流射流与主燃孔射流耦合形成的主回流区附近,该区域处于喷雾锥燃料流下游。同时,在主燃孔射流形成的二次回流区内也有部分碳烟生成,如图中右上角和右下角的碳烟聚团所示。由于燃料在主燃区无法完全燃烧,高温燃气在流经主燃孔后,进入主燃孔与掺混孔之间的低速区继续发生反应,形成二次回流高温区,为碳烟生成提供了充分的高温环境。更多研究结果见文献[33]
针对航空发动机燃烧室等复杂、空间受限环境下燃烧流场碳烟浓度分布的测量需求,本文开发了双色-沙姆激光诱导炽光技术及测量系统,通过倾斜焦面沙姆成像方式获取碳烟体积分数分布图像,提升了LII技术应用的鲁棒性。首先在McKenna、Gülder和Santoro这3种典型乙烯/空气火焰上开展了技术可行性验证,特定工况下获得的碳烟体积分数空间分布结果与国内外同行在相同工况下的实验结果吻合良好,证明了双色-沙姆LII碳烟体积分数测量系统的有效性。标准火焰测试结果表明,该系统的碳烟体积分数测量下限约为2.0 × 10−9。在此基础上,利用双色-沙姆LII技术,对某型单头部双旋流航空发动机模型燃烧室的出口横向截面及燃烧室纵向截面进行了碳烟体积分数空间分布测量,并获得了初步结果。结果显示,燃烧室出口的碳烟体积分数分布呈现高度的瞬时性和随机性,而燃烧室内部的碳烟体积分数分布则沿流向呈V形分布。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240092
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
  • 修回日期:2025-01-17
  • 录用日期:2025-01-28
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    1兰州大学 核科学与技术学院,兰州 730000
    2中国空气动力研究与发展中心 设备设计与测试技术研究所, 绵阳 621000
    3西北工业大学 动力与能源学院, 西安 710129
    4中国科学院 合肥物质科学研究院 安徽光学精密机械研究所, 合肥 230031

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