Article(id=1301954892189430181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250106, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20250106, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763481600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-19, revisedDate=1766764800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-27, acceptedDate=1767974400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-10, onlineDate=1788339835450, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339835450, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339835450, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339835450, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=8, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954892457865638, articleId=1301954892189430181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Investigation of near-wall flow characteristics over C/SiC in high-enthalpy environments using O/N atomic absorption spectroscopy, columnId=1301954870869778834, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Outstanding Papers at the 14th National Conference on Experimental Fluid Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The catalytic recombination, oxidation, and nitridation coupling processes occurring at the gas-solid interface between the high-enthalpy flow and thermal protection materials are key factors influencing the aerodynamic thermal environment. Real-time measurement of the near-wall gas temperature and atomic number density under high-enthalpy conditions is essential for understanding these coupling mechanisms. In this study, laser absorption spectroscopy was employed using the oxygen atomic line at 777.19 nm and the nitrogen atomic line at 868.03 nm to quantitatively determine the translational temperature and species number density at different spatial positions near the surface of a C/SiC composite material. Two optical paths were selected: at position 1, the laser beam center was close to the material surface; at position 2, it was approximately 2 mm away. Simultaneously, the emission spectra of ablation products ( · CN and Si) were collected at position 1. The high-enthalpy aerodynamic thermal environment was generated using a 1 MW high-frequency inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel. Considering the surface temperature and post-ablation morphology of the C/SiC material, two experimental conditions with distinct surface oxidation characteristics were designed. State 1 featured a total enthalpy of 43.2 MJ/kg and a heat flux of 3.7 MW/m2, while state 2 had 37.5 MJ/kg and 3.1 MW/m2, respectively. The heating duration for both conditions was 120 s. The laser absorption spectroscopy results indicate that, due to shock wave compression effects, position 1 near the wall exhibits lower translational temperature but higher number density compared to position 2 farther from the wall. Both conditions show significant decreases in translational temperature and O/N atom number density at position 1. Concurrently, the prominent · CN radiation observed at position 1 indicates substantial nitridation reactions. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses confirm that the material surface is covered with an SiO2 layer. Relative to state 2, state 1, characterized by higher enthalpy and heat flux, exhibited a more pronounced reduction in the near-wall number densities of both O and N atoms. This observation, in conjunction with stronger radiative intensity of · CN and Si, as well as a reduced surface oxygen concentration, collectively implies that the surface oxide layer is more prone to volatilization or consumption, and the competitive process between oxidation and nitridation reactions is more intense under state 1. This research demonstrates that spatiotemporally resolved measurements of key parameters, such as the number densities of near-wall species and their radiative spectra, provide critical insights into the complex coupling processes at the gas-solid interface.

, authors=Junjie PAN1, 2, Yifan FU1, Yuting ZHENG1, Zezhong WANG1, Jinhu LIANG2, Yuan HU1, Xin LIN1, *, authorsList=Junjie PAN, Yifan FU, Yuting ZHENG, Zezhong WANG, Jinhu LIANG, Yuan HU, Xin LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954896744444351, articleId=1301954892189430181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=基于氧/氮原子吸收的高焓环境中C/SiC近壁面流动特性研究, columnId=1301954871012385172, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高焓来流与防热材料在气−固界面处的催化复合、氧化和氮化等双向耦合作用是影响气动热环境的重要因素,在线测量高焓环境下材料近壁面气流温度与离解原子数密度,对理解该耦合过程具有重要意义。本研究基于激光吸收光谱技术,同时采用氧原子(777.19 nm)与氮原子(868.03 nm)吸收谱线,量化分析了碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/SiC)复合材料近壁面流场不同位置处的平动温度及O、N原子数密度。测量光路选取2处,位置1激光光束中心紧贴材料表面,位置2光束中心距材料表面约2 mm,并同步对位置1处烧蚀产物( · CN和Si)的辐射光谱进行采集。该高焓气动热环境利用1 MW高频感应等离子体风洞构建,综合考虑C/SiC表面温度与烧蚀后表面特性,设计了2组对比实验状态。状态1总焓43.2 MJ/kg,热流密度3.7 MW/m2,状态2总焓37.5 MJ/kg,热流密度3.1 MW/m2,模型加热时间均为120 s。吸收光谱结果显示:受激波压缩影响,相比远离壁面的位置2,近壁面位置1的平动温度更低,O、N原子数密度更高。2组状态下,位置1处的平动温度和O、N原子数密度均呈明显下降趋势;与此同时,位置1处显著的 · CN辐射表明此处有明显氮化反应,电镜及能谱分析证明材料表面已覆盖SiO2层。2组状态对比结果显示:状态1下近壁面O、N原子数密度下降幅度更大; · CN与Si辐射明显更强;表面氧元素含量更低,氧化与氮化反应竞争过程更为激烈。本研究证明,对近壁面原子数密度、辐射光谱等参数进行时空分辨测量,有助于深入理解气−固界面处的耦合过程。

, authors=潘俊杰1, 2, 付依帆1, 郑雨婷1, 王泽众1, 梁金虎2, 胡远1, 林鑫1, *, authorsList=潘俊杰, 付依帆, 郑雨婷, 王泽众, 梁金虎, 胡远, 林鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林鑫, authorNote=

潘俊杰(1999—),男,江苏泰州人,博士研究生。研究方向:高焓气−固耦合作用。E-mail:

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Basic spectral parameters of oxygen atom and nitrogen atom

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参数O原子N原子
λ0/nm777.19868.03
El/eV9.159.15
Eu/eV10.7411.76
gl56
gu78
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O、N原子的基本光谱参数

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参数O原子N原子
λ0/nm777.19868.03
El/eV9.159.15
Eu/eV10.7411.76
gl56
gu78
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Experimental condition

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实验条件状态1状态2
总焓/(MJ·kg−1)43.237.5
热流密度/(MW·m−2)3.73.1
加热时间/s120120
表面温度峰值/K19001730
背面温度峰值/K16201390
形貌“连续湖状”SiO2“颗粒状”SiO2
O原子数量百分比/%3345
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实验条件

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实验条件状态1状态2
总焓/(MJ·kg−1)43.237.5
热流密度/(MW·m−2)3.73.1
加热时间/s120120
表面温度峰值/K19001730
背面温度峰值/K16201390
形貌“连续湖状”SiO2“颗粒状”SiO2
O原子数量百分比/%3345
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基于氧/氮原子吸收的高焓环境中C/SiC近壁面流动特性研究
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潘俊杰 1, 2 , 付依帆 1 , 郑雨婷 1 , 王泽众 1 , 梁金虎 2 , 胡远 1 , 林鑫 1, *
实验流体力学 | 第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026,40(3): 8-17
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实验流体力学 |第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026 , 40 (3) : 8 -17
基于氧/氮原子吸收的高焓环境中C/SiC近壁面流动特性研究
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2中北大学 环境与安全工程学院,太原 030051, bio={"img":"TUqXFOSH1Em5qxKSOVbxQA==","content":"

潘俊杰(1999—),男,江苏泰州人,博士研究生。研究方向:高焓气−固耦合作用。E-mail:

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潘俊杰1, 2 , 付依帆1, 郑雨婷1, 王泽众1, 梁金虎2, 胡远1, 林鑫1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院力学研究所 空天飞行高温气动全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中北大学 环境与安全工程学院,太原 030051
通讯作者:
作者简介:

潘俊杰(1999—),男,江苏泰州人,博士研究生。研究方向:高焓气−固耦合作用。E-mail:

Investigation of near-wall flow characteristics over C/SiC in high-enthalpy environments using O/N atomic absorption spectroscopy
Junjie PAN1, 2 , Yifan FU1, Yuting ZHENG1, Zezhong WANG1, Jinhu LIANG2, Yuan HU1, Xin LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of environment and safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250106
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高焓来流与防热材料在气−固界面处的催化复合、氧化和氮化等双向耦合作用是影响气动热环境的重要因素,在线测量高焓环境下材料近壁面气流温度与离解原子数密度,对理解该耦合过程具有重要意义。本研究基于激光吸收光谱技术,同时采用氧原子(777.19 nm)与氮原子(868.03 nm)吸收谱线,量化分析了碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/SiC)复合材料近壁面流场不同位置处的平动温度及O、N原子数密度。测量光路选取2处,位置1激光光束中心紧贴材料表面,位置2光束中心距材料表面约2 mm,并同步对位置1处烧蚀产物( · CN和Si)的辐射光谱进行采集。该高焓气动热环境利用1 MW高频感应等离子体风洞构建,综合考虑C/SiC表面温度与烧蚀后表面特性,设计了2组对比实验状态。状态1总焓43.2 MJ/kg,热流密度3.7 MW/m2,状态2总焓37.5 MJ/kg,热流密度3.1 MW/m2,模型加热时间均为120 s。吸收光谱结果显示:受激波压缩影响,相比远离壁面的位置2,近壁面位置1的平动温度更低,O、N原子数密度更高。2组状态下,位置1处的平动温度和O、N原子数密度均呈明显下降趋势;与此同时,位置1处显著的 · CN辐射表明此处有明显氮化反应,电镜及能谱分析证明材料表面已覆盖SiO2层。2组状态对比结果显示:状态1下近壁面O、N原子数密度下降幅度更大; · CN与Si辐射明显更强;表面氧元素含量更低,氧化与氮化反应竞争过程更为激烈。本研究证明,对近壁面原子数密度、辐射光谱等参数进行时空分辨测量,有助于深入理解气−固界面处的耦合过程。

近壁面流动  /  激光吸收光谱  /  C/SiC  /  数密度  /  平动温度

The catalytic recombination, oxidation, and nitridation coupling processes occurring at the gas-solid interface between the high-enthalpy flow and thermal protection materials are key factors influencing the aerodynamic thermal environment. Real-time measurement of the near-wall gas temperature and atomic number density under high-enthalpy conditions is essential for understanding these coupling mechanisms. In this study, laser absorption spectroscopy was employed using the oxygen atomic line at 777.19 nm and the nitrogen atomic line at 868.03 nm to quantitatively determine the translational temperature and species number density at different spatial positions near the surface of a C/SiC composite material. Two optical paths were selected: at position 1, the laser beam center was close to the material surface; at position 2, it was approximately 2 mm away. Simultaneously, the emission spectra of ablation products ( · CN and Si) were collected at position 1. The high-enthalpy aerodynamic thermal environment was generated using a 1 MW high-frequency inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel. Considering the surface temperature and post-ablation morphology of the C/SiC material, two experimental conditions with distinct surface oxidation characteristics were designed. State 1 featured a total enthalpy of 43.2 MJ/kg and a heat flux of 3.7 MW/m2, while state 2 had 37.5 MJ/kg and 3.1 MW/m2, respectively. The heating duration for both conditions was 120 s. The laser absorption spectroscopy results indicate that, due to shock wave compression effects, position 1 near the wall exhibits lower translational temperature but higher number density compared to position 2 farther from the wall. Both conditions show significant decreases in translational temperature and O/N atom number density at position 1. Concurrently, the prominent · CN radiation observed at position 1 indicates substantial nitridation reactions. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses confirm that the material surface is covered with an SiO2 layer. Relative to state 2, state 1, characterized by higher enthalpy and heat flux, exhibited a more pronounced reduction in the near-wall number densities of both O and N atoms. This observation, in conjunction with stronger radiative intensity of · CN and Si, as well as a reduced surface oxygen concentration, collectively implies that the surface oxide layer is more prone to volatilization or consumption, and the competitive process between oxidation and nitridation reactions is more intense under state 1. This research demonstrates that spatiotemporally resolved measurements of key parameters, such as the number densities of near-wall species and their radiative spectra, provide critical insights into the complex coupling processes at the gas-solid interface.

near-wall flow  /  laser absorption spectroscopy  /  C/SiC  /  number density  /  translational temperature
潘俊杰, 付依帆, 郑雨婷, 王泽众, 梁金虎, 胡远, 林鑫. 基于氧/氮原子吸收的高焓环境中C/SiC近壁面流动特性研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 8 -17 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250106
Junjie PAN, Yifan FU, Yuting ZHENG, Zezhong WANG, Jinhu LIANG, Yuan HU, Xin LIN. Investigation of near-wall flow characteristics over C/SiC in high-enthalpy environments using O/N atomic absorption spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 8 -17 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250106
高超声速飞行器在大气层中飞行时,周围空气由于强烈压缩和黏性阻滞减速而急剧升温,导致空气分子发生振动能激发、解离、复合、电离等复杂热化学过程,即高温真实气体效应[1-3]。具有该非平衡特征的高焓来流与防热材料在气−固界面处发生强烈的非线性耦合,如催化、氧化、氮化等物理化学反应,并通过材料表面物性变化和传热传质等使该耦合效应更为复杂,给气动热环境的精确预示带来极大挑战[4-6]。在此耦合过程中,催化是指防热材料表面促使高焓离解的O、N原子发生复合反应的过程,这不仅会通过化学放热加剧热载荷,同时也会影响氧化速率[7]。与此同时,表面氧化和氮化反应不仅可能于材料表面形成新的固相成分并改变其表面特性,进而引起催化特性的变化,还会生成新的气相粒子进入流场,改变流动特征。对于空气介质,O、N原子是表征离解和催化复合的关键组分,量化材料近壁面流动中的气体温度和O、N原子数密度等流动特征,有利于加深对该过程的理解[8]
碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/SiC)凭借高比模量、高强度、高硬度以及优异的耐烧蚀性等优势,成为备受关注的高超声速飞行器热防护材料,广泛应用于鼻锥、机翼前缘和机身热防护瓦等承受气动热载荷的部位[9-11]。C/SiC表面氧化生成的二氧化硅(SiO2)能够填充材料表面间隙,作为保护层阻止氧原子向内扩散,从而赋予表面低催化特性和良好的抗氧化能力[12]。然而,在实际飞行过程中,该保护层可能会出现软化、挥发、机械剥蚀等过程,不仅会改变材料的表面形貌和化学组成,还会影响其热防护能力[13-14]
可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, TDLAS)技术能够针对流场中的特定组分,获取气体温度与组分数密度等参数[15-16],且兼具低成本、光路简单等优势,已成为当前高焓非平衡流动诊断领域的研究热点[17]。2016年,Weisberger等[18]在LENS–X膨胀管中开展铝制圆柱体近壁面流动特性实验,基于TDLAS技术测量了CO2浓度,为材料表面催化特性分析提供了实验依据。2024年,Hargis等[19]在Sandia 高超声速激波风洞中,基于TDLAS技术测量了不同表面温度下石墨近壁面烧蚀产物CO的温度与浓度,发现材料表面温度对CO浓度具有明显影响,CO浓度随着表面温度升高显著增大,而CO温度对表面温度变化不敏感。2025年,Finch等[20]基于O/N原子吸收光谱测量了NASA Ames 60 MW电弧风洞混合室平衡温度,并结合计算流体力学(CFD)分析了测量结果的可靠性。这些工作印证了TDLAS技术在高焓非平衡流动研究中的可行性与潜力,但该技术在长时烧蚀下防热材料近壁面流动演化规律研究中的应用仍较为欠缺。
本研究基于TDLAS技术量化分析了高焓等离子体环境中C/SiC近壁面O、N原子平动温度和数密度的时空演化规律。实验在中国航天空气动力技术研究院的1 MW高频感应风洞开展。综合考虑材料表面温度、电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)和能谱(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, EDS)结果,构建2组对比实验状态(状态1和状态2)。通过开展材料近壁面TDLAS空间测量与烧蚀产物( · CN、Si)辐射光谱诊断,结合SEM与EDS结果,综合讨论不同氧化/氮化条件下材料近壁面流动的变化规律,进而分析气−固界面催化、氧化等非平衡反应的动态耦合机制。
TDLAS测量基于Beer−Lambert定律。当频率为ν的激光穿过待测流场时,其入射光强I0和透射光强It满足 [20-22]
$ {k}_{ \nu }L=\ln {\left({I}_{0}/{I}_{{\mathrm{t}}}\right)}_{ \nu v} $
式中:L为吸收长度,kν为频率ν处的吸收系数。吸收系数kν可表示为:
$ {k}_{ \nu }={S}_{\rm{lu}}{n}_{{\mathrm{l}}}{\phi }_{ \nu } $
式中:下角标l和u分别表示低能级和高能级;nl为低能级粒子数密度;$ {\phi }_{\nu} $满足归一化条件;Slu为线强度,其表达式为:
$ {S}_{\rm{lu}}=\frac{{\lambda }_{0}{}^{2}}{{8}{{\pi} c}}{A}_{\rm{ul}}\frac{{g}_{{\mathrm{u}}}}{{g}_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\left[1-\exp \left(-\frac{hc}{{\lambda }_{0}{k}_{{\mathrm{B}}}{T}_{\text{ex}}}\right)\right] $
式中:$ {\lambda }_{0} $为中心波长;光速c为3.0 × 108 m/s;$ {A}_{\rm{ul}} $为爱因斯坦自发辐射系数;$ {g}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $$ {g}_{{\mathrm{u}}} $分别为低能级和高能级简并度;普朗克常数h为6.63 × 10−34 J·s,玻尔兹曼常数kB为1.38 × 10−23 J/K;Tex为电子激发温度。在本实验中,将O、N原子参数带入式(3)的指数项时,$ \dfrac{hc}{{\lambda }_{0}{k}_{{\mathrm{B}}}} $的值远大于电子激发温度,指数项的值较小,通常可忽略。因此线强度Slu可以简化为:
$ {S}_{\rm{lu}}=\frac{{\lambda }_{0}{}^{2}}{8{\pi}c}{A}_{\rm{ul}}\frac{{g}_{{\mathrm{u}}}}{{g}_{{\mathrm{l}}}} $
在本实验中,来流总压小于5000 Pa,多普勒展宽占主导(状态1的Gauss半宽为0.16~0.21 cm−1,Lorentz半宽< 0.001 cm−1;状态2的Gauss半宽为0.15~0.20 cm−1,Lorentz半宽< 0.001 cm−1)。O、N原子的平动温度Ttr可通过高斯线型函数获得[23]
$ \Delta {\nu}_{D}={\nu}_{0}\sqrt{\frac{8{k}_{{\mathrm{B}}}{T}_{{\mathrm{tr}}}\ln 2 }{m{c}^{2}}}=7.162\,3\times {10}^{-7}{\nu}_{0}\sqrt{\frac{{T}_{{\mathrm{tr}}}}{M}} $
式中:$\Delta {\nu}_{D} $为多普勒展宽;${\nu}_{0} $为待测组分谱线吸收跃迁的中心频率;m为粒子质量;M为相对原子质量。 Lorentz半宽$\Delta {\nu}_{{\mathrm{L}}} $对温度T与压力p的关系可以描述为[24]
$ \text{Δ}\nu_{\mathrm{L}}=\text{Δ}\nu_{\mathrm{L},0}\left(\frac{p}{p_0}\right)\left(\frac{T_0}{T}\right)^j $
式中:ΔvL,0为参考条件下的半高宽,对于地球大气中大多数活性气体,取0.01~0.10 cm−1p0T0分别为参考压力和温度,一般取100000 Pa和296 K;j为温度对半宽的影响系数,一般取0.5[24]
低能级粒子数密度nl可以通过对式(4)两侧积分得到:
$ {n}_{\rm l}=\frac{{A}_{{\mathrm{int}}}}{{S}_{\rm{lu}}{n}_{\rm l}L}=\frac{\displaystyle\int{k}_{\nu}{\mathrm{d}} \nu}{{\lambda }_{0} ^{2}\left({g}_{{\mathrm{u}}}/{g}_{{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\left({A}_{\rm{ul}}/8 {\pi} \right)} $
式中,Aint为积分吸收率。基于热力学平衡假设,各能级粒子数遵循Maxwell−Boltzmann分布[25],则基态原子数密度可由以下公式计算:
$ \frac{{n}_{{\mathrm{l}}}}{{n}_{0}}=\frac{{g}_{{\mathrm{l}}}}{Q(T)}\exp \left(\frac{-{E}_{{\mathrm{l}}}}{{k}_{{\mathrm{B}}}T}\right) $
式中:Q(T)为与温度相关的原子配分函数,描述了目标原子的不同能级在热平衡状态下的能级布居数;$ {n}_{0} $为总粒子数密度;El为低能级能量。通过查阅美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)原子光谱数据库可知,O原子忽略极小值展开项的配分函数表达式为:
$ Q(T)=5 + 3\exp \left(-\frac{228}{T}\right) + \exp \left(-\frac{326}{T}\right) $
同理,N原子忽略极小值展开项的配分函数表达式为:
$ Q(T)=4 $
表1给出了O原子在777.19 nm和N原子在868.03 nm的光谱参数。
实验在中国航天空气动力技术研究院的1 MW高频感应风洞进行[26],实验气体为空气。在该风洞中,载有高频电流的感应线圈于石英管内部产生交变电磁场,将空气加热并电离,形成高焓等离子体,经超声速喷管加速后进入风洞测试段,最终由真空系统排出,细节见参考文献[1]和[4]。
实验所用的C/SiC复合材料模型由碳纤维增强体和沉积的SiC基体组成,采用前驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)与反应熔体浸渗(RMI)复合工艺制备而成,其中C和SiC的摩尔比约1∶1。模型样片及水冷工装示意如图1所示。模型几何形状为圆柱体,厚8 mm,前表面直径40 mm,后表面直径42 mm。水冷工装基于模型尺寸定制,模型嵌入工装后,工装前缘与模型前表面齐平。每次实验前,模型均置于风洞流场区域以外;风洞启动且其等离子体流场达到稳定状态后,再将模型送入流场,此时定义为实验起始时刻(t = 0 s),加热120 s后将模型从流场中撤出。
实验条件设计时不仅考虑了风洞焓值、热流等来流参数,还综合考虑了材料表面/背面温度以及烧蚀后形貌等因素,具体见表2。表面温度和背面温度分别由常规比色高温计(Impac IGAR,12-LO mb22,测温范围500~2200 ℃)和K型热电偶(开普森,K型铠装热电偶)采集;材料烧蚀后的微观形貌与成分则通过扫描电子显微镜及其配套的能谱分析系统(日本日立公司,SU8020)表征。
图2为TDLAS测量系统示意图,该系统包含激光发射端和激光接收端2个部分。激光发射端由1台分布式布拉格反射(DBR)激光器(Photodigm,PH778DBR020BF)、1台分布式反馈(DFB)激光器(Nanoplus GmbH)、2台激光控制器(Thorlabs, model ITC-502)、1台函数发生器(Siglent,SDG 2122X)、1根耦合光纤及2个准直透镜(Thorlabs,F220APC-780)组成。2台激光器的中心波长分别对应O原子在777.19 nm和N原子在868.03 nm的跃迁。激光控制器通过调节温度和电流改变激光器的输出波长。函数发生器输出200 Hz锯齿波信号对激光控制器的电流进行调谐,时分复用后的波长扫描范围覆盖O和N 2个周期,整体扫描频率为100 Hz。激光接收端由双带通窄带滤波片、光电探测器(Thorlabs,PDA36A2)和录波仪(Yokogawa,DL850)组成。由发射端输出的激光经耦合光纤和分束器后被分成3路:1路通过标准具(Thorlabs,FSR为1.5 GHz)实时标定激光波长;另2路激光光束的空间测量位置基于窄带光谱成像结果设计。这2路中,一路激光光束中心紧贴模型表面,记为位置1;另一路激光光束中心距模型表面2 mm,记为位置2。2路激光穿过风洞测试段的石英窗口后被光电探测器采集。为抑制背景噪声,光电探测器前方均装有双带通窄带滤波片(777.19和868.03 nm,带宽3 nm),光电信号最终由录波仪记录,采样率为500 kS/s。
辐射光谱系统(Optical Emission Spectroscopy,OES)用于采集材料近壁面光谱信息。该系统的光路由1个光阑和2块平凸透镜(焦距分别为25和130 mm)组成,其中前置光阑用于控制入射光通量,抑制目标区域外的杂散光干扰。入射光通过光阑并被第一块透镜转为平行光,再由第二块透镜聚焦到光纤端面,然后经光纤传输至光谱仪(Avantes,AvaSpec-UL2048CL-RS-EVO)。光谱仪的测量范围为300~400 nm,分辨率为0.125 nm,曝光时间为150 ms。实验前,利用标准石英卤素钨灯(Oriel Instruments,Model 63945)对光谱测量系统的强度响应系数进行了标定。窄带光谱成像系统由1台CCD相机(iX Cameras,i-Speed 220)和1枚中心波长387 nm、带宽3 nm的窄带滤波片组成。相机曝光时间800 μs,采样率5 Hz。基于OES中检测到的 · CN带系(B2Σ+→X2Σ+,Δv = 0)确认了滤波片的中心波长。成像系统不仅获取辐射场在测量区域内的空间分布特征,同时为上述吸收光谱的空间测量位置选择提供依据。各测量系统由信号发生器(Stanford Research Systems,DG645)实现同步。
图3展示了2组状态下材料表面温度和背面温度的时序演化结果。由图可见,2组状态下的温度变化存在明显差异。在状态1下,模型送入流场后,材料表面温度迅速升高并在约40 s时达到峰值(约1900 K),随后开始下降,并逐渐稳定在1840 K。同一工况下,背面温度与表面温度的变化趋势一致,但背面温度达到峰值的时间滞后,且其下降趋势更为明显。在状态2下,表面温度在约35 s时达到峰值(约1730 K)并保持稳定;背面温度与表面温度趋势相似,上升到1390 K附近后同样保持稳定。
材料烧蚀后中心区域的SEM和EDS结果(图4)显示:2种状态下的表面形貌与成分组成区别明显。在状态1下,材料表面出现明显的凹坑,经EDS分析确认,材料表面覆盖有SiO2保护层,且实验后氧元素含量较实验前显著提升。在状态2下,材料表面呈现离散分布的颗粒状SiO2,同时表面氧元素含量比状态1更高。
2组状态下材料驻点处的辐射光谱测量结果如图5所示。在372~392 nm波段均可观察到 · CN的辐射光谱(B2Σ+→X2Σ+, Δ$\nu $ = 0,370~390 nm)与Si原子谱线(中心波长约390.5 nm)。
图6上半部分为2组实验状态下 · CN和Si原子辐射强度的时序演化结果,下半部分为2组状态下材料表面温度的时序演化结果。在状态1下, · CN辐射强度在模型送入流场瞬间达到峰值,随后迅速衰减。这一衰减现象可归因于SiC氧化形成的SiO2保护层覆盖材料表面,抑制了N原子与材料的反应。相较于 · CN,Si原子谱线的出现时间明显滞后,滞后时间约8 s,此时材料表面温度约1540 K,低于SiC在等离子体环境下发生分解反应的表面温度(约2000 K[27])。因此,早期的Si原子辐射应来自于SiC氧化生成的SiO2的分解。相应地, · CN主要来源于材料中的C纤维与N原子的反应。随着加热时间增加,状态1下Si原子辐射强度在约40 s时达到峰值,随后迅速下降。状态2下 · CN辐亮度同样在模型进入流场时刻达到峰值,随后持续降低,但其整体强度较状态1约低一个量级。Si辐射强度表现出与状态1相似的滞后性;然而,与状态1下Si辐射强度达到峰值后迅速下降不同,状态2下Si辐射强度在达到峰值后下降较为平缓。综合前文材料表面的SEM与EDS结果可知,状态1下实验后材料表面SiO2保护层呈 “连续湖状”形貌,质量引射可能更强,因此状态1中材料表面温度在达到峰值后迅速下降。相比之下,状态2下实验后材料表面的氧原子含量更高,SiO2保护层分解速率可能更缓慢,表面温度在达到最高值后保持相对平稳。
· CN作为高焓来流与C/SiC相互作用的代表性产物,其绕流辐射场强度分布可直观反映气−固界面反应区域及剧烈程度。图7为状态1下模型加热不同时刻t(模型送入后第10、40、70、100 s)的窄带光谱成像结果。各时刻分别选取前后25幅图像进行对应像素的灰度值平均处理,图中为经伪彩色处理后呈现的最终结果。由图7可见: · CN发光区域集中于材料近壁面,平均厚度约2 mm。因此,在TDLAS近壁面空间位置选择上,一路紧贴模型壁面,针对最能体现气−固界面反应的区域;另一路距模型表面2 mm,以监测来流状态的稳定性,并验证该位置受壁面反应的影响较小。
图8为位置1处典型的吸收光谱信号。在数据处理过程中,首先对原始吸收信号沿时间序列进行10次移动平均处理,随后采用高斯函数对吸收峰进行拟合。拟合过程及对应的残差如图9所示,O、N原子吸收峰的高斯拟合残差均低于0.005。
图1011分别为2种实验条件下C/SiC材料近壁面不同位置处平动温度和数密度随时间的演化曲线,其中黑色和红色曲线分别对应于位置1、2的测量结果。图中阴影区域表示测量结果的扩展不确定度(95%置信区间),反映了由信号噪声、拟合精度等因素导致的相对误差。研究采用基于泰勒级数展开的误差传递方法评估相对误差:首先基于信号噪声、拟合残差等评估积分吸收率、展宽等的相对误差;其次,通过误差传递公式计算平动温度和数密度的相对误差;最后,乘以包含因子(k = 2)得到扩展不确定度,即图中置信区间阴影区域。根据误差传递公式,设Y为目标物理量,x, y, z, …为直接测量量,由Y = f(x, y, z, …)可得:
$ \sigma = \sqrt{\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right)^2\left(\sigma_x\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right)^2\left(\sigma_y\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right)^2\left(\sigma_z\right)^2+\cdots} $
式中,σ为目标物理量的相对误差,$\sigma_x, \sigma_y , \sigma_z $为各直接测量量的分相对误差。
根据式(5),O、N原子平动温度的相对不确定度来源于多普勒展宽:
$ \frac{\sigma }{{T}_{\text{tr}}}=\sqrt{{\left(2\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{Δ}{{\nu}_{D}}}}{\text{Δ}{\nu}_{D}}\right)}^{2}}=2\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{Δ}{{\nu}_{D}}}}{\text{Δ}{\nu}_{D}} $
本研究中展宽的相对误差小于1.8%,平动温度的相对误差小于3.6%。总粒子数密度的相对误差主要来源于积分吸收率Aint与配分函数Q(T):
$ \frac{{\sigma }_{{{n}_{0}}}}{{n}_{0}}=\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{{{A}_{\mathrm{int}}}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{int}}}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{Q(T)}}{Q(T)}\right)}^{2}} $
式中,O原子配分函数Q(T)的相对误差可由式(9)两端微分得到:
$ \dfrac{{\sigma }_{Q(T)}}{Q(T)}= \sqrt{{\left[\dfrac{\dfrac{1\,368}{{T}^{2}}\exp \left(-\dfrac{228}{T}\right) + \dfrac{652}{{T}^{2}}\exp \left(-\dfrac{326}{T}\right)}{5 + 3\exp \left(-\dfrac{228}{T}\right) + \exp \left(-\dfrac{326}{T}\right)}\right]}^{2}} $
代入T可求得O原子配分函数的相对误差小于0.3%。同理可算得N原子配分函数相对误差小于0.1%。根据式(7)和(8),积分吸收率Aint的相对误差来源于高斯拟合残差及基线拟合等过程,其相对误差小于2.0%,总粒子数密度的相对误差小于2.1%。
2种状态下,位置2处的O、N原子平动温度整体保持平稳。位置1处O、N原子平动温度均低于位置2,且呈现下降趋势。原因可能有两方面:一方面,C/SiC表面氧化生成的SiO2作为一种低催化特性材料,减少了催化复合反应的放热;另一方面,SiO2层的质量引射、分解等吸热过程也降低了材料表面的热载荷。
2种状态下,位置2处的O、N原子数密度均保持平稳,这与位置2处平动温度的规律一致,体现出流场状态的稳定,同时也说明位置2受壁面反应影响较小。但在位置1处,O、N原子数密度呈下降趋势,考虑到SiO2保护层导致的低催化特性对原子复合反应的抑制,即参与催化反应的O原子数量减少,意味着增强的氧化消耗可能是导致O原子数密度降低的主要原因。对于N原子,虽然 · CN辐射强度随时间减弱,碳氮反应消耗的N原子减少,但N原子数密度的整体下降提示存在其他反应消耗路径,如与SiC反应生成Si3N4、与O原子反应生成NO等。相比于状态2,在更高焓值、更高热流的状态1下,位置1处O、N原子数密度的下降速率更快,这或许意味着状态1下C/SiC材料气−固界面的非平衡反应过程更加剧烈。
本研究基于TDLAS技术实现了高焓来流下C/SiC材料近壁平动温度与O、N原子数密度的面时空分布测量,并结合 · CN与Si原子辐射测量分析了气−固界面的非平衡反应过程。主要结论如下:
1)TDLAS结果表明,位置2处O、N原子的平动温度与数密度在整个烧蚀过程中均保持稳定;相比之下,位置1处O、N原子的平动温度更低,数密度整体更高,且两者均呈明显下降趋势。
2)在本文实验条件下,尽管表面生成SiO2层可能带来催化抑制效应,但气–固界面处的氧化、氮化反应在烧蚀过程中仍表现出增强趋势,这种现象在更高焓值、更高热流的状态1下尤为明显。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250106
  • 接收时间:2025-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-19
  • 修回日期:2025-12-27
  • 录用日期:2026-01-10
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    1中国科学院力学研究所 空天飞行高温气动全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中北大学 环境与安全工程学院,太原 030051

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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