Article(id=1320167256286413291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=1763049600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-14, acceptedDate=1763481600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-19, onlineDate=1792682001420, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792682001420, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792682001420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792682001420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320167256504517100, articleId=1320167256286413291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Identification of sound sources and estimation of their radiated sound power of aircraft in typical operating status, columnId=1301954871368904982, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Measuring Technique, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Identifying the main sound sources under typical aircraft operating status and estimating their radiated sound power are of great significance for aircraft low-noise design and noise pollution assessment. In this study, a beamforming algorithm is employed to develop a method that utilizes a sound array to identify the external main airframe sound sources and estimate their radiated sound power levels during both aircraft ground operation and low-altitude flight. Additionally, a method for analyzing the contribution of these main sound sources is proposed. A flight test technical plan is then presented, which centers around the measurement of sound–aircraft–environment parameters. The proposed methods are validated through a series of sound tests conducted on a fighter plane and a large transport aircraft, utilizing a well-designed non-uniform linear acoustic array and a planar multi-arm spiral acoustic array. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods in accurately identifying the main sound sources within the frequency range of 200–2000 Hz, as well as estimating the radiated sound power levels of the aircraft engine and airframe sound sources, thereby enabling the determination of their respective contributions to the overall sound power.

, authors=Yahui SONG*, authorsList=Yahui SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yahui SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320167281695507115, articleId=1320167256286413291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=飞机典型运行状态声源识别及其声功率估计, columnId=1301954871549260056, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=测量技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

识别飞机典型运行状态下的主要声源并估计其声功率,对飞机低噪声设计与噪声污染评估具有重要意义。基于波束形成方法,发展了利用声阵列估算飞机外部气动声源声功率的算法和声贡献量分析方法,并设计了以“声–飞机–环境”参数综合测试为核心的飞行试验总体技术方案。针对某型歼击机地面开车和某大型运输类飞机低空飞行2种场景,分别采用非均匀线阵列和多臂螺旋声阵列,开展已知声源条件下的算法验证,以及飞机实际运行条件下的应用分析。结果表明,所提方法能准确识别200~2000 Hz频率范围内的主要声源,完成对发动机和机身声源辐射声功率的估算,并可进一步确定各声源对总声能量的贡献量。

, authors=宋亚辉*, authorsList=宋亚辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋亚辉, authorNote=

宋亚辉(1985—),男,河南鹿邑人,高级工程师。研究方向:航空声学,航空器结构动力学飞行试验技术。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
Email:
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宋亚辉(1985—),男,河南鹿邑人,高级工程师。研究方向:航空声学,航空器结构动力学飞行试验技术。Email:

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宋亚辉(1985—),男,河南鹿邑人,高级工程师。研究方向:航空声学,航空器结构动力学飞行试验技术。Email:

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journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167256286413291, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The radiated sound power estimation and their contribution analysis of the fighter plane

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz喷管及喷流
区域/dB
压气机及燃烧室
区域/dB
进气道及进气道前
区域/dB
125~250132.95101.26100.56
250~500133.01101.7399.96
500~1000133.37100.95100.01
1000~2000133.24100.8399.87
总声功率/dB139.17107.23106.13
贡献量99.886%0.064%0.050%
), ArticleFig(id=1320167290453213915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167256286413291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

歼击机声功率估计与贡献量分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz喷管及喷流
区域/dB
压气机及燃烧室
区域/dB
进气道及进气道前
区域/dB
125~250132.95101.26100.56
250~500133.01101.7399.96
500~1000133.37100.95100.01
1000~2000133.24100.8399.87
总声功率/dB139.17107.23106.13
贡献量99.886%0.064%0.050%
), ArticleFig(id=1320167290541294300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167256286413291, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Flight maneuver test design of the large transport category aircraft

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号状态左发功率/
(%N1)
右发功率/
(%N1)
飞行速度/
(m·s−1)
高度/
m
构型
A1匀速
平飞
65.565.891.053.9增升装置起飞状态,起落架收起
A2匀速
平飞
62.062.277.750.4增升装置进场状态,起落架放下
), ArticleFig(id=1320167290604208861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167256286413291, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大型运输类飞机飞行试验状态点设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号状态左发功率/
(%N1)
右发功率/
(%N1)
飞行速度/
(m·s−1)
高度/
m
构型
A1匀速
平飞
65.565.891.053.9增升装置起飞状态,起落架收起
A2匀速
平飞
62.062.277.750.4增升装置进场状态,起落架放下
), ArticleFig(id=1320167290671317726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167256286413291, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The radiated sound power estimation of the large transport category aircraft engines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz左发声功率/dB右发声功率/dB
250~315147.0146.3
315~400151.3151.7
400~500158.2157.5
500~630152.7151.9
630~800147.7148.4
), ArticleFig(id=1320167290746815199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167256286413291, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

A1状态的发动机声源辐射声功率估计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz左发声功率/dB右发声功率/dB
250~315147.0146.3
315~400151.3151.7
400~500158.2157.5
500~630152.7151.9
630~800147.7148.4
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飞机典型运行状态声源识别及其声功率估计
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宋亚辉 *
实验流体力学 | 测量技术 2026,40(1): 79-87
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飞机典型运行状态声源识别及其声功率估计
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宋亚辉(1985—),男,河南鹿邑人,高级工程师。研究方向:航空声学,航空器结构动力学飞行试验技术。Email:

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宋亚辉(1985—),男,河南鹿邑人,高级工程师。研究方向:航空声学,航空器结构动力学飞行试验技术。Email:

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宋亚辉*
作者信息
  • 中国飞行试验研究院 飞机飞行试验技术研究所,西安 710089
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作者简介:

宋亚辉(1985—),男,河南鹿邑人,高级工程师。研究方向:航空声学,航空器结构动力学飞行试验技术。Email:

Identification of sound sources and estimation of their radiated sound power of aircraft in typical operating status
Yahui SONG*
Affiliations
  • Aircraft Flight Test Technology Institute, Chinese Flight Test Establishment, Xi’an 710089, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250081
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识别飞机典型运行状态下的主要声源并估计其声功率,对飞机低噪声设计与噪声污染评估具有重要意义。基于波束形成方法,发展了利用声阵列估算飞机外部气动声源声功率的算法和声贡献量分析方法,并设计了以“声–飞机–环境”参数综合测试为核心的飞行试验总体技术方案。针对某型歼击机地面开车和某大型运输类飞机低空飞行2种场景,分别采用非均匀线阵列和多臂螺旋声阵列,开展已知声源条件下的算法验证,以及飞机实际运行条件下的应用分析。结果表明,所提方法能准确识别200~2000 Hz频率范围内的主要声源,完成对发动机和机身声源辐射声功率的估算,并可进一步确定各声源对总声能量的贡献量。

飞机噪声  /  声源识别  /  声功率估计  /  声贡献量  /  飞行试验

Identifying the main sound sources under typical aircraft operating status and estimating their radiated sound power are of great significance for aircraft low-noise design and noise pollution assessment. In this study, a beamforming algorithm is employed to develop a method that utilizes a sound array to identify the external main airframe sound sources and estimate their radiated sound power levels during both aircraft ground operation and low-altitude flight. Additionally, a method for analyzing the contribution of these main sound sources is proposed. A flight test technical plan is then presented, which centers around the measurement of sound–aircraft–environment parameters. The proposed methods are validated through a series of sound tests conducted on a fighter plane and a large transport aircraft, utilizing a well-designed non-uniform linear acoustic array and a planar multi-arm spiral acoustic array. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods in accurately identifying the main sound sources within the frequency range of 200–2000 Hz, as well as estimating the radiated sound power levels of the aircraft engine and airframe sound sources, thereby enabling the determination of their respective contributions to the overall sound power.

aircraft sound  /  sound source identification  /  sound power estimation  /  sound contribution  /  flight test
宋亚辉. 飞机典型运行状态声源识别及其声功率估计. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 79 -87 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250081
Yahui SONG. Identification of sound sources and estimation of their radiated sound power of aircraft in typical operating status[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 79 -87 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250081
常规波束形成(CBF)方法是一种常见的相控阵列信号处理方法,它将时域傅里叶谱估计推广至空域,其输出的空间谱包含声源强度信息,能够反映不同声源的相对辐射强度[1-4]。研究者已发展了一系列CBF改进方法,例如解卷积方法(DAMAS)[5]、最小方差方法(MVDR)[6]和相干源清除方法(CLEAN-SC)[7]等。在国外,基于阵列技术的飞机声源识别试验已广泛开展[8-10],如美国波音公司与NASA开展的QTD系列项目和ecoDemonstrator项目,对波音B777与B787飞机进行了大量声源识别试验;德国DLR、法国ONERA等机构也对A340、A320–200、727–300、757–200、A319等多种机型开展了大规模试验。国内也进行了相关技术研究,并针对运输类飞机及其主要发声部件,开展了一系列声源识别飞行试验和风洞试验[11-14]。
CBF的波束输出结果可反映目标声源在阵列面上的相对声压贡献,但仅能估计声源间的相对能量强度,无法直接得到声源的实际能量。针对静止声源,Hald[15]提出了声强缩放理论,建立了CBF空间谱与静止声源强度之间的关系;褚志刚等[16]通过修正Hald声强缩放理论,给出了声源局部声功率的计算方法。岳舒[17-18]和王思源[19]等进一步研究了基于线阵列的运动声源声强缩放理论模型,并将其应用于水下声源辐射声功率的估计。然而,上述工作尚未推广至平面阵列,且缺少在飞机实际运行条件下的应用验证。
面向飞机在地面开车和飞行状态下对外部机体声源的识别需求,本文基于CBF及其改进方法CLEAN-SC进行关键部位声源识别,并选用能更好保留声能量信息的CBF方法,构建基于线阵列和平面螺旋声阵列的声强缩放模型,进而实现部位声源声功率的估计和声源贡献量的定量分析。为此,设计了以“声–飞机–环境”参数综合测试为核心的飞行试验技术方案,通过开展歼击机地面开车和大型运输类飞机低空飞行试验,对所提方法进行验证。
CBF方法通过对每个阵元接收的信号进行延迟加权求和来实现。其输出$ \boldsymbol{y}(t) $可表示为:
$ \boldsymbol{y}(t)={\boldsymbol{w}}^{{\mathrm{H}}}(\theta )\boldsymbol{x}(t)/M $
式中:$ M $为阵元个数,$ \theta $为阵列搜索角度,$ t $为时间;$ \boldsymbol{x}(t)={[{{x}_{0}}(t),{{x}_{1}}(t),\cdots ,{{x}_{M-1}}(t)]}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $为阵列接收信号向量,其中$ {x}_{i}(t) $为第i个阵元接收的信号,上标T表示矩阵转置;$ \boldsymbol{w}(\theta )={[{{w}_{0}}(\theta ),{{w}_{1}}(\theta ),\cdots ,{{w}_{M-1}}(\theta )]}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $为加权系数向量,其中$ {w}_{i}(\theta ) $为第i个阵元的加权系数;上标$ {\mathrm{H}} $表示矩阵共轭转置。
阵列输出功率PCBF可表示为:
$ {P}_{{\mathrm{CBF}}}(\theta )={\boldsymbol{w}}^{{\mathrm{H}}}(\theta )\boldsymbol{X}\boldsymbol{w}(\theta )/{M}^{2} $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{X}=E[\boldsymbol{x}(t){\boldsymbol{x}}^{{\mathrm{H}}}(t)] $,其中$ E[\;] $表示数学期望。
CLEAN-SC方法旨在提高CBF的空间分辨能力并抑制旁瓣。该方法基于主瓣与旁瓣的相干特性,通过迭代方式去除与主瓣峰值相干的旁瓣成分。其流程可概括为:首先,找出CBF输出中的最大谱峰及其位置,计算该位置的点扩散函数,并从当前空间谱中减去该函数;然后,重复上述步骤,直至前次迭代结果的1范数小于新生成的阵列协方差矩阵。迭代结束后,CLEAN-SC的空间谱结果PCLEAN-SC为[7]:
$ P_{\text{CLEAN-SC}}=\sum\limits_i^NQ^i+P^N $
式中:$ {{i}}\; =\; 1,\; 2,\; \cdots ,\; {N} $,为迭代序号;$ N $为总迭代次数;$ {P}^{K} $为残余空间谱;$ {Q}^{i} $为第i次迭代的替代谱峰。
$ {Q}^{i}=P_{\max }^{i-1}{10}^{-\beta \left|\left|{\varepsilon }_{j}-{\varepsilon }_{\max }\right|\right|}{}^{{{}^{2}}} $
式中:$ P_{\max }^{i-1} $为在第$ i-1 $次迭代的最大谱峰幅度,$ {\varepsilon }_{j} $和$ {\varepsilon }_{\max } $分别为第j个搜索网格点和第i − 1次迭代最大谱峰对应网格点的坐标,$ \beta $为距离加权系数,$ \left|\left|*\right|\right|{}^{2} $为Frobenius范数。
CBF的空间谱可视为声源辐射能量的一种等效空间分布,声能量可近似认为主要集中于波束形成空间谱的主瓣内。声强缩放方法建立了阵列波束输出与声源局部辐射声功率之间的换算关系,其核心是采用一个与声压无关的缩放系数,将阵列空间谱输出转化为等效声强。该等效声强在主瓣半径内的积分,即为声源在阵列侧的半球辐射声功率。
考虑如图1所示的阵元间距为d的M元均匀线阵列,该阵列位于二维坐标系O1x1y1中。设原点O1处参考声压为$ p\mathrm{_e} $,入射声源的角频率、波长和声速分别为ω、λ和c,第m个阵元$ \left(\textit{m}=0,\;1,\;\cdots ,\;\textit{M}-1\right) $的位置为$ {\boldsymbol{r}}_{\boldsymbol{m}} $,聚焦方向波数$ k=\omega /c $。图中,L为声源到阵列中心的距离,R为声源到搜索点的距离。在满足平面波假设的远场条件下,阵列在搜索角度θ上的CBF波束输出B0为:
$ {\left| {B}_{0}(\theta ,\omega )\right| }^{2}=\frac{1}{{M}^{2}}{\left| {p}_{{\mathrm{e}}}\right| }^{2}{\left| \frac{\sin (Mkd\sin \theta /2)}{\sin (kd\sin \theta /2)}\right| }^{2} $
阵列模式的零点出现在$ {\left| {B}_{0}(\theta ,\omega )\right| }^{2} =0 $时,即:
$ Mkd\sin {\theta }_{1}/2=n\pi ,\;kd\sin {\theta }_{1}/2\neq n\pi ,\;n=1,2,\cdots $
阵列波束输出的第一零点$ {\theta }_{1} $满足:
$ Mkd\sin {\theta }_{1}/2=\pi $
当主瓣较窄且L足够大时,$ \theta $较小,可作近似$ \sin \theta \approx \tan \theta =R/L $,此时阵列波束输出近似为:
$ {\left| {B}_{0}(R,\omega )\right| }^{2}={\left| {\textit{p}}_{\text{e}}\right| }^{2}{\left| \frac{\sin [MkRd/(2L)]}{M\sin [kRd/(2L)]}\right| }^{2},\; R \leqslant {R}_{1} $
主瓣半径R1可表示为:
$ {R}_{1}\approx L\sin {\theta }_{1}=\lambda L/Md $
定义缩放系数$ \alpha $,将线阵列的波束输出转化为等效声强Iscaled:
$ {I}_{{\mathrm{scaled}}}(R,\omega )=\alpha {\left| {B}_{0}(R,\omega )\right| }^{2} $
波束输出在主瓣半径内的积分Wh为:
$ \begin{split} {W}_{{\mathrm{h}}} & =\int\nolimits_{-{R}_{1}}^{{R}_{1}}\alpha {\left| {B}_{0}(R,\omega )\right| }^{2}\text{d}R\\&=\alpha {\left| {p}_{{\mathrm{e}}}\right| }^{2}\int\nolimits_{-{R}_{1}}^{{R}_{1}}{\left| \frac{\sin [MkRd/(2L)]}{M\sin [kRd/(2L)]}\right| }^{2}\text{d}R \end{split} $
则声源在阵列侧的半球辐射声功率有:
$ W\mathrm{_h}=2\pi L^2\left|p\mathrm{_e}\right|^2/\left(\rho c\right) $
式中:$ \rho $为声传播介质密度。声功率级以分贝(dB)表示,参考基准$ W_0=1\; \mathrm{p}\mathrm{W} $。根据式(11)和(12),可得线阵列的缩放系数$ \alpha $:
$ \alpha =2\pi {L}^{2}/\left\{\rho c\int\nolimits_{-{R}_{1}}^{{R}_{1}}{\left| \frac{\sin [MkRd/(2L)]}{M\sin [kRd/(2L)]}\right| }^{2}\text{d}R\right\} $
通过数值方法可得$ \alpha $的积分结果。$ \alpha $仅取决于阵列参数、测试距离以及声源频率。
综上,基于线阵列的声功率估计流程为:进行波束形成,结合阵列参数与声源频率特性计算各频点的声强缩放系数,对波束输出进行缩放得到等效声强,并在主瓣半径内积分,最终获得声源在阵列侧的半球辐射声功率。
图2为基于平面螺旋声阵列的运动声源识别与声功率估计模型。以阵列中心O2为原点建立坐标系O2x2y2z2,声源与阵列的距离满足远场条件。
定义阵列模式$ \textit{W}(\boldsymbol{K}) $,表示声阵列在搜索平面内各搜索点的波束输出,其中${\boldsymbol{k}} $和${\boldsymbol{k}}_0 $分别为聚焦方向与声源入射方向的波数向量,且$ \boldsymbol{K}=\boldsymbol{k}-{\boldsymbol{k}}_{0} $。在聚焦方向${\boldsymbol{k}} $上的波束输出为:
$ {\textit{B}}^{2}(\boldsymbol{k},\omega )={\left| {\textit{p}}_{\text{e}}\right| }^{2}{\left| \textit{W}(\boldsymbol{K})\right| }^{2} $
其中,
$ \left| \textit{W}(\boldsymbol{K})\right| \equiv \frac{1}{\textit{M}}\sum \limits_{{\textit{m}}\;=\;0}^{\textit{M}-1}{\text{e}}^{\textit{j}\boldsymbol{K}\cdot {{ {{\boldsymbol{r}}}}_{ {m}}}} =\frac{1}{\textit{M}}\sum \limits_{{\textit{m}}\;=\;0}^{\textit{M}-1}{\text{e}}^{\textit{j}(\boldsymbol{k}\text-{{\boldsymbol{k}}_{0}})\cdot {{ {{\boldsymbol{r}}}}_{ {m}}}} $
对于均匀对数螺旋声阵列,其阵列模式可近似为:
$ \left| W(\boldsymbol{K})\right| \approx \left| W(K)\right| =2{J}_{1}(KD/2)/\left(KD/2\right) $
式中:D为阵列孔径,K为${\boldsymbol{K}} $在xOy平面投影的取模。一阶贝塞尔函数$ {J}_{1}(KD/2) $的第1个零点${\xi }_{1} $满足:
$ {\xi }_{1}={K}_{1}D/2=1.22\pi $
式中,$ {K}_{1} $为对应的$ K $值。
阵列波束输出在xOy平面的投影可近似为:
$ B\left(\boldsymbol{k},\omega \right)\approx {p}_{{\mathrm{e}}}\overline{W}\left(\boldsymbol{k}\sin \theta \right) $
式中:$ \overline{W} $为阵列模式$ \textit{W}(\boldsymbol{K}) $的平均值。
如图2所示,用每个网格点到z2轴的距离$ R $和方位角$ \phi $来描述主瓣半径内的波束输出。当波束主瓣较窄且L足够大时,$ \theta $较小,主瓣半径内的波束输出近似为:
$ B\left(R,\phi\right)\approx p_{\mathrm{e}}\overline{W}\left(kR/L\right),\; R\leqslant R_1 $
主瓣半径$ {R}_{1} $(对应波束输出第1个零点位置)的表达式为:
$ {R}_{1}=L\sin {\theta }_{1}\approx \frac{L{K}_{1}}{k}\approx \frac{2{\xi }_{1}L}{Dk}\approx 1.22\frac{\lambda L}{D} $
利用缩放系数$ \alpha $对主瓣半径内的波束输出进行积分,并令其等于阵列侧的半球辐射声功率:
$ \int\nolimits_{0}^{{R}_{1}}\int\nolimits_{0}^{2\pi }\alpha {\left| B(R,\phi )\right| }^{2}R\text{d}R\text{d}\phi =2\pi {L}^{2}{\left| {p}_{{\mathrm{e}}}\right| }^{2}/(\rho c) $
由此可得缩放系数$ \alpha $:
$ \alpha ={L}^{2}/\left[\rho c\int\nolimits_{0}^{{R}_{1}}{\overline{W}}^{2}\left(kR/L\right)R\text{d}R\right] $
令$ u=(kR/L)\left(D/2\right) $,则:
$ \int\nolimits_{0}^{{R}_{1}}{\overline{W}}^{2}\left(kR/L\right)R\text{d}R={\left(\frac{2L}{kD}\right)}^{2}\int\nolimits_{0}^{{\xi }_{1}}\left[2\frac{{J}_{1}(u)}{u}\right]u\text{d}u $
缩放系数$ \alpha $可简化为:
$ \alpha \approx 5.88{\left(D/\lambda \right)}^{2}/\left(\rho c\right) $
因此,基于螺旋声阵列的声功率估计流程与线阵列类似:进行波束形成,根据阵列参数和声源频率特性计算缩放系数,将波束输出转化为等效声强,并在主瓣半径内积分,从而得到声源在阵列侧的半球辐射声功率。
根据各部位声源的声功率估计结果,可计算飞机各部位声能量及其总和,二者之比即为各部位声源对总声能量的贡献量。图3(a)展示了歼击机地面开车时的声源贡献量分析实例,声源分区包括喷管及喷流区域、压气机及燃烧室区域、进气道及进气道前区域。对于飞行状态下的飞机,需先进行多普勒修正,再进行部位声源辐射声功率估计,进而分析各部位声源的贡献量。图3(b)为大型运输类飞机的主要声源分区方式示例。
基于“声–飞机–环境”综合测试的飞行试验技术方案如图4所示。通用试验资源包括试验对象、通用保障资源(机场及其保障飞行运行的基础设施)以及试验场地等。试验对象(飞机)是飞行试验的核心资源,需在试验前完成其飞行能力评估及测试设备的加改装。试验场地应具备适宜的气象与声学环境,背景噪声低,并拥有开阔平坦的地形。
飞行试验的动作设计主要涉及确定飞行状态、航迹与飞机构型等要素。试验对象的构型、飞行状态和航迹共同决定了其噪声特性。航迹设计通常需综合考虑试验对象的飞行性能、空域限制和试验场地条件。试验动作采用航迹切入程序实施,典型动作包括爬升、下滑和稳定平飞等。如图5所示,飞机从切入点切入预设的目标航迹,保持目标飞行状态直至采集到足够数据,随后调整飞行状态与航迹,以相同方式执行下一个动作。航迹切入程序可连续实施,有助于减少飞行起落次数,并提高数据采集的一致性。
以歼击机为对象,开展地面开车场景下的静态声源识别与声功率估计技术验证。试验方案如图6所示:采用56阵元的非均匀线阵列,阵列孔径为35 m,阵列中心对准飞机参考原点O3(双发尾喷口中心连线与机体纵轴的交点),此时试验对象的坐标系定义为O3x3y3,阵列与飞机纵轴的水平距离为30 m。目标识别频段为200~2000 Hz,在此频段内主瓣宽度优于1.0 m,动态范围大于8 dB。
首先,使用发射粉红噪声的球声源进行验证。该球声源安装在发动机尾部喷口处(即图6中的原点O3),高度与发动机喷口齐平。图7为在CBF基础上应用CLEAN-SC算法得到的声源识别结果。表1则基于图3(a)的分区方式给出了声功率估计和贡献量分析结果。结果表明,该方法在200~2000 Hz频段内实现了准确的声源定位。声功率估计和贡献量分析显示主要声源位于喷管及喷流区域,与试验设定一致,从而验证了静态声源条件下所提方法的正确性。
随后,开展发动机大功率运行状态下的声源识别和声功率估计,结果见图8和9。发动机喷管及喷流区域为最主要的声源区,其声功率贡献量占比超过85%。
以一架双发常规布局大型运输类飞机为研究对象开展飞行试验,验证运动声源识别及声功率估计方法。试验方案如图10所示,采用直径为40 m的126阵元平面螺旋阵列,目标频段设计为200~2000 Hz,主瓣宽度优于3.0 m,动态范围大于10 dB。表2列出了试验状态点,试验中同步采用差分卫星定位系统测量飞行航迹,其精度 ≤ 0.5 m。
参照中国民用航空适航规章CCAR–36–R3的附件A[20],对实测阵列数据进行频响修正和传播修正后,进行声源识别和声功率估计[8, 14, 21-22]。数据处理基本流程如图11所示。
在表2的A1状态中,飞机以较大发动机功率飞行。发动机风扇作为旋转声源会产生显著的纯音,其一阶通过频率可根据转速确定,空间位置则由卫星定位系统测量的飞行航迹和姿态得出。2台发动机(简称“左发”“右发”)目标功率设置相同,其辐射声功率应相当。因此,通过对发动机风扇声源进行识别和声功率估计,可验证所提方法的有效性。
图12给出了A1状态的识别结果。在2个发动机位置识别出了强度相当的显著声源,声能量主要集中在400~500 Hz频段,这与发动机的实际参数设定及其发声特性一致。发动机声源辐射声功率的估计结果见表3,其中400~500 Hz频段的声功率最强,且左右发动机的估计结果相近,也与2台发动机的功率设置相符。上述结果验证了本文方法对飞机真实飞行场景下运动声源的适用性和正确性。
图13给出了A2状态主要部件声源的识别结果,图14则给出了A1和A2这2种飞行状态的声贡献量分析结果。可以发现,主要声源包括发动机、起落架和增升装置。对于起飞构型(A1),起落架收起,增升装置打开角度较小,最显著的声源是发动机,其次是增升装置。对于降落构型(A2),起落架放下,增升装置打开角度较大,尽管发动机功率与A1状态相当,但起落架和增升装置成为主要声源,两者对总声功率的贡献量超过80%。这一结果定量给出了飞机不同部位声源的贡献量,并实现了贡献量排序。
本文基于波束形成方法,通过飞行试验实现飞机外部机体声源识别和声功率估计,设计了“声–飞机–环境”参数综合测试飞行试验技术方案,提出了基于声强缩放法的飞机关键部件声功率估计算法和声贡献量分析方法。利用所设计的线阵列和多臂螺旋阵列,结合歼击机地面开车和大型运输类飞机低空飞行2种场景,分别开展了已知声源条件下的方法验证和飞机实际运行条件下的应用分析。结果表明,所提方法能够准确识别200~2000 Hz频率范围内的主要噪声源,估算飞机发动机和机身噪声源的辐射声功率,进而确定各声源对总声能量的贡献量。
本文方法实现了对飞机实际运行环境中关键部位声源的识别和声功率估计,可定量分析各部位声源对总声功率的贡献,对飞机声学指标分配、低噪声优化设计和噪声污染评估具有重要意义。未来将尝试把所提声源识别及辐射声功率估计方法推广至声学标量–矢量阵列信号处理,以提升对更宽频带(如低于200 Hz和高于2000 Hz)飞机声源的识别能力。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250081
  • 接收时间:2025-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-22
  • 修回日期:2025-11-14
  • 录用日期:2025-11-19
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    中国飞行试验研究院 飞机飞行试验技术研究所,西安 710089

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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