Article(id=1320176652580139646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176652034880125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=1748880000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-03, acceptedDate=1749571200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-11, onlineDate=1792684241671, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684241671, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684241671, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684241671, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176652034880125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684241540, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684241540, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176654450799232, articleId=1320176652580139646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Experimental study on interference characteristics of hypersonic blunt body using opposing jet, columnId=1320176652752106111, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Topic on Research and Application Progress of Jet Flow in High-Speed Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Opposing jet flow control technology has a broad application prospect and can achieve effective drag reduction control under the long penetration mode (LPM). In order to further study the opposing jet mode transition mechanism and the influence of freestream conditions on drag reduction control of hypersonic vehicles, wind tunnel tests were conducted on the blunt body model under different freestream total pressures (0.1 and 0.4 MPa), Mach numbers (Ma = 5, 6) and jet total pressure ratios. The structure of the spatial flow field and the surface pressure distribution of the model were obtained by using high-speed Schlieren and electronic pressure scanning valve. The results show that the LPM is extremely unstable, with strong unsteadiness and asymmetry, and the flow field presents axial and radial oscillations. At the transition phase, the flow field oscillates axially and changes continuously between LPM and short penetration mode (SPM). The SPM is stable and the flow field structure is axisymmetric. As the total pressure ratio increases, the surface pressure distribution of the model corresponds to the phase of jet mode transition. The critical total pressure ratio of the jet is affected by the freestream total pressure and Mach number. As the freestream total pressure increases, the critical total pressure ratio increases, and the total pressure ratio interval corresponding to LPM becomes larger. With the increase of incoming Mach number, the minimum total pressure ratio and critical total pressure ratio of sonic jet decreases, and the total pressure ratio interval corresponding to LPM becomes smaller.

, authors=Binshu SHUI1, Feng XIE1, *, Hongyu WANG1, Gang WANG1, Yao JIA2, Tao LI2, Yanguang YANG3, authorsList=Binshu SHUI, Feng XIE, Hongyu WANG, Gang WANG, Yao JIA, Tao LI, Yanguang YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176660008252082, articleId=1320176652580139646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=高超声速来流下钝头体逆向射流干扰特性试验研究, columnId=1320176654538879617, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

逆向射流流动控制技术有着广阔的应用前景,在长穿透模态(LPM)下可实现有效的减阻控制。为进一步研究逆向射流模态转换机制以及来流条件对高超声速飞行器减阻控制的影响规律,对钝头体模型开展了不同来流总压(0.1和0.4 MPa)、不同马赫数(Ma = 5和6)和不同射流总压比条件下的风洞试验研究,利用高速纹影与压力扫描阀测量技术,得到了空间流场结构及模型表面压力分布。研究结果表明:LPM流动极不稳定,存在强非定常性和非对称性,流场出现轴向和径向振荡现象;逆向射流处于过渡阶段时,流场轴向振荡,在LPM与短穿透模态(SPM)之间不断转换;SPM流动稳定,流场结构具有轴对称性。随总压比变化,模型表面压力分布的变化规律与射流模态转换阶段相对应。射流临界总压比受来流总压和马赫数的影响:来流总压增大,临界总压比增大,LPM对应的总压比区间变大;来流马赫数增大,形成声速射流所需的最小总压比减小,临界总压比减小,LPM对应的总压比区间变小。

, authors=税彬书1, 谢峰1, *, 王宏宇1, 王刚1, 贾尧2, 李涛2, 杨彦广3, authorsList=税彬书, 谢峰, 王宏宇, 王刚, 贾尧, 李涛, 杨彦广, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢峰, authorNote=

税彬书(1997—),男,四川乐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:高超声速主动流动控制技术。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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税彬书(1997—),男,四川乐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:高超声速主动流动控制技术。E-mail:

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税彬书(1997—),男,四川乐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:高超声速主动流动控制技术。E-mail:

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Wind tunnel experimental conditions

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工况来流马赫数Ma来流总压p0/MPa总压比Rp
150.1050、0.0573
250.1050、0.0653
350.1030、0.0754
450.1040、0.0847
550.1020、0.0946
650.1000、0.1455
750.1000、0.1945
850.1010、0.2881
950.1000、0.3875
1050.4020、0.0526
1150.4010、0.0551
1250.4020、0.0600
1350.4050、0.0624
1450.3980、0.0682
1550.3990、0.0775
1650.3980、0.0875
1750.3990、0.0971
1850.4040、0.1437
1950.4030、0.1920
2060.3940、0.0295
2160.3950、0.0306
2260.3930、0.0315
2360.3930、0.0333
2460.3930、0.0356
2560.3930、0.0392
2660.3980、0.0483
2760.3980、0.0970
2860.3980、0.2918
), ArticleFig(id=1320176669768397583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176652580139646, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风洞试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况来流马赫数Ma来流总压p0/MPa总压比Rp
150.1050、0.0573
250.1050、0.0653
350.1030、0.0754
450.1040、0.0847
550.1020、0.0946
650.1000、0.1455
750.1000、0.1945
850.1010、0.2881
950.1000、0.3875
1050.4020、0.0526
1150.4010、0.0551
1250.4020、0.0600
1350.4050、0.0624
1450.3980、0.0682
1550.3990、0.0775
1650.3980、0.0875
1750.3990、0.0971
1850.4040、0.1437
1950.4030、0.1920
2060.3940、0.0295
2160.3950、0.0306
2260.3930、0.0315
2360.3930、0.0333
2460.3930、0.0356
2560.3930、0.0392
2660.3980、0.0483
2760.3980、0.0970
2860.3980、0.2918
), ArticleFig(id=1320176669860672272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176652580139646, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative standard deviation of each pressure measuring hole in longitudinal profile

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角度θ/(°)相对标准偏差
301.78%
401.76%
501.59%
601.59%
701.30%
800.92%
901.79%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176669931975441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176652580139646, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纵向剖面各测压孔相对标准偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
角度θ/(°)相对标准偏差
301.78%
401.76%
501.59%
601.59%
701.30%
800.92%
901.79%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176670003278610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176652580139646, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Time-averaged shock wave detachment distance at different Rp

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Rp脱体距离L /mm
04.6332
0.057311.4341
0.065313.1783
0.075413.7597
0.084714.3411
0.09468.1395
0.145510.6589
0.194511.0465
0.288112.9344
0.387513.9535
), ArticleFig(id=1320176670078776083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176652580139646, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同总压比条件下时均的激波脱体距离

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Rp脱体距离L /mm
04.6332
0.057311.4341
0.065313.1783
0.075413.7597
0.084714.3411
0.09468.1395
0.145510.6589
0.194511.0465
0.288112.9344
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高超声速来流下钝头体逆向射流干扰特性试验研究
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税彬书 1 , 谢峰 1, * , 王宏宇 1 , 王刚 1 , 贾尧 2 , 李涛 2 , 杨彦广 3
实验流体力学 | 高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题 2026,40(2): 1-12
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实验流体力学 |高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题 2026 , 40 (2) : 1 -12
高超声速来流下钝头体逆向射流干扰特性试验研究
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621000)])])]
税彬书1 , 谢峰1, * , 王宏宇1, 王刚1, 贾尧2, 李涛2, 杨彦广3
作者信息
  • 1中国空气动力研究与发展中心 超高速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
  • 2飞行器流体物理全国重点实验室,绵阳 621000
  • 3中国空气动力研究与发展中心,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

税彬书(1997—),男,四川乐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:高超声速主动流动控制技术。E-mail:

Experimental study on interference characteristics of hypersonic blunt body using opposing jet
Binshu SHUI1 , Feng XIE1, * , Hongyu WANG1, Gang WANG1, Yao JIA2, Tao LI2, Yanguang YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Physics in Fluids, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 3China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250035
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逆向射流流动控制技术有着广阔的应用前景,在长穿透模态(LPM)下可实现有效的减阻控制。为进一步研究逆向射流模态转换机制以及来流条件对高超声速飞行器减阻控制的影响规律,对钝头体模型开展了不同来流总压(0.1和0.4 MPa)、不同马赫数(Ma = 5和6)和不同射流总压比条件下的风洞试验研究,利用高速纹影与压力扫描阀测量技术,得到了空间流场结构及模型表面压力分布。研究结果表明:LPM流动极不稳定,存在强非定常性和非对称性,流场出现轴向和径向振荡现象;逆向射流处于过渡阶段时,流场轴向振荡,在LPM与短穿透模态(SPM)之间不断转换;SPM流动稳定,流场结构具有轴对称性。随总压比变化,模型表面压力分布的变化规律与射流模态转换阶段相对应。射流临界总压比受来流总压和马赫数的影响:来流总压增大,临界总压比增大,LPM对应的总压比区间变大;来流马赫数增大,形成声速射流所需的最小总压比减小,临界总压比减小,LPM对应的总压比区间变小。

逆向射流  /  流动控制  /  高超声速  /  减阻  /  模态

Opposing jet flow control technology has a broad application prospect and can achieve effective drag reduction control under the long penetration mode (LPM). In order to further study the opposing jet mode transition mechanism and the influence of freestream conditions on drag reduction control of hypersonic vehicles, wind tunnel tests were conducted on the blunt body model under different freestream total pressures (0.1 and 0.4 MPa), Mach numbers (Ma = 5, 6) and jet total pressure ratios. The structure of the spatial flow field and the surface pressure distribution of the model were obtained by using high-speed Schlieren and electronic pressure scanning valve. The results show that the LPM is extremely unstable, with strong unsteadiness and asymmetry, and the flow field presents axial and radial oscillations. At the transition phase, the flow field oscillates axially and changes continuously between LPM and short penetration mode (SPM). The SPM is stable and the flow field structure is axisymmetric. As the total pressure ratio increases, the surface pressure distribution of the model corresponds to the phase of jet mode transition. The critical total pressure ratio of the jet is affected by the freestream total pressure and Mach number. As the freestream total pressure increases, the critical total pressure ratio increases, and the total pressure ratio interval corresponding to LPM becomes larger. With the increase of incoming Mach number, the minimum total pressure ratio and critical total pressure ratio of sonic jet decreases, and the total pressure ratio interval corresponding to LPM becomes smaller.

opposing jet  /  flow control  /  hypersonic  /  drag reduction  /  penetration mode
税彬书, 谢峰, 王宏宇, 王刚, 贾尧, 李涛, 杨彦广. 高超声速来流下钝头体逆向射流干扰特性试验研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (2) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250035
Binshu SHUI, Feng XIE, Hongyu WANG, Gang WANG, Yao JIA, Tao LI, Yanguang YANG. Experimental study on interference characteristics of hypersonic blunt body using opposing jet[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (2) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250035
飞行器在高超声速飞行时面临巨大的阻力,极大限制了其飞行性能与航程。因此,减阻设计成为了高超声速飞行器技术的核心挑战之一[1]。为了实现高超声速飞行器减阻控制,学者们提出了多种技术途径来应对高超声速飞行所面临的恶劣环境,包括减阻杆[2-3]、逆向射流[4-6]、迎风凹腔[7-8]、能量沉积[9-10],以及各类控制方式的组合[11-13]等,其中,逆向射流因其显著的减阻效果而受到广泛关注。
逆向射流技术通过从钝头体前端注入高速气体,与高速来流相互作用,产生复杂的波系结构,将弓形激波转变为斜激波并将其推离头部,减弱激波强度,在钝头体喷孔附近诱导产生回流区并降低表面压力,从而实现减阻[14]。采用该技术进行减阻控制时,逆向射流总压需满足阈值要求。只有当逆向射流总压与来流总压的比值超过最小有效总压比时,射流才能以声速射出喷孔,对飞行器头部流场产生有效影响,实现减阻控制。随着射流总压的变化,逆向射流会呈现出不同的形态,其膨胀状态在很大程度上取决于喷管设计[15]。对于给定的喷嘴与喷孔:当射流与来流的总压比(Pressure Ratio,Rp)小于临界总压比时,逆向射流表现为长穿透模态(Long Penetration Mode,LPM);大于时则表现为短穿透模态(Short Penetration Mode,SPM)。如图1(图中Ma∞为来流马赫数)所示,当射流总压或质量流量较小时,逆向射流处于LPM,射流从喷孔喷出经过不断膨胀压缩,产生一系列激波串,射流穿透长度长,在四周形成细长的分离区,流动具有强非定常性和非对称性,激波结构复杂;当射流总压或质量流量较大时,逆向射流处于SPM,射流从喷孔喷出后在马赫盘的作用下快速减速,射流穿透长度短,在四周形成较大的分离区,流动相对稳定,激波结构更简单。逆向射流减阻效果显著依赖于流动模态和动态稳定性,随着总压比增大,逆向射流从长穿透模态转换为短穿透模态。临界总压比是决定模态转换的关键参数,若能精确控制射流总压比处于临界总压比,则可达到高效稳定的最优减阻效果[16]。因此,系统研究逆向射流与高速来流的相互作用机制和模态振荡特性,揭示逆向射流作用下钝头体表面压力分布规律,对优化逆向射流设计具有重要作用。
Finley[18]通过试验系统性研究了逆向射流在超声速来流条件下(Ma = 2.5)的流动结构,根据流动结构不同,将其分为LPM和SPM共2种模态。钝头体表面静压测量试验结果表明:逆向射流可显著降低钝头体前端压力,回流区内表面压力明显降低,压力峰值出现在再附点处,下游压力逐渐恢复至无射流状态。Daso等[19]在Ma = 4高超声速来流条件下,针对2.6%缩比的阿波罗号返回舱开展了表面测压测热试验,并结合数值模拟验证了流场结构与试验的一致性,发现在LPM状态下,减阻率最高达50%,在SPM状态下,减阻效果持续但幅度降低。Chen等[20]通过大涡模拟研究了Ma = 2.5超声速来流条件中射流的复杂相互作用,发现射流与来流相互作用,形成不稳定的X型激波结构(LPM)或稳定的单个马赫盘结构(SPM)。POD分析结果表明:LPM的主导模态为非对称;主导频率为3 kHz,SPM的主导模态为轴对称;主导频率为17 kHz。Venkatachari等[17]通过数值模拟探讨了细长体飞行器在Ma = 1.6低超声速来流条件下建立LPM流场的条件,发现射流喷孔与鼻锥底部的直径比是影响LPM形成的关键参数,LPM的减阻效果不完全取决于射流穿透长度(激波脱体距离),更长的射流穿透长度有时并不能代表更好的减阻效果。Zhang等[21]通过数值模拟研究了Ma = 13高超声速来流条件下逆向射流的流场特征,发现在小射流喷孔半径(R = 7 mm)情况下,随着射流流量增大,流场依次呈现出溢流模态、LPM和SPM共3种流场结构,在大射流喷孔半径(R = 21 mm)时,射流从溢流状态直接过渡到SPM。Deng等[22]通过数值模拟研究了Ma = 8高超声速来流条件下逆向射流的减阻特性,发现长穿透模态减阻效果显著,在Rp = 3.91时,头部减阻率最高达65.94%,在短穿透模态下,流动趋于稳定但减阻效果减弱,减阻率降至43.44%~51.56%。Guo和Zhou[23]通过数值模拟研究了在Ma = 14.9的高超声速来流条件下,2500 K的高温逆向射流对LPM振荡特性的抑制机制及其对减阻效率的影响。研究结果表明:高温射流通过注入能量降低剪切层与回流区的温度梯度,抑制周期性压力脉动,从而减少阻力的振荡幅度,在相同质量流量条件下,其单位质量减阻效率显著高于常温射流。Kim等[24]通过试验与数值模拟深入研究了逆向射流在Ma = 7的高超声速流动中的LPM振荡机制与减阻特性。他们引入了流体冲量的概念来解释LPM振荡机制,并结合射流与来流的冲量差异分析流动方向的变化规律,提出质量-弹簧模型用以预测LPM的振荡频率,揭示了射流膨胀与回流区压力耦合作用的动态过程。
尽管现有研究对逆向射流的减阻特性进行了广泛探讨,但针对高超声速流动中逆向射流所诱发的非定常流动特性的试验研究仍然有限,特别是LPM状态下的激波振荡行为以及流动结构与钝头体表面压力之间的关联机制尚未完全明确。现有的逆向射流试验研究大多为测温的防热研究[25-27],少部分为测力的减阻研究[28]。在减阻测量中,若模型与喷孔相连,供气管路受力会干扰轴向力测量结果,若将二者分离以规避该影响,则缝隙又可能引入测量误差,因此难以获得精确的阻力数据。现有逆向射流试验研究大多在超声速来流条件下进行,Kim等[16]虽然对高超声速来流下LPM非定常流动进行了分析,但由于激波风洞运行时间短(约8 ms),难以捕捉长周期的流动演化过程。同时,大量文献将Hayashi等[29]的测温试验数据作为数值模拟的验证算例,然而,该算例未开展相关压力或阻力测量,难以有效验证数值模拟对逆向射流钝头体模型气动力计算的准确性。
针对上述不足,本文依托高超声速常规风洞,基于现有钝头体模型,集成高时空分辨率的试验手段与多参数分析方法,开展高超声速钝头体逆向射流试验,旨在通过试验观察高超声速流动中逆向射流引起的非定常流动特性,进一步揭示LPM向SPM动态转换的机制,分析不同射流条件下钝头体表面压力的变化规律,探索逆向射流作用下钝头体表面压力分布与射流模态的关联,总结来流马赫数和总压对逆向射流临界总压比和模态转换的影响,为高超声速复杂流场逆向射流减阻特性研究提供一定的参考。
试验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速所的Φ0.3 m高超声速风洞中进行。该风洞为高压下吹–真空抽吸暂冲式风洞,喷管出口直径0.3 m,采用氮气作为主要工作介质,通过变更喷管可改变试验段的来流马赫数,试验名义马赫数范围为5~20,每车次有效试验时间大于30 s。风洞具有试验时间长、模拟参数范围宽、试验效率高等特点,同时配备多种先进的试验技术与测试设备,可满足不同类型高超声速气动问题研究的动态/静态气动特性测量需求。
试验采用MemrecamACS–3.50高速纹影摄像机获取逆向射流流场拓扑结构,在全画幅1280像素 × 896像素分辨率下,帧率达到50000帧/s,通过降低分辨率,拍摄帧频最高可达100000帧/s。通过合理配置拍摄帧频与分辨率,可满足逆向射流动态流场拍摄要求。试验过程中,成像分辨率为640像素 × 480像素,拍摄帧率设置为10000 帧/s,曝光时间20 μs,成像时间间隔Δt = 100 μs。采用DTC initium电子压力扫描阀测量钝头体壁面静压和驻室总压,扫描阀测量载荷为70 kPa,具备64个测量通道,数据采集频率为330 Hz,测量系统静校精度优于0.2%。通过合理布置电子压力扫描阀,可满足对逆向射流钝头体模型表面压力和驻室总压的测量需求。本文所展示的试验压力数据均为有/无射流条件下相对稳定状态的时均值,稳定状态所取的时间区间大于2 s。采用K型热电偶(2 mm探头直径)对逆向射流驻室温度进行测量,以减小对逆向射流流动的影响,热电偶的量程为0~700 K,测试误差为±0.25%。采用ACU10FD数字型质量流量控制器对逆向射流的气体流量进行控制,量程为0~200 L/min,控制精度为±1.0% FS,重复精度为±0.2% FS,具备精度高、零点漂小等特点。通过设置不同流量量程,能够满足不同来流条件下的逆向射流试验需求。
试验采用钝头体模型开展逆向射流流场干扰特性研究,模型主体为直径50 mm的钝头体,顶点中心位置设有直径4 mm的射流喷孔,通过收缩喷管实现声速射流的流动条件,具体参数如图2所示。试验测量系统采用分布式布局,压力测点如图3所示,具体包括:
1)在纵向剖面布置7个测压孔(P1~P7),孔径均为3 mm。在如图4所示的球坐标系下:在上半球周向极角θ = 30°~90°区间内,等间距(按Δθ = 20°)布置4个测压孔(θ = 30°, 50°, 70°, 90°);在下半球周向极角θ = 40°~80°区间内,按等间距(20°)布置3个测压孔(θ = 40°, 60°, 80°)。
2)在水平剖面对称布置4个测压孔(P8~P11),分别位于左右两侧方位角ψ = 40°和ψ = 70°位置。
3)驻室内部靠近收缩喷管处设置1个总压测孔P12。
4)驻室顶部安装1个K型热电偶用于温度测量。
风洞试验工况如表1所示,来流马赫数Ma为5或6,来流总压p0为0.1或0.4 MPa,来流总温为281 K,射流总温为281 K,来流迎角为0°,射流气体工质为氮气。在工况1~9下,开展射流总压比对流场结构和钝头体表面压力的影响研究;通过对比工况1~9与工况10~19,探究来流总压对钝头体表面压力的影响;通过对比工况10~19和工况20~28,研究来流马赫数对钝头体表面压力的影响。
在来流马赫数为5、来流总压为0.1 MPa工况下,开展了15组无射流钝头体表面测压重复性试验,表面压力测量值均取数据稳定段时均值。纵向剖面7个测压孔的测量结果如图5所示,横向剖面4个测压孔的测量结果与纵向相同角度下的测压孔数据基本一致,故分别计算这7个纵向测压孔数据的相对标准偏差(DRS),以分析试验的重复性精度:
$ s = \sqrt {\frac{1}{{n - 1}}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{({x_i} - \overline x )}^2}} } $
$ \mathrm{ }D_{\mathrm{RS}}=\frac{s}{\overline{x}}\times100\% $
式中:s为样本标准差,n为试验车次总数,i为试验车次,$ {x}_{i} $为第i车次测量值,$ \overline{x} $为所有车次测量均值。
试验中,均先通气测量有射流试验数据,再关闭质量流量控制器,待流场稳定后测量无射流试验数据。尽管流场稳定后采集时均值的时间区间大于2 s,但射流流场未完全稳定的干扰及压力扫描阀的迟滞性仍可能会对测压数据产生一定的影响。相对标准偏差计算结果如表2所示,各测压孔数据最大相对标准偏差小于2%,表明试验数据重复性良好,干扰较小,满足高精度试验测量要求。试验不确定度主要来源于风洞来流速度和压力的脉动,以及传感器测量精度的误差。
在来流马赫数为5、来流总压为0.1 MPa条件下,开展了不同射流总压比的逆向射流试验。图6为无射流状态时的流场纹影图。由图可见,在钝头体模型头部诱导产生了一道弓形脱体激波。图7是试验测量的钝头体表面测点压力与相同工况下数值模拟得到的压力结果对比,二者吻合较好,验证了本文试验方法和测量数据的可靠性。
图8给出了来流马赫数为5的流场下,钝头体模型逆向射流LPM波系结构随射流总压比增大的纹影变化情况。在LPM状态下,当Rp = 0.0573(图8 (a))时,逆向射流处于以声速射出的临界状态,不能观察到较为清晰的波系结构。而当Rp ≥ 0.0653(图8 (b)~(d))时,可以观察到,射流先在喷孔出口产生膨胀波,又在射流边界反射形成压缩波,呈现出激波串型的波系结构。再附点位于θ = 40°~50°之间,受射流流量较小影响,再附激波距壁面较近。在LPM状态下,射流穿透距离较远,波系结构细长,两侧回流区较小,在肩部位置形成再附点,可观察到射流再附激波与头部激波交叉的相互作用点。对0.1 s内的1000帧图像进行平均处理,得到时均激波脱体距离,如表3所示。可以发现,LPM随着射流总压比增大而增大,激波脱体距离也随之逐渐增大。图9 (a)~(d)展示了Rp = 0.0847时逆向射流在时刻t = 1.5645~1.5648 s内的流动变化,激波脱体距离在14.9225~16.7315 mm区间内变化。此时流动高度不稳定,对称面上喷孔两侧形成细长且不对称的回流区,伴随着回流区体积的变化,通过剪切层传递扰动,导致脱体激波在轴向与径向往复振荡,形状扭曲且不对称。
当Rp = 0.0946时,逆向射流处于LPM到SPM的过渡阶段,射流流场在高速来流的作用下,呈现出强非定常性,射流模态在LPM与SPM之间往返振荡,激波脱体距离在7.9457~16.4729 mm区间内变化。如图10 (a)~(c)所示,射流喷出后,因初始射流动量大于主流动量,射流向前运动,穿透长度不断增大,在喷孔四周产生回流区使喷孔附近压力下降,伴随回流区的脉动干扰,在射流前端形成强马赫盘,射流速度快速衰减并向后运动,穿透长度缩短,流场结构在0.2 ms内从LPM快速坍塌成SPM。此后,流场在图10 (d)所示SPM状态下高频小幅振荡,随着回流区压力恢复,射流穿透长度再次增大,重新过渡至图10 (a)所示的LPM状态。在过渡阶段激波脱体距离最短时,可明显观察到再附点前移,回流区被显著压缩,射流穿透长度缩短,剪切层升高,射流再附激波与头部激波交叉的相互作用点远离壁面,随着射流穿透长度增大,再附点再次后移。从时均结果上看,Rp = 0.0946时过渡阶段的激波脱体距离为8.1395 mm,明显小于Rp = 0.0847时LPM状态下的14.3411 mm。在过渡阶段,逆向射流结构长时间维持着较小的穿透长度,与LPM相比,逆向射流对流场结构的影响程度大幅下降。
当Rp ≥ 0.1455时,射流处于SPM状态,如图11所示。图11中可以清晰地看到喷孔出口处形成的马赫盘结构,射流经马赫盘快速减速,流动趋于稳定。当Rp = 0.1455时,射流穿透距离比LPM明显缩短,脱体激波形态更加对称,射流充分膨胀,形成稳定的弓形激波。在SPM状态下,射流穿透距离相对较短,但两侧回流区较大,射流影响范围更广。随着射流总压比持续增大,头部脱体激波被进一步推离壁面,激波型面从LPM的小半径弧面转变为大半径弧面,直至脱体激波面超过钝头体直径,再附点后移。同时,由于射流流量较大,射流剪切层包裹壁面,射流再附激波与头部激波相互作用点进一步远离壁面,减弱了对表面压力的影响。从时均结果上看,随着射流总压比增大,激波脱体距离也逐渐增大。
图12为样条线拟合的无射流和有射流LPM状态下钝头体表面压力分布,LPM下,逆向射流将钝头体前端弓形激波推离壁面,两侧形成回流区。回流区内,30°测点压力明显低于无射流控制时;然而,射流剪切层经回流区形成的再附点位于钝头体极轴40°~60°区间内,40°、50°和60°共3个测点压力明显高于无射流控制时;再附点后的流动与无射流状态相似,因此70°、80°和90°共3个测点压力与无射流控制时相差不大。在LPM状态下,随着Rp增大,钝头体表面压力逐渐降低,模型阻力减小,再附点后移;随着Rp继续增大,压力下降幅值逐渐减小。在Rp = 0.0745和Rp = 0.0847工况下,钝头体壁面几个测点处的压力分布十分接近。分析认为随着射流总压增大,流场结构趋于稳定,激波脱体距离变化较小,表面压力值接近。当Rp = 0.0946时,逆向射流处于过渡阶段,波系结构持续振荡变化,时均激波脱体距离小于Rp = 0.0847时LPM状态下的对应值。由图12可见,钝头体的表面压力在过渡阶段反向上升,表明其减阻效果强烈依赖于流动模态与动态稳定性。
图13为样条线拟合的无射流与有射流SPM状态下钝头体表面压力分布。SPM状态下,逆向射流与高速来流相互作用,形成稳定的波系结构。当Rp从0.0847增至0.0946时,射流从LPM过渡到SPM,钝头体模型表面压力增大。随着Rp进一步增大,喷孔出口两侧回流区增大,回流区内30°和40°测点压力较无射流状态大幅降低,再附点后移,50°、60°和70°测点压力高于无射流状态,总体上钝头体表面压力降低,但下降幅值逐渐减小。
图14为30°、40°和50°共3个测点处的压力随射流总压比增大的变化曲线。可以发现,30°和40°测点处于回流区内,随着Rp增大,其表面压力呈现典型的先减小后增大再减小的趋势。由于LPM状态下回流区较小,影响范围有限,当Rp < 0.946时,30°测点压力降幅大于40°测点,在过渡阶段,30°测点压力仍大于40°测点。50°测点位于再附点附近,受射流再附激波影响较大,测点处压力呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。通过对图14回流区内30°和40°测点压力曲线的分析,很容易通过曲线第一个拐点获得当前来流条件下逆向射流的临界总压比。
为探究不同来流总压对逆向射流模态转换与压力分布的影响,保持来流马赫数(Ma = 5)不变,将来流总压由0.1 MPa增至0.4 MPa,开展工况10~19的对比试验。对压力数据进行无量纲化处理,定义表面压力改变量Δp:
$ \text{Δ}p=p_1-p\mathrm{_{jet}} $
其中,p1为无射流时测点压力值,pjet为有射流时测点压力值。
图15显示了在不同来流总压下,30°和40°测点处逆向射流产生的压力改变量与无射流时测点压力值的比值,比值越大,逆向射流对表面压力的降低效果越好。结果表明,当来流总压为0.4 MPa时,逆向射流的长、短穿透模态转换会延迟。在来流总压为0.1 MPa时,当Rp增大至0.1左右,Δp/p突然降低,逆向射流对钝头体表面压力的降低程度减弱,表现为由长穿透模态转换到短穿透模态;在来流总压为0.4 MPa时,当Rp增大到0.1左右,Δp/p呈上升趋势,逆向射流对钝头体表面压力的降低效果持续增大,仍处于长穿透模态,当Rp继续增至0.15左右时,Δp/p骤降,逆向射流在此区间内发生了模态转换。当Rp ≈ 0.1时:射流在来流总压0.1 MPa时处于长、短穿透模态过渡阶段;在来流总压0.4 MPa时,射流为长穿透模态,在更大的Rp下才能从LPM转换到SPM。这表明,射流临界总压比与来流总压有关,来流总压增大,射流临界总压比随之增大,模态转换延迟,LPM存在区间变大。
通过对比不同来流总压条件下逆向射流对钝头体表面压力的降低效果,可以发现,当逆向射流总压比小于临界总压比时,相同的射流总压比低来流总压条件的Δp/p更大。但是,进一步对比临界总压比(0.1 MPa时Rp = 0.0847,0.4 MPa时Rp = 0.0971)下钝头体表面的压力降低效果,发现在0.4 MPa来流总压下,30°和40°测点处的Δp/p分别为0.368和0.074,略高于0.10来流总压比下的0.349和0.040,即在高来流总压条件下逆向射流处于临界总压比时的减阻效果更好,但此时射流总压比也更大。针对不同的来流总压,当来流总压较小时,改变相同的射流总压比需要调节的射流流量更小,由于质量流量控制器在小量程范围内的精度限制,本文未探究不同来流总压下逆向射流以声速射出的最小总压比。
为探究不同来流马赫数对逆向射流模态转换与压力分布的影响,保持来流总压0.4 MPa不变,将来流马赫数从5增至6,开展了工况20~28的对比试验。
图16展示了Ma = 6条件下,样条线拟合的无射流和不同穿透模态下的钝头体表面压力分布。总体来看,Ma = 6钝头体表面压力随Rp变化的趋势与Ma = 5时一致,均在LPM过渡到SPM时出现随Rp增大表面压力先增大后减小的趋势。不同之处在于,在Ma = 6条件下,逆向射流以声速射出的最小总压比更小。在Rp = 0.05时,Ma = 5条件下逆向射流尚无法从喷口喷出,而Ma = 6条件下逆向射流已经处于即将从LPM转变为SPM的过渡阶段。在Rp = 0.1时,Ma = 5条件下逆向射流处于从LPM向SPM转换的过渡阶段,而Ma = 6条件下逆向射流已形成稳定的SPM。
图17展示了Ma = 6时,30°、40°和50°共3个测点压力随射流总压比的变化曲线。与Ma = 5时相似,随Rp增大,回流区内表面压力呈典型的先减小后增大再减小的趋势,30°测点处压力变化程度大于40°测点处。不同的是,Ma = 6条件下,射流对50°测点处压力影响较小,随总压比增大,未出现明显的压力上升现象,直至射流发展到SPM后,才出现显著的压力下降。
图18显示了不同来流马赫数对钝头体表面压力的影响。Ma = 6条件下,当Rp = 0.0295时逆向射流能以声速射出;Ma = 5条件下,当Rp = 0.0573时逆向射流才能以声速射出。在高马赫数条件下,逆向射流以声速射出喷口的最小总压比更小。在Ma = 6条件下,LPM对应总压比区间为[0.0295, 0.0392],在Ma = 5条件下,LPM对应总压比区间为[0.0573, 0.0847],高马赫数来流条件下,逆向射流LPM所对应的Rp区间更小,在更小的Rp时即从LPM转换到SPM。这表明,射流临界总压比与来流马赫数相关:来流马赫数增大,射流临界总压比减小,模态转换提前,LPM存在区间也变小。
通过对比不同来流马赫数条件下逆向射流对钝头体表面压力的降低效果,可以发现,不同于来流总压对减阻效果的影响,高马赫数条件下逆向射流对表面压力的降低效果更好,不存在特定条件下低马赫数减阻效果更好的情况。对于这2个来流马赫数,在逆向射流临界总压比下(Ma = 5时Rp = 0.0971,Ma = 6时Rp = 0.0392),30°测点处的Δp/p几乎相同,均约为38%,来流马赫数对临界总压比下的最佳减阻效果几乎无影响。
本文利用高速纹影和压力扫描阀测量技术,在Ma = 5和6条件下,对逆向射流的流场干扰特性与压力特性进行了研究,揭示了逆向射流非定常流动机制及其对钝头体表面压力的影响规律,发现并总结了来流马赫数和总压对逆向射流临界总压比与减阻特性的影响规律,主要结论如下:
1)LPM射流穿透结构细长,呈现激波串型的波系结构,回流区非对称,导致激波不稳定,呈现轴向和径向非定常振荡现象;过渡阶段以射流穿透长度沿轴向快速变化,LPM和SPM交替出现为主要特征;SPM可见明显的马赫盘结构,射流穿透深度较短,射流剪切层较高,影响范围广,回流区对称性增强,激波形态稳定。
2)逆向射流作用下,钝头体回流区内压力下降明显,随着逆向射流总压比的增大,回流区内表面压力呈先减小后增大再减小的趋势,分别对应LPM、过渡阶段和SPM共3个阶段,且随着Rp的增大,压力下降幅度逐渐减小。再附激波对再附点附近的表面压力影响较大,导致局部压力上升,且再附点随Rp增大而后移,再附点下游的表面压力与无射流状态相差不大。
3)来流总压对逆向射流临界总压比具有显著影响。来流总压增大,临界总压比也随之增大,射流模态转换延迟,逆向射流在更大的Rp时才从LPM转换到SPM,LPM存在区间变大。逆向射流处于临界总压比时,高来流总压条件能产生更好的减阻效果,此时射流总压比也更大。
4)来流马赫数对逆向射流临界总压比具有显著影响,随着来流马赫数增大,形成声速逆向射流所需的最小总压比降低,临界总压比也减小,LPM存在区间变小,逆向射流在更小的Rp时即发生从LPM到SPM的转换。逆向射流在高马赫数条件下的减阻效果优于低马赫数条件。
本文揭示了逆向射流的模态转换机制,明确了影响射流临界总压比的来流参数,总结了影响规律,研究结果可为高超声速飞行器减阻设计提供重要的试验依据,但逆向射流的LPM振荡频率及影响临界总压比的参数仍需更精确的量化分析。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250035
  • 接收时间:2025-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-24
  • 修回日期:2025-06-03
  • 录用日期:2025-06-11
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    1中国空气动力研究与发展中心 超高速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
    2飞行器流体物理全国重点实验室,绵阳 621000
    3中国空气动力研究与发展中心,绵阳 621000

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