Article(id=1301954870710395281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250101, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20250101, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=1770048000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-03, acceptedDate=1770912000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-13, onlineDate=1788339830329, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339830329, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339830329, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339830329, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954870945276307, articleId=1301954870710395281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Experimental study on pipeline drag reduction characteristics based on polymer solution Injection, columnId=1301954870869778834, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Outstanding Papers at the 14th National Conference on Experimental Fluid Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Adding a trace amount of polymer into turbulent flow can significantly reduce wall friction. This drag reduction technique has been widely applied in fields such as fire-fighting, pipeline transportation, and biomedicine. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is an efficient drag-reducing polymer, whose performance is affected by multiple parameters. In this study, a gravity-driven circulating pipe-flow system is employed to experimentally investigate the drag reduction characteristics of PEO solution injection in turbulent pipe flow. The effects of Reynolds number, injection angle (seven angles), injection rate and relative molecular mass (total of 7 kinds) on the drag reduction rate (RD) are systematically examined. A normalized polymer flux Kp, which is suitable for pipe flow, is proposed to collapse the experimental data. Results show that RD initially increases roughly linearly with lg Kp and then approaches a saturation level. This trend is analogous to the previously reported K-scaling law for polymer injection in turbulent boundary layers. Moreover, the dependence of RD on molecular weight exhibits an S-shaped trend. By fitting the data with a sigmoidal function, the optimal molecular weight range for maximum drag reduction can be predicted. These findings provide useful guidance for the optimization and prediction of polymer injection parameters in drag-reduced turbulent pipe flows.

, authors=Pengfei SHI1, Haibao HU1, Jun WEN1, Hailang SUN1, 2, Luo XIE1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Pengfei SHI, Haibao HU, Jun WEN, Hailang SUN, Luo XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Luo XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954874384605607, articleId=1301954870710395281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=基于高分子溶液注入的管道减阻特性实验研究, columnId=1301954871012385172, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在湍流管道中加入微量高分子聚合物添加剂即可显著降低管壁摩擦阻力。目前,高分子溶液湍流减阻已广泛应用于管道输运、生物医药以及农田灌溉等领域。聚乙烯氧化物(PEO)是一种高效的湍流减阻添加剂,其减阻效果受多种因素影响。为此,基于重力驱动式循环管道系统,实验研究了湍流管道中PEO溶液喷射的减阻特性及其影响因素。系统分析了雷诺数、喷射角度(共7种)、喷射速率、相对分子质量(共7种)等因素对减阻率(RD)的影响,并定义了适用于管流的归一化高分子溶液通量Kp,揭示了其与减阻率的标度律关系。研究发现:RD随lg Kp先呈线性增长、后趋于饱和,与平板边界层注入的K–标度律相似;相对分子质量对减阻的影响曲线呈S型,最佳相对分子质量范围可通过SGompertz函数拟合预测。研究结果可为管道喷射减阻中高分子注射参数的优化和预测提供指导。

, authors=时朋飞1, 胡海豹1, 文俊1, 孙海浪1, 2, 谢络1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=时朋飞, 胡海豹, 文俊, 孙海浪, 谢络, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢络, authorNote=

时朋飞(1998—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:水下新型减阻降噪技术。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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3Xi'an Tianhe Defense Technology Co., Ltd, Xi’an 710019, China
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基于高分子溶液注入的管道减阻特性实验研究
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时朋飞 1 , 胡海豹 1 , 文俊 1 , 孙海浪 1, 2 , 谢络 1, 3, 4, *
实验流体力学 | 第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026,40(3): 29-38
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实验流体力学 |第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026 , 40 (3) : 29 -38
基于高分子溶液注入的管道减阻特性实验研究
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时朋飞(1998—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:水下新型减阻降噪技术。E-mail:

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时朋飞1 , 胡海豹1, 文俊1, 孙海浪1, 2, 谢络1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1西北工业大学 航海学院,西安 710072
  • 2中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏无锡 214082
  • 3西安天和防务技术股份有限公司,西安 710019
  • 4西安天和海防智能科技有限公司,西安 710019
通讯作者:
作者简介:

时朋飞(1998—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:水下新型减阻降噪技术。E-mail:

Experimental study on pipeline drag reduction characteristics based on polymer solution Injection
Pengfei SHI1 , Haibao HU1, Jun WEN1, Hailang SUN1, 2, Luo XIE1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3Xi'an Tianhe Defense Technology Co., Ltd, Xi’an 710019, China
  • 4Xi’an Tianhe Maritime Technologies Co., Ltd, Xi’an 710019, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250101
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在湍流管道中加入微量高分子聚合物添加剂即可显著降低管壁摩擦阻力。目前,高分子溶液湍流减阻已广泛应用于管道输运、生物医药以及农田灌溉等领域。聚乙烯氧化物(PEO)是一种高效的湍流减阻添加剂,其减阻效果受多种因素影响。为此,基于重力驱动式循环管道系统,实验研究了湍流管道中PEO溶液喷射的减阻特性及其影响因素。系统分析了雷诺数、喷射角度(共7种)、喷射速率、相对分子质量(共7种)等因素对减阻率(RD)的影响,并定义了适用于管流的归一化高分子溶液通量Kp,揭示了其与减阻率的标度律关系。研究发现:RD随lg Kp先呈线性增长、后趋于饱和,与平板边界层注入的K–标度律相似;相对分子质量对减阻的影响曲线呈S型,最佳相对分子质量范围可通过SGompertz函数拟合预测。研究结果可为管道喷射减阻中高分子注射参数的优化和预测提供指导。

高聚物  /  喷射  /  管道减阻  /  湍流  /  相对分子质量

Adding a trace amount of polymer into turbulent flow can significantly reduce wall friction. This drag reduction technique has been widely applied in fields such as fire-fighting, pipeline transportation, and biomedicine. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is an efficient drag-reducing polymer, whose performance is affected by multiple parameters. In this study, a gravity-driven circulating pipe-flow system is employed to experimentally investigate the drag reduction characteristics of PEO solution injection in turbulent pipe flow. The effects of Reynolds number, injection angle (seven angles), injection rate and relative molecular mass (total of 7 kinds) on the drag reduction rate (RD) are systematically examined. A normalized polymer flux Kp, which is suitable for pipe flow, is proposed to collapse the experimental data. Results show that RD initially increases roughly linearly with lg Kp and then approaches a saturation level. This trend is analogous to the previously reported K-scaling law for polymer injection in turbulent boundary layers. Moreover, the dependence of RD on molecular weight exhibits an S-shaped trend. By fitting the data with a sigmoidal function, the optimal molecular weight range for maximum drag reduction can be predicted. These findings provide useful guidance for the optimization and prediction of polymer injection parameters in drag-reduced turbulent pipe flows.

polymer  /  injection  /  drag reduction  /  turbulence  /  relative molecular mass
时朋飞, 胡海豹, 文俊, 孙海浪, 谢络. 基于高分子溶液注入的管道减阻特性实验研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 29 -38 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250101
Pengfei SHI, Haibao HU, Jun WEN, Hailang SUN, Luo XIE. Experimental study on pipeline drag reduction characteristics based on polymer solution Injection[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 29 -38 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250101
高分子聚合物湍流减阻(Toms效应)作为一种高效、低成本的流动控制方法,历经70余年的深入研究,已在管道运输、消防等领域获得成功应用[1-4]。然而,传统均匀溶液在经过泵、阀门等部件时,高分子长链会受到机械剪切作用而降解,丧失减阻效果;另外,对于海洋环境中的水下平台绕流等外流场景,将整个外部环境介质配制成均匀高分子溶液并不现实,这限制了高分子溶液湍流减阻的进一步应用[5-8]。为解决上述问题,向流场近壁面注入高分子溶液的非均匀溶液减阻方式应运而生[9-10]。通过在壁面持续注入新鲜高分子溶液,可形成一层黏弹性流体层,从而产生类似于鱼类体表黏液的减阻效果。该方法从壁面内部向外释放高分子溶液,无需考虑外流环境,这为外流减阻应用提供了可能[11-12]。此类非均匀溶液注入的高分子剂量更少,却能产生与均匀溶液相当甚至更优的减阻效果。而且在注射过程中,不断有新鲜高分子溶液补充到近壁区,即使部分高分子链在湍流中受剪切作用而破坏,也有持续补充的新长链分子发挥减阻作用,故总体减阻效果几乎不受剪切降解影响[3,13-14]。因此,将非均匀溶液减阻应用于管道输运、农田灌溉,甚至进一步应用于舰船、潜水器等外流减阻场景,均有望大幅提升这些系统的性能,同时助力节能减排,工程意义重大。
一般认为,高分子溶液减阻是高分子聚合物细丝与近壁区湍流结构相互作用的结果[15-16],非均匀溶液的减阻效果受到多种因素的影响。一方面,减阻效果取决于注入高分子溶液的参数,如质量浓度和相对分子质量。高分子溶液的有效性直接依赖于近壁区实际达到的质量浓度。研究表明,高分子注入会显著改变近壁区的平均速度分布,使缓冲层的厚度增大[11]。随注入质量浓度增大,缓冲层与惯性层的交界位置向主流方向偏移;相应地,平均速度梯度突变的拐点远离壁面[17]。但当注入溶液质量浓度过高时,可能导致减阻率(RD)下降,因为高质量浓度下长链高分子可能无法充分伸展分子链[18]。此外,溶液黏度也随质量浓度增大而增大,这会导致流动阻力上升[19-20]。另一方面,减阻率随高分子相对分子质量的增大而提高[1,21]。Kim等[22]使用4种相对分子质量的聚乙烯氧化物进行了减阻研究,在相对分子质量为4 × 106、质量浓度为20 mg/L时,观察到最大减阻率高达50%。一系列添加非均匀高分子溶液的湍流边界层实验[12,23-26]表明:相对分子质量不同的高分子溶液,其减阻率沿流向的发展规律不同;高相对分子质量的分子链容易发生断裂,且降解程度随相对分子质量增大而加剧。Brandfleiner等[27]的研究发现,聚丙烯酰胺在发生充分降解后,其减阻率作为相对分子质量的函数,表现出一个渐近下限值。总体而言,在一定范围内,减阻效果随相对分子质量和质量浓度的增大呈上升趋势,但过高的质量浓度可能导致减阻率下降甚至阻力增大[28-29]。并且,关于相对分子质量对减阻影响的研究仍局限于少数几种相对分子质量类型,研究范围相对有限。
此外,注入方式、距注入狭缝的流向距离等边界条件也会对减阻性能产生影响[10]。Wells[9]发现沿壁面注入比沿管道中心注入的减阻效果更好;当采用中心注入时,需在下游达到一定距离后才能观察到减阻效果。Saadeh和Strehlow[30]研究了高分子溶液经不同长度、直径及带格栅的喷嘴,沿管道中心注入的减阻效果,结果显示喷嘴越短减阻率越高。他们认为短喷嘴能使高分子与主流混合得更充分,从而诱导更高的减阻率。Goren和Norbury[31]观察到,含高聚物的非均匀溶液比均匀溶液表现出更优的减阻效果,且显著影响了固体边界附近的流动结构。Frings[13]也得出了类似的结论:减阻率沿流向距离的演化主要受高分子溶液在边界层中扩散与混合过程的影响。Somandepalli等[32]指出,高分子注入减少了湍流边界层内近壁区的湍流扩散和流向质量浓度通量。随着距注入狭缝下游距离增大,高分子注入的减阻效果逐渐减弱,反映出壁面附近高分子质量浓度的降低。Shah和Yarusevych[11]研究发现,随着距注入狭缝下游距离增大,黏性底层内平均高分子质量浓度显著下降(近壁高分子溶液被不断稀释),而缓冲层内的溶液质量浓度呈上升趋势,说明高分子从黏性底层向外扩散并在缓冲层累积。这一由近壁高分子扩散驱动的沿程演化最终达到平衡状态。因此,可以认为高分子溶液的减阻效果受壁面质量浓度扩散过程的显著影响。
当沿壁面注入时,减阻效果还受注入角度和注入速率的影响。从物理机制看,较高的注入速率会增大近壁区高分子质量浓度,从而提高减阻效果[18,29,33]。但注入速度过高也可能将部分减阻剂抛射到缓冲层之外,未能有效停留在近壁区,从而对减阻产生负面影响。这2种相反机制的竞争导致减阻率存在一个局部最大值[3]。过高的注入速率还可能对主流流动产生影响,进而影响减阻效果。Shah和Yarusevych[34]对高分子溶液质量浓度、注入速率、狭缝宽度和角度进行了较为全面的研究,发现质量浓度和注入速率对减阻影响显著。由于仅测试了2种狭缝角度和宽度,他们得出了角度和宽度对减阻没有明显影响的结论。现有文献关于注入角度影响的研究相对有限,常采用25°或30°进行实验[11,17,34-35]。因此,不同注入角度下减阻演化规律的全面研究仍有待深入开展。
目前已有大量关于高分子溶液注入质量浓度、注入速率、雷诺数等参数对减阻效果影响的研究,但针对注入角度与相对分子质量等多参数耦合影响的系统量化研究仍然不足[13,36-37]。近期,Liu等[38-39]采用多孔介质缓释的方式研究了槽道中高分子缓释速率、雷诺数、流向距离及相对分子质量等参数对减阻的综合影响,并给出了槽道流动中的无量纲参数Km,在一定程度上丰富了对相对分子质量的量化研究,以及周期性缓释对高分子减阻性能的影响。Brandfellner等[40]从雷诺数–魏森贝格数角度讨论了管道中高分子动力学对减阻起始的控制。目前的相关研究多基于平板边界层流动开展,相关结论能否拓展至管道流动还需进一步研究。
为此,本研究针对光滑圆管内的单相水流,在Re ≈ 1.6 × 104~6.4 × 104 的参数范围内,采用典型长链高聚物—聚氧化乙烯(Polyethylene oxide,PEO)开展了系统喷射减阻研究,分析了雷诺数、喷射角度、喷射速率、相对分子质量等参数对减阻率的影响,提出了相对分子质量对减阻效果的影响模型。与Liu等[38-39]的工作及其他既有喷射减阻研究相比,本文的主要创新点体现在:1)在同一圆管平台上系统考察Re、相对喷射流量Qi/Q、喷射角度α及相对分子质量Mw的耦合影响;2)在前人提出的K标度律的基础上,建立了适用于管道喷射工况的归一化参数Kp。尽管本实验局限于管道流动,但所得到的注入参数优化原则和Kp标度框架,可为今后在管道及外流(如船舶外形、水下航行器外流)中设计高分子喷射方案提供参数参考和理论依据。
实验在重力驱动式循环水槽系统中开展。如图1所示,该系统主要包括上水箱、下水箱、离心泵、测压孔、流量计、阀门以及回流管等。上水箱顶部距地面的高度为6 m。系统的发展段与实验段均为无色亚克力材质,内径d为32 mm。为保证湍流充分发展,发展段长度为1.5 m(46.875d),实验段长度为2.0 m。实验段末端连接钢丝软管,软管再连接流量计和阀门。实验段末端至流量计、流量计至阀门之间的距离均为1.5 m,以尽量降低流量计和阀门对实验段内流动的影响。最后,钢丝软管连接PVC回流管,实验流体经回流管回流至下水箱,实现流体的循环。
实验管道轴线处加工有2个台阶型结构的测压孔:与管道内壁接触部分的孔径为1 mm,以减少对流场的扰动;外侧部分的孔径为2 mm。2个测压小孔的距离为1400 mm,即测试段长度为1400 mm。2个测压小孔距实验管道两端均为300 mm。采用差压变送器测试2个测压孔之间的压降:压差变送器型号为上海恩邦仪表3351ND,测量范围0~3000 Pa,测量精度0.1级,供电电压24 V,输出信号4~20 mA。通过安捷伦采集卡(Agilent–34972A)采集差压变送器的电信号。设置数据采集间隔为400 ms,对应采样频率为2.5 Hz,每个工况连续采集30个数据(持续约12 s),取其平均值记为该工况的一次实验结果。每个工况重复实验4次,最终的减阻率取4次结果的平均值。
喷射装置位于发展段末端,通过法兰与发展段管道和实验段管道相连。喷射装置为回转体结构,材料为304不锈钢,由2段回转体拼接成一体并形成内部空腔。如图2所示,内筒配合后形成与流向呈θ角度的环形狭缝,且可拆卸更换。内筒共设计了7种不同组合,形成15°、20°、30°、45°、60°、75°和90°共7种喷射角度,狭缝宽度均为1 mm。喷射狭缝距装置两端面的距离相等,均为80 mm。因此,测压孔距喷射口分别为380 mm和1780 mm。
本实验所选高分子为聚氧化乙烯(SIGMA–ALDRICH, USA),常规状态为白色粉末。选用相对分子质量分别为6 × 105、9 × 105、1 × 106、2 × 106、4 × 106、5 × 106、8 × 106的7种PEO(分别记为PEO60、PEO90、PEO100、PEO200、PEO400、PEO500、PEO800)进行减阻特性实验研究。实验前将一定量的PEO缓慢加入自来水中溶解,再用玻璃棒缓慢搅拌10 min(以避免剪切降解),确保完全溶解后备用。本实验主要选取50、100和150 mg/L共3种质量浓度的PEO溶液。采用喷射速率(Qi)表征喷射体积流率,依次取6.81、13.62、20.43和27.24 mL/s。
减阻率计算公示如下:
$ R\mathrm{_D}=\frac{\Delta p_{\mathrm{w}}-\Delta p_{\mathrm{p}}}{\Delta p_{\mathrm{w}}}\times100\mathrm{\%} $
式中:Δpw为一定流速下纯水流动时的压降,Δpp为对应流速下喷射减阻溶液时的压降。实验水温为20 ℃ ± 1 ℃。
需要说明的是,本文对“圆管流动中单相、稳定、充分发展湍流”的主要判据如下:工作介质为清水及PEO溶液(质量浓度 ≤ 150 mg/L),管路全充满,通过溢流与排气确保无可见气泡与空化,视为单相不可压缩液体;溢流管维持上水箱水位恒定,流量由阀门调节并由流量计连续监测,每次采样窗口内流量波动小于测量精度,且同一工况重复4次结果的离散性小于1%,满足统计稳定性要求;Re范围远高于湍流临界值,发展段长1500 mm,满足湍流入口发展长度经验关联式—Le/D ≈ 4.4Re1/6[40]
实验开始时,先将配制好的PEO溶液吸入液压缸。需要喷射时,将软管连接至喷射装置,控制电机正转,将液压缸内的PEO溶液注入主流。设置主流流速为0.5、1、1.25、1.5、1.8和2 m/s(对应Re = 15952、31904、39880、47856、57428和63809)。依据Martins[14]和Coelho[41]等的装置流动质量测试方法,首先测试4次纯水流动下的达西摩擦系数f,并取其平均值,得到5个实验雷诺数下达西摩擦系数与雷诺数的对应关系,如图3所示。实验测试结果与Blasius基线基本吻合,进一步佐证了发展段末端已形成充分发展湍流。其中,实验值与Blasius理论值最大相差6.2%,出现在Re = 57428时;其余雷诺数下实验值与Blasius理论值相差在5%以内。主要原因是雷诺数较大时流速较大,测压孔等结构的存在使得摩擦系数偏大,但仍处于实验的合理范围之内。相关文献中[18,35,42-43]的进一步纯水喷射实验和重复性实验表明:喷射装置本身对主流压降和流量的影响小于3%。在此实验平台上,本文考察了雷诺数、相对喷射流量、喷射角度及相对分子质量对减阻率的综合影响,进一步探索了高分子喷射的减阻规律,拓展了其参数优化途径。
喷射减阻实验中,减阻率随雷诺数的变化通常为先增大后降低,而随喷射速率的增大逐渐增大。为深入研究雷诺数与喷射速率对减阻率的耦合影响,本文定义无量纲喷射参数Qi/Q,其中Q为主流体积流量。采用质量浓度为50、100和150 mg/L的PEO开展喷射减阻特性研究,喷射角度为30°。如图4所示,不同喷射速率下,PEO溶液表现出相似的Qi/Q依赖性,并产生显著的减阻效果,减阻率最大超过50%。当Qi = 6.81 mL/s时,减阻率随Qi/Q增大而增大;当Qi/Q为13.62、20.43和27.24 mL/s时,减阻率随Qi/Q增大而增大,但在Qi/Q > 0.03后增速逐渐减缓。实际上,Qi/Q的增大等效于提高了管道内高分子溶液的相对质量浓度,其效果本质上与直接提高溶液质量浓度相同。
当质量浓度为100 mg/L(图4(b))时,减阻率同样随Qi/Q的增大而增大。与50 mg/L(图4(a))不同的是,当Qi/Q > 0.03后,减阻效果出现平台区,减阻率几乎不变,甚至有所降低。此外,当Qi = 6.81 mL/s时,减阻率下限高于50 mg/L工况,表明高质量浓度有利于高分子溶液形成缠结网络,产生更高的减阻效果。
当质量浓度为150 mg/L时,减阻率整体随Qi/Q增大先增大后趋于不变;当Qi/Q进一步增大时,减阻率出现下降,且较100 mg/L时更明显。实验结果表明:在4种喷射速率下,减阻率均随Qi/Q增大先增大,后出现降低趋势。实验所得最低减阻率为24.4%,最高减阻率为52.4%。
高分子溶液注入壁面后,会在近壁区域形成一层高分子聚集层,显著改变边界层结构和湍流特性。研究[3,11-12,17,25]表明,高分子注入会使近壁区的平均速度分布发生改变:缓冲层厚度增大,速度梯度突变的位置远离壁面;同时,湍流雷诺应力在近壁区受到显著抑制,且抑制程度随减阻率提高而增强。当雷诺数增大时,原始湍流强度更大,在相同注入条件下,高分子的相对作用被削弱。因此,在高雷诺数情形下,需要更大的高分子喷射量才能获得相同的减阻率。喷射速率对减阻率的影响在于其改变了近壁区高分子的质量浓度分布:较大的喷射速率在壁面附近引入更多的高分子,初期可显著提高减阻效果;但若喷射速率过高,部分高分子可能被抛射到缓冲层之外,未能有效停留在近壁区,从而使减阻率下降。White和Mungal[3]指出,这2种相反机制的竞争存在一个最优注入量,使RD出现峰值而非无限增大,这一点与本文结果一致。
高分子的相对分子质量是影响其减阻效果的内在因素。目前主流观点认为,发挥减阻作用的高分子相对分子质量须达百万量级,因此,已有研究多选择相对分子质量大于400万的高聚物进行实验。为深入研究相对分子质量对管道喷射减阻的影响,本文选用PEO60、PEO90、PEO100、PEO200、PEO400、PEO500、PEO800共7种相对分子质量的PEO进行管道喷射减阻实验,结果如图5所示。根据前述结果,当Qi/Q > 0.03时,减阻率较大且逐渐进入平台区,因此选择Qi/Qmax = 0.06774的工况,其中Qmax为主流最大体积流量。
由结果可知,PEO60、PEO90、PEO100、PEO200在Qi/Qmax = 0.06774时均未产生明显的减阻效果。PEO400开始出现较为可观的减阻率,此后随相对分子质量进一步增大,减阻率逐渐增大并趋于稳定。可见,减阻率受到质量浓度和相对分子质量的双重影响。由于文中的相对喷射流量较高(即主流中高分子溶液的实际质量浓度较高),减阻率随质量浓度的变化未表现出明显差异。对于PEO400,其相对分子质量较低,长链分子形成的缠结网络仍不足,增大质量浓度可提高减阻率。而对于相对分子质量更高的PEO500和PEO800,其链长更长,更易缠结,在质量浓度150 mg/L时,溶液黏度已处于较高水平,流动黏性阻力显著增大,减阻效果反而低于100和50 mg/L时。当相对分子质量继续增大时,虽然高分子本身的减阻性能增强,但同时溶液黏度进一步提高,因此,在较高质量浓度下,过大的黏度会导致减阻率下降。
值得注意的是,质量浓度为150 mg/L的PEO200在Re = 57428时,表现出了较明显的减阻效果,减阻率达9.19%。然而,PEO100在该条件下仍未表现出减阻作用。主要原因在于:相对分子质量较小时高分子链更短,相比长链更难被拉伸充分,需要在更高的雷诺数下才能完全舒展,从而表现出减阻效果。当相对喷射流量处于较高水平(即Qi/Qmax = 0.06774)时,流场湍流度较低,低相对分子质量的长链分子仍无法完全伸展,因此需要在更高雷诺数下才能充分伸展并发挥减阻作用。
观察发现,高分子溶液喷射减阻率随相对分子质量的变化规律类似于生长曲线,因此采用“S”型生长曲线拟合实验结果。选用Sigmoidal SGompertz 函数进行拟合,拟合函数如下:
$ R\mathrm{_D}=a\text{e}^{-\mathrm{e}^{\left[-k(M_{\mathrm{w}}-M_{\mathrm{wc}})\right]}} $
式中:e为自然对数的底数;ak为常数;Mwc为拐点相对分子质量,在该点处,减阻率随相对分子质量的增加变化速率最快,在该点之后,减阻率能够达到较高水平。
结果表明,拟合函数可取得较好的拟合结果。在50、100和150 mg/L这3个质量浓度下拟合得到的Mwc分别为3.84 × 106、3.83 × 106和3.27 × 106。随着质量浓度的增大,Mwc逐渐减小,换言之,提高溶液质量浓度在一定程度上可弥补相对分子质量偏低带来的减阻不足。利用该拟合函数,只需获取少量不同相对分子质量条件下的减阻率数据,便可预测其他相对分子质量下的减阻性能。
为了更好地研究喷射角度的影响,分别采用PEO400和PEO800在Qi/Q = 0.06774、0.01694条件下开展减阻率随喷射角度变化的实验。
图6(b)所示,对于PEO400,Qi/Q = 0.06774,质量浓度为50 mg/L时,减阻率随喷射角度先增大后降低。而当质量浓度为100 mg/L时,减阻率随角度变化几乎不变,维持在约35%。当质量浓度增大至150 mg/L,减阻率整体上随喷射角度的增大而增大。主要原因是高分子链在近壁区被拉伸,并且吸收了原本用于产生湍流涡旋的能量,削弱了湍流的生成。当高分子溶液质量浓度较低时,溶液黏度小,扩散速率较快。因此在喷射角度很小时,注入溶液紧贴壁面平滑进入流场,局限于近壁区而无法充分扩散到减阻核心区域,导致减阻率偏低;随着喷射角度增大,溶液更快地扩散至减阻核心区,减阻率随之升高。但当喷射角度进一步增大时,溶液射流深入湍流核心区,部分高分子溶液过早脱离近壁层,减阻效果有所丧失,因此减阻率呈现先升后降的趋势。当质量浓度增大至100 mg/L时,溶液的扩散特性受角度影响小,因此减阻率随角度变化程度较小。当质量浓度为150 mg/L时,由于相对喷射流量大,溶液黏度大,扩散速率更慢。在小角度注入时,高分子溶液易堆积于近壁区,高分子长链难以充分伸展,故减阻率较低;随着喷射角度增大,溶液逐渐向主流中心扩散,近壁区的高分子堆积减少,因而减阻率随角度增大而升高。当Qi/Q = 0.01694时,如图6(b)所示,在相对喷射流量较低时,由于溶液容易扩散,小喷射角度下的减阻率较低;随着喷射角度增大,减阻率先升高后降低。
采用PEO800时,喷射角度对减阻率的影响如图7所示。当Qi/Q = 0.06774时,减阻率随喷射角度的增大而增大,其主要原因在于此工况下相对喷射速率较大且相对分子质量较高,溶液黏度显著增大、扩散速率减慢,因此,较小角度时高分子滞留在壁面附近,减阻效果不佳;随着角度增大,高分子射入主流更深,与湍流的混合增强,减阻率迅速提高。但当质量浓度提高时,溶液黏度的增大更为明显,导致黏性阻力进一步加大,减阻率反而有所降低。Qi/Q = 0.01694时,喷射速率低,近壁区溶液质量浓度较低,高分子溶液更容易扩散。在低喷射角度时减阻率较低;随着喷射角度的增大,近壁区高分子积聚减少,减阻率随之提高。
综上所述,喷射角度影响高分子在壁面附近的分布和混合程度。小角度(接近平行)注入时,高分子沿壁面平滑进入,对主流干扰小,能够在壁面形成一层高分子薄层;但如果注入量大、角度过小,高质量浓度、高黏度的高分子层扩散缓慢,导致局部质量浓度过高,降低减阻效率。大角度注入则将高分子更深入地射入主流,增强了与湍流的混合,但过大的角度会使高分子过早离开近壁层,随主流被冲刷,降低了其在壁面附近的有效质量浓度。本实验也反映出:在高注入量和高质量浓度下,小角度减阻率偏低;而在低注入量条件下,大角度减阻率偏低。这正是由于角度与注入量交互影响了高分子在近壁的滞留和扩散。减阻率随喷射角度的变化趋势受相对喷射流量和溶液质量浓度的共同影响。
由以上结果可知,管道喷射减阻受喷射速率、质量浓度、相对分子质量等多种因素影响。借鉴湍流边界层流动中归一化参数K的定义,本文定义了适用于管道的归一化参数Kp
$ K_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{C_mQ_iM_{\mathrm{w}}}{\rho QM_{\mathrm{w0}}} $
式中:Cm为高分子的质量浓度;ρ为水的密度;Mw0为减阻起始相对分子质量,本文取2 × 106
根据Hou等[17,32]的定义,对于给定的高分子聚合物:在RD随lg Kp变化曲线中存在一条“通用曲线”(图8中蓝色区域);同时,也存在着“发展稳定区”,RD较小(图8中黄色区域)。更多细节可以参考文献[17,32]。根据结果,减阻率随Kp呈现先增大,后趋于稳定的演化规律。同时,由于高分子本身的特点,还存在减阻率较低的发展区域。不同雷诺数、质量浓度、相对分子质量和注入条件下的数据在RDKp半对数坐标系中大致塌缩在一条曲线上。具体来说,随着流体沿流向发展,高分子影响由壁面逐渐向外传播:最初仅近壁附近的湍流强度被降低,外层流动仍接近纯水湍流状态;但随着流动进一步向下游发展,湍流抑制区域向边界层外部扩展。与此同时,壁面摩擦阻力一旦降低,平均流速廓线会立即产生响应,雷诺应力分布需要更长距离才能调整到新的平衡。因此,发展区的流动通常处于非平衡状态。注入达到一定下游距离后,高分子与湍流的相互作用趋于稳定,此时近壁湍流结构被持续抑制,减阻率进入稳态高值阶段。然而,由于高分子沿程的逐渐扩散和稀释,流场中的质量浓度分布不断演变。Somandepalli等[32]的研究表明,随流动向下游发展,壁面附近的高分子质量浓度持续下降,而缓冲层内的高分子质量浓度逐渐上升,表明注入的高分子正从黏性底层向外扩散,并在缓冲层累积。Shah和Yarusevych[11]同样发现,平均高分子质量浓度在黏性底层中的沿程显著衰减,而在缓冲层中沿程质量浓度上升,最终趋于某种平衡分布。这一扩散驱动的演化导致损耗区出现:当近壁区高分子质量浓度降低到不足以维持高减阻时,减阻率会随流向距离的增大逐步下降。另外,不同初始质量浓度及不同喷射速率条件下,减阻率在相同流向位置的演化规律也不相同。总而言之,高分子喷射减阻的力学机理可概括为:高分子在近壁层经历了抑制湍流生成、湍流结构逐步调整及沿程扩散稀释3个过程,该过程决定了减阻效果随时间和空间的演化特征。
值得注意的是,本研究所得的“通用曲线”拟合结果为RD = 31.8lg (Kp × 106) + 26.4(图8中紫色虚线)。而Hou等[17,32]的平板边界层高分子注入的通用曲线拟合公式为RD = 51.1lg (Kp × 108) + 13.4,可见本文所得的Kp值与Hou等的平板边界层注射结果相差2个数量级,但2条拟合曲线的斜率和截距较为接近。由于实验条件、流场结构(管道和边界层)以及归一化变量选取存在差异,且本文增加了相对分子质量这一关键参数,导致两者拟合关系式中的数值系数有所不同。这种差异是合理且可预期的,并具有一定的工程指导意义。基于RD–lg Kp关系,可以将雷诺数、相对喷射速率、质量浓度、相对分子质量等多因素对减阻率的影响进行统一归一化处理,有利于管道喷射减阻中的高分子注射参数优化和效果预测。
高分子溶液管道喷射减阻受多种因素的综合影响。研究发现:
1)高分子溶液的减阻效果随相对喷射流量Qi/Q呈先增大、后趋于不变、再降低的变化趋势。减阻率随相对分子质量的增大而提高,变化趋势可用“S”型函数进行拟合与预测。
2)减阻率随喷射角度的变化与管道近壁区高分子溶液的有效质量浓度分布密切相关。通过归一化参数Kp,揭示了高分子管道喷射中减阻率的演化规律,这有利于高分子注射在管道喷射减阻中的参数优化和效果预测。
3)基于局部注入的减阻策略,通过合理选择注入量、角度和相对分子质量,可在有限注入量下实现接近饱和的减阻效果,有助于缓解传统均匀掺混方式中高分子的剪切降解问题。该注入思路有望为管道输运、水面船舶减阻、水下航行器外流控制等场景提供参考。

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2026年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250101
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
  • 修回日期:2026-02-03
  • 录用日期:2026-02-13
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    1西北工业大学 航海学院,西安 710072
    2中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏无锡 214082
    3西安天和防务技术股份有限公司,西安 710019
    4西安天和海防智能科技有限公司,西安 710019

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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