Article(id=1301954885579203098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20240025, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20240025, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712073600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-03, revisedDate=1715961600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-18, acceptedDate=1717344000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-03, onlineDate=1788339833874, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339833874, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339833874, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339833874, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=64, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954885835055644, articleId=1301954885579203098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Study on the effect of isotropic permeable materials fused with microblowing on the turbulent boundary layer structure of a flat plate, columnId=1301954885767946779, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Research and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Viscous drag is one of the main sources of civil aircraft drag, and turbulent drag plays a dominant role in viscous drag, so it is of great engineering and scientific significance to carry out turbulence drag reduction control. In this paper, under the condition of a zero pressure gradient experiment, the drag reduction control of the plate boundary layer with isotropic permeating materials fused with micro-blowing is studied. The results show that the isotropic permeable material can significantly reduce the friction drag of the plate surface, and the maximum local drag reduction rate in this paper can reach 55.4%. In addition, compared with the control of a single isotropic permeable material, the isotropic permeating material integrated with micro-blowing not only improves the drag reduction rate in the local region but also increases the flow area of the downstream drag reduction region due to the “memory" of the influence of micro-blowing on the turbulent structure, improving the efficiency of drag reduction. Hot-wire velocity measurement results show that the isotropic permeable material with microblowing can reduce the velocity gradient of the viscous bottom layer of the boundary layer and reduce the momentum exchange between the inner and outer layers. The flow visualization technology of Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR−PIV) showed that the isotropic permeable material integrated with micro-blowing could increase the thickness of the turbulent boundary layer and the pulsation intensity of the flow direction. At the same time, the large-scale high-speed strip structure in the steam-wise direction break down into small-scale structure. The self-holding process and sweeping process near the wall are suppressed, thus achieving drag reduction.

, authors=Hai DU1, 2, 3, 4, *, Gang LI2, Kaiyuan ZHANG2, Yunao HE2, authorsList=Hai DU, Gang LI, Kaiyuan ZHANG, Yunao HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954890117440064, articleId=1301954885579203098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板湍流边界层结构的影响研究, columnId=1301954885923136029, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=基础研究与应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黏性阻力是民用飞机所受阻力的主要来源之一,而湍流阻力在黏性阻力中占主导地位,因此开展湍流的减阻控制研究具有极其重要的工程和科学意义。本文在零压力梯度实验条件下,开展了融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板边界层的减阻控制研究。研究结果表明,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以显著降低平板表面摩擦阻力,在本文中,局部最大减阻率可达55.4%。此外,相比于单一的各向同性渗透材料控制,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料不仅提高了局部区域的减阻率,并且由于微吹气对湍流结构影响的“记忆性”,下游减阻区域的流向面积增大,提高了减阻效率。热线测速结果显示:融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以降低边界层黏性底层的速度梯度,减少内外层之间的动量交换。时间分辨粒子成像测速(TR−PIV)表明,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以增大湍流边界层厚度、提高流向脉动强度,同时还使得流向和展向的大尺度高速条带结构分解为小尺度结构,抑制了靠近壁面的自持过程和扫掠过程,从而实现减阻。

, authors=杜海1, 2, 3, 4, *, 李港2, 张楷沅2, 何云傲2, authorsList=杜海, 李港, 张楷沅, 何云傲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜海, authorNote=

杜海(1985—),男,四川通江人,博士,教授。研究方向:实验空气动力学,新概念飞行器设计,流动测量及流动控制技术。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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3Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Air- Ground Integration Vehicle and Control (Xihua University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610039, China
4Key Laboratory of Rotor Aerodynamics, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1301954892441084500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, authorId=1301954892248146510, language=CN, stringName=杜海, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, *, address=1西华大学 航空航天学院,成都 610039
2西华大学 能源与动力工程学院,成都 610039
3西华大学 智能空地融合载具及管控教育部工程研究中心,成都 610039
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Turbulence higher-order items research on cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride drag reduction flow[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301954898388607627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=CN, label=图15, caption=速度条带结构, figureFileSmall=Tb03q9EoCgkRSxyur2xc/A==, figureFileBig=WaFrY4CXjQw4pB1tjqwegA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301954898464105100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Related parameters of blowing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U = 10 m/sU = 15 m/s
CbQ/(102 m3·s−1)CbQ/(102 m3·s−1)
0000
0.0200.3650.0200.550
0.0280.5100.0280.770
0.0360.6600.0360.980
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898535408269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

吹气相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U = 10 m/sU = 15 m/s
CbQ/(102 m3·s−1)CbQ/(102 m3·s−1)
0000
0.0200.3650.0200.550
0.0280.5100.0280.770
0.0360.6600.0360.980
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898606711438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Position of pressure hole

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序号位置(c/l序号位置(c/l序号位置(c/l
10.225110.475210.725
20.250120.500220.750
30.275130.525230.775
40.300140.550240.800
50.325150.575250.825
60.350160.600260.850
70.375170.625270.875
80.400180.650280.900
90.425190.675290.925
100.450200.700300.950
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898694791823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测压孔位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号位置(c/l序号位置(c/l序号位置(c/l
10.225110.475210.725
20.250120.500220.750
30.275130.525230.775
40.300140.550240.800
50.325150.575250.825
60.350160.600260.850
70.375170.625270.875
80.400180.650280.900
90.425190.675290.925
100.450200.700300.950
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898770289296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Drag reduction parameters at different positions (U = 10 m/s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
c/l = 0.75c/l = 0.83
Cbuτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf /10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%uτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf/10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%
平板0.4320.2410.3730.4370.2460.381
00.3190.1310.20345.60.330.140.21843
0.020.3050.1220.185496.860.3200.1320.205465.7
0.0280.3000.1160.1851.711.360.3150.1280.198488.6
0.0360.2890.1070.16655.418.1540.3080.1220.18950.412.8
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898833203857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

U = 10 m/s 时不同位置处的湍流边界层减阻参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
c/l = 0.75c/l = 0.83
Cbuτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf /10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%uτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf/10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%
平板0.4320.2410.3730.4370.2460.381
00.3190.1310.20345.60.330.140.21843
0.020.3050.1220.185496.860.3200.1320.205465.7
0.0280.3000.1160.1851.711.360.3150.1280.198488.6
0.0360.2890.1070.16655.418.1540.3080.1220.18950.412.8
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898912895634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Drag reduction parameters at different positions (U = 15 m/s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
c/l = 0.75c/l = 0.83
Cbuτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf /10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%uτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf/10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%
平板0.6260.5050.3430.6330.5170.356
00.570.420.2916.80.590.450.30913
0.020.5610.4040.28203.80.5820.4370.301181.3
0.0280.5520.3930.27122.186.430.5710.4210.29213.17
0.0360.5410.3770.2625.310.100.5590.4030.27822.65.25
), ArticleFig(id=1301954898984198803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954885579203098, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

U = 15 m/s 时不同位置处的湍流边界层减阻参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
c/l = 0.75c/l = 0.83
Cbuτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf /10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%uτ/(m·s−1)τw/(N·m−2)Cf/10−2Δτs/%Δτp/%
平板0.6260.5050.3430.6330.5170.356
00.570.420.2916.80.590.450.30913
0.020.5610.4040.28203.80.5820.4370.301181.3
0.0280.5520.3930.27122.186.430.5710.4210.29213.17
0.0360.5410.3770.2625.310.100.5590.4030.27822.65.25
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融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板湍流边界层结构的影响研究
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杜海 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 李港 2 , 张楷沅 2 , 何云傲 2
实验流体力学 | 基础研究与应用 2026,40(3): 64-78
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实验流体力学 |基础研究与应用 2026 , 40 (3) : 64 -78
融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板湍流边界层结构的影响研究
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杜海1, 2, 3, 4, * , 李港2, 张楷沅2, 何云傲2
作者信息
  • 1西华大学 航空航天学院,成都 610039
  • 2西华大学 能源与动力工程学院,成都 610039
  • 3西华大学 智能空地融合载具及管控教育部工程研究中心,成都 610039
  • 4中国空气动力研究与发展中心 旋翼空气动力学重点实验室,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

杜海(1985—),男,四川通江人,博士,教授。研究方向:实验空气动力学,新概念飞行器设计,流动测量及流动控制技术。E-mail:

Study on the effect of isotropic permeable materials fused with microblowing on the turbulent boundary layer structure of a flat plate
Hai DU1, 2, 3, 4, * , Gang LI2, Kaiyuan ZHANG2, Yunao HE2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 2School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 3Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Air- Ground Integration Vehicle and Control (Xihua University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Rotor Aerodynamics, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240025
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黏性阻力是民用飞机所受阻力的主要来源之一,而湍流阻力在黏性阻力中占主导地位,因此开展湍流的减阻控制研究具有极其重要的工程和科学意义。本文在零压力梯度实验条件下,开展了融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板边界层的减阻控制研究。研究结果表明,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以显著降低平板表面摩擦阻力,在本文中,局部最大减阻率可达55.4%。此外,相比于单一的各向同性渗透材料控制,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料不仅提高了局部区域的减阻率,并且由于微吹气对湍流结构影响的“记忆性”,下游减阻区域的流向面积增大,提高了减阻效率。热线测速结果显示:融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以降低边界层黏性底层的速度梯度,减少内外层之间的动量交换。时间分辨粒子成像测速(TR−PIV)表明,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以增大湍流边界层厚度、提高流向脉动强度,同时还使得流向和展向的大尺度高速条带结构分解为小尺度结构,抑制了靠近壁面的自持过程和扫掠过程,从而实现减阻。

湍流边界层  /  微吹气  /  拟序结构  /  湍流强度  /  减阻

Viscous drag is one of the main sources of civil aircraft drag, and turbulent drag plays a dominant role in viscous drag, so it is of great engineering and scientific significance to carry out turbulence drag reduction control. In this paper, under the condition of a zero pressure gradient experiment, the drag reduction control of the plate boundary layer with isotropic permeating materials fused with micro-blowing is studied. The results show that the isotropic permeable material can significantly reduce the friction drag of the plate surface, and the maximum local drag reduction rate in this paper can reach 55.4%. In addition, compared with the control of a single isotropic permeable material, the isotropic permeating material integrated with micro-blowing not only improves the drag reduction rate in the local region but also increases the flow area of the downstream drag reduction region due to the “memory" of the influence of micro-blowing on the turbulent structure, improving the efficiency of drag reduction. Hot-wire velocity measurement results show that the isotropic permeable material with microblowing can reduce the velocity gradient of the viscous bottom layer of the boundary layer and reduce the momentum exchange between the inner and outer layers. The flow visualization technology of Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR−PIV) showed that the isotropic permeable material integrated with micro-blowing could increase the thickness of the turbulent boundary layer and the pulsation intensity of the flow direction. At the same time, the large-scale high-speed strip structure in the steam-wise direction break down into small-scale structure. The self-holding process and sweeping process near the wall are suppressed, thus achieving drag reduction.

turbulent boundary layer  /  microblowing  /  coherent structures  /  turbulence intensity  /  reduce drag
杜海, 李港, 张楷沅, 何云傲. 融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板湍流边界层结构的影响研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 64 -78 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240025
Hai DU, Gang LI, Kaiyuan ZHANG, Yunao HE. Study on the effect of isotropic permeable materials fused with microblowing on the turbulent boundary layer structure of a flat plate[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 64 -78 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240025
湍流边界层控制一直是流体力学研究中一个比较重要的分支,在现实生活和工程应用中,许多流体的流动都呈现湍流状态,飞机、汽车等交通运输工具在湍流流场中会受到较大的阻力,从而造成过多的燃料消耗和经济损失。Kornilov和Boiko[1]的研究表明,当一架A340客机减少1%的阻力时,每年可以节省约40万吨燃料。为此,在过去的十几年里,人们不断探究减少运动物体湍流阻力的方法。时至今日,较为成熟的减阻手段主要分为两大类:一类是以等离子体减阻[2]、合成射流减阻[3-5]、振荡壁面减阻[6]等为代表的主动控制技术;另一类是以沟槽壁面[7-8]、柔性壁面[9-12]、聚合物[13]、减阻流体[14]等为代表的被动控制技术。虽然这些手段都有减小湍流阻力的效果,但是由于湍流的复杂性,这些减阻方法的内在机理仍没有被完全掌握。
作为一种主动控制技术,微吹气技术通过壁面微小气孔向流场垂直注入气流,以达到降低壁面摩擦阻力的效果。这项技术最早由Hwang和Biesadny[15]在1998年提出,并在发动机部件上应用,取得了减小局部摩擦阻力50%~70%的效果。Shkvar等[16]首次将微吹气技术应用于列车表面,表明仅需来流0.25%的吹气速度就能使8节车厢减少42%的阻力。从研究[17-22]中可以看出,微吹气技术与一般吹气控制不同,其仅需要少量气体注入就能带来显著的减阻效果,因此近年来备受研究者的关注。
关于微吹气技术,近几十年来已有大量研究。Krogstad和Kourakine[23]从雷诺应力的角度切入,发现微吹气技术可以增大各个方向的雷诺应力。Gao等[24]将微吹气应用于超临界翼型并进行了数值分析。结果表明:将微吹气位置布置在靠近机翼后缘处,可以实现总阻力降低12.8%~16.8%,升力提高14.7%~17.8%的效果。Vlassov等[25]在平板上应用微吹气技术,发现微吹气可以减小壁面黏性应力,从而降低壁面摩擦阻力。Xie等[26]数值模拟了局部微吹气的湍流平板边界层,发现微吹气会产生一个低速“湍流点”,使边界层变厚,同时使平均速度剖面抬升、流向涡量增强等。不同于连续平板壁面的微吹气,Kornilov和Boiko[27]进一步研究了微吹气技术在不连续可渗透壁面上的应用。结果表明:这种减小微吹气面积的方式可有效减少所需的吹气流量,且在这种情况下仍能降低约71%的阻力。Li等[28]考虑微吹气孔与来流气流的相互作用,建立了一套微孔壁吹吸系统,提高了微吹气流动控制的数值模拟精度。Kim和Sung[29]的槽道局部吹气实验也表明:吹气可以促进边界层能量的再分配,从而改变雷诺应力。Tebbiche和Boutoudj[30]将微吹气技术应用于汽车,也产生了较好的减阻效果,并发现吹气可以通过恢复运动流体的能量有效减少或延迟壁面附近的流动分离,从而减少阻力。与其他人的研究不同,Hwang[31]在后续的研究中着眼于吹气孔的角度、孔隙、直径、宽度等几何参数,发现孔的几何参数也会对湍流表面摩擦阻力产生影响,如果要达到最佳减阻效果,则需要更高的加工精度。Parkhe[32]在研究中也表示,吹气孔隙对减阻效率有一定的影响,高孔隙率的钢板比低孔隙的钢板在减阻方面更有效,这就意味着在达到相同减阻效果时,高孔隙率的钢板所需能量更少。Mahfoze等[33]从吹气装置入手,创造了微型电磁扬声器,利用扬声器对壁面施加低振幅扰动。研究表明,这样的设计不仅产生了最大75.5%的减阻效果,而且相比于传统微吹气技术,造成的能量损失更小。
微吹气技术从提出至今,已有多年的研究历史,在实验和数值模拟中都展现出较好的减阻效果。尽管国内外关于微吹气减阻控制方面的研究较多,但大部分研究都局限于仅有法向渗透率的壁面,针对各向同性渗透壁面的微吹气研究较少。根据杜海等[34]的实验,湍流结构在各向同性渗透材料下有着不一样的表现形式,具体可总结为各向同性渗透材料可以减少湍流壁面的摩擦阻力。故本文以各向同性渗透材料为研究对象,对各向同性渗透材料施加微吹气,进一步研究融合微吹气后的各向同性渗透壁面对平板湍流结构的影响规律和减阻效果。
实验在西华大学直流式风洞中进行。气流由右至左流动,风速可在0~35 m/s范围内调节,湍流强度低于1%,气流偏角小于0.5°。风洞实验段除底板外,其余壁面均为光学玻璃,可用于流动显示实验。实验段断面尺寸为2.0 m × 0.3 m × 0.5 m(长 × 宽 × 高)。
实验平板为长2000 mm、宽205 mm、厚15 mm的矩形木板,木板经过光滑处理。实验平板嵌入风洞实验段底部,与风洞收缩段衔接良好,以保证实验在零压力梯度下进行。实验吹气段采用泡沫金属制成的渗透材料,具有渗透率各向同性,孔径为25 PPI(pores per inch)。该渗透材料长140 mm、宽130 mm、厚15 mm,镶嵌于距平板前缘1150 mm处,且与槽等高,以降低对流场的扰动,如图1所示(图中l为实验平板长度,c为测点与平板前缘的距离)。吹气装置主要由压气机、压力调节器、旋转流量计和沉降室组成,如图2所示。注入的空气由压气机提供,气流压力由压力调节器控制,进入沉降室之前的流量由旋转流量计控制。沉降室内填充了重型过滤材料,以减少供气的动量,使气体能够通过各向同性渗透材料均匀吹出。
本次实验的来流速度$ U{}_\infty $分别设置为10和15 m/s,对应的雷诺数Rex分别为$ 7.77 \times {10^5} $$ 1.02 \;\times {10^6} $;吹气系数$ {C_{\mathrm{b}}} = {U_{\mathrm{b}}}/U{}_\infty $Ub为吹气速度), 分别设置为0、0.020、0.028和0.036,并测量了光滑平板的情况作为对照。表1为吹气相关参数,其中Q为不同吹气系数下对应的流量。
由于2种来流对应的雷诺数均小于自然转捩为湍流的临界雷诺数(约3.0 × 106),因此需要增设相应的干扰装置。如图1所示,干扰装置由一根长205 mm、内径2.5 mm的碳棒和一张宽10 mm、粒度85的砂纸组成,其作用是使流动提前转捩,保证实验段内形成充分发展的湍流。
为了探究融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板湍流边界层的减阻效果和机理,本文采用了热线风速测速技术和时间分辨粒子成像测速(TR−PIV)技术。通过热线测速系统测试吹气段下游2个位置的法向速度,从而拟合出该位置所受到的摩擦阻力;通过TR−PIV技术获得吹气段下游的流−法向速度场和流−展向速度条带结构,从机理上揭示融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对平板湍流结构的影响。
为研究融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料平板对壁面湍流结构的影响,本次实验采用恒温式热线风速仪对不同测点的速度剖面进行了测量,获取了不同测点处壁面边界层速度的时间平均结果和波动幅度。湍流边界层数据由TSI−1218−T1.5边界层探针以10 kHz的采样频率采集,采样时间为20 s。风洞侧面有3台电动精密平移台组,配合热线探针,可实现探针在x(流向)、y(法向)、z(展向)3个方向的移动,位移精度达0.05 mm。测量时,探针从壁面上方约0.2 mm处开始移动,沿着壁面法向以不等间距的测点采集数据,直到测得的速度不再改变为止。
本次实验分别测量了沿平板中心线c/l = 0.75和0.83两个位置处的法向速度,同时在吹气段上游c/l = 0.60处进行了湍流充分发展的验证实验,具体测点位置如图1所示。
目前湍流边界层的壁面摩擦阻力主要通过其与壁面摩擦速度的关系间接计算。壁面摩擦速度的获取主要通过3种拟合方式得到:利用近壁面黏性底层速度拟合、利用平均速度剖面的对数律区拟合和利用平均速度剖面的Spalding公式拟合。其中,Spalding公式拟合具有不受人为主观因素影响以及拟合数据点较多的优点,准确性优于其他2种拟合方式。因此,本文选择Spalding公式来计算壁面摩擦速度,具体计算公式如下:
$ {y^ + } = u_{}^ + + {{\mathrm{e}}^{ - kB}}\left[{{\mathrm{e}}^{ku{^{+}} }} - 1 - ku_{}^ + - \frac{{{{(ku_{}^ + )}^2}}}{2} - \frac{{{{(ku_{}^ + )}^3}}}{6}\right] $
$ {y^ + } = \frac{{{u_\tau }(y + {y_0})}}{\nu} $
$ {u^ + } = \frac{{{u_{}}}}{{{u_\tau }}} $
$ {\tau _{\mathrm{w}}} = \rho {u_\tau^2 } $
$ {C_f} = 2 \times \frac{{{u_\tau^2 }}}{{{U_\infty }}} $
式中:$ {y^ + } $为无量纲壁面高度;$ u_{}^ + $为无量纲壁面速度;k为卡门常数,通常取0.41;B为积分常数,通常取5;u为时均流向速度;$ {u_\tau } $为壁面摩擦速度;$ {y_0} $为壁面虚拟高度;$ \nu $为空气的运动黏度;$ U{}_\infty $为自由来流速度;$ {\tau _{\mathrm{w}}} $为壁面摩擦切应力;$ {C_f} $为摩擦系数;$ \rho $为空气密度。
实验采用TR−PIV系统,主要由Fastcam AX−100高速相机、Vlite−Hi−527双脉冲激光器、同步器和控制器等组成。实验时,激光面与相机垂直,拍摄区激光切片厚约1 mm,激光的最优拍摄区域为距激光发射端1.0~1.5 m处。如图3所示,实验设置了2种拍摄方式。一是平板模型下游的流−展向场(xz面)拍摄:将激光片光固定于某一特定y值位置,获取一个平行于平板表面的平面流场,以揭示流动在展向和流向的演化。此拍摄方式的优点是便于观察流向涡、低速条带等三维结构的展向分布。二是流法向场(xy面)拍摄方式:将激光片光固定于某一特定z值位置,获取一个垂直于平板前缘的平面流场。该平面是研究边界层发展的经典视图,可用于分析边界层速度剖面、法向涡量和近壁湍流结构。实验还提取了吹气控制区域下游25和100 mm处流法向平面内不同位置的湍流脉动强度变化,以深入分析微吹气技术对湍流边界层内层的影响机理。
拍摄时,相机采样频率和激光发射频率均设置为2000 Hz,光圈值为5.9。实验采用的发烟装置为舞台发烟机,烟雾由发烟机中的蒸发器加热烟油形成,其粒径为0.5~1.0 μm。该烟雾具有良好的流动性和跟随性,对流场的影响可以忽略不计。
使用后处理软件PIV-view 3C对拍摄图像进行互相关分析与后处理,查询窗口大小为32 像素 $ \times $ 32像素,重叠因子为50%,样本为2500对瞬态流场图像,TR−PIV的系统误差在2%以内。
为确保整个实验在无压力梯度状态下进行,在开展湍流减阻实验前,利用布置在平板表面的测压孔,精确测量了平板表面的压力分布,如图1所示。表2详细列出了各测压孔的具体位置,测压孔从自由来流方向自左向右编号。压力测量采用2台16通道压力扫描阀(DAQ3217−PTP/16x),该设备在满量程下测量精度仍能保持在0.05%以内。在实验平板上,沿着平板中心线方向设置了30个测压孔,每个测压孔的内径为1.5 mm,外径为1.8 mm,均通过毛细软管与压力扫描阀连接,测试前对压力扫描阀进行了校零操作。
图4为压力系数随无量纲流向位置x = c/l的变化。由图可知,平板上的压力系数整体介于−0.0058~0.0088之间,即各相邻测点间的压力波动范围较小,可以认为整个平板处于零压力梯度状态。
本次微吹气实验为定常吹气,要求从各向同性渗透材料中吹出的气流具有均匀性和连贯性,因此有必要对吹出气流进行验证。吹气均匀性验证实验采用恒温式热线风速仪,在渗透材料正上方6、10 和20 mm这3个高度处,分别对13 $ \times $ 16个矩阵点的风速进行定点测量,通过对比不同矩阵点风速的差异检验吹气均匀性。
图5为吹气段上方不同法向位置的速度云图。从测试结果可以看出:在材料正上方6和10 mm处,风速整体分布比较均匀,其值在0.21~0.23 m/s之间,最大误差分别为2.3%和0.4%。产生误差的原因一方面可能是各向同性渗透材料的孔隙分布不均,气流从孔隙间流出时呈无序状态;另一方面,可能某些测点恰好位于孔隙相对较大或较小的位置,导致测出的风速略有偏差。20 mm高度处风速整体较低,大致分布在0.16 m/s左右,最大误差为1.4%。这主要是由于吹出风速较低,当距壁面较远时,环境影响较为明显。但从整体上看,3个位置的风速分布都比较均匀。
实验来流速度$ U{}_\infty $分别为10 和15 m/s,对应的雷诺数均小于自然转捩的临界雷诺数,因此需要施加绊线装置;对流场进行人为干扰,以促使边界层充分发展为湍流,如图1所示。
湍流发展情况通常由形状因子判断,其计算公式如下:
$ H = \frac{{{\sigma ^ * }}}{\theta } $
式中:$ H $为形状因子,$ {\sigma ^ * } $为位移厚度,$ \theta $为动量厚度。
当平板处于零压力梯度时,不同流态下的形状因子具有不同的值,其中层流的形状因子约为2.6,湍流的形状因子约为1.4[35]。实验测量了施加绊线装置后,吹气段上游c/l = 0.60处光滑壁面的边界层速度剖面,计算得到此处$ H $ = 1.3,表明流动已处于充分发展的湍流状态。同时,利用Spalding公式对光滑平板的速度剖面进行无量纲拟合,结果如图6所示。从图中可以看出,光滑平板的无量纲速度剖面与经典湍流边界层速度剖面基本吻合。综合以上2点,可以判定此时流场已达到充分发展的湍流状态。
在微吹气作用下,湍流边界层内法向速度在黏性底层、对数律层和边界层外层都有着与光滑平板湍流边界层不一样的特征。因此,流场的速度特征分析对融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料的减阻效果研究具有重要意义。
图7展示了在满足吹气均匀与湍流充分发展的条件下,$ U{}_\infty $ = 10和15 m/s时,c/l = 0.75和0.83处壁面湍流边界层的平均速度剖面变化情况。
图7可以看出,4种工况下光滑平板的速度剖面均呈现典型的光滑平板湍流边界层特征,说明实验是在湍流充分发展的条件下进行的,实验结果可靠。从图7还可以看出:在同一法向位置,施加各向同性渗透材料后,边界层内的速度比光滑平板低。这与Kong等[36]的研究结果一致,表明各向同性渗透材料自身即具有减阻效果。而施加微吹气后,同一法向位置处的速度进一步降低,且随着吹气速度增大,速度曲线逐渐向上移动,说明在吹气的作用下各向同性渗透材料的减阻能力提高。进一步对比不同测点位置的速度剖面可以发现:在不同吹气系数下,距离吹气段较近位置的速度剖面差异明显,而距离吹气段较远位置的速度剖面差异较小,说明离吹气区域越远,吹气对湍流边界层的影响越弱。
对比不同来流速度下的边界层速度剖面,可以明显看出:在$ U{}_\infty $ = 15 m/s时的速度剖面与$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s时显著不同。$ U{}_\infty $ = 15 m/s时,边界层内层速度剖面上升程度变低,且逐渐向光滑平板的速度曲线靠近。说明来流速度越大,吹气对边界层速度剖面的影响越弱,即随着来流速度的增大,吹气对各向同性渗透材料减阻能力的提升作用减弱。
图8展示了由Spalding公式拟合得到的无量纲速度剖面。从图中可以看出,在吹气控制区域下游$ {y^ + } $ > 200的区域,无量纲速度u+出现明显抬升,且随着吹气系数的增大,抬升幅度增大。对比图8中不同位置的速度剖面可以看出,在距离吹气控制区域较近的位置(c/l = 0.75),无量纲速度剖面抬升更高,最高值稳定在$ {u^ + } \approx 35 $;而在较远的位置(c/l = 0.83),最高值则稳定在$ {u^ + } \approx 32 $。这说明吹气对无量纲速度的影响有限,距离控制区域越远,吹气对无量纲速度的抬升作用越弱。
对比图8(c)与(d)可以看出:$ U{}_\infty $ = 15 m/s时,无量纲速度最高值稳定在$ {u^ + } \approx 26 $,且2个位置的抬升幅度区别不大,显著低于$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s时。这说明在相同吹气系数下,随着来流速度的增大,吹气对无量纲速度的影响减弱。同时,从相同来流不同位置的无量纲曲线还可以看出:距离吹气段越近,无量纲速度开始抬升时对应的$ {y^ + } $值越靠前,这与范云涛等[17]的研究结论一致。
表34详细列出了通过Spalding公式拟合得到的减阻率。从表中可以看出:随着来流速度的增大,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料的减阻效果下降;同一来流条件下,距微吹气区域越远,减阻效果越弱。在$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s、c/l = 0.75处,减阻率最大可达到55.4%(表中Δτs表示各向同性渗透材料的减阻率,Δτp表示施加微吹气后渗透材料进一步提升的减阻率)。
图9展示了$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 和15 m/s时,局部摩擦阻力沿x方向(流向)的空间发展情况(其中虚线区域为微吹气区域)。从图中可以看出:采用各向同性渗透材料后,平板下游的摩擦阻力显著下降;进一步施加微吹气后,摩擦阻力继续降低。与此同时,减阻效果在下游一段区域内仍然存在,不会立刻消失。具体可解释为边界层特性不能立刻恢复到原来的状态,离开控制区域后,控制带来的影响仍会继续向下游扩散,直至逐渐恢复到无控制状态为止。
由上述热线测速分析可知:不同测量位置和不同来流速度下的微吹气都有着不一样的减阻效果,尤其是在不同速度下,融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料所表现出的减阻效果差异很大。当$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s、$ C\mathrm{_b}=0.036 $时,减阻率可达到55.4%,而当$ U{}_\infty $ = 15 m/s、$ C\mathrm{_b}=0.036 $时,减阻率只有25.3%。为了从微观流场角度解释这一现象,选择在这2个来流风速下进行粒子图像测速实验。下文4.1节讨论融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对壁面流向−法向流场结构的影响,包括时间平均速度场和流向−法向脉动强度;4.2节讨论融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料对流向−展向流场中速度条带结构的控制特性。
图10为不同来流速度下光滑平板和微吹气控制下的流向−法向平面时间平均速度V云图,由2500个瞬时速度流场沿流向进行空间平均得到。具体计算公式如下:
$ V = \frac{1}{n}\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {\sqrt {u_i^2 + v_i^2} } $
式中:$ {u_i} $为瞬时流向速度,$ {v_i} $为瞬时法向速度,n为速度场个数。
从图中可以清晰地看出:铺设各向同性渗透材料后,平板边界层内的低速区明显扩大,湍流边界层的厚度明显增大;施加微吹气后,低速区进一步扩大,且随着吹气系数的增大而更加明显。这表明各向同性渗透材料改变了湍流边界层内层的流场结构,降低了黏性底层的速度梯度,从而减小了壁面摩擦阻力;而微吹气技术能够增强各向同性渗透材料对湍流边界层的调控作用,进一步减小湍流壁面摩擦阻力。
取如图11所示的点1、点2进行流向−法向湍流强度分析,图中红色区域为微吹气区域。图12展示了不同来流下流向湍流强度(图中δ为边界层厚度)随法向位置的变化。
图12(a)可以看出:湍流强度在近壁区域数值较高,而在主流区域数值较低且分布平缓。从曲线的变化趋势来看,湍流强度在近壁区域随法向位置的变化呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,且在上升段形成了一个稳定的峰值。此峰值随吹气系数的增大而逐渐提高,但不同吹气系数下湍流强度峰值所对应的法向位置基本不变,这与Kametani等[37]的研究结论一致。
再对比图12(a)与(b)可知:同一风速下,不同位置处湍流强度的变化趋势基本一致,但距离微吹气区域较近处的湍流强度数值较高,峰值稳定在0.15左右,而在距离微吹气区域较远处,湍流强度的峰值稳定在0.125左右。在近壁面湍流结构中,湍流强度与脉动剧烈的小尺度涡有直接关系:近壁面湍流强度越高,小尺度涡的脉动越强,流动越表现出减阻特征。图12(c)和(d)展示了$ U{}_\infty $ = 15 m/s时不同位置处的湍流强度变化曲线。与图12(a)、(b)对比可以看出:$ U{}_\infty $ = 15 m/s时,湍流强度的峰值消失,且整体数值低于$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s时。这表明来流速度增大后,微吹气对近壁湍流结构的影响减弱,降低壁面摩擦阻力的能力下降,但湍流强度仍高于不施加微吹气时的情况。综上可知,尽管微吹气向壁面输入的气流速度和流量较小,但能够显著增强壁面附近的湍流强度。这主要是因为湍流强度的改变与壁面流向涡的演化密切相关。虽然微吹气抬升了流向涡并减弱了其对壁面的影响,但同时也向流向涡中注入了更多能量,从而增大了湍流强度。同时,基于2个不同位置处湍流强度的差异可以推断,要保持较高的湍流强度,需要持续通过渗透壁面吹出气体。一旦远离微吹气区域,湍流强度就会下降,但是吹气的影响不会立即消失,仍然会保持一段距离。这也符合Kornilov和Boiko[1]在研究中提到的微吹气技术对湍流近壁面的影响具有“记忆性”的观点。
图13$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s时雷诺剪切应力$ \lt u'v'> $的变化曲线。由图可知:在多孔材料和微吹气的作用下,近壁雷诺切应力与湍流强度的变化趋势相似,均在一定区域内有所增大。
图1213可以发现,与光滑平板相比,Cb = 0时的湍流强度和雷诺切应力就已经增大,即没有外界注入能量时,各向同性多孔材料已使壁面速度脉动增强,其原因可能与多孔材料内部的流体向外喷射有关。但即便如此,壁面摩擦阻力仍然减小。为进一步探究其原因,本文提取了$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s时两位置处近壁面的平坦因子F,其计算公式如下:
$ F=\frac{1}{K}\sum\limits_{i=1}^K(u_i-{u})^4/\left[\frac{1}{K}\sum\limits_{i=1}^K(u_i-{u})^2\right]^2 $
式中:K为测量点数。
平坦因子可以反映流场内旋涡结构、尺度以及卷吸等的发展情况[38],平坦因子越大,表明壁面附近大尺度结构所占的比例越小。图14展示了近壁面处平坦因子的分布情况。由图可知:近壁面平坦因子有所提升,说明在多孔材料的作用下,控制区域下游的大尺度结构被分解为小尺度结构,干扰了拟序运动中底层条带结构的产生,从而实现了减阻。
在平板近壁面摩擦阻力的研究中,速度条带结构的分析十分重要,因为边界层内高低速条带在近壁面涡结构的形成中起着关键作用。位于高低速条带之间的发展涡将低速流体推离壁面称为喷射,将高速流体送向壁面称为扫掠。喷射与扫掠交替循环,形成顺流的发展涡。而壁面高摩擦阻力的主要来源就是高速流体被送向壁面造成的阻力增大。
速度条带结构的特征由脉动速度$ {u{'}} $在速度场中的分布体现。当$ {u{'}} $ > 0时,表明此区域存在高速条带,当$ {u{'}} $ < 0时,表明此区域存在低速条带。图15分别展示了$ U{}_\infty $ = 10和15 m/s时,光滑平板、铺设各向同性渗透材料的平板和以及施加$ {C_b} $ = 0.036微吹气条件下平板在同一法向高度的流向−展向速度条带结构。从图15中可以看出,在光滑平板上,高速条带结构明显,分布区域广且连续,而低速条带分布区域较小且相对离散。铺设各向同性渗透材料后,高速条带结构明显变得不规则,分布位置趋于离散,表明大尺度高速条带结构被破坏,此时已呈现出减阻特征。施加微吹气后,高速条带被进一步分解为更细小的小尺度结构,分布更为离散无序,同时部分区域的$ {u{'}} $逐渐趋近于0。这表明微吹气技术可有效冲击大尺度湍流条带的相干结构,将其分解为小尺度结构,削弱条带在近壁区域的自维持过程,破坏高速条带,抑制高速流体向壁面的推送,从而降低摩擦阻力,达到减阻效果。
本次实验结合热线风速仪测速技术和时间分辨粒子成像测速技术,探究了融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料在减阻方面的有效性,对比分析了光滑平板、未吹气的各向同性渗透平板以及施加微吹气的各向同性渗透平板这3种条件下控制区域下游的湍流流场特性。主要结论如下:
1)在各向同性渗透材料上施加微吹气后,控制区域下游的速度剖面在对数律层相比于未吹气和光滑平板均有显著抬升,且吹气系数越大,抬升越明显。这表明微吹气技术可以使近壁黏性底层内的速度梯度降低,从而起到降低摩擦阻力的效果。与增大吹气系数带来的减阻效果不同,当来流速度增大或远离吹气控制区域时,减阻效果都显著降低。在本次实验条件下,$ U{}_\infty $ = 10 m/s、$ C_{\mathrm{b}}=0.036 $时,局部减阻率最大可达到55.4%,且微吹气能产生一个“记忆区”,使得减阻效果可以持续到下游一段距离。
2)融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以进一步增大边界层厚度,并显著增大近壁面的湍流强度。随着法向距离增大,湍流强度逐渐减小,在主流区稳定在一个较小的数值范围。与减阻的“记忆”特性类似,湍流强度的增大效果也不会立刻消失,会持续到下游一段距离。
3)融合微吹气的各向同性渗透材料可以将大尺度均匀高速条带结构分解成为无规则的小尺度条带结构,抑制近壁区域的条带自维持过程,减少高速流体被推向壁面的现象(即扫掠过程),从而减小壁面摩擦阻力。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240025
  • 接收时间:2024-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-03
  • 修回日期:2024-05-18
  • 录用日期:2024-06-03
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    1西华大学 航空航天学院,成都 610039
    2西华大学 能源与动力工程学院,成都 610039
    3西华大学 智能空地融合载具及管控教育部工程研究中心,成都 610039
    4中国空气动力研究与发展中心 旋翼空气动力学重点实验室,绵阳 621000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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