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Article(id=1301954916176646779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250080, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20250080, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=1764604800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-02, onlineDate=1788339841168, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339841168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339841168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339841168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954916369584764, articleId=1301954916176646779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Research on the control characteristics of multi-axis supersonic fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle based on the passive secondary flow, columnId=1301954870869778834, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Issue on Outstanding Papers at the 14th National Conference on Experimental Fluid Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fluidic thrust vectoring control technology has emerged as a critical solution for aircraft attitude control, demonstrating exceptional potential in propulsion-integrated design and flight performance enhancement. Existing supersonic passive ejector-type fluidic thrust vectoring nozzles predominantly employ 2D configurations, and thus are limited to single-axis pitch control. This study designed a multi-axis passive fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle, which feature a divergent section structure with eight circumferentially arranged secondary flow injection channels to achieve multi-axis thrust vectoring control. Through synchronized schlieren visualization and total pressure measurements, the shock wave structures and thrust vectoring characteristics were systematically investigated under diverse control modes. Experimental results demonstrate that at a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 4.0, thrust vectoring control can be achieved in all 16 circumferential directions by selectively opening and closing secondary flow channels; As the number of closed secondary flow channels increases, the flow vectoring angle gradually increases. The maximum flow vectoring angle in the direction of primary control is 6${\text{°}} , and the linearity is 77.85%; the maximum flow vectoring angle in the direction of secondary control is 5${\text{°}} , and the linearity reaches 96%.

, authors=Zihan YANG, Yunsong GU*, Yuhang ZHOU, Yong ZHANG, Yuheng FAN, authorsList=Zihan YANG, Yunsong GU, Yuhang ZHOU, Yong ZHANG, Yuheng FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunsong GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954920589054615, articleId=1301954916176646779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=超声速多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管控制特性研究, columnId=1301954871012385172, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

流体推力矢量技术作为飞行器姿态控制领域的重要研究方向，在系统一体化设计与飞行性能优化方面展现出显著优势。当前超声速被动引射式无源流体推力矢量喷管研究多采用二维构型，仅能实现俯仰方向矢量控制，在火箭、导弹等多自由度平台上的应用有限。本文设计了一种多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管，构建了具有8个周向均布二次流注入通道的扩张段结构，实现了多轴推力矢量控制，结合纹影流动显示技术与总压耙测量手段，研究了不同控制策略下的射流波系结构特征与矢量控制特性。实验结果表明：在主流压比NPR = 4.0的工况下，通过不同周向方位二次流通道的开闭组合，可实现全周向16方位的推力矢量控制；随着二次流通道的逐渐关闭，流动矢量角逐渐增大；主控方向最大流动矢量角为6${\text{°}} ，线性度为77.85%；次控方向最大流动矢量角为5$ {\text{°}} ，线性度达到96%。

, authors=杨子涵, 顾蕴松*, 周宇航, 张勇, 樊羽恒, authorsList=杨子涵, 顾蕴松, 周宇航, 张勇, 樊羽恒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=顾蕴松, authorNote=

杨子涵（2001—），男，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生。研究方向：射流矢量偏转控制技术，风洞实验与流体测量技术。E-mail：

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail：
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杨子涵（2001—），男，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生。研究方向：射流矢量偏转控制技术，风洞实验与流体测量技术。E-mail：

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杨子涵（2001—），男，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生。研究方向：射流矢量偏转控制技术，风洞实验与流体测量技术。E-mail：

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Flow vector angle curve of secondary control direction nozzle at NPR = 4.0, figureFileSmall=7RjoS5mUGt1vIBawVXX+Zg==, figureFileBig=hgtOlCasYBUJKIo8U7g3ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302269892393202431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, language=CN, label=图12, caption=次控方向喷管NPR = 4.0流动矢量角曲线, figureFileSmall=7RjoS5mUGt1vIBawVXX+Zg==, figureFileBig=hgtOlCasYBUJKIo8U7g3ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302269892451922688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The table of the nozzle structure parameter

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参数值
喷管入口高度Hin12.00 mm
喷管喉道高度H15.14 mm
喷管出口高度Hout11.40 mm
Coanda扩张壁面扩张角θ10°
喷管二次流通道直径D12.00 mm
喷管二次流通道中心线与喷管喉道间距D24.00 mm
Coanda扩张壁面长度Lc18.00 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1302269892519031553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

喷管结构参数表

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参数值
喷管入口高度Hin12.00 mm
喷管喉道高度H15.14 mm
喷管出口高度Hout11.40 mm
Coanda扩张壁面扩张角θ10°
喷管二次流通道直径D12.00 mm
喷管二次流通道中心线与喷管喉道间距D24.00 mm
Coanda扩张壁面长度Lc18.00 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1302269892594529026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pressure scanning valve parameters

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参数值
量程0～750 kPa
精度 ±0.05%FS
采集频率500 Hz
通道数16
), ArticleFig(id=1302269892699386628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

压力扫描阀参数表

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参数值
量程0～750 kPa
精度 ±0.05%FS
采集频率500 Hz
通道数16
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超声速多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管控制特性研究
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杨子涵 , 顾蕴松 * , 周宇航 , 张勇 , 樊羽恒
实验流体力学 | 第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026,40(3): 39-46
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实验流体力学 |第十四届全国实验流体力学学术论文专题 2026 , 40 (3) : 39 -46
超声速多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管控制特性研究
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[Author(id=1302269884784734915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yangzihan@nuaa.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1302269884872815301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, authorId=1302269884784734915, language=EN, stringName=Zihan YANG, firstName=Zihan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1302269884944118470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954916176646779, authorId=1302269884784734915, language=CN, stringName=杨子涵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=南京航空航天大学 航空学院，南京　210016, bio={"img":"R6pFMyoRo+G+Dp7g/xtIaA==","content":"

杨子涵（2001—），男，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生。研究方向：射流矢量偏转控制技术，风洞实验与流体测量技术。E-mail：

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杨子涵（2001—），男，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生。研究方向：射流矢量偏转控制技术，风洞实验与流体测量技术。E-mail：

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杨子涵 , 顾蕴松* , 周宇航, 张勇, 樊羽恒
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学 航空学院，南京　210016
通讯作者:
作者简介:

杨子涵（2001—），男，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生。研究方向：射流矢量偏转控制技术，风洞实验与流体测量技术。E-mail：

Research on the control characteristics of multi-axis supersonic fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle based on the passive secondary flow
Zihan YANG , Yunsong GU* , Yuhang ZHOU, Yong ZHANG, Yuheng FAN
Affiliations
  • College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250080
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摘要
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流体推力矢量技术作为飞行器姿态控制领域的重要研究方向，在系统一体化设计与飞行性能优化方面展现出显著优势。当前超声速被动引射式无源流体推力矢量喷管研究多采用二维构型，仅能实现俯仰方向矢量控制，在火箭、导弹等多自由度平台上的应用有限。本文设计了一种多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管，构建了具有8个周向均布二次流注入通道的扩张段结构，实现了多轴推力矢量控制，结合纹影流动显示技术与总压耙测量手段，研究了不同控制策略下的射流波系结构特征与矢量控制特性。实验结果表明：在主流压比NPR = 4.0的工况下，通过不同周向方位二次流通道的开闭组合，可实现全周向16方位的推力矢量控制；随着二次流通道的逐渐关闭，流动矢量角逐渐增大；主控方向最大流动矢量角为6${\text{°}} ，线性度为77.85%；次控方向最大流动矢量角为5$ {\text{°}} ，线性度达到96%。

无源流体推力矢量控制  /  超声速射流控制  /  波系结构  /  轴对称喷管  /  组合控制

Fluidic thrust vectoring control technology has emerged as a critical solution for aircraft attitude control, demonstrating exceptional potential in propulsion-integrated design and flight performance enhancement. Existing supersonic passive ejector-type fluidic thrust vectoring nozzles predominantly employ 2D configurations, and thus are limited to single-axis pitch control. This study designed a multi-axis passive fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle, which feature a divergent section structure with eight circumferentially arranged secondary flow injection channels to achieve multi-axis thrust vectoring control. Through synchronized schlieren visualization and total pressure measurements, the shock wave structures and thrust vectoring characteristics were systematically investigated under diverse control modes. Experimental results demonstrate that at a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 4.0, thrust vectoring control can be achieved in all 16 circumferential directions by selectively opening and closing secondary flow channels; As the number of closed secondary flow channels increases, the flow vectoring angle gradually increases. The maximum flow vectoring angle in the direction of primary control is 6${\text{°}} , and the linearity is 77.85%; the maximum flow vectoring angle in the direction of secondary control is 5${\text{°}} , and the linearity reaches 96%.

fluidic thrust vectoring control  /  supersonic jet  /  wave system  /  axisymmetric nozzle  /  combined control strategy
杨子涵, 顾蕴松, 周宇航, 张勇, 樊羽恒. 超声速多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管控制特性研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 39 -46 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250080
Zihan YANG, Yunsong GU, Yuhang ZHOU, Yong ZHANG, Yuheng FAN. Research on the control characteristics of multi-axis supersonic fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle based on the passive secondary flow[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 39 -46 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250080
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0　引言
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推力矢量控制（Thrust Vectoring Control, TVC）是指推进系统不仅能在飞机前飞过程中提供推力，还能够在飞机姿态控制中提供俯仰、偏航、滚转和反推力方向控制力矩，从而部分或全部代替飞机传统机械舵面或其他控制手段产生的控制力矩来进行飞行控制[1]。相较于传统的气动舵面控制方法，TVC能够显著提高飞机的机动性与敏捷性、减小配平力矩、缩短起飞与着陆距离，是先进飞行器的关键技术之一。
目前，推力矢量喷管可分为机械式和流体式2种。其中机械式推力矢量喷管的研究起步较早[1-2]，由于其原理简单且控制效果较为线性，已经在各国的先进战机上得到了广泛应用。但是机械式推力矢量喷管需要复杂的机械结构来控制喷管偏转，不可避免地存在偏转响应慢、推力损失大、结构复杂且笨重等缺点，限制了其在未来高性能航空发动机和飞行器上的应用。因此，型面固定、响应速度快且结构简单的流体式推力矢量喷管逐渐进入国内外学者的视线。
流体式推力矢量喷管主要利用二次流对喷管主流进行主动控制，从而在固定型面上达到矢量控制的效果。目前流体式推力矢量喷管主要分为以下几种：逆向流控制（counter-flow）[3-5]、同向流控制（co-flow）[6-7]、双喉道控制（throat shifting）[8-9]、激波矢量控制（shock vector control）[10-11]。上述流体式推力矢量喷管大多需主动注入二次流进行控制，这不仅增加了系统的复杂性和重量，也带来了额外的能量消耗。为克服上述缺点，肖中云等[12]在2012年设计了一种基于引射效应的新型流体推力矢量喷管—无源流体推力矢量喷管。该喷管无需外置气源，利用主流的引射效应，通过非对称控制喷管壁面附近的被动二次流产生压力差，从而实现射流偏转。曹永飞[13]设计了一种基于被动二次流的二元矢量控制喷管，并用其进行了一系列地面实验和模型自由飞实验，验证了上述原理的可行性，但同时也发现射流偏转存在 “突跳”与“迟滞”现象，严重阻碍了其工程应用。为解决这一核心难题，后续研究从射流偏转的瞬态特性入手。温俊杰[14]和史楠星[15]等通过对喷管力、压力和流场进行同步测量，深入剖析了射流附壁与离壁的动态过程，分析了分离泡、二次流和尾缘倒流等关键流场结构在射流偏转迟滞、突跳中的作用。基于上述研究，赵雄[16]设计了一种楔形无源流体推力矢量喷管，利用射流在展向附壁过程的连续特性，有效“平滑”了控制曲线，实现了主射流偏转角的线性控制。龚东升[17]进一步将此种楔形喷管设计应用于微型涡喷发动机的热喷流环境，验证了该方案在真实航空动力背景下的可行性。解决了二元射流单轴连续偏转控制问题后，研究前沿开始转向拓宽无源流体推力矢量喷管的使用包线，即超声速工况与多轴控制能力。周宇航等[18]研究了超声速工况下二维无源流体推力矢量喷管在不同控制状态的波系结构演化特点。在多轴控制方面，吴泽民[19]设计了一种轴对称无源流体推力矢量喷管，通过8个二次流阀门的组合控制实现了低速工况下的多轴控制。Shakouchi和Fukushima[20]开展了超声速工况下轴对称无源流体喷管的多轴控制特性研究，系统分析了射流不同偏转状态的速度与压力分布。与此同时，作为高性能无源流体推力矢量喷管的另一重要发展方向，汪阳生[21]对旁路双喉道喷管进行了深入研究。该技术通过内部流道设计实现自引气控制，矢量效率较高。虽然其面临起动问题，但该技术通过“机械调节 + 流体矢量”的混合控制方案以及形状记忆合金智能作动器，为高性能无源流体推力矢量喷管的发展提供了另一条重要的技术路径。
综上所述，无源流体推力矢量技术已从解决基础的非线性控制难题，发展到探索超声速和多轴控制等更复杂的应用场景。然而，现有研究大多关注其单轴矢量特性，或在低速工况下实现多轴控制，关于超声速射流条件下喷管多轴矢量控制特性的研究较少。为进一步拓宽无源流体推力矢量喷管的工作范围，探究其在不同偏转方向的矢量控制特性，本文设计了一种多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管，利用纹影技术获取了其在不同控制策略下的流动显示结果，并结合对应条件下总压耙测量得到的流动矢量角进行分析，获得了超声速射流（尾喷流）条件下多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管在不同偏转方向的控制特性，验证了喷管的矢量控制能力，为无源流体推力矢量技术在火箭、导弹等需要多轴控制力矩平台的工程应用提供技术参考。
1　实验模型与数据处理方法
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1.1　实验模型
实验模型为扩张段角度为10°的多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管，如图1所示，其结构参数如表1所示。该模型主要由等直段、收缩段、Coanda扩张壁面和沿喷管周向分布的8个二次流通道等组成。由于扩张角较小的喷管具备流动分离少、总压损失低的特点，本文设计的轴对称无源流体推力矢量喷管扩张角为10°。主流喷管采用收敛型喷管，喷管喉道高度为5.14 mm。喷管二次流通道入口连接环境大气，出口位于Coanda扩张壁面。前期针对二次流通道与喷管喉道间距开展了实验研究，发现二次流通道位于喉道处时无法进行矢量控制，而位于喉道下游时矢量控制有效，因此，二次流通道与喷管喉道保持一定间距D2。喷管实物如图2所示，喷口与二次流道部分采用3D树脂打印，其余部分采用铝合金CNC加工。喷管上游设计有气路接头，与气源管路连接，喷管主体置于安装座上，喷口部分与喷管主体通过螺栓连接，喷管二次流通道的开闭由电磁阀控制。
1.2　实验平台
多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管实验布局如图3所示。超声速主射流由单个高压气罐提供，气罐容积为8 m3，压力为600～680 kPa，采用SMC AR20–02调压阀调节和稳定喷流压力，压力调节范围为0～1 MPa，精度为±0.2%FS。喷流的落压比NPR定义为喷管入口总压p0与出口环境静压patm之比。由于喷气式动力巡飞弹的巡航速度为400～500 km/h，一般采用涡喷或涡扇发动机，喷流速度在300～500 m/s之间。因此，本文选取喷管压比NPR = 4.0，对应喷流速度为530 m/s（马赫数Ma = 1.5）。采用纹影流动显示技术捕捉射流波系结构特征，同时利用位于喷管中心面的总压耙获取喷管流动矢量角。
1.3　实验设备
纹影系统（Luftvis–160）主要由2块直径160 mm的纹影主镜、刀口成像系统、光源系统、狭缝系统等组成。图像记录采用FASTCAM Mini AX200高速相机，相机分辨率为1024像素 × 1024像素，采集帧率为1000 Hz，曝光时间为1/250000 s。
总压耙配套的压力采集设备为2台16通道压力扫描阀（测控自动化科技有限公司，相关参数如表2所示）。
1.4　数据处理方法
1.4.1　基于纹影灰度值的统计计算方法
对大量纹影快照进行时均处理，可以对典型流动结构进行时均分析。对多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管在主控与次控方向的超声速射流纹影图片灰度均值Imean分布进行计算分析，获得时均流场。处理后的时均图片采用灰度比D*表示，如式（1）所示。
$ D^*=\frac{I_{\mathrm{mean}}}{I_{\max}} $
式中：Imax为时均图像灰度的最大值。
针对喷管的不同控制状态选取1000张纹影图片（包含连续约240个周期的数据）进行处理，获取了多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管超声速射流流动结构的时均分布规律。
1.4.2　线性度计算方法
线性度δ是评估矢量喷管矢量控制曲线线性程度的重要指标，反映了喷管输出随控制输入变化的比例关系。高线性度（通常大于90%）意味着喷管具有良好的控制可预测性和操作稳定性，便于设计简单可靠的控制系统。非线性严重的喷管易出现“突跳”“迟滞”等现象，导致控制指令与推力响应不匹配，严重影响飞行器操纵品质与安全[17]。线性度计算公式如式（2）所示，其中${\textit{Δ}} $为线性拟合最大偏差，$ \overline{{\alpha }_{\max }} $和$ \overline{{\alpha }_{\min }} $分别为线性拟合得到的最大和最小流动矢量角。
$ \delta=\left(1-\frac{{\textit{Δ}}}{\overline{\alpha_{\max}}-\overline{\alpha_{\min}}}\right)\times100\mathrm{\%} $
1.4.3　喷管流动矢量角计算方法
参考前期研究中测量喷管流动矢量角α的方法[22-23]，采用总压耙测量结果确定喷管流动矢量角。总压耙布置在喷管中心面处，测量范围为±14°，测量半径为100 mm，如图3所示。总压耙安装有29个总压探针，每根总压探针预偏一定角度，均指向喷管喉道中同一参考点。绘制不同控制状态下各总压管测量压力p与喷管入口压力p0之比的曲线，测得峰值压力的总压管方位角φ即为射流尾迹方向，由此确定喷管的流动矢量角（误差小于1°）。
2　实验结果与分析
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2.1　多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管控制策略
由前期低速工况下多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管的实验结果[19]可知，无源流体推力矢量技术通过控制二次流的注入来控制射流偏转，在本文即为二次流通道关闭个数的多少。根据控制射流偏转方向的不同，本文设计的多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管存在2种不同的控制策略。
当控制过程中二次流通道关闭个数为奇数时，控制策略为主控方向控制。如图4所示，二次流通道全部开启时为中立状态，控制过程中逐渐关闭二次流通道，关闭个数依次为0–1–3–5–7，即存在5种控制状态，如图4红色实线箭头所示。该策略能够控制射流由中立状态向处于关闭状态的二次流通道方向偏转。由于存在8个二次流通道，主控方向存在8个控制方向。主控方向周向角φprim的计算方式为：
$ \varphi_{\text{prim}}=0^{\circ}+n\times45^{\circ}\ \left(n=0,1,\cdots,7\right) $
式中：n为控制过程中二次流通道关闭个数。
当控制过程中二次流通道关闭个数为偶数时，控制策略为次控方向控制。如图5所示，二次流通道全部开启时为中立状态，控制过程中逐渐关闭二次流通道，关闭个数依次为0–2–4–6，即存在4种控制状态，如蓝色虚线箭头所示。该策略能够控制射流由中立状态向处于关闭状态的二次流通道之间的方向偏转。由于存在8个二次流通道，次控方向存在8个控制方向。次控方向周向角φsec的计算方式为：
$ {\varphi }_{\sec }={22.5}^{\circ } + n\times {45}^{\circ }\left(n=0,1, \cdots ,7\right) $
2.2　轴对称自由射流基本波系结构分布
首先对仅包含多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管收缩段与等直段的轴对称自由射流的纹影结果进行时均处理，结果如图6所示，其中，y为点在纵轴方向的无量纲坐标，h为纹影图片高度；x为点在横轴方向的无量纲坐标，c为纹影图片宽度。从图中可以看出，NPR = 4.0时，射流整体呈现向下游收缩的状态，在出口处出现了由于射流与环境静压不匹配导致的膨胀波（Expansion Wave, EW）。图6中，白色区域为压缩波（Compression Wave, CW）集中区域，黑色区域为膨胀波集中区域。
2.3　主控方向喷管偏转特性研究
为研究多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管在主控方向的射流偏转特性，利用纹影技术进行流动显示测量，并利用总压耙进行流动矢量角测量。
图7展示了NPR = 4.0时喷管在主控方向的纹影结果。如图7（a）所示，当二次流通道全部处于开启状态时，射流处于中立状态，从纹影结果可见明暗交替的膨胀–收缩准周期过程。随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，射流不再能从二次流通道抽吸外界大气，关闭二次流通道一侧的扩张壁面压力降低，导致两侧壁面存在压力差，射流逐渐向二次流通道关闭侧偏转。值得注意的是，如图7（e）所示，二次流通道关闭个数达到7个时，射流宽度显著减小，偏转程度有所降低。计算时均图片中喷管出口射流上下边界之间的像素点个数，发现二次流通道关闭个数达到7个时，射流宽度减小至中立状态的53%。当二次流通道全部关闭时，如图7（f）所示，射流回到中立状态，射流宽度相较于二次流通道全部开启时有所降低。
图8展示了喷管在主控方向不同控制状态下，总压耙测量压力p与喷管入口压力p0之比的变化曲线。由图8可知：随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，流动矢量角逐渐增大，最大流动矢量角为6°；但当二次流通道关闭个数达到7个时，流动矢量角降低至5°，这与纹影结果一致。这可能是因为仅开启单个二次流通道时，射流引射二次流流量降低，上下壁面压力差减小，无法控制射流实现进一步偏转。值得注意的是，随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，总压耙测量压力p与喷管入口压力p0之比逐渐降低。这是由于随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，主流逐渐难以引射外界大气，导致壁面附近压力降低，射流膨胀程度增大，产生膨胀损失，导致射流中立状态相较于射流偏转状态，射流尾迹总压有所降低。
图9展示了主控方向喷管流动矢量角曲线。当二次流通道关闭个数为7个时，流动矢量角有所降低，主控方向线性度较差。其原因在于：该状态仅开启下侧单个被动二次流通道，主流引入的被动二次流流量大幅降低，使得因引入被动二次流而产生的壁面高压区面积大幅减少，而二次流通道关闭侧的低压区面积增大，因此上下壁面整体压力差减小，无法控制射流实现更大角度的偏转，导致矢量角降低。经计算，二次流通道关闭个数依次为0–1–3–5–7时，线性度为77.85%。
2.4　次控方向喷管偏转特性研究
针对多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管在次控方向的射流偏转特性研究，同样利用纹影技术进行了流动显示测量，并利用总压耙进行流动矢量角测量。
图10展示了NPR = 4.0时喷管在次控方向的纹影结果。次控方向与主控方向的偏转特性类似：随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，射流逐渐向二次流通道关闭侧偏转。如图10（d）所示，虽然当二次流通道关闭个数达到6个时，射流宽度同样出现了显著缩小，但并未出现偏转程度降低的现象。通过计算时均图片中喷管出口射流上下边界之间的像素点个数得出，二次流通道关闭个数达到6个时，射流宽度减小至中立状态的64%。当二次流通道全部关闭时，如图10（e）所示，射流回到中立状态，但射流宽度相较于二次流通道全部开启时有所降低。
图11展示了喷管在次控方向不同控制状态下的总压耙测量压力p与喷管入口压力p0之比的变化曲线。随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，流动矢量角逐渐增大，最大流动矢量角为5°，与主控方向不同的是，次控方向上并未出现流动矢量角降低的现象。与主控方向类似，原因在于随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，壁面附近压力降低，主流膨胀程度增大，相较于射流偏转状态，射流中立状态下的尾迹总压有所降低，导致总压耙测量压力p与喷管入口压力p0之比逐渐降低。
图12展示了喷管在次控方向的流动矢量角曲线，可见相较于主控方向，次控方向具有更好的线性度，这是由于次控方向没有出现流动矢量角降低的情况。流动矢量角曲线在二次流通道关闭个数依次为0–2–4–6时，线性度为96%。
3　结论
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针对扩张段壁面角度为10°的多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管开展研究，采用纹影流动显示技术与总压耙测量技术，分析了喷管压比NPR = 4.0时，不同控制策略下多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管的射流偏转特性。本文的主要研究结论如下：
1）本文设计的多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管，通过有序控制不同周向方位二次流通道的关闭个数，能够在实验条件下实现超声速射流在主控与次控方向的矢量控制。
2）在喷管主控方向上，随着二次流通道关闭个数的增加，流动矢量角逐渐增大，最大流动矢量角为6°，但在关闭7个二次流通道时流动矢量角有所降低。在关闭二次流通道个数依次为0–1–3–5时，线性度为88.34%。
3）喷管在次控方向上的射流偏转整体线性度优于主控方向，且未出现流动矢量角降低的现象，最大流动矢量角为5°，线性度可达96%。
需要说明的是，一方面，目前实验采用的纹影和总压耙均为二维测量手段，主要反映喷管中心对称面上的流动特征。尽管喷管为轴对称构型且控制具有周向对称性，该二维测量手段能够近似获得有效的射流偏转总体趋势与核心控制特性，但对完整三维流动结构的捕捉存在固有局限。后续研究可采用PIV、聚焦纹影等流场观测技术，以更深入地揭示流动细节。另一方面，本文仅对单一压比下多轴无源流体推力矢量喷管的稳态偏转特性进行了研究，后续可对提升这类喷管在高压比情况下的矢量控制效果及动态响应特性开展进一步研究。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250080
  • 接收时间：2025-09-19
  • 首发时间：2026-09-02
  • 出版时间：2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-09-19
  • 修回日期：2025-11-20
  • 录用日期：2025-12-02
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    南京航空航天大学 航空学院，南京　210016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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