Article(id=1301954924397490854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250086, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20250086, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=1765814400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-16, acceptedDate=1765900800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineDate=1788339843129, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339843129, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339843129, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339843129, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=18, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954924649149095, articleId=1301954924397490854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Conditional phase-lock averaged mode of burst in turbulent boundary layer over superhydrophobic surface, columnId=1301954870869778834, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Outstanding Papers at the 14th National Conference on Experimental Fluid Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Multi-scale wavelet analysis along the longitudinal direction was conducted on the large-sample-size time series of instantaneous velocity fields of the turbulent boundary layer over a smooth hydrophilic surface, an isotropic and an anisotropic superhydrophobic surface respectively measured by Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(TR–PIV), and the distribution of turbulent fluctuating kinetic energy with different longitudinal spatial scales and different normal coordinates was obtained. It was found that the isotropic and anisotropic superhydrophobic surface significantly suppressed the kinetic energy of turbulent fluctuation at all scales. The two types of burst events of the coherent structure were detected respectively by using the positive maxima and negative minima of the wavelet coefficients at each scale. The conditional phase-locked averaged modes of the streamwise fluctuating velocity, normal-wall fluctuating velocity and spanwise fluctuating vorticity of the two burst events were obtained by the conditional phase-locking averaging method at the same scale. It was found that the phase averaged modes of the streamwise and wall-normal fluctuating velocities of the two bursts conformed to the shear layer characteristics of the eject-sweep and swept-eject modes. The phase-locked averaged mode of the fluctuating vorticity corresponded to the structural feature of a quadrupole vortex packet with alternating positive and negative distributions in the streamwise and wall-normal directions, and its streamlines were manifested as a dynamic system of saddle point-focus. Isotropic and anisotropic superhydrophobic surfaces can significantly suppress the burst intensity of coherent structures at various scales.

, authors=Zechu CHEN1, Nan JIANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Zechu CHEN, Nan JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954929023808193, articleId=1301954924397490854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=超疏水壁面湍流边界层猝发条件相位平均模态, columnId=1301954871012385172, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对基于TR–PIV系统获得的光滑亲水壁面、各向同性超疏水壁面和各向异性超疏水壁面湍流边界层瞬时速度场的大样本时间序列,进行沿流向空间的多尺度小波分析,得到不同流向空间尺度下湍流脉动动能随法向坐标和尺度的分布,发现各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面显著抑制了各尺度的湍流脉动动能。利用各尺度小波系数的正极大值和负极小值分别检测相干结构的2种猝发事件,采用同尺度空间锁相条件平均的方法,得到2种猝发的流向脉动速度、法向脉动速度和展向脉动涡量的条件相位平均模态。结果表明:2种猝发事件中流向脉动速度、法向脉动速度的条件相位平均模态符合喷射–扫掠和扫掠–喷射的剪切层特征;脉动涡量的相位平均模态呈现流向、法向正负交替分布的四极子涡包结构特征,其流线表现为鞍点–焦点的动力系统;同时,各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面显著抑制了各尺度相干结构的猝发强度。

, authors=陈泽楚1, 姜楠1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=陈泽楚, 姜楠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜楠, authorNote=

陈泽楚(2004—),男,河北石家庄人,本科。研究方向:湍流边界层相干结构与减阻实验研究。E-mail:

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label=图11, caption=第4和第7尺度的条件平均流场, figureFileSmall=8I7g/2w+MzJIAC9EVgXE6Q==, figureFileBig=pNebGqP00fCH9zjdlluVmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301954934841307893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954924397490854, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the turbulent boundary layer

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SMSHRISH
$ {U}_{\infty } $/(m·s−1)0.2670.2670.264
$ \delta $/mm48.948.549.6
$ \theta $/mm6.016.146.21
$ {Re}_{\theta } $199020362034
$ {Re}_{\tau } $703696682
$ {u}_{\tau } $/(m·s−1)0.011640.011620.01113
), ArticleFig(id=1301954934916805366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954924397490854, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

湍流边界层主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SMSHRISH
$ {U}_{\infty } $/(m·s−1)0.2670.2670.264
$ \delta $/mm48.948.549.6
$ \theta $/mm6.016.146.21
$ {Re}_{\theta } $199020362034
$ {Re}_{\tau } $703696682
$ {u}_{\tau } $/(m·s−1)0.011640.011620.01113
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超疏水壁面湍流边界层猝发条件相位平均模态
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陈泽楚 1 , 姜楠 1, 2, 3, *
实验流体力学 | 第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026,40(3): 18-28
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实验流体力学 |第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026 , 40 (3) : 18 -28
超疏水壁面湍流边界层猝发条件相位平均模态
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陈泽楚(2004—),男,河北石家庄人,本科。研究方向:湍流边界层相干结构与减阻实验研究。E-mail:

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陈泽楚(2004—),男,河北石家庄人,本科。研究方向:湍流边界层相干结构与减阻实验研究。E-mail:

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陈泽楚1 , 姜楠1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1天津大学 机械工程学院,天津 300354
  • 2车用动力系统全国重点实验室,天津 300354
  • 3天津市现代工程力学重点实验室,天津 300354
通讯作者:
作者简介:

陈泽楚(2004—),男,河北石家庄人,本科。研究方向:湍流边界层相干结构与减阻实验研究。E-mail:

Conditional phase-lock averaged mode of burst in turbulent boundary layer over superhydrophobic surface
Zechu CHEN1 , Nan JIANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power System, Tianjin 300354
  • 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin 300354
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250086
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针对基于TR–PIV系统获得的光滑亲水壁面、各向同性超疏水壁面和各向异性超疏水壁面湍流边界层瞬时速度场的大样本时间序列,进行沿流向空间的多尺度小波分析,得到不同流向空间尺度下湍流脉动动能随法向坐标和尺度的分布,发现各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面显著抑制了各尺度的湍流脉动动能。利用各尺度小波系数的正极大值和负极小值分别检测相干结构的2种猝发事件,采用同尺度空间锁相条件平均的方法,得到2种猝发的流向脉动速度、法向脉动速度和展向脉动涡量的条件相位平均模态。结果表明:2种猝发事件中流向脉动速度、法向脉动速度的条件相位平均模态符合喷射–扫掠和扫掠–喷射的剪切层特征;脉动涡量的相位平均模态呈现流向、法向正负交替分布的四极子涡包结构特征,其流线表现为鞍点–焦点的动力系统;同时,各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面显著抑制了各尺度相干结构的猝发强度。

超疏水壁面  /  湍流边界层  /  猝发  /  湍流脉动动能

Multi-scale wavelet analysis along the longitudinal direction was conducted on the large-sample-size time series of instantaneous velocity fields of the turbulent boundary layer over a smooth hydrophilic surface, an isotropic and an anisotropic superhydrophobic surface respectively measured by Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(TR–PIV), and the distribution of turbulent fluctuating kinetic energy with different longitudinal spatial scales and different normal coordinates was obtained. It was found that the isotropic and anisotropic superhydrophobic surface significantly suppressed the kinetic energy of turbulent fluctuation at all scales. The two types of burst events of the coherent structure were detected respectively by using the positive maxima and negative minima of the wavelet coefficients at each scale. The conditional phase-locked averaged modes of the streamwise fluctuating velocity, normal-wall fluctuating velocity and spanwise fluctuating vorticity of the two burst events were obtained by the conditional phase-locking averaging method at the same scale. It was found that the phase averaged modes of the streamwise and wall-normal fluctuating velocities of the two bursts conformed to the shear layer characteristics of the eject-sweep and swept-eject modes. The phase-locked averaged mode of the fluctuating vorticity corresponded to the structural feature of a quadrupole vortex packet with alternating positive and negative distributions in the streamwise and wall-normal directions, and its streamlines were manifested as a dynamic system of saddle point-focus. Isotropic and anisotropic superhydrophobic surfaces can significantly suppress the burst intensity of coherent structures at various scales.

superhydrophobic surface  /  turbulent boundary layer  /  burst  /  turbulent pulsation kinetic energy
陈泽楚, 姜楠. 超疏水壁面湍流边界层猝发条件相位平均模态. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 18 -28 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250086
Zechu CHEN, Nan JIANG. Conditional phase-lock averaged mode of burst in turbulent boundary layer over superhydrophobic surface[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 18 -28 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250086
湍流边界层引起的高壁面摩擦阻力在众多工程领域中造成极大的能源消耗与浪费,湍流边界层减阻研究不仅具有理论意义,而且具有工程应用价值。湍流边界层中存在猝发事件,猝发瞬间的瞬时雷诺切应力可达平均雷诺切应力的200倍以上[1],是其高阻力的主要来源,引起广泛关注。抑制相干结构的产生和降低其强度是减小边界层阻力的重要方法。近年来,变间隔时间平均(Variable-Interval Time Average, VITA)、变间隔空间平均(Variable-Interval Spatial Average, VISA)[2-4]、本征正交分解(Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, POD)[5-7]等方法的提出,为相干结构的研究提供了重要基础。
其中,小波变换(wavelet transform)和小波分析(wavelet analysis)具有将时域和频域结合起来分析的特点,并能够根据频率或尺度分解流动结构。1989年,小波分析首次被应用于湍流的数据分析[8]。小波分析可大致分为连续小波变换和离散小波变换。前者以平滑连续的方式进行,即使用连续小波函数;后者则以离散步骤进行,即使用离散正交小波基函数。
连续小波变换是对涡流结构进行连续时频识别的有力工具。一维(1D)连续小波变换已被广泛用于风洞湍流[8]、边界层[9-10]、湍流射流[11-12]、湍流尾流[13]、湍流剪切流[14-15]、边界层转换[16-17]、多相流[18-19]以及激光多普勒测速(LDV)和粒子图像测速等实验数据的分析。
离散小波变换的特点是在最少的独立模式上进行正交投影,从而提取定量信息。这种变换具有可逆性,对于任何选定的小波基函数,都能通过其逆变换的小波系数重建原始数据。Yamada 和 Ohkitani[20]以及 Meneveau[21]最先将湍流的一维实验数据分解成不同尺度进行统计分析。Mallat[22]在离散小波变换的基础上,发展了一种正交小波多分辨率方法。该方法可提供一个简单的分层框架,将信号中的一个事件分解为多个具有精细细节的事件;在相干和非相干结构之外,它还能根据湍流结构在时间(或空间)域的特征频率(或尺度)对其进行定量分解和表征。Rinoshika 和 Zhou[23]首次开发了一维正交小波多分辨率方法,根据特征频率或中心频率将流动结构分解为多个小波分量,这些小波分量代表了圆柱尾流中不同尺度的湍流结构,包括大尺度结构和次级结构等。他们首次观察到,与圆柱绕流产生的卡门涡平均频率相同的小波分量的展向涡度等值线,在圆柱体尾流的鞍点附近显示出展向次级结构。基于同样的方法,他们进一步研究了各种湍流产生体或雷诺数对近尾流区和远尾流区不同尺度湍流结构的影响[24-27],发现中、大尺度结构均取决于湍流产生体或雷诺数。此外,这种小波分析方法可将圆柱尾流的三分量涡量数据按其中心频率分解成若干小波分量[28-30]
本文利用小波变换所产生的小波系数,开发了一种检测方法,对3种不同壁面条件下平板湍流边界层的TR–PIV实验数据进行条件平均,并研究不同壁面、法向高度和尺度下的相干结构形态与强度。
实验在天津大学流体力学实验室的回流式水洞中进行。如图1所示,通过对水箱中潜水泵的变频控制,可实现对自由来流速度的连续调节,流体经稳流段、收缩段后达到所需流速,进入实验段(长、宽、高分别为4.2、0.6、0.7 m)。实验中的边界层由水平安装于水洞底部的铝合金平板(长4.0 m)产生,在距其前缘0.11 m处安装一根直径为3 mm的绊线,对边界层进行人工扰动,以加快边界层转捩,促进湍流充分发展。
实验中的 TR–PIV 系统由激光器、高速相机、数据采集和处理系统构成,用以测量平板湍流边界层流向–法向(x–y)平面的瞬时速度场。激光器位于水洞正下方,产生的片光与平板中线重合。高速相机镜头置于水洞侧面,平行于激光面,使用单帧连续模式记录示踪粒子(直径20 μm的聚酰胺微球)图像在激光面内的分布,拍摄频率为800 Hz,相同工况下共拍摄3组,每组采集8216张粒子图像,处理后得到8215个瞬时速度矢量场,3组共计24545个速度矢量场。图像处理过程中,为减小近壁区域的测量误差,对不同查询窗口大小进行测试,确定查询窗口大小为24像素 × 24像素,窗口重叠率为50%,最终得到的矢量场共有156 × 93个数据点。系统中 xyz 轴分别指示流向、法向和展向,对应的速度分量分别为 $U=\overline{U}+U' $$V=\overline{V}+V' $$W=\overline{W}+W' $,其中上划线“–”和右上角“'”标分别表示时均值和脉动值。
实验中所使用的2种超疏水壁面平板均采用超快激光刻蚀加氟化处理制备而成。具体制备方法为:在铝合金板表面用飞秒超快激光蚀刻流向微沟槽,其宽度约35 μm、间隔约15 μm、深度约30 μm;然后将其完全浸没于1%的氟硅烷溶液(溶剂为乙醇)超过12 h,以降低其表面能。
在光滑铝合金平板表面,采用上述制备方法,烘干后得到接触角为155°的各向同性超疏水壁面(SH)。在锯齿形流向沟槽板表面,采用同样的方式加工超疏水结构,得到具有相同超疏水效果的超疏水–沟槽复合壁面,即各向异性超疏水壁面(RISH),如图2所示。实验中采用的沟槽顶角为60°,齿尖端高1.6 mm,两齿间距1.85 mm。
由于实验均采用TR–PIV测速,本文采用平均速度剖面法拟合壁面摩擦速度$ {u}_{\tau } $。根据湍流边界层分层模型,对数律区平均速度剖面在半对数律坐标下为直线,在这里无量纲化的平均流向速度$\overline{u}^+ $的表达式为:
$ \overline{u}^+=\frac{1}{\kappa}\ln y^++B $
式中:$\kappa $为卡门常数,$y^+ $无量纲化的法向高度,右上标代表通过壁面摩擦速度无量纲化,B为积分常数。
Clauser方法[31]利用对数律区的速度剖面进行拟合。将$ \overline{u}^+=\overline{U}/u_{\tau} $$ {y}^{ + }=y{u}_{\tau }/\nu $带入上式可得:
$ \overline{u}=\frac{u_{\tau}}{\kappa}\ln y+\frac{u_{\tau}}{\kappa}\ln u_{\tau}-\frac{u_{\tau}}{\kappa}\ln\nu+Bu_{\tau} $
式中:y为法向高度;$\nu $ 为水的运动黏度,本实验中约为$ 0.81\times {10}^{-6}\;{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s} $
将速度剖面对数律区的数据点代入,利用牛顿迭代法可直接拟合得到$ {u}_{\tau } $
对于光滑亲水壁面,可直接调用经验参数$ \kappa =0.41、B=5.0 $,此时Clauser方法中的未知数只有$ {u}_{\tau } $,因此直接使用Clauser方法进行拟合。
对于2种超疏水壁面,还存在原点误差和粗糙函数的影响。要确定上述参数,需依赖速度亏损率或尾流函数律,而这些方法高度依赖于尾流因子[32],因此,本文采用对尾流因子不敏感的modified Clauser方法[33]来拟合粗糙壁面的壁面摩擦速度:
$ \begin{split} & \frac{\overline{U}}{U_{\infty}}=1+\frac{1}{\kappa}\frac{u_{\tau}}{U_{\infty}}\ln\left(\frac{y+e}{\delta^*}\right)+ \\ &\qquad\frac{1}{\kappa}\frac{u_{\tau}}{U_{\infty}}\ln\left(\frac{u_{\tau}}{U_{\infty}}\right)+0.493\frac{u_{\tau}}{U_{\infty}}\end{split} $
式中:$U_{\infty } $为自由来流速度,$ e $为原点误差,$\delta ^* $为边界层位移厚度。
同样将速度剖面对数律区的数据点代入,拟合得到$ {u}_{\tau } $
表1展示了光滑亲水壁面(SM)、各向同性超疏水壁面(SH)、各向异性超疏水壁面(RISH)3种壁面条件下,PIV测量区域中心处湍流边界层流动的基本参数,$ {Re}_{\theta }({Re}_{\theta } ={U}_{\infty }\theta /\nu ) $为基于自由来流速度和动量厚度$ \theta $的雷诺数,$ {Re}_{\tau }({Re}_{\tau }= {u}_{\tau }\delta /\nu ) $为基于壁面摩擦速度和边界层厚度的雷诺数。
本文中的边界层厚度$ \delta $定义为边界层内速度达到自由来流速度99%的位置,位移厚度$ {\delta }^{*} $和动量厚度$ \theta $的定义如下:
$ \delta^*=\int\nolimits_0^{\delta}\left(1-\frac{U}{U_{\infty}}\right){\mathrm{d}}y $
$ \theta=\int\nolimits_0^{\delta}\frac{U}{U_{\infty}}\left(1-\frac{U}{U_{\infty}}\right){\mathrm{d}}y $
利用壁面摩擦速度$ {u}_{\tau } $可得到壁面切应力$ \tau_{\mathrm{w}}= \rho u_{\tau}^2 $,其中$ \rho $为水的密度,取$ 997.1\text{ kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} $。进一步可得壁面摩擦系数$C_f $$ C_f=2\tau_{\mathrm{w}}/(\rho U_{\infty}^2) $。最后由$ {C}_{f} $计算得减阻率$ R_{\mathrm{D}}$$ R_{\mathrm{D}}=(C_{f,\mathrm{SM}}-C_{f,\mathrm{R}})/C_{f,\mathrm{SM}}\times100\% $,其中$ C_{f,\mathrm{SM}} $为光滑亲水壁面的壁面摩擦系数,$ C_{f,\mathrm{R}} $表示其他壁面的壁面摩擦系数。最终得到的各向同性超疏水壁面和各向异性超疏水壁面的减阻率分别为3.43%和6.48%。
为了便于对比,在下文的讨论中,使用光滑亲水壁面的$ {u}_{\tau } $进行内尺度无量纲化。
首先,得到流向平均速度剖面(图3),流向速度和法向位置均由壁面摩擦速度$ {u}_{\tau } $进行内尺度无量纲化($ \overline{u}^+=\overline{U}/u_{\tau},y^+=u_{\tau}y/\nu $)。
图3中还给出了经典的边界层分层模型在黏性底层与对数律区的理论结果,分别以$ \overline{u}^+=y^+ $(图中黑色实线)和$ \overline{u}^+=k\ln y^++B $(图中黑色虚线)来表示。可以看出,在对数律区,实验测量结果与理论结果符合较好。
图4为壁面的二阶统计量—雷诺应力剖面,使用$ {u}_{\tau } $进行内尺度无量纲化($ \lt U'U' \gt ^+= -U'U'/u_{\tau}^2 $$ \lt U'V' \gt ^+=-U'V'/u_{\tau}^2 $$ \lt V'V' \gt ^+=-V'V'/u_{\tau}^2 $)。
图34可以看出,与光滑亲水壁面相比,在近壁区域,各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面上的流向平均速度显著增大,同时,雷诺应力显著减小。这2种超疏水壁面平均速度剖面与雷诺应力剖面的抬升,来自于气–液界面产生的滑移速度[34]。对比2种超疏水壁面,各向异性超疏水壁面上的流向平均速度抬升量、雷诺应力减小量更大,说明其减阻效果优于各向同性超疏水壁面。这是由于各向同性超疏水在流向与展向都能产生滑移速度[34],流向超疏水造成的流向滑移可以减小壁面摩擦阻力,展向超疏水同样会引起展向滑移,这种特性增大了动能和动量在展向的分配,而近壁区流向涡的展向不稳定性[35-36]不利于流向动能和动量的增大。流向微沟槽可以减弱近壁区域的展向滑移,使动能和动量更多地集中于流向,因此具有更好的减阻效果[37]。这体现在平均速度剖面与雷诺应力剖面上,即各向异性超疏水壁面具有更大的抬升量。
傅里叶(Fourier)变换是传统信号理论的基础,但存在一些局限性,如不具备局部奇异性分析能力、不能分析非平稳信号、不具备自适应能力等,而小波变换很好地解决了这些问题。
小波变换可以将时间(或空间)与频域分析相结合,并根据频率或尺度分解流动结构。湍流包含不同尺度的湍涡信号,与小波变换的湍涡分解概念高度一致,因此本文使用小波变换将脉动速度信号分解为不同尺度部分。
设一维流向的速度信号$ U(x,\ y) $,在小波函数$ {W}_{ab}(x) $下的小波系数$ W_U(a,\ b;\ y) $定义为:
$ W_U\left(a,\;b;\;y\right)=\int\nolimits_{-\infty}^{+\infty}U\left(x,\;y\right)\overline{W_{ab}\left(x\right)}{\mathrm{d}}x $
式中,小波函数$ {W}_{ab}(x) $是由小波母函数$ W(x) $经过平移(平移因子为$ b $)和伸缩(尺度因子为$ a $)变换而来:
$ {W}_{ab}\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{a}}W\left(\frac{x-a}{b}\right) $
根据小波系数$ W_U(a,b;y) $,可以将速度信号$ U(x,y) $的能量$ E(a,y) $分解为:
$ \int\nolimits_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\left|U\left(x,\;y\right)\right|^2{\mathrm{d}}x=\int\nolimits_0^{+\infty}\frac{E\left(a,\;y\right)}{a^2}{\mathrm{d}}a $
对于本文中涉及到的PIV数据,$ E(a,y) $的具体计算方式为:
$ E\left(a,\ y\right)=\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n(a)}W_U^2\left(a,\ b;\ y\right)}{n(a)+1} $
式中,$ n(a) $是在法向高度$ y $处提取的速度序列经小波变换后,第$ a $尺度小波系数的个数。
由于在进行离散小波变换时,每增加一个尺度,$ n(a) $会减半一次,而$ n(a) $的下限为1。因此,对于一定长度的信号,进行小波变换的尺度不能无限大,通常需满足:
$ L \gt 2^{a_{\max}} $
式中:$ L $为原始信号长度,$ a_{\max} $为最大变换尺度。
受相机限制,每一个速度矢量场在流向的数据点个数为156,若要满足式(10),则最多进行7个尺度的小波变换。然而,实际流场中的流向速度信号长度远不止156,为找到真实流动中流向速度的含能最大尺度,本文将得到的速度场首尾相接,每30个速度场合并为一个大视场速度场,在此大视场基础上进行分析。
图5给出了3种壁面条件下湍流脉动动能$ E(a,y) $随法向坐标和尺度的变化,从左到右依次为光滑亲水壁面、各向同性超疏水壁面和各向异性超疏水壁面,第一行与第二行的纵轴分别采用线性坐标与对数坐标。可以看出,3种壁面条件下,脉动动能均在第7尺度达到最大,且随法向坐标的增大而减小。值得注意的是,这种减小并非单调:图5所展示的3组图中,随着$ {y}^{ + } $的增大,均出现另一个峰值。如在光滑亲水壁面的云图中,$ {y}^{ + }\approx 410 $处出现第二个峰值,证实了大尺度相干结构存在在于湍流边界层的外层区域中并引起湍流脉动动能上升。另外2种壁面条件的云图中也发现了相似的第二峰值,但在法向高度与数值大小方面无明显规律,有待进一步讨论。在变化规律上,3种壁面结果呈现出相似性。在数值上,光滑亲水壁面的脉动动能最大,各向同性超疏水壁面次之,各向异性超疏水壁面最小,脉动动能的峰值依次为$ 5.74\times {10}^{-4} $(SM)、$ 4.62\;\times {10}^{-4} $(SH)和$ 3.81\times {10}^{-4} $(RISH),表明各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面对湍流脉动具有抑制效果,且各向异性超疏水壁面效果更好。
本文利用小波变换得到的小波系数设立了条件平均的检测准则,即以小波系数的极值点作为检测准则。图6展示了以小波系数极大值作为检测准则的条件平均步骤,以极小值为检测准则的流程同理。
检测准则的设立主要包含以下步骤:
1)在原始速度场中,提取某一特定法向高度下流向速度沿流向的空间序列。
2)对提取出的流向速度序列进行小波变换,提取某一尺度的小波系数。由于离散小波变换中,小波系数的长度会随尺度增大而逐次减半,因此需对小波系数序列进行插值,使其长度与流向速度序列长度相等。
3)寻找小波系数序列的局部极大值与极小值(文中以极大值为例),将极大值的位置对应返回到原始速度场中,以该位置为中心点,截取中心点周围的局部脉动速度场。
4)将截取出的局部二维脉动速度场进行平均,得到喷射–扫掠事件的相干结构流场。
图711分别给出了不同壁面条件、不同法向高度和不同尺度的条件平均流场。图中横轴为无量纲化流向坐标${x}^{\mathrm{*}} $$ {x}^{\mathrm{*}}=x/{l}^{\mathrm{*}} $),纵轴为无量纲化法向坐标${y}^{\mathrm{*}} $$ {y}^{\mathrm{*}}=y/{l}^{\mathrm{*}} $),其中$ l^{\mathrm{*}}=0.56\;\mathrm{mm} $,代表黏性长度单位;$ {{\varOmega }}^{\mathrm{'}} $为展向脉动涡量,下角标$ {\mathrm{max}} $$ {\mathrm{min}} $分别表示以小波系数极大值和极小值设立检测准则所检测到的结果。
对光滑亲水壁面、各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面的脉动速度流场进行条件平均,发现其流场均表现出明显的剪切层特征。从数值上来看,各向同性与各向异性超疏水降低了猝发事件的强度,实现了减阻。
图78展示了在$ {y}^{ + }\approx 160 $处,3种壁面条件下的流向脉动速度和展向脉动涡量的条件平均,从上到下依次为光滑亲水壁面、各向同性超疏水壁面和各向异性超疏水壁面;图(a)和(b)分别是以小波系数极大值和极小值设立的检测准则。
图7可以看出:流场由2个主要流体团构成,呈现双极结构。红色流体团代表流向脉动速度为正,蓝色流体团代表流向脉动速度为负。结合流线分析,其流线符合焦点–鞍点的动力学特征。同时发现,高速红色流体团的法向脉动速度总是向下,符合扫掠事件的特征,而蓝色低速流体团的法向脉动速度总是向上,符合喷射事件的特征。这2种事件总是伴随出现,是引起高雷诺应力,导致湍流边界层高摩擦阻力的主要原因。
图8展示了检测到的相干结构的脉动涡量,表现为流向、法向正负交替分布的四极子涡包结构特征。
分别对比图8(a)与(b)可以发现,以小波系数的极大值和极小值作为检测准则所得的条件平均流场呈现出左右对换交替的结构特征。如在图7中,图7(a)总是呈现左侧为高速流体,右侧为低速流体的特征;而图7(b)中高速与低速流体团的左右位置则恰好与图7(a)相反。这一规律在图8的脉动涡量云图中同样成立。
对不同法向高度的条件平均流场进行统计,发现相干结构强度随法向高度增大而减小,说明阻力的主要来源在边界层近壁区域。不过,边界层外区仍表现出剪切层特征,说明外区仍然存在大尺度相干结构。
图910展示了不同法向高度的流向脉动速度和展向脉动涡量的条件平均流场,其壁面条件均为光滑亲水壁面。
$ {y}^{ + }\approx 40 $的缓冲层处,涡量场表现为一正一负的涡对形态。该涡对诱导了相干结构的产生:低速流体向上喷出,使流向脉动速度急剧减小,法向脉动速度急剧增大,产生喷射事件;高速流体向下扫掠,使流向脉动速度迅速增大,法向脉动速度迅速减小,产生扫掠事件。在$ {y}^{ + } $从160逐渐增至400的对数律区当中,涡量场表现为上下2排涡,并呈现出正负交替的四极子涡包结构。同时,结合流线分析,四极子涡包与高速/低速流体团之间可见明显的鞍点,且鞍点结构沿法向逐渐向上移动。
以第四和第七尺度的小波系数作为检测准则,对流场进行条件平均,发现不同尺度所检测到的相干结构在形态上呈现出相似性,但在数值上,第四尺度所检测到的相干结构的空间尺度和脉动强度明显小于第七尺度。
图11展示了在光滑亲水壁面$ {y}^{ + }\approx 160 $处,第四尺度与第七尺度的条件平均流场。其中,图11(a)和(f)为第七尺度的条件平均流场,图11(b)~(e)为第四尺度的条件平均流场,图11(a)、(b)、(d)、(f)具有相同的视窗大小。从远大于相干结构空间尺度的视窗观察(如图11(b)和(d)所示),可见相干结构的排布具有很强的规律性,表现为多个基本结构单元的重复串联,这一基本结构在脉动速度场中表现为前文提到的双极子流体团结构,在脉动涡量场中表现为前文提到的四极子涡包结构。对比2种尺度下相干结构的基本单元可知,第四尺度的相干结构单元所占空间尺度远小于第七尺度。从图11(b)与(d)的流场中截取出一个结构单元置于右侧,如图11(c)与(e)所示。将其与图11(a)和(f)对比,从脉动速度和脉动涡量的数值来看,第四尺度的相干结构脉动强度小于第七尺度。
本文利用离散小波变换对TR–PIV测量得到的光滑亲水壁面、各向同性超疏水壁面、各向异性超疏水壁面的湍流边界层速度场的流向速度序列进行分析,得到了不同壁面条件下湍流脉动动能随法向坐标和尺度的变化。同时,根据小波系数设立检测准则,对流场进行条件平均,对比了不同壁面条件、不同法向高度、不同尺度的条件平均流场。主要结论如下:
1)各向同性和各向异性超疏水壁面显著抑制了各尺度湍流脉动动能和各尺度相干结构的猝发强度。
2)相位平均流场符合剪切层特征,其流线表现为鞍点–焦点的动力系统,涡量符合四极子涡包特征。
3)湍流动能主要集中于近壁区,但外区仍然存在大尺度相干结构与湍流动能。
4)从第四尺度和第七尺度湍流结构相位平均速度场和涡量场对比看,各尺度相干结构在形态上具有相似性,在数值上随尺度含能占比增大而增大。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250086
  • 接收时间:2025-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25
  • 修回日期:2025-12-16
  • 录用日期:2025-12-17
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    1天津大学 机械工程学院,天津 300354
    2车用动力系统全国重点实验室,天津 300354
    3天津市现代工程力学重点实验室,天津 300354

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