Article(id=1320176148504490523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767110400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-31, revisedDate=1772121600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-27, acceptedDate=1773676800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineDate=1792684121490, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684121490, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684121490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684121490, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176147946648091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='137', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684121357, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720571222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329029853495708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329029853495709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176147946648091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=117, endPage=129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176148747760157, articleId=1320176148504490523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Measurement of droplet evaporation, migration and thermal convection in non-uniform temperature fields, columnId=1320176148672262684, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Microscale and Nanoscale Flows, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evaporation and migration of tiny droplets in non-uniform temperature fields involve the coupling of multi-physical fields such as heat and flow. These processes are crucial for applications in microfluidics, microscale heat dissipation, and biomedical engineering. To explore the interaction between contact line migration and internal thermal flow instability under temperature gradients, an experimental system was developed. The system includes an experimental substrate to control local temperature and combines high-speed microscopy, infrared thermography, and micro–PIV. Two droplets with distinct wettability, anhydrous ethanol and HFE–7200, were selected as study subjects. Their evaporation behaviors were investigated in both uniform and non-uniform temperature fields. Results show that under a temperature gradient of 0.41 K/mm, the HFE–7200 droplet, with a low contact angle hysteresis, migrates from the hot to the cold side. Its migration speed follows a trend consistent with classical lubrication theory. In contrast, the anhydrous ethanol droplet, which has a high contact angle hysteresis, only shows asymmetric retraction of the contact line, with no significant overall movement. Internal heat convection patterns reveal that the HFE–7200 droplet's flow structure shifts toward the cold side in the non-uniform field. The ethanol droplet displays hydrothermal waves propagating along the contact line and the range of these waves contracts toward the cold end in the non-uniform field. Analysis based on the Marangoni number, Rayleigh number, and dynamic and static Bond numbers shows that during the evaporation of HFE–7200, buoyancy effects and thermocapillary effects compete significantly. For the ethanol droplet, internal flow is primarily driven by thermocapillarity. And the evolution of dimensionless numbers correlates well with changes in internal flow patterns. This study clarifies the critical role of wettability and contact line dynamics in thermocapillary migration. It also provides insights into how temperature gradients influence internal flow modes and instability, offering a basis for predicting and controlling droplet behavior in non-uniform thermal environments.

, authors=Yuyan Li1, 3, Hang Che1, 3, Juhang Huang1, 3, Xu Zheng2, 3, Leilei Wang2, 3, Zhiqiang Zhu1, 3, *, authorsList=Yuyan Li, Hang Che, Juhang Huang, Xu Zheng, Leilei Wang, Zhiqiang Zhu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176161867551049, articleId=1320176148504490523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=非均匀温度场下液滴蒸发迁移与热对流测量, columnId=1320176148844229150, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=微纳尺度流动专刊, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非均匀温度场中微小液滴的蒸发与迁移过程涉及热、流等多物理场耦合,在微流控、微尺度散热及生物医学等领域具有重要应用。为探究温度梯度作用下液滴接触线迁移行为与内部热流动不稳定性之间的耦合关系,本文利用具有可控局部温场的实验基底,搭建了结合高速显微成像、红外热成像与micro–PIV技术的综合观测系统。以无水乙醇和HFE–7200这2种润湿性差异显著的液滴为研究对象,对其在均匀及非均匀温度场下的蒸发过程进行了实验研究。结果表明:在0.41 K/mm的温度梯度下,低接触角滞后的HFE–7200液滴发生了从热端向冷端的整体迁移,其迁移速度随时间的演化趋势与经典润滑理论的预测基本一致;高接触角滞后的无水乙醇液滴仅表现为接触线的非对称回缩,未发生显著的整体位移。液滴内部热对流流型显示,HFE–7200液滴在非均匀温度场中流动结构向冷端偏移,乙醇液滴则出现沿接触线传播的热液波,且波动范围向冷端收缩。进一步基于Marangoni数(Ma)、Rayleigh数(Ra)、静态Bond数(Bo)及动态Bond数(Bd)的分析表明,HFE–7200液滴蒸发过程中浮力效应与热毛细效应竞争显著,而乙醇液滴内部流动始终以热毛细驱动为主,各无量纲数的演化与内部流动模式的变化呈现出明显的对应关系。本文从实验角度阐明了润湿性与接触线动力学对热毛细迁移的关键影响,为理解温度梯度对内部流动模式及不稳定演化过程的调控作用、预测与操控非均匀热环境中的液滴行为提供了依据。

, authors=李宇燕1, 3, 车航1, 3, 黄钜行1, 3, 郑旭2, 3, 王雷磊2, 3, 朱志强1, 3, *, authorsList=李宇燕, 车航, 黄钜行, 郑旭, 王雷磊, 朱志强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱志强, authorNote=

李宇燕(1999—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:界面稳定性与相变传热。E-mail:

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李宇燕(1999—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:界面稳定性与相变传热。E-mail:

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李宇燕(1999—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:界面稳定性与相变传热。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176171292152209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of the experimental migration speed with the theoretical speed from the Pratap model[9] of HFE–7200, figureFileSmall=P291nwi8fJ4GrXSbSbepyA==, figureFileBig=l5o/K+kksW2c9Btw7++cyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176171363455378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图8, caption=HFE–7200实验迁移速度与Pratap模型理论速度[9]的对比, figureFileSmall=P291nwi8fJ4GrXSbSbepyA==, figureFileBig=l5o/K+kksW2c9Btw7++cyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173003428243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Evolution process of ethanol droplet profile in non-uniform temperature fields, figureFileSmall=OqKI6de0UKs2JImA/V9QOw==, figureFileBig=qp121JZyYVattPMSIlJH/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173028586166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图12, caption=HFE–7200内部流动叠加示意图, figureFileSmall=1YT6AAaqu3+LyYdI/ZL9gA==, figureFileBig=CW312RpkRw8tE+9RxCIv3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173104091540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图9, caption=乙醇液滴在非均匀温度场下蒸发形貌演化过程, figureFileSmall=OqKI6de0UKs2JImA/V9QOw==, figureFileBig=qp121JZyYVattPMSIlJH/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173112472247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Temperature distribution at gas-liquid interface of ethanol droplet in different temperature fields, figureFileSmall=MRovJlkDxSmt8Rtze8S2JA==, figureFileBig=m7dcQeC69nmPlEj5cWwx6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173162811797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Difference of contact angle hysteresis characteristics of working substances, figureFileSmall=KJ/c1o8+OCNC+PKMdJhlCg==, figureFileBig=5JG75r97ZAoup0RKMM1zEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173183775416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图13, caption=乙醇液滴在不同温度场下气液界面温度分布的演化过程, figureFileSmall=MRovJlkDxSmt8Rtze8S2JA==, figureFileBig=m7dcQeC69nmPlEj5cWwx6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173221532054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图10, caption=实验工质接触角滞后特性差异, figureFileSmall=KJ/c1o8+OCNC+PKMdJhlCg==, figureFileBig=5JG75r97ZAoup0RKMM1zEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173246689977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Diagram of ethanol internal flow superposition, figureFileSmall=AjPxcMjyAU4PEggoOpYDig==, figureFileBig=dZlsFOnr0sqyC5TFmCl6/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173288640919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Temperature distribution at gas-liquid interface of HFE–7200 droplet in different temperature fields, figureFileSmall=rLdaazaonQSqKU1wLtRdcg==, figureFileBig=/ph2LbEutGQvlSwzC9UTag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173322187450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图14, caption=乙醇内部流动叠加示意图, figureFileSmall=AjPxcMjyAU4PEggoOpYDig==, figureFileBig=dZlsFOnr0sqyC5TFmCl6/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173372527000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图11, caption=HFE–7200液滴在不同温度场下气液界面温度分布的演化过程, figureFileSmall=rLdaazaonQSqKU1wLtRdcg==, figureFileBig=/ph2LbEutGQvlSwzC9UTag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173385102011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Spatio-temporal evolution of temperature on the droplet centerline, figureFileSmall=+C+OYfDt11cEh9WedYwosQ==, figureFileBig=RexF4KcUu0ABZfy8RQUsFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173452210876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图15, caption=液滴中心线温度的时空演化, figureFileSmall=+C+OYfDt11cEh9WedYwosQ==, figureFileBig=RexF4KcUu0ABZfy8RQUsFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173452218777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Diagram of HFE–7200 internal flow superposition, figureFileSmall=1YT6AAaqu3+LyYdI/ZL9gA==, figureFileBig=CW312RpkRw8tE+9RxCIv3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173531902653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Coupling of droplet temperature field and flow field, figureFileSmall=lw+lZavs01es1vZJRZiGCw==, figureFileBig=lH2IO93jsXrR4voui6jqWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173531910554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图12, caption=HFE–7200内部流动叠加示意图, figureFileSmall=1YT6AAaqu3+LyYdI/ZL9gA==, figureFileBig=CW312RpkRw8tE+9RxCIv3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173624177342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图16, caption=液滴温度场与流场的耦合, figureFileSmall=lw+lZavs01es1vZJRZiGCw==, figureFileBig=lH2IO93jsXrR4voui6jqWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173628379547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Temperature distribution at gas-liquid interface of ethanol droplet in different temperature fields, figureFileSmall=MRovJlkDxSmt8Rtze8S2JA==, figureFileBig=m7dcQeC69nmPlEj5cWwx6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173691286207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Ra and Ma of HFE–7200 in uniform temperature field, figureFileSmall=CJIDw+C06LZ8cxD3/IIqjQ==, figureFileBig=CY56NUtuaJ3M+jqV7qTm0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173699682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图13, caption=乙醇液滴在不同温度场下气液界面温度分布的演化过程, figureFileSmall=MRovJlkDxSmt8Rtze8S2JA==, figureFileBig=m7dcQeC69nmPlEj5cWwx6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173758395072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图17, caption=HFE–7200在均匀温度场下的Ra和Ma, figureFileSmall=CJIDw+C06LZ8cxD3/IIqjQ==, figureFileBig=CY56NUtuaJ3M+jqV7qTm0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173766791581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Diagram of ethanol internal flow superposition, figureFileSmall=AjPxcMjyAU4PEggoOpYDig==, figureFileBig=dZlsFOnr0sqyC5TFmCl6/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173884224193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Bd in the process of HFE–7200 droplet evaporation and migration, figureFileSmall=m0dtmAhobHp1sJqv0miS1A==, figureFileBig=BIwL0Kj/OelSlHHMqa7Y6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173917786526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图14, caption=乙醇内部流动叠加示意图, figureFileSmall=AjPxcMjyAU4PEggoOpYDig==, figureFileBig=dZlsFOnr0sqyC5TFmCl6/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173972304578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图18, caption=HFE–7200蒸发迁移演化过程中的Bd, figureFileSmall=m0dtmAhobHp1sJqv0miS1A==, figureFileBig=BIwL0Kj/OelSlHHMqa7Y6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176173997478303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Spatio-temporal evolution of temperature on the droplet centerline, figureFileSmall=+C+OYfDt11cEh9WedYwosQ==, figureFileBig=RexF4KcUu0ABZfy8RQUsFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174056190659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Bd and Bo in the process of ethanol droplet evaporation and migration, figureFileSmall=CiK84hOJgksij8/K04MISA==, figureFileBig=4jKY2oPEewe4mozX3CL1tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174114918816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图15, caption=液滴中心线温度的时空演化, figureFileSmall=+C+OYfDt11cEh9WedYwosQ==, figureFileBig=RexF4KcUu0ABZfy8RQUsFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174123299524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图19, caption=乙醇蒸发迁移演化过程中的Bd和Bo, figureFileSmall=CiK84hOJgksij8/K04MISA==, figureFileBig=4jKY2oPEewe4mozX3CL1tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174173639073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Coupling of droplet temperature field and flow field, figureFileSmall=lw+lZavs01es1vZJRZiGCw==, figureFileBig=lH2IO93jsXrR4voui6jqWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174190408389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Internal flow structure characteristics in a circular liquid pool[22], figureFileSmall=F5kF1h21tO8BdbJVr2twog==, figureFileBig=LskwOpGsZiMhiKNdZBYP5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174244942242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图16, caption=液滴温度场与流场的耦合, figureFileSmall=lw+lZavs01es1vZJRZiGCw==, figureFileBig=lH2IO93jsXrR4voui6jqWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174265905862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图20, caption=圆形液池内部流动结构特征[22], figureFileSmall=F5kF1h21tO8BdbJVr2twog==, figureFileBig=LskwOpGsZiMhiKNdZBYP5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174307856803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Ra and Ma of HFE–7200 in uniform temperature field, figureFileSmall=CJIDw+C06LZ8cxD3/IIqjQ==, figureFileBig=CY56NUtuaJ3M+jqV7qTm0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174328820423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical parameters of experimental working substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质密度ρ
/(kg·m−3)
动力黏度μ
/(kg·m−1·s−1)
表面张力σ
/(N·m−1)
表面张力系数σT
/(N·m−1·K−1)
热扩散系数α
/(m2·s−1)
热膨胀系数β
/K−1
无水乙醇7891.08 × 10−32.23 × 10−2−8.30 × 10−57.53 × 10−81.08 × 10−3
HFE–720014206.88 × 10−41.36 × 10−2−9.00 × 10−53.97 × 10−81.60 × 10−3
), ArticleFig(id=1320176174421103012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图17, caption=HFE–7200在均匀温度场下的Ra和Ma, figureFileSmall=CJIDw+C06LZ8cxD3/IIqjQ==, figureFileBig=CY56NUtuaJ3M+jqV7qTm0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174433678024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验工质物性参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质密度ρ
/(kg·m−3)
动力黏度μ
/(kg·m−1·s−1)
表面张力σ
/(N·m−1)
表面张力系数σT
/(N·m−1·K−1)
热扩散系数α
/(m2·s−1)
热膨胀系数β
/K−1
无水乙醇7891.08 × 10−32.23 × 10−2−8.30 × 10−57.53 × 10−81.08 × 10−3
HFE–720014206.88 × 10−41.36 × 10−2−9.00 × 10−53.97 × 10−81.60 × 10−3
), ArticleFig(id=1320176174488211877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Bd in the process of HFE–7200 droplet evaporation and migration, figureFileSmall=m0dtmAhobHp1sJqv0miS1A==, figureFileBig=BIwL0Kj/OelSlHHMqa7Y6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174517564105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Verification of experimental reproducibility

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键参数平均值标准差相对标准差(RSD)
最大铺展半径Rmax1.91 mm ±0.12 mm6.28%
蒸发总时长ttotal19.10 s ±0.87 s4.56%
最终迁移距离ΔXc,total4.80 mm ±0.34 mm7.08%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176174593061578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验可重复性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键参数平均值标准差相对标准差(RSD)
最大铺展半径Rmax1.91 mm ±0.12 mm6.28%
蒸发总时长ttotal19.10 s ±0.87 s4.56%
最终迁移距离ΔXc,total4.80 mm ±0.34 mm7.08%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176174593069478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图18, caption=HFE–7200蒸发迁移演化过程中的Bd, figureFileSmall=m0dtmAhobHp1sJqv0miS1A==, figureFileBig=BIwL0Kj/OelSlHHMqa7Y6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174660178343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Bd and Bo in the process of ethanol droplet evaporation and migration, figureFileSmall=CiK84hOJgksij8/K04MISA==, figureFileBig=4jKY2oPEewe4mozX3CL1tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174689530571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Measurement results of contact angle hysteresis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质临界倾斜角αc/(°)前进接触角θa/(°)后退接触角θr/(°)
无水乙醇23.9028.5821.86
HFE–72001.198.366.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320176174735675816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图19, caption=乙醇蒸发迁移演化过程中的Bd和Bo, figureFileSmall=CiK84hOJgksij8/K04MISA==, figureFileBig=4jKY2oPEewe4mozX3CL1tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174844727721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Internal flow structure characteristics in a circular liquid pool[22], figureFileSmall=F5kF1h21tO8BdbJVr2twog==, figureFileBig=LskwOpGsZiMhiKNdZBYP5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176174882468556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验工质接触角滞后性测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质临界倾斜角αc/(°)前进接触角θa/(°)后退接触角θr/(°)
无水乙醇23.9028.5821.86
HFE–72001.198.366.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320176175012499882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=图20, caption=圆形液池内部流动结构特征[22], figureFileSmall=F5kF1h21tO8BdbJVr2twog==, figureFileBig=LskwOpGsZiMhiKNdZBYP5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176175087997355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical parameters of experimental working substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质密度ρ
/(kg·m−3)
动力黏度μ
/(kg·m−1·s−1)
表面张力σ
/(N·m−1)
表面张力系数σT
/(N·m−1·K−1)
热扩散系数α
/(m2·s−1)
热膨胀系数β
/K−1
无水乙醇7891.08 × 10−32.23 × 10−2−8.30 × 10−57.53 × 10−81.08 × 10−3
HFE–720014206.88 × 10−41.36 × 10−2−9.00 × 10−53.97 × 10−81.60 × 10−3
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实验工质物性参数表

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工质密度ρ
/(kg·m−3)
动力黏度μ
/(kg·m−1·s−1)
表面张力σ
/(N·m−1)
表面张力系数σT
/(N·m−1·K−1)
热扩散系数α
/(m2·s−1)
热膨胀系数β
/K−1
无水乙醇7891.08 × 10−32.23 × 10−2−8.30 × 10−57.53 × 10−81.08 × 10−3
HFE–720014206.88 × 10−41.36 × 10−2−9.00 × 10−53.97 × 10−81.60 × 10−3
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Verification of experimental reproducibility

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关键参数平均值标准差相对标准差(RSD)
最大铺展半径Rmax1.91 mm ±0.12 mm6.28%
蒸发总时长ttotal19.10 s ±0.87 s4.56%
最终迁移距离ΔXc,total4.80 mm ±0.34 mm7.08%
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实验可重复性验证

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关键参数平均值标准差相对标准差(RSD)
最大铺展半径Rmax1.91 mm ±0.12 mm6.28%
蒸发总时长ttotal19.10 s ±0.87 s4.56%
最终迁移距离ΔXc,total4.80 mm ±0.34 mm7.08%
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Measurement results of contact angle hysteresis

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工质临界倾斜角αc/(°)前进接触角θa/(°)后退接触角θr/(°)
无水乙醇23.9028.5821.86
HFE–72001.198.366.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320176175511622064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176148504490523, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验工质接触角滞后性测量结果

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工质临界倾斜角αc/(°)前进接触角θa/(°)后退接触角θr/(°)
无水乙醇23.9028.5821.86
HFE–72001.198.366.12
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非均匀温度场下液滴蒸发迁移与热对流测量
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李宇燕 1, 3 , 车航 1, 3 , 黄钜行 1, 3 , 郑旭 2, 3 , 王雷磊 2, 3 , 朱志强 1, 3, *
实验流体力学 | 微纳尺度流动专刊 2026,40(4): 117-129
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实验流体力学 |微纳尺度流动专刊 2026 , 40 (4) : 117 -129
非均匀温度场下液滴蒸发迁移与热对流测量
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李宇燕(1999—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:界面稳定性与相变传热。E-mail:

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李宇燕(1999—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:界面稳定性与相变传热。E-mail:

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李宇燕1, 3 , 车航1, 3, 黄钜行1, 3, 郑旭2, 3, 王雷磊2, 3, 朱志强1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院力学研究所 微重力重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院力学研究所 非线性力学国家重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 3中国科学院大学 工程科学学院,北京 100049
通讯作者:
作者简介:

李宇燕(1999—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:界面稳定性与相变传热。E-mail:

Measurement of droplet evaporation, migration and thermal convection in non-uniform temperature fields
Yuyan Li1, 3 , Hang Che1, 3, Juhang Huang1, 3, Xu Zheng2, 3, Leilei Wang2, 3, Zhiqiang Zhu1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250125
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非均匀温度场中微小液滴的蒸发与迁移过程涉及热、流等多物理场耦合,在微流控、微尺度散热及生物医学等领域具有重要应用。为探究温度梯度作用下液滴接触线迁移行为与内部热流动不稳定性之间的耦合关系,本文利用具有可控局部温场的实验基底,搭建了结合高速显微成像、红外热成像与micro–PIV技术的综合观测系统。以无水乙醇和HFE–7200这2种润湿性差异显著的液滴为研究对象,对其在均匀及非均匀温度场下的蒸发过程进行了实验研究。结果表明:在0.41 K/mm的温度梯度下,低接触角滞后的HFE–7200液滴发生了从热端向冷端的整体迁移,其迁移速度随时间的演化趋势与经典润滑理论的预测基本一致;高接触角滞后的无水乙醇液滴仅表现为接触线的非对称回缩,未发生显著的整体位移。液滴内部热对流流型显示,HFE–7200液滴在非均匀温度场中流动结构向冷端偏移,乙醇液滴则出现沿接触线传播的热液波,且波动范围向冷端收缩。进一步基于Marangoni数(Ma)、Rayleigh数(Ra)、静态Bond数(Bo)及动态Bond数(Bd)的分析表明,HFE–7200液滴蒸发过程中浮力效应与热毛细效应竞争显著,而乙醇液滴内部流动始终以热毛细驱动为主,各无量纲数的演化与内部流动模式的变化呈现出明显的对应关系。本文从实验角度阐明了润湿性与接触线动力学对热毛细迁移的关键影响,为理解温度梯度对内部流动模式及不稳定演化过程的调控作用、预测与操控非均匀热环境中的液滴行为提供了依据。

液滴蒸发  /  热毛细迁移  /  非均匀温度场  /  流动不稳定性  /  接触线动力学

The evaporation and migration of tiny droplets in non-uniform temperature fields involve the coupling of multi-physical fields such as heat and flow. These processes are crucial for applications in microfluidics, microscale heat dissipation, and biomedical engineering. To explore the interaction between contact line migration and internal thermal flow instability under temperature gradients, an experimental system was developed. The system includes an experimental substrate to control local temperature and combines high-speed microscopy, infrared thermography, and micro–PIV. Two droplets with distinct wettability, anhydrous ethanol and HFE–7200, were selected as study subjects. Their evaporation behaviors were investigated in both uniform and non-uniform temperature fields. Results show that under a temperature gradient of 0.41 K/mm, the HFE–7200 droplet, with a low contact angle hysteresis, migrates from the hot to the cold side. Its migration speed follows a trend consistent with classical lubrication theory. In contrast, the anhydrous ethanol droplet, which has a high contact angle hysteresis, only shows asymmetric retraction of the contact line, with no significant overall movement. Internal heat convection patterns reveal that the HFE–7200 droplet's flow structure shifts toward the cold side in the non-uniform field. The ethanol droplet displays hydrothermal waves propagating along the contact line and the range of these waves contracts toward the cold end in the non-uniform field. Analysis based on the Marangoni number, Rayleigh number, and dynamic and static Bond numbers shows that during the evaporation of HFE–7200, buoyancy effects and thermocapillary effects compete significantly. For the ethanol droplet, internal flow is primarily driven by thermocapillarity. And the evolution of dimensionless numbers correlates well with changes in internal flow patterns. This study clarifies the critical role of wettability and contact line dynamics in thermocapillary migration. It also provides insights into how temperature gradients influence internal flow modes and instability, offering a basis for predicting and controlling droplet behavior in non-uniform thermal environments.

droplet evaporation  /  thermocapillary migration  /  non-uniform temperature field  /  flow instability  /  contact line dynamics
李宇燕, 车航, 黄钜行, 郑旭, 王雷磊, 朱志强. 非均匀温度场下液滴蒸发迁移与热对流测量. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (4) : 117 -129 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250125
Yuyan Li, Hang Che, Juhang Huang, Xu Zheng, Leilei Wang, Zhiqiang Zhu. Measurement of droplet evaporation, migration and thermal convection in non-uniform temperature fields[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 117 -129 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250125
液滴在固体基底上的蒸发作为一种典型的相变过程,在微尺度传热传质领域长期备受关注。现有研究多基于基底温度近似均匀的假设,然而在实际工程应用中,温度场往往非均匀。在温度梯度作用下,液滴沿气液界面产生表面张力梯度,诱导切向热毛细(Marangoni)对流,特定条件下甚至可驱动液滴发生定向迁移。
随着研究手段与科学技术的发展,该过程中涉及的传热传质及界面流动机理已被广泛应用于多个前沿领域。在海水淡化中[1],通过构建温度梯度诱导热毛细流动,可实现盐分的定向输运与富集,从而提高分离效率;在生物医疗领域[2-3],表面张力梯度驱动的界面流动为实现非接触式可控药物输送提供了新途径;在微流控中,热毛细效应被用于液体或气泡的驱动、传感与捕获等功能化应用[4];而在摩擦系统与润滑中,摩擦生热产生的温度梯度可能导致润滑剂因热毛细迁移而失效,该效应通常需要被抑制[5]。无论是对热毛细迁移的主动利用,还是对其不利影响的抑制,都依赖于对其内在机理的深入理解。因此,研究非均匀热场下液滴蒸发迁移的动力学特性和内部流动机制,不仅具有重要的学术价值,对相关工程应用与技术发展也具有重要意义。
早在20世纪中期,Young等[6]便基于表面张力随温度变化的物理机制,提出并发展了热毛细效应及其驱动液滴迁移的基本理论框架。截至目前,关于热毛细迁移的研究大多集中于液滴宏观形貌演化与整体运动特性,通过热毛细力与黏性阻力之间的平衡关系等构建经验或半解析模型,对液滴在固体基底、润滑基底或梯度表面上的迁移行为进行了定量预测[7-13]。此外,也有学者采用数值模拟方法对热毛细迁移过程进行深入研究,从流体力学角度解析液滴内部流型及其对迁移行为的影响;此类仿真研究通常基于若干理想化假设,如忽略蒸发效应、假定液滴内部流动为稳态或轴对称结构,此时液滴内部往往表现为稳定的Marangoni环流[14-16]。然而,对于实际中常见的挥发性液滴,其内部流动常呈现出明显的非稳态、不稳定性行为[17]。已有研究表明,在一定的Marangoni数和Rayleigh数范围内,液滴内部会出现多涡结构、涡胞演化甚至流动模式转变等复杂现象,并可在红外温度场和内部流场中观测到对应的不稳定特征[18-20]。综上,尽管热毛细迁移的理论模型和实验研究已较为成熟,但在非均匀温度场条件下,考虑蒸发诱导的内部不稳定流动并将其与液滴热毛细迁移过程相耦合的研究仍相对匮乏。
本文利用侧视CCD、俯视红外热像和micro–PIV技术,对非均匀温度场下微小液滴的蒸发和热流耦合行为进行观测。通过引入Marangoni数(Ma)、Rayleigh数(Ra)、静态Bond数(Bo)及动态Bond数(Bd)等无量纲参数,分析非均匀热场下液滴表面温度场与内部非稳定对流的耦合演化特征,以及其与整体迁移行为之间的联系,并与均匀温度场进行对比,为理解非均匀热场下蒸发液滴中热毛细效应、浮力效应与接触线动力学之间的竞争关系提供新的视角。
为实现对微小液滴蒸发过程中气液界面形貌演化、内部热流动结构及表面温度场的实时观测,本文设计了一种多层结构的PDMS透明基底,如图1所示。PDMS薄膜由基料与固化剂按10∶1的比例配制而成,先将二者充分搅拌并脱气处理15 min后,将其均匀涂敷在洁净的硅片上,随后置于烘箱中80 ℃烘干3 h使其凝固,最终形成0.65 mm厚的PDMS薄膜。电极为弧形丝状电极,采用磁控溅射沉积工艺制备,其电阻丝半径为4.77 mm,宽度为0.2 mm,圆心角为90°。实验基底在经过0.05 W功率加热后,热平衡状态下的红外测温温度场如图2(b)所示。沿实验区域内中线,按距离热源由近至远依次标记为P1、P2、P3,P1与P2、P2与P3间距均为5 mm,记录其温度随时间的变化曲线如图2(c)所示,由图可知,3 min后3点的温度变化率均趋于0,此后温度场保持稳定,非均匀温度场的温度梯度稳定在0.41 K/mm。此外,本文将基底不加热、稳定环境温度下的均匀温度场作为对比工况进行对照分析(图2(a))。
影响液滴内部热流动模式的因素主要包括工质的热物性参数、特征温差∆T及特征长度L等。本文选取在PDMS基底上润湿性和挥发性均存在显著差异的无水乙醇与HFE–7200作为实验工质,固定初始注液体积为2 µL,聚焦于非均匀温度场,并与均匀温度场进行交叉对比分析。注液位置位于弧形电极几何圆心处,使初始接触线与电极走向平行,从而减弱电极形状对内部流动的影响。注液前通过水平二维微位移台进行定位,使注液器针尖位于预定注液位置垂直上方,保证液滴初始位置一致;采用内径为 0.45 mm 的微量注液器,通过恒速推进泵以1 µL/s的速率注出液滴,且注液前对其进行除气处理,保证液滴初始体积一致;HFE–7200液滴2次注液间隔为2 min,乙醇液滴注液间隔为5 min,以确保各基底初始温度在蒸发冷却后恢复到预设值。2种工质的物性参数如表1所示。
环境温度、湿度及空气流动等外部因素对液滴蒸发产生显著影响。为消除空气流动的干扰,本文设计了1个内尺寸为102 mm × 102 mm × 20 mm的封闭实验腔,所有实验均在其内部进行。实验期间环境温度与相对湿度通过温湿度计(精度:±0.3 ℃,±3%RH;分辨率:0.1 ℃,0.1%RH)进行持续监测记录。整个实验期间温度波动范围为18.6~20.0 ℃,相对湿度波动范围为22.7%~25.3%RH,均处于本实验的容许范围内。
液滴蒸发过程中的气液界面形貌、表面温度场及内部热流动,分别由搭配显微镜头的CCD相机、红外热像仪及micro–PIV系统进行测量。实验系统如图3所示,主要由3个部分组成:气液界面形貌测试单元、温度场测量单元及内部流动测量单元。
1)气液界面形貌测量单元:考虑到工质润湿性较强且实验液滴为微尺度(初始体积2 μL),实验对形貌测量分辨率有极高要求,本文选用搭配显微镜头的CCD相机进行观测。其光学角度分辨率为0.01°,空间分辨率为135像素/mm,镜头放大倍数为3倍,视场范围为7.17 mm × 4.50 mm,采集频率为10和40帧/s,背景光源采用高功率单色LED。
2)温度场测量单元:本文采用波长范围为2.0~5.5 μm的红外热像仪(与工质发射率适配),定量测量液滴蒸发过程中的表面温度场。其空间分辨率为56像素/mm,视场范围为11.43 mm × 9.18 mm,温度分辨率不低于0.05 ℃,以10和40 Hz的采集频率进行拍摄,实验前已使用热电偶对其进行标定。
3)内部流动测量单元:微小液滴蒸发剧烈,内部流动速度较快,本文采用高速相机搭配4倍显微物镜进行流动观测。其空间分辨率为178像素/mm,视场范围为2.88 mm × 2.88 mm,采集频率为150帧/s。基于粒子跟随性,示踪粒子选型如下:乙醇选用4 μm黄绿色聚苯乙烯小球(初始质量分数为2%),注入流场后的质量分数为7.58 × 10−3%,激发波长为505 nm黄绿光;HFE–7200目前尚无成熟的流动示踪技术,因此根据其密度选用15~20 μm的PI小球,采用明场拍摄。
HFE–7200实验工质具有较强的动态润湿特性,基底的微小倾斜或表面微量污染均可能对液滴的铺展、迁移及蒸发行为产生显著影响。因此,实验前需对基底进行精确调平和充分清洁,以保证实验的可重复性与结果的可靠性。本文采用连续激光器进行micro–PIV实验,采用稳定单色LED光源进行形貌测量实验。2类光源的工作模式与相机采集频率之间均不需要严格同步匹配,因此无需额外配置同步控制器。在实验开始前,依次开启背景光源、连续激光发生器、红外相机、高速相机、侧视CCD及其对应的采集软件即可。为完整记录液滴蒸发全过程,各采集软件在注液前0~5 s即启动数据采集。实验在稳定温度场条件下进行,预实验结果表明,加热启动后3 min内实验区域温度趋于稳定(如图2(c)所示),因此首次注液在电极通电5 min后进行,此后每次注液前均需确认温度场已恢复至稳定状态。具体实验流程如图4所示。
实验数据的采集与后处理主要依托配套采集软件及自主编写的程序完成。原始图像首先利用专用软件对界面形貌、内部示踪粒子分布及表面温度场进行初步处理并导出数据,随后利用MATLAB开展数据处理与定量分析,并借助Origin和Tecplot等绘图软件实现结果的可视化展示。
本文开发了一款液滴形貌分析专用软件。该软件基于几何分析方法,通过对液滴边缘检测及轮廓拟合,实现液滴关键形貌参数的定量测量。在液滴边缘检测阶段,首先进行灰度化处理,再通过阈值分割法进行二值化,将图片从三通道转为单通道灰度图,以提高边缘识别精度;随后,使用Canny边缘检测算子获取液滴轮廓曲线的像素点坐标信息,进而通过几何计算得出液滴的接触半径、高度、表面积及体积。在此基础上,对边缘检测获得的轮廓线进行椭圆曲线拟合,通过拟合曲线与基底的切线关系确定液滴接触角大小。选取微重力下的水滴实验对该软件进行测量准确度验证,此时水滴轮廓由表面张力主导,杨–拉普拉斯方程简化为常平均曲率方程,液滴轮廓严格满足球冠形假设,其高度、半径、接触角、体积及表面积之间存在固定的几何关系。设定接触半径为某定值,以此建立图像长度比例尺并计算理论高度,进而得到理论接触角、体积及表面积;将计算结果与图像处理软件分析获得的数据进行对比,经检验,各项形貌参数相对于理论值的相对误差均小于3%。
为验证实验的可重复性,本文选取非均匀温度场下HFE–7200液滴蒸发迁移工况,在完全相同的实验条件下进行了5次独立重复实验。液滴最大铺展半径Rmax、蒸发总时长ttotal及最终迁移距离ΔXc,total可分别表征液滴的润湿、蒸发与迁移行为,因此将其作为关键特征参数,计算其平均值、标准差及相对标准差(RSD),结果如表2所示。
验证结果显示,各关键参数的相对标准差均小于8%,表明实验系统具有良好的稳定性和可重复性。为保证实验结果的可靠性,减小偶然误差的影响,本文中所有实验工况均进行了5次重复性实验,后续实验结果分析中所用数据均为平均值。
形貌与位置的演化是温度梯度下液滴蒸发过程在宏观尺度最直观的表征。图5展示了2 μL HFE–7200液滴在电极加热功率为0和0.05 W时的侧视形貌演化过程,电极所在位置在图6中进行了标记。以注液成滴作为初始时刻(t = 0 s),蒸发过程中液滴均会经历明显的铺展阶段。均匀温度场下,液滴保持在原注液位置,不发生左右移动;而在单向温度梯度下,液滴因温度梯度引起的表面张力差异,发生从热端向冷端的热毛细迁移(图5(b))。
根据对液滴左右接触角及两侧接触线位置的提取,以左右两接触线的中点作为液滴中心,t = 0 s时右接触线所在位置作为原点,向左为正方向,可获得液滴蒸发过程中左右接触角θe、接触半径R及液滴中心所在位置Xc随时间t的演化曲线(图7)。
液滴蒸发可划分为3个阶段:蒸发前期为润湿铺展段,液滴半径增大,接触角急速下降,液滴快速铺展,直至半径达到最大值;此后,铺展区域趋于稳定,接触角下降速率大幅减小,在t ≈ 5 s时接触角趋于稳定,直至液滴蒸发完毕。非均匀温度场下,在液滴铺展阶段,液滴左侧接触角略大于右侧接触角约2°(图7(a)),此为左右温差引起的表面张力梯度与内部流动不稳定性耦合作用的结果;随着液滴继续向冷端迁移,液滴内部流动逐渐趋于稳定,左右接触角趋于相等。此外,由于基底加热加快了液滴蒸发速率,非均匀热场中液滴达到最大铺展半径的时间早于均匀热场,且对应的最大铺展半径也小于均匀热场中的值(图7(b))。
液滴铺展过程中,其高度远小于接触半径,满足润滑近似理论。因此,本文与Pratap等[9]建立的液滴迁移润滑近似物理模型进行对比验证,以检验模型的实际适用性,并对其进行修正优化。该模型通过液滴迁移过程中接触线附近的热毛细驱动力与液层内黏性耗散的平衡,忽略液滴蒸发及接触线钉扎力,建立了平衡关系式。为提高模型对实际物理过程的表征能力,本文结合实验结果对其进行优化:引入临界半径Rc以补偿接触线钉扎阻力,将固定接触半径R、接触角θe、速度U转变为时变量R(t)、θe(t)、U(t),以考虑液滴蒸发引起的尺寸变化,并使用修正系数k补偿因忽略气液界面热交换等产生的其他非稳态因素。优化后的速度表达式如下:
$ U(t)\approx\frac{k\left[R(t)-R_{\text{c}}\right]\Delta T\sigma\mathit{_T}\left[1+2\cos\theta_{\text{e}}(t)\right]}{12\mu{\phi\left[\theta_{\text{e}}(t),1-\zeta\right]-\phi\left[\theta_{\text{e}}(t),0\right]}} $
式中:$ \phi\left[\theta_{\mathrm{e}}(t),1-\zeta\right] $为几何函数,由润滑近似理论推导得到。因接触线附近无滑移边界条件与接触线移动存在矛盾,推导所得的液滴内部剪切应力在接触线处趋于无穷大,故引入分子尺度滑移长度Ls,在此区域内允许滑移,以消除应力奇异性,Ls取0.5 nm,$\epsilon= L_{\mathrm{s}} / R $为无量纲滑移长度。液滴开始运动的瞬间需克服接触线钉扎(即接触角滞后效应)才能实现从静到动的迁移转变,当接触半径R小于某一特定值时,温度梯度驱动的热毛细力尚不足以克服钉扎力,液滴无法移动,此特定值即为临界半径Rc。本文根据此理论,将液滴中心的位移曲线进行三次多项式拟合求导,得到实验速度演化曲线,其与该模型预测值的对比结果见图8,其中,图8(a)的误差棒来源于拟合求导过程的误差,图8(b)中δ表示实验迁移速度与理论速度的相对误差。
对比结果表明,理论值与实验值的平均相对误差为18%,理论结果基本落在实验结果的误差棒范围内,表明该理论模型在预测迁移趋势上具有一定适用性。此外,二者偏差随蒸发进程呈现一定的规律性。初始铺展阶段(t < 2 s),理论值高于实验值,误差最大且随铺展推进而缩小。此阶段液滴发生剧烈非稳态铺展,接触角迅速减小、半径迅速增大(如图7(a)和(b)所示),形貌特征发生剧烈变化,且两侧尚未建立稳定的温度梯度,使得理论值高于实验值且误差较大;随着铺展完成,形变逐渐减缓,温度梯度趋于稳定,误差随之减小,蒸发进入准稳态阶段。准稳态迁移阶段(2 s ≤ t ≤ 15 s),误差变小,理论值大多低于实际值。该阶段前期液滴半径较大,内部存在对流涡胞,浮力与热毛细效应的激烈竞争间接加剧了液滴的整体迁移,使得实验值高于理论值;t = 5.5 s后,随着内部对流涡胞消失,内部流动对液滴迁移的增强作用逐渐减弱,误差也随之减小。蒸发后期(t > 15 s),误差再度扩大,理论值高于实验值。此时内部涡胞完全消失,流动转为热传导主导,驱动力减弱,同时因液滴体积减小,表面积与体积之比增大,接触线难以克服基底表面能量势垒,使得实际迁移速度相对理论值较低。尽管理论模型已通过引入修正系数等方式在一定程度上弥补了因忽略蒸发、接触线钉扎等因素带来的系统偏差,但在液滴蒸发非稳态和内部流动非稳定的状态下,仍具有优化空间。
与HFE–7200液滴相比,体积为2 μL的无水乙醇液滴在单向温度梯度作用下的蒸发过程中未表现出明显的整体迁移行为。其远离热端一侧的接触线基本保持钉扎状态,而靠近热端一侧的接触线逐渐回缩,整体表现为液滴几何中心向冷端偏移的趋势,如图9所示。该差异主要源于2种工质接触角滞后特性的显著不同。如图10所示,本文采用倾斜板法测量了2种工质2 μL液滴的前进接触角θa、后退接触角θr以及液滴开始滑动时的基底临界倾斜角αc,结果汇总于表3。HFE–7200液滴几乎没有明显的接触角滞后,无水乙醇的接触角滞后效应较为显著。在单向温度梯度条件下,乙醇液滴所受的热毛细驱动力不足以克服由接触线钉扎引起的阻力,难以发生整体迁移,使得2种工质在相同温度梯度作用下呈现出不同的迁移行为。
基于液滴形貌的动态演化分析可知,在非均匀温度场下,液滴蒸发与迁移过程中的形貌演变并非单一机制驱动,而是温度梯度、液滴界面特性及内部流动结构等多种因素耦合作用的结果。为进一步揭示液滴蒸发演化的内在机理,本文使用红外热成像与micro–PIV技术,对液滴蒸发过程中表面温度场及内部流场的时空演化特征进行观测与分析。
如图11 所示,HFE–7200液滴在均匀与非均匀温度场下的蒸发过程中,均依次经历成滴、中心辐射、花瓣、涡胞及热传导主导的稳定蒸发5个阶段。
成滴初期,蒸发潜热消耗大量热量,而空气中的对流与传导热量不足以补偿,导致液滴内能快速降低,温度显著下降;接触线邻近区域受基底热传导影响,温度相对较高。随液滴铺展,其高度显著降低,基底热传导的影响区域扩大,形成较大的横向温度梯度,进而诱发热毛细效应,液滴内部流动先呈现中心辐射型结构,后演化为花瓣状分布。随着铺展过程结束,系统进入稳定蒸发阶段,液滴顶部低温区接近基底,法向温度梯度增大,热毛细对流逐渐转为Bénard–Marangoni对流(BM对流),形成稳定的涡胞结构,且涡胞尺度随蒸发推进逐渐减小。蒸发后期,液滴液层显著减薄,法向热阻降低,对流涡胞逐渐消失,蒸发过程最终由热传导主导。
与均温基底蒸发不同,在单侧加热所形成的非均匀温度场中,液滴两侧温差引起的表面张力梯度在气液界面诱导出由热端指向冷端的宏观热毛细流。该流动与液滴在均温基底内蒸发时存在的局部对流相叠加,使液滴内部整体流动结构向冷端发生明显偏置,如图12所示。受此影响,在BM对流阶段,原本具有六边形对称特征的涡胞结构对称性被破坏,呈现八边形涡胞形态。此外,内部流动与接触线处迁移阻力之间的耦合作用使液滴接触线难以维持圆形结构,而演化为长轴垂直于温度梯度方向的椭圆形。
对于无水乙醇液滴,无论在均匀还是非均匀温度场下,从注液到完全蒸发,液滴温度场均经历成滴、热液波、热传导蒸发3个阶段,如图13所示。
成滴初期,乙醇迅速蒸发,在气液界面形成切向局部热毛细流。当该流动速度超过某一临界值时,微小的温度或流动扰动会被迅速放大,演化为一种沿界面行进、温度和流速呈周期性波动的结构,即不稳定的热液波,并伴随源和汇的不规则往复运动,如图13所示。乙醇液滴在接触线附近蒸发最强,最快产生切向温差,流速也最容易超过临界值,因此热液波主要出现在接触线附近。
当基底被单侧加热时,系统引入了强烈而定向的横向温度梯度,从整体上改变了波的对称性,使得热液波范围缩小并向冷端偏置,如图14所示。此时,汇稳定存在于冷端,这是因为冷端相对稳定的低温环境使流体和波的能量更易于汇聚和耗散;由于热端同时存在剧烈的蒸发、复杂的局部对流和温度波动,使得源在时间和空间上均快速变化。
此外,实验中观察到BM对流涡胞、热液波等不稳定性流动的传播具有方向性和时效性,因此本文选取中心线位置(如图11和13虚线所示)的温度作为表征量,获得了液滴蒸发过程温度场的时空演化特征,如图15所示。HFE–7200液滴在t = 1.5~5.5 s内,图中蓝色虚线箭头范围内存在随时间向液滴左右两侧扩展的条纹,表明存在不稳定内流,且其传播方向为液滴径向。乙醇液滴在均匀温度场t = 0~30 s内,图中蓝色虚线标出的左右接触线附近温度随时间剧烈起伏;在非均匀温度场下t = 0~20 s内,左接触线附近温度随时间起伏剧烈,而右接触线附近则较为稳定,这表明存在不稳定内流,其传播方向为液滴周向。
上述研究均基于液滴表面温度场对其内部流动形态进行分析。在此基础上,本文进一步采用micro–PIV技术对液滴内部流动结构进行了直接测量。结果显示,所得流动模式与对应的表面温度场分布在空间形态上高度一致,这源于蒸发过程中热量与质量输运的强耦合机制,温度梯度通过热毛细效应驱动液体在气液界面从高温区域流向低温区域,同时也作用于液体内部产生浮力对流,共同决定了流场的结构;而流场通过对流传热反向重塑温度场的空间分布。二者互相守恒约束,使温度场与流场具有相同的空间分布规律,如图16 所示。这表明液滴内传热与流动结构之间存在强耦合关系,验证了基于温度场推断液滴内部流动机制的分析方法的可行性,同时进一步证实了温度梯度在驱动液滴内部流动行为中的主导作用。
液滴内部流动形式是浮力效应与Marangoni效应竞争的结果。对于单一工质,液滴Marangoni效应即为温度梯度引起的热毛细效应。二者的作用强度分别由Ra和Ma表示,Bd则可判定2种效应的相对强弱。已有研究表明[21-22],液体内部流动形式与上述无量纲数具有强相关性;此外,重力作用导致的液滴形貌变化也会对内部流动形式产生影响,通常使用Bo衡量重力效应对液滴界面形态的影响程度。因此,为定量分析迁移过程中液滴蒸发和热对流规律,并为后续空间实验量化天地差异性做准备,本文引入Ra、Ma、Bd和Bo进行进一步分析,各无量纲数的表达式如下:
$ Ra=\frac{g\beta \Delta T{L}^{3}}{\nu \alpha } $
$ Ma=\frac{\sigma\mathit{_{T}}\Delta TL}{\mu\alpha} $
$ Bd=\frac{Ra}{Ma}=\frac{\rho g\beta L^2}{\sigma\mathit{_T}} $
$ Bo=\frac{\rho g{L}^{2}}{\sigma } $
式中:β、α、σT、μ、ρ根据表1获取,g、ν分别为重力加速度和运动黏度。选取液滴蒸发过程中各时刻的接触半径作为特征长度L;在均匀温度场下,采用液滴接触线附近与液滴中心的温度差作为特征温差$\Delta T $进行分析;在非均匀温度场条件下,选取液滴流动偏置后的偏置中心(即气液界面温度最低点)与冷、热端接触线之间的温差作为特征温差$\Delta T $。
根据HFE–7200在均匀温度场下接触半径和温度的演化曲线(图17(a)),计算得到Ra和Ma随液滴蒸发的演化规律(图17(b))。液滴蒸发初始阶段,液滴高度较大,对流传热效率高,使得液滴内部温度迅速向基底温度接近,温差快速减小。随着液滴高度降低,热传递机制逐渐由对流转变为热传导主导,液滴热阻减小,温差衰减速率随之减缓,内部温度趋于均匀,温差最终趋近于零。此外,接触线处的钉扎力随接触线长度变化,接触线长度的增减直接影响液滴半径变化速率;液滴半径越大,其变化速率越大,反之亦然。接触半径R和特征温差$\Delta T $作为Ra和Ma的关键参数,二者的动态耦合作用使Ra和Ma均呈现出先快速减小后趋于平缓的规律。在非均匀温度场条件下,上述规律仍成立。
温度场分布的差异对液滴内浮力对流与热毛细对流的竞争机制及其随时间演化规律产生了显著影响。
在均匀温度场下,初期液滴内部的对流行为主要受浮力效应控制,随演化推进,热Marangoni效应逐渐成为主导机制。通过表征浮力效应与表面张力效应竞争关系的Bd,对这一过程进行了定量分析,结果如图18(a)所示。蒸发过程中,Bd始终处于1的同一量级,表明浮力对流与热毛细对流处于激烈竞争状态,液滴内部流动表现出复杂的对流模式。在t = 1.5~5.5 s之间,Bd大于临界动力Bond数(Bdc = 2.4),此时液滴内部出现滚胞或对流涡胞,其温度场呈现中心辐射状、花瓣状或涡胞状,流动和涡胞沿径向扩展;在t = 0~1.5 s及t = 5.5 s之后,Bd < Bdc,液滴内部无对流存在,传热形式为热传导。这是由于浮力效应与热毛细效应处于同一量级,二者激烈竞争且互相耦合,当Bd > Bdc时,浮力驱动的垂向流动趋势与热毛细驱动的界面切向流动趋势达到特定强度匹配,使得扰动能够克服黏性耗散,并在液滴内部形成稳定的对流涡胞结构。这与Mizev等[21]在圆形薄液层对流涡胞流动不稳定性研究中所得内部流动形式取决于动力Bond数的结论相一致,验证了该结论在液滴蒸发体系中的适用性。
在非均匀温度场下(图18(b)),热端Bd > 1,冷端0 < Bd < 1,热端浮力对流占主导地位,冷端浮力对流与Marangoni对流的作用强度相当。热端强烈的浮力上升流将流体推向液滴上层,并在界面处受表面张力梯度作用向冷端输运,二者耦合形成从热端上升、冷端下降的倾斜环流,使原本中心对称的涡胞结构向冷端迁移;此空间重构过程是系统在宏观温度梯度与局部驱动内流共同作用下的动态响应特征(如图12所示)。t = 5.5 s后,热端对流强度衰减,冷端$B d \ll 1 $,涡胞消失,蒸发由热传导主导。
对于乙醇液滴蒸发,引入Bd和Bo进行分析,结果如图19所示。无论均匀还是非均匀热场,液滴内部Bo均小于1,表明流动由热毛细对流主导,液滴内部易产生不稳定的热液波。
在均匀温度场下(图19(a)),Bo除初始阶段有所上升外,基本呈线性下降趋势。 t = 0~30 s时Bo > 1,此时在温度场中可观察到热液波,其主要位于接触线附近,传播方向为周向,并伴随位置不固定的源和汇。这是由于接触线附近蒸发最强,最快产生切向温差形成扰动,而Bo > 1时重力主导下液滴垂直方向的对流受液层厚度限制,界面扰动被迫沿周向发展。t = 30 s后Bo < 1,液滴高度进一步下降,热液波消失,液体内部蒸发趋于稳定,最终发展为热传导主导的蒸发。上述规律与Garnier等[22]在均匀加热圆形液池中的热液波研究结果一致:Bd和Bo的临界值取1,可将内部流动形式进行划分(图20)。本文验证了该临界值在液滴蒸发体系中的适用性,并对非均匀热场下的规律进行了拓展研究。
在非均匀温度场下(图19(b)),Bo初始上升,前期下降近乎线性,后期由于液滴中心向远离热端方向迁移,蒸发速度减慢,Bo下降趋于平缓。液滴内部热液波在t = 0~20 s内存在,传播方向为周向,且存在位置较为固定的汇;t = 20 s后热液波消失,此时对应的Bo约为1.37。初始阶段的短暂上升均由乙醇的短暂铺展引起,而非均匀加热导致乙醇Bo的临界值发生改变。
本文通过实验研究了非均匀温度场下液滴蒸发迁移的动力学行为及内部流动不稳定性,并引入无量纲数对流动机制进行了定量分析,得出如下结论:
1)蒸发诱导的液滴迁移行为受润湿性与接触角滞后性的影响:高润湿性、低接触角滞后性的HFE–7200液滴表现出整体热毛细迁移;而低润湿性、高接触角滞后性的无水乙醇液滴则主要表现为接触线非对称收缩,整体迁移受阻。这揭示了接触线动力学在热毛细迁移中的关键调控作用。
2)蒸发过程中,液滴内部流动呈现多阶段演化且具有空间偏置特征:HFE–7200液滴内部流动经历成滴、中心辐射、花瓣、涡胞及热传导主导蒸发5个阶段;无水乙醇液滴经历成滴、热液波及热传导主导蒸发3个阶段。非均匀温度场下,温度梯度诱导的Marangoni流与局部对流叠加,使流动结构向冷端偏置。
3)无量纲参数(Ma、Ra、Bd、Bo)可有效表征内部流动的竞争与转换:蒸发过程中,内部流动主要表现为浮力效应与热毛细效应的竞争;内部流动从稳定转换为不稳定状态时,存在临界Bd或临界Bo值。
4)红外温度场与micro–PIV流场高度耦合,验证了基于温度场反推流动结构的可行性。
5)现有热毛细理论模型在预测存在内部不稳定流动的非稳态蒸发时存在局限性,需进一步耦合蒸发动力学与内部流动不稳定性,提升模型预测精度。
本文基于地面实验条件开展,所涉及的热对流无量纲参数Ra、Bd、Bo均隐含重力项。为进一步探索重力在热毛细迁移与内部流动不稳定性中的作用,后续实验将依托空间站两相实验柜展开,为非均匀温度场下液滴蒸发迁移在空间环境中的应用提供实验支持。

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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250125
  • 接收时间:2025-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-31
  • 修回日期:2026-02-27
  • 录用日期:2026-03-17
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    1中国科学院力学研究所 微重力重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院力学研究所 非线性力学国家重点实验室,北京 100190
    3中国科学院大学 工程科学学院,北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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