Article(id=1320176674726064950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176652034880125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=1751472000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-03, onlineDate=1792684246951, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684246951, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684246951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684246951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176652034880125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684241540, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684241540, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=13, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176674919002935, articleId=1320176674726064950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Numerical study on correction methods for infrared characteristics measurement of high-speed aircraft under wind tunnel background radiation interference, columnId=1320176652752106111, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Topic on Research and Application Progress of Jet Flow in High-Speed Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Wind tunnel testing serves as a critical method for studying the performance of high-speed aircraft. Enhancing the measurement accuracy of infrared characteristics in wind tunnel tests can provide more reliable data support for predicting aircraft infrared signatures and designing stealth performance, embodying significant engineering value. However, in wind tunnel tests, the interference of background radiation inside the wind tunnel makes it difficult to accurately obtain the true infrared radiation (IR) of the aircraft, directly affecting the execution of wind tunnel tests and the use of test data. The CFD (computational fluid dynamics) method verified by simulation accuracy was used to simulate the state of a conventional hypersonic blowdown wind tunnel with the incoming Mach number at the test section inlet in the range of 3–10. A numerical study was conducted on correction methods for IR measurement in the 3–5 μm band at a lateral 90${\text{°}} $ direction for the aircraft and lateral jet, aiming at the interference of wind tunnel background radiation. A progressive measurement procedure based on background field separation was proposed. Through a stepwise experimental design involving cold-model interference calibration and hot-target measurements, the interference signals were stripped. The relationships between the intrinsic radiation of the aircraft surface and lateral jet and the total IR received by the detector were established respectively. The interference factors in IR measurement were identified. The correction formulas for measuring the intrinsic IR of the aircraft surface and lateral jet were derived. The results show that the influence of interference factors on the IR of lateral jet is relatively small, ranging between 1.6% and 2.8%. When the incoming flow Mach number in the wind tunnel test section is between 3 and 5, the influence of interference factors on the IR of the aircraft surface exceeds 10%. Especially at a Mach number of 3, the proportion of interference signals reaches 70.72%.

, authors=Xiaojuan SHI1, *, Lele ZHANG1, Honghu JI1, Feng XIE2, Wanqing LUO3, authorsList=Xiaojuan SHI, Lele ZHANG, Honghu JI, Feng XIE, Wanqing LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaojuan SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176705709387812, articleId=1320176674726064950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=风洞背景辐射干扰下高速飞行器红外特征测量修正方法的数值研究, columnId=1320176654538879617, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

风洞试验是研究高速飞行器性能的重要手段。提升风洞试验中红外特征的测量精度,能够为飞行器红外特征预测及隐身性能设计提供更可靠的数据支撑,具有显著的工程价值。然而,在风洞试验中,风洞内部背景辐射的干扰导致飞行器的真实红外辐射难以准确获取,直接影响风洞试验的开展和试验数据的有效使用。采用经仿真精度验证的CFD方法,模拟常规高超声速暂冲式风洞在试验段入口来流马赫数为3~10范围内的状态,针对风洞背景辐射干扰,数值研究了飞行器及侧向喷流在侧向90${\text{°}} $方向、3~5 μm波段红外辐射测量的修正方法。提出了一套基于背景场分离的递进式测量流程,通过冷模干扰标定和热态目标测量的分步试验设计,实现了干扰信号的剥离,建立了飞行器表面和侧向喷流的自身辐射与探测器接收到的总红外辐射之间的关系,明确了辐射测量的干扰因素,获得了飞行器表面和侧向喷流自身红外辐射测量的修正公式。结果表明:干扰因素对侧向喷流红外辐射的影响较小,在1.6%~2.8%之间;当风洞试验段来流马赫数为3~5时,干扰因素对飞行器表面红外辐射的影响超过10%,尤其是来流马赫数为3时,干扰信号占比达70.72%。

, authors=施小娟1, *, 张乐乐1, 吉洪湖1, 谢峰2, 罗万清3, authorsList=施小娟, 张乐乐, 吉洪湖, 谢峰, 罗万清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=施小娟, authorNote=

施小娟(1982—),女,江苏扬州人,博士,高级实验师。研究方向:飞行器及发动机红外隐身技术。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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施小娟(1982—),女,江苏扬州人,博士,高级实验师。研究方向:飞行器及发动机红外隐身技术。E-mail:

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施小娟(1982—),女,江苏扬州人,博士,高级实验师。研究方向:飞行器及发动机红外隐身技术。E-mail:

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Design and calculation results of infrared radiation cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例MainT/K有/无侧
向喷流
积分辐射强度I/(W·sr−1)
case1无来流300无S2c = 0.275,R1–1 + R1–2c =
0.0028,R2c–1 = 0.0006
case23流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.0366
case34流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.0268
case45流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.0178
case56流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.037
case67流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.051
case78流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.099
case89流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.149
case910流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.268
case103流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.002,R2h–1 = 0.0006
case114流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.005,R2h–1 = 0.00075
case125流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.038,R2h–1 = 0.0008
case136流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.072,R2h–1 = 0.001
case147流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.227,R2h–1 = 0.002
case158流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.659,R2h–1 = 0.004
case169流场计算提供无R1–2h = 1.285,R2h–1 = 0.005
case1710流场计算提供无R1–2h = 1.951,R2h–1 = 0.012
case183300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.241
case194300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.078
case205300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.055
case216300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.081
case227300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.136
case238300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.234
case249300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.348
case2510300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.482
), ArticleFig(id=1320176709878526058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176674726064950, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红外算例设计及计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例MainT/K有/无侧
向喷流
积分辐射强度I/(W·sr−1)
case1无来流300无S2c = 0.275,R1–1 + R1–2c =
0.0028,R2c–1 = 0.0006
case23流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.0366
case34流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.0268
case45流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.0178
case56流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.037
case67流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.051
case78流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.099
case89流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.149
case910流场计算提供有R2h–1 + R2h–3 = 0.268
case103流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.002,R2h–1 = 0.0006
case114流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.005,R2h–1 = 0.00075
case125流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.038,R2h–1 = 0.0008
case136流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.072,R2h–1 = 0.001
case147流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.227,R2h–1 = 0.002
case158流场计算提供无R1–2h = 0.659,R2h–1 = 0.004
case169流场计算提供无R1–2h = 1.285,R2h–1 = 0.005
case1710流场计算提供无R1–2h = 1.951,R2h–1 = 0.012
case183300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.241
case194300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.078
case205300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.055
case216300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.081
case227300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.136
case238300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.234
case249300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.348
case2510300有R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3 = 0.482
), ArticleFig(id=1320176709958217835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176674726064950, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of interference factors in lateral jet infrared radiation intensity measurement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Main
S3 /
(W·sr−1)
R1–3 /
(W·sr−1)
R2h–3 /
(W·sr−1)
(R1–3 + R2h–3)/
S3
316.410.2380.0361.67%
46.050.0750.0261.67%
52.460.0520.0172.80%
65.270.0780.0362.16%
79.680.1330.0491.88%
817.840.2310.0951.83%
925.650.3450.1441.91%
1032.540.4790.2562.26%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176710029521004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176674726064950, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

侧向喷流红外辐射强度测量干扰因素影响分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Main
S3 /
(W·sr−1)
R1–3 /
(W·sr−1)
R2h–3 /
(W·sr−1)
(R1–3 + R2h–3)/
S3
316.410.2380.0361.67%
46.050.0750.0261.67%
52.460.0520.0172.80%
65.270.0780.0362.16%
79.680.1330.0491.88%
817.840.2310.0951.83%
925.650.3450.1441.91%
1032.540.4790.2562.26%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176710100824173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176674726064950, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of interference factors in vehicle surface infrared radiation intensity measurement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MainS2h /
(W·sr−1)
S2c /
(W·sr−1)
R1–2h /
(W·sr−1)
R1–2c /
(W·sr−1)
R2h–1 /
(W·sr−1)
R2c–1 /
(W·sr−1)
$ \left|S_{2 \mathrm{c}}-R_{1-2 \mathrm{h}}+R_{1-2 \mathrm{c}}-R_{2 \mathrm{h}-1}+R_{2 \mathrm{c}-1}\right| / S_{2 \mathrm{h}} $
30.390.2750.0020.00280.00060.000670.72%
41.310.2750.0050.00280.000750.000620.81%
51.640.2750.0380.00280.00080.000614.61%
64.140.2750.0720.00280.0010.00064.96%
720.340.2750.2270.00280.0020.00060.24%
876.770.2750.6590.00280.0040.00060.50%
9126.040.2751.2850.00280.0050.00060.80%
10209.340.2751.9510.00280.0120.00060.80%
), ArticleFig(id=1320176710188904558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176674726064950, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

飞行器表面红外辐射强度测量干扰因素影响分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MainS2h /
(W·sr−1)
S2c /
(W·sr−1)
R1–2h /
(W·sr−1)
R1–2c /
(W·sr−1)
R2h–1 /
(W·sr−1)
R2c–1 /
(W·sr−1)
$ \left|S_{2 \mathrm{c}}-R_{1-2 \mathrm{h}}+R_{1-2 \mathrm{c}}-R_{2 \mathrm{h}-1}+R_{2 \mathrm{c}-1}\right| / S_{2 \mathrm{h}} $
30.390.2750.0020.00280.00060.000670.72%
41.310.2750.0050.00280.000750.000620.81%
51.640.2750.0380.00280.00080.000614.61%
64.140.2750.0720.00280.0010.00064.96%
720.340.2750.2270.00280.0020.00060.24%
876.770.2750.6590.00280.0040.00060.50%
9126.040.2751.2850.00280.0050.00060.80%
10209.340.2751.9510.00280.0120.00060.80%
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风洞背景辐射干扰下高速飞行器红外特征测量修正方法的数值研究
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施小娟 1, * , 张乐乐 1 , 吉洪湖 1 , 谢峰 2 , 罗万清 3
实验流体力学 | 高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题 2026,40(2): 13-23
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实验流体力学 |高速飞行器喷流研究与应用进展专题 2026 , 40 (2) : 13 -23
风洞背景辐射干扰下高速飞行器红外特征测量修正方法的数值研究
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施小娟1, * , 张乐乐1, 吉洪湖1, 谢峰2, 罗万清3
作者信息
  • 1南京航空航天大学,南京 210016
  • 2中国空气动力研究与发展中心 超高速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
  • 3飞行器流体物理全国重点实验室,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

施小娟(1982—),女,江苏扬州人,博士,高级实验师。研究方向:飞行器及发动机红外隐身技术。E-mail:

Numerical study on correction methods for infrared characteristics measurement of high-speed aircraft under wind tunnel background radiation interference
Xiaojuan SHI1, * , Lele ZHANG1, Honghu JI1, Feng XIE2, Wanqing LUO3
Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 2Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Physics in Fluids, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250020
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风洞试验是研究高速飞行器性能的重要手段。提升风洞试验中红外特征的测量精度,能够为飞行器红外特征预测及隐身性能设计提供更可靠的数据支撑,具有显著的工程价值。然而,在风洞试验中,风洞内部背景辐射的干扰导致飞行器的真实红外辐射难以准确获取,直接影响风洞试验的开展和试验数据的有效使用。采用经仿真精度验证的CFD方法,模拟常规高超声速暂冲式风洞在试验段入口来流马赫数为3~10范围内的状态,针对风洞背景辐射干扰,数值研究了飞行器及侧向喷流在侧向90${\text{°}} $方向、3~5 μm波段红外辐射测量的修正方法。提出了一套基于背景场分离的递进式测量流程,通过冷模干扰标定和热态目标测量的分步试验设计,实现了干扰信号的剥离,建立了飞行器表面和侧向喷流的自身辐射与探测器接收到的总红外辐射之间的关系,明确了辐射测量的干扰因素,获得了飞行器表面和侧向喷流自身红外辐射测量的修正公式。结果表明:干扰因素对侧向喷流红外辐射的影响较小,在1.6%~2.8%之间;当风洞试验段来流马赫数为3~5时,干扰因素对飞行器表面红外辐射的影响超过10%,尤其是来流马赫数为3时,干扰信号占比达70.72%。

风洞  /  高速飞行器  /  侧向喷流  /  红外辐射  /  干扰因素  /  修正方法

Wind tunnel testing serves as a critical method for studying the performance of high-speed aircraft. Enhancing the measurement accuracy of infrared characteristics in wind tunnel tests can provide more reliable data support for predicting aircraft infrared signatures and designing stealth performance, embodying significant engineering value. However, in wind tunnel tests, the interference of background radiation inside the wind tunnel makes it difficult to accurately obtain the true infrared radiation (IR) of the aircraft, directly affecting the execution of wind tunnel tests and the use of test data. The CFD (computational fluid dynamics) method verified by simulation accuracy was used to simulate the state of a conventional hypersonic blowdown wind tunnel with the incoming Mach number at the test section inlet in the range of 3–10. A numerical study was conducted on correction methods for IR measurement in the 3–5 μm band at a lateral 90${\text{°}} $ direction for the aircraft and lateral jet, aiming at the interference of wind tunnel background radiation. A progressive measurement procedure based on background field separation was proposed. Through a stepwise experimental design involving cold-model interference calibration and hot-target measurements, the interference signals were stripped. The relationships between the intrinsic radiation of the aircraft surface and lateral jet and the total IR received by the detector were established respectively. The interference factors in IR measurement were identified. The correction formulas for measuring the intrinsic IR of the aircraft surface and lateral jet were derived. The results show that the influence of interference factors on the IR of lateral jet is relatively small, ranging between 1.6% and 2.8%. When the incoming flow Mach number in the wind tunnel test section is between 3 and 5, the influence of interference factors on the IR of the aircraft surface exceeds 10%. Especially at a Mach number of 3, the proportion of interference signals reaches 70.72%.

wind tunnel  /  high-speed aircraft  /  lateral jet  /  infrared radiation  /  interference factor  /  correction method
施小娟, 张乐乐, 吉洪湖, 谢峰, 罗万清. 风洞背景辐射干扰下高速飞行器红外特征测量修正方法的数值研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (2) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250020
Xiaojuan SHI, Lele ZHANG, Honghu JI, Feng XIE, Wanqing LUO. Numerical study on correction methods for infrared characteristics measurement of high-speed aircraft under wind tunnel background radiation interference[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (2) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250020
侧向喷流反作用控制系统(Reaction Control System, RCS)利用其产生的高温侧向喷流的反作用力,实现高速飞行器姿态和轨道的控制,具有响应速度快、控制精度高、空域适应范围广的优点[1-3]。RCS一般采用小型火箭发动机,高速的侧向喷流与来流发生强烈的相互干扰,改变飞行器的绕流环境,使其表面压力和温度发生变化[4-5],从而影响飞行器表面的红外辐射。同时,侧向喷流温度高且含有CO2和H2O等辐射性组分,产生较强的红外辐射,降低飞行器的红外隐身性能。高温侧向喷流的红外辐射还会干扰防御系统对目标的红外探测、识别、追踪及拦截能力[6]。因此,掌握高速飞行器及其侧向喷流的红外辐射特性,对于提高飞行器的红外隐身性能、优化防御系统的设计具有重要意义。
目前,国内外学者针对侧向喷流对高速飞行器绕流的干扰、飞行器及其侧向喷流的气动特性等开展了大量研究[7-12],对高速飞行器及尾流的红外辐射特性也开展了一些研究。例如,Avital等[13]对火箭发动机在欠膨胀状态的尾流进行了试验和数值研究;Rialland等[14]数值仿真了飞行中火箭发动机尾流的红外辐射特征,并与测试数据进行了对比;魏鑫等[15]将超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动与传热的准一维模拟和飞行器绕流场及喷管内外流场的三维模拟相结合,数值研究了吸气式高速飞行器的红外辐射特性;牛青林等[16]对助推滑翔载入飞行器在时变攻角下的红外辐射特性进行了数值研究;石安华等[17]数值研究了类X-51A高超声速巡航飞行器在典型飞行状态下的红外辐射光谱、红外辐射亮度和红外辐射强度;高铁锁等[18]数值模拟了高超声速拦截弹化学反应绕流的红外辐射特性,分析了光学窗口附近流场红外光谱辐射随飞行参数的变化规律。然而,关于RCS开启时高速飞行器及侧向喷流红外辐射特性的研究较少。傅杨奥骁等[6]针对高速飞行器喷流反作用控制系统热喷干扰流场及其红外辐射特性进行了数值模拟,分析了二次燃烧效应、不同飞行条件(飞行马赫数为4、5、8和10)以及不同观测角度对流场红外辐射特性的影响。吕蓉等[19-20]数值分析了20 km高度下攻角对临近空间飞行器及侧喷射流的流场参数和红外辐射特性的影响,以及在20 km、马赫数5和50 km、马赫数10工况下,发动机喷射角、喷口位置及射流压比对正侧视探测角度下目标红外辐射特性的影响规律。郑才浪等[21]数值研究了在高真空环境下工作的轨控发动机喷流的红外辐射特性。
高速飞行器本体–喷流耦合辐射的风洞试验测量,不仅能够验证数值仿真结果的准确性,还能捕捉复杂物理现象,为红外辐射特性研究提供真实、可靠的试验依据,是高速飞行器红外隐身设计及性能评估的重要手段。常规高超声速风洞为模拟高马赫数流动,试验气流温度较低(一般仅50 K左右[22]),相比真实飞行环境,无法真实模拟高空气流温度;同时,风洞试验通常使用缩比模型,雷诺数偏低,难以复现真实飞行中因飞行器尺寸与气流相互作用产生的边界层特性及复杂流动现象,在气流温度、模型尺度效应等关键要素上与真实飞行环境存在显著差异。高速飞行器本体–喷流耦合辐射的风洞试验研究面临诸多挑战与困难。例如:如何将缩比模型的红外辐射测量结果反推至全尺寸模型在高空状态下的红外辐射特性?如何在风洞运行的短时间内获取稳定的试验测试数据?如何排除风洞内部其他辐射源的背景辐射会干扰,并对测量结果进行修正?目前没有公开文献报道关于高速飞行器本体–喷流耦合辐射测量的风洞试验研究。
针对地面风洞试验中高速飞行器本体–喷流耦合辐射测量受风洞内部背景辐射干扰的问题,考虑到现阶段缺乏风洞试验数据且风洞试验成本高,本文采用CFD方法模拟风洞试验状态,数值分析风洞环境下飞行器及侧向喷流的红外辐射,提出背景辐射场–气动加热场–目标辐射场的多级解耦方法,通过冷模干扰标定和热态目标测量的递进式试验设计,实现干扰信号的剥离。该方法可为高速飞行器及侧向喷流红外辐射强度的地面风洞试验提供一定的参考。
飞行器模型如图1所示,采用典型的锥–柱–裙外形,飞行器总长L1为1000 mm,锥体长度L2为350 mm,柱体长度L3为450 mm,柱体直径D1为165 mm,尾部直径D2为256 mm。RCS喷口直径为36 mm,位于柱体截面,喷口中心距飞行器头部500 mm,喷管轴线与飞行器轴线垂直。
将风洞试验段简化为矩形,风洞试验段及飞行器组合模型如图2所示。飞行器质心与试验段的体心重合,侧向喷口朝正上方。矩形试验段长L为5000 mm,宽W和高H均为4000 mm。试验段入口、出口及观测窗口的圆心分别与其所在面的形心重合,直径依次为1000、1500和1000 mm。飞行器前端至试验段入口的水平距离,以及尾端至出口的水平距离均为2000 mm。风洞试验段入口来流马赫数在3~10之间,喷口处侧向喷流马赫数为3,RCS运行时长约为10 s。
红外探测器透过观测窗测量飞行器模型和侧向喷流的红外辐射特征。受观测窗直径及探测器视场角的限制,为保证飞行器模型及侧向喷流的核心区能被探测器视场包裹,探测器与观测窗之间的水平距离d不宜过小。本文模型中,探测器高度与圆形观测窗的圆心齐平。当探测器视场角设为25°时,距离d为1.5 m,其探测视场如图3所示。进入探测器视场的风洞壁面称为视场内风洞壁面。当探测器视场角减小时,距离d需进一步增大。
假设观测窗玻璃的透过率为1。风洞环境下,RCS工作时,探测器在视场内接收到的红外辐射包括8个来源,如图4所示,分别是:①侧向喷流的自身辐射;②飞行器表面的自身辐射;③视场内风洞壁面的自身辐射;④飞行器表面反射喷流的辐射;⑤飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射;⑥视场内风洞壁面反射喷流的辐射;⑦视场内风洞壁面反射飞行器表面的辐射;⑧视场内风洞壁面反射其余风洞壁面的辐射。
红外辐射测量时,探测器接收到的红外辐射包含多个辐射源的自身辐射和反射辐射,探测器无法区分各个辐射的贡献。本文提出了一套基于背景场分离的递进式测量流程,通过冷模干扰标定和热态目标测量的递进式试验设计,实现了干扰信号的剥离,并分别建立了飞行器表面自身辐射、侧向喷流自身辐射与探测器接收总红外辐射之间的关系,明确了测量的干扰因素。
第1步测量时,风洞系统及RCS均处于关闭状态,利用高灵敏度的红外探测设备,透过专门设计的观测窗,对风洞内部进行一次初始红外探测。
第1步测量的目的是获得探测器视场内处于环境温度的飞行器表面和风洞壁面的红外辐射强度,不包含侧向喷流及高温飞行器表面。此时的测量结果如式(1)所示:
$ {J_{{\text{first}}}} = {S_1} + {S_{2{\text{c}}}} + {R_{1 - 1}} + {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} + {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $
式中:$ {J_{{\text{first}}}} $表示探测器第一步测量接收到的总红外辐射;$ {S_1} $表示视场内风洞壁面的自身辐射;$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $表示环境温度下飞行器表面的自身辐射;$ {R_{1-1}} $表示视场内风洞壁面反射其余风洞壁面的辐射;$ {R_{1-2{\text{c}}}} $表示视场内风洞壁面反射环境温度飞行器表面的辐射;$ {R_{2{\text{c}}-1}} $表示环境温度下飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射。
第2步测量即为试验状态的测量,可测量不同来流工况、不同RCS工作条件下的红外辐射。启动风洞系统,激活飞行器上的RCS,经过精密调整,将其设置至预定的试验状态。确保红外探测器位于与首次探测时完全相同的位置,并以一致的角度对准风洞内的目标区域。
第2步测量旨在获取探测器视场内试验状态下飞行器高温表面、侧向喷流以及风洞壁面的红外辐射。RCS运行时长约为10 s,飞行器侧向喷流尚未对风洞壁面产生显著热影响,因此,忽略风洞壁面的温度变化,近似认为其仍为环境温度。
此时的测量结果如式(2)所示:
$ \begin{split} {J_{{\text{second}}}} =\; & {S_1} + {S_{2{\text{h}}}} + {S_3} + {R_{1 - 1}} + {R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}} + \\& {R_{1 - 3}} + {R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}} + {R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}} \end{split} $
式中:${J_{{\text{second}}}}$表示探测器第二步测量时接收到的总红外辐射;${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$表示试验状态下飞行器表面的自身辐射;${S_3}$表示试验状态下侧向喷流的自身辐射;${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$表示视场内风洞壁面反射试验状态下飞行器表面的辐射;${R_{1 - 3}}$表示视场内风洞壁面反射侧向喷流的辐射;${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$表示试验状态下飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射;${R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}}$表示试验状态下飞行器表面反射侧向喷流的辐射。
在完成试验状态下的测量后,关闭RCS并迅速开展第3次红外辐射测量。忽略飞行器表面的温度变化,认为风洞壁面和飞行器表面的温度与试验状态下的温度几乎一致。
第3步测量的目的是获得探测器视场内试验状态下飞行器高温表面和风洞壁面的红外辐射,而不包含侧向喷流的辐射贡献。此时的测量结果如式(3)所示:
$ {J_{{\text{third}}}} = {S_1} + {S_{2{\text{h}}}} + {R_{1 - 1}} + {R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}} + {R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}} $
式中:${J_{{\text{third}}}}$表示探测器第3步测量时接收到的总红外辐射。
将第2步测量结果${J_{{\text{second}}}}$减去第3步测量结果${J_{{\text{third}}}}$,得到式(4):
$ {J_{{\text{second}}}} - {J_{{\text{third}}}} = {S_3} + {R_{1 - 3}} + {R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}} $
则试验状态下侧向喷流的红外辐射强度${S_3}$如式(5)所示:
$ {S_3} = {J_{{\text{second}}}} - {J_{{\text{third}}}} - \left( {{R_{1 - 3}} + {R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}}} \right) $
因此,侧向喷流红外辐射强度测量存在2个干扰因素,即视场内风洞壁面反射侧向喷流的辐射${R_{1 - 3}}$,以及试验状态飞行器表面反射侧向喷流的辐射${R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}}$。
将第3步测量结果${J_{{\text{third}}}}$减去第1步测量结果$ {J_{{\text{first}}}} $,得到式(6):
$ {J_{{\text{third}}}} - {J_{{\text{first}}}} = {S_{2{\text{h}}}} - {S_{2{\text{c}}}} + {R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}} - {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} + {R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}} - {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $
则试验状态下高温飞行器表面的红外辐射强度${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$如式(7)所示:
$ {S_{2{\text{h}}}} = {J_{{\text{third}}}} - {J_{{\text{first}}}} + {S_{2{\text{c}}}} - {R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}} + {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} - {R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}} + {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $
因此,试验状态下飞行器高温表面的红外辐射强度测量存在5个干扰因素,即:环境温度的飞行器表面的自身辐射$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $;视场内风洞壁面反射试验状态飞行器表面的辐射${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$;视场内风洞壁面反射环境温度飞行器表面的辐射$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $;试验状态飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$;以及环境温度的飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射$ {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $。
红外辐射测量时,只能测出视场内的总辐射,无法区分各辐射源的自身辐射和反射辐射。红外辐射数值仿真可以计算各辐射源的自身辐射和总反射辐射,但无法区分总反射辐射中的各个分项。例如,可以计算出飞行器表面的总反射辐射,却无法分别得出其中反射风洞壁面的辐射和反射侧向喷流的辐射各占多少。
因此,为了定量分析飞行器及侧向喷流红外辐射强度测量的干扰因素($ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $、$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $、$ {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $、${R_{1 - 3}}$、${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$、${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$和${R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}}$)的大小,本文通过合适的算例设计,利用数值仿真获得各干扰因素的红外辐射强度。
流场计算为红外辐射特征计算提供了飞行器表面的温度分布、侧向喷流的温度和组分质量分数等。受篇幅所限,下文针对图2所示的风洞试验段及飞行器组合模型,给出流场及红外辐射特征的计算方法、计算域、边界条件及干扰因素的红外辐射结果等。
采用商业软件ANSYS Fluent计算风洞试验段内的流场,运用耦合隐式求解器,湍流模拟采用SST k–ω模型,组分传输计算采用Species Transport模型,辐射换热计算采用Discrete Ordinates辐射模型。采用Gnemmi等[9]开展的超音速来流与典型锥–柱–裙体侧喷射流相互作用的风洞试验数据,对本文流场计算方法进行了验证。图5为采用本文流场计算方法获得的壁面压力系数Cp计算结果与文献试验数据(X为轴向距离,D为柱体直径)的对比,两者吻合良好,表明本文流场计算方法是可靠的。
流场仿真时,将观测窗视为固体壁面。此时风洞试验段和飞行器模型具有对称性,因此选取1/2模型进行流场计算,计算域为1/2试验段内部区域,如图6所示。
共计算了8个工况下风洞试验段内的流场。风洞试验段入口设置为速度入口,8个工况的来流马赫数Main分别为3、4、5、6、7、8、9和10,压力和温度分别为2000 Pa和50 K,O2和N2的质量分数分别为0.233和0.767。风洞试验段出口设置为压力出口,8个工况的压力和温度分别为20 Pa和300 K,O2和N2的质量分数分别为0.233和0.767。飞行器侧向喷口设置为速度入口,8个工况下给定马赫数为3,压力和温度分别为109016 Pa和1071 K,组分CO2、H2O、CO、O2和N2的质量分数分别为0.0867、0.2976、0.1744、0.0002和0.4411。
图7给出了不同来流马赫数Main下,流场计算域对称面的温度T分布云图。由图可见:随着Main的增大,侧向喷流与风洞来流的相互作用增强,侧向喷口附近的弓形激波弓角逐渐增大,侧向喷流核心区的温度逐渐升高,当Main = 10时,侧向喷流核心区的温度达到1800 K左右;随着Main增大,风洞内部远离进出口区域形成了旋涡,导致这些区域的平均温度逐渐升高。
图8给出了不同来流马赫数Main下,飞行器表面的温度分布云图。由图可见:由于侧向喷流的加热,侧向喷口下游的飞行器表面温度明显升高;且随着Main的增大,飞行器表面的气动加热明显增强,当Main = 10时,飞行器表面平均温度达1000 K左右。
采用本课题组开发的软件NUAA-IR[23]计算了风洞环境下飞行器及侧向喷流在3~5 μm波段的红外辐射特征,红外探测点的设置与图3相同。红外辐射传输的计算采用反向蒙特卡罗法,考虑了风洞壁面及飞行器表面的发射和反射,以及喷流组分CO2、H2O和CO对红外辐射的吸收和发射。组分的吸收–发射特性采用NASA 3080数据库[24]。红外辐射计算方法的验证见文献[15]。
红外计算域为整个风洞试验段内部区域。红外计算的边界条件包括喷流边界条件和固体壁面边界条件。侧向喷流的温度和组分质量分数由流场计算提供。将风洞试验段的入口、出口以及飞行器的侧向喷口视为固体壁面,模拟内部管道的辐射,温度分别为50、300和1071 K,发射率均为0.9。不同算例中,风洞壁面的温度均设置为环境温度300 K,发射率0.9。飞行器表面的发射率为0.9,温度设置分为2类:一类为环境温度300 K,另一类由流场计算提供,具体见表1。
表1给出了红外算例设计及各算例在探测点方向的部分自身辐射和反射辐射的计算结果,用于计算干扰因素。共计算了25个算例:case1对应第1步测量的情形,即风洞无来流、RCS不工作;case2~case9对应不同试验段来流马赫数Main下第2步测量的情形,即风洞有来流、RCS工作;case10~case17对应第3步测量的情形,即在完成不同试验段来流马赫数Main下的测量后,关闭RCS并迅速测量;case18~case25是为计算R1-3而增加的算例。
由于缺乏探测器的测试数据$ {J_{{\text{first}}}} $、${J_{{\text{second}}}}$及${J_{{\text{third}}}}$,无法根据式(5)和(7)直接计算${S_3}$和${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$。此处采用case2~case9中${S_3}$和${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$的计算值,定量分析干扰因素对${S_3}$和${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$的影响程度。
图9给出了侧向喷流自身辐射${S_3}$和飞行器表面自身辐射${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$随来流马赫数Main的变化曲线。表2和3分别给出了${S_3}$和${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$测量干扰因素的影响分析,列出了不同来流马赫数下各干扰因素的辐射值。计算方法如下:①由case1计算获得$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $和$ {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $;②由case1计算得到视场内风洞壁面的总反射辐射为0.0028 W/sr,包括反射其余风洞壁面的辐射$ {R_{1 - 1}} $和反射环境温度飞行器表面的辐射$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $,两者均很小,假设$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $近似为0.0028 W/sr;③将case18~case25的视场内风洞壁面反射辐射(包括R1–1 + R1–2c + R1–3)减去case1的视场内风洞壁面反射辐射(包括R1–1 + R1–2c),得到不同来流马赫数Main下的R1–3;④case10~case17的视场内风洞壁面反射辐射即为R1–2h;⑤case10~case17的飞行器表面反射辐射即为R2h–1;⑥将case2~case9的飞行器表面反射辐射(包括R2h–1 + R2h–3)减去case10~case17的飞行器表面反射辐射(即R2h–1),得到不同来流马赫数Main下的R2h–3。
由图9和表2可见:①随着来流马赫数Main的增大,侧向喷流的自身辐射${S_3}$呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在Main = 5时达到最小。这是因为随着Main的增大,侧向喷流核心区的温度逐渐升高,核心区范围逐渐缩小。当Main < 5时,侧向喷流核心区范围缩小对红外辐射的降低作用强于核心区温度升高对红外辐射的增加作用,因此侧向喷流的自身辐射逐渐减小;当Main > 5时,核心区温度升高对红外辐射的增加作用强于范围缩小对红外辐射的降低作用,侧向喷流的自身辐射逐渐增大。②在不同来流马赫数下,干扰因素对侧向喷流自身辐射S3的影响不大,R1–3和R2h–3的辐射之和占S3的比例在1.6%~2.8%之间。③由于探测器视场内风洞壁面的投影面积大于飞行器模型,因此在不同来流马赫数下,R1–3均大于R2h–3,在二者之和中,R1–3占65%以上。
由图9和表3可见:①随着来流马赫数Main的增大,飞行器表面的自身辐射${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$持续增大,尤其在Main ≥ 7后,飞行器表面的红外辐射超过侧向喷流的红外辐射,这是由于飞行器表面气动加热增强所致。②当Main在3~5时,干扰因素对${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$的影响超过10%,尤其当Main = 3时,影响达到70.72%;当Main在7~10时,干扰因素对${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$的影响不足1%。这是因为随着Main增大,飞行器表面的气动加热愈发显著。当Main < 5时,飞行器本体–喷流以侧向喷流的红外辐射为主,飞行器表面辐射较小,此时干扰因素对${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$的影响较显著。尤其是Main = 3时,${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$ = 0.39 W/sr,干扰因素值与其相当,为0.2758 W/sr,干扰信号占比达70.72%。而当Main > 7时,飞行器本体–喷流主要以飞行器表面的红外辐射为主,${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$迅速增大,而干扰因素变化较小,因此影响很小。③${S_{2{\text{h}}}}$的主要干扰因素是$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $。
将4.3小节中获得的R1–3和R2h–3代入式(5),结合探测器的测量值${J_{{\text{second}}}}$和${J_{{\text{third}}}}$,即可计算出来流马赫数Main分别为3、4、5、6、7、8、9和10时侧向喷流的红外辐射强度S3。
由于R1–3和R2h–3均与来流马赫数Main有关,图10分别给出了R1–3和R2h–3关于Main的拟合曲线。随着来流马赫数Main增大,R1–3和R2h–3均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在Main = 5时达到最小值。这是因为随着Main的增大,侧向喷流的红外辐射${S_3}$先减小后增大(在Main = 5时最小),因此风洞壁面和飞行器表面反射侧向喷流的辐射R1–3和R2h–3也呈现出相同的变化趋势。
R1–3和R2h–3关于来流马赫数Main的拟合公式分别如式(8)和(9)所示。
$ {R_{1 - 3}} = - 0.003M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^3} + 0.074M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^2} - 0.551M{ a_{{\text{in}}}} + 1.287 $
$ {R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}} = 0.000\,9M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^3} - 0.01M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^2} + {\text{ }}0.024M{ a_{{\text{in}}}} + 0.021 $
根据式(8)和(9),可以计算出Main = 3~10范围内任意来流马赫数下的R1–3和R2h–3辐射值。
因此,在Main = 3~10范围内,侧向喷流红外辐射强度的测量修正公式如式(10)所示:
$ \begin{split} {S_3} = & {J_{{\text{second}}}} - {J_{{\text{third}}}} + 0.002\,1M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^3} - \\& 0.064M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^2} + 0.527M{ a_{{\text{in}}}} - 1.{\text{308}} \end{split} $
将4.3小节中获得的$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $、$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $、$ {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $、${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$和${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$代入式(7),结合探测器的测量值${J_{{\text{third}}}}$和$ {J_{{\text{first}}}} $,即可计算出来流马赫数Main分别为3、4、5、6、7、8、9和10时飞行器表面的红外辐射强度S2h。
由于R1–2h和R2h–1均与来流马赫数Main有关,图11分别给出了R1–2h和R2h–1关于Main的拟合曲线。其中,R2h–1的值非常小。随着来流马赫数Main增大,${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$逐渐增大。
${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$和${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$关于来流马赫数Main的拟合公式分别如式(11)和(12)所示。
$ R_{1-2\text{h}}=\mathrm{e}^{-16.01+3.06M a_{\text{in}}-0.14M a_{\text{in}}^2} $
$ {R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}} = {e^{ - 8.09 + 0.058M{ a_{{\text{in}}}} + 0.03M{ a_{{\text{in}}}^2}}} $
根据式(11)和(12),可计算出Main = 3~10范围内任意来流马赫数下的${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$和${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$辐射值。
因此,在Main = 3~10范围内,飞行器表面红外辐射强度的测量修正公式如式(13)所示。
$ \begin{split}S_{2\text{h}} =\; & J_{\text{third}}-J_{\text{first}}+0.278\, 4- \\ &\mathrm{e}^{-16.01+3.06M a_{\text{in}}-0.14M a_{\text{in}}^2}- \\ &\mathrm{e}^{-8.09+0.058M a_{\text{in}}+0.03M a_{\text{in}}^2}\end{split} $
由于干扰因素${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$、$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $和$ {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $的值非常小,可以忽略其影响,因此式(13)可简化为式(14):
$ S_{2\text{h}}=J_{\text{third}}-J_{\text{first}}+0.275-\mathrm{e}^{-16.01+3.06M a_{\text{in}}-0.14M a_{\text{in}}^2} $
本文构建了一套基于背景场分离的递进式测量流程,通过冷模干扰标定和热态目标测量的分步试验设计,实现了干扰信号的剥离。分别建立了试验状态下飞行器表面和侧向喷流的自身辐射与探测器接收到的总红外辐射之间的关系,确定了测量的干扰因素,推导出了飞行器表面和侧向喷流自身红外辐射测量的修正公式。
1)侧向喷流的红外辐射强度测量存在2个干扰因素:视场内风洞壁面反射侧向喷流的辐射${R_{1 - 3}}$和试验状态飞行器表面反射侧向喷流的辐射${R_{2{\text{h}} - 3}}$。其中,主要的干扰因素是${R_{1 - 3}}$。
2)飞行器表面的红外辐射强度测量存在5个干扰因素:环境温度的飞行器表面的自身辐射$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $、视场内风洞壁面反射试验状态飞行器表面的辐射${R_{1 - 2{\text{h}}}}$、视场内风洞壁面反射环境温度飞行器表面的辐射$ {R_{1 - 2{\text{c}}}} $、试验状态飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射${R_{2{\text{h}} - 1}}$和环境温度的飞行器表面反射风洞壁面的辐射$ {R_{2{\text{c}} - 1}} $。其中,主要的干扰因素是$ {S_{2{\text{c}}}} $。
3)在本文的飞行器模型和工况下,干扰因素对侧向喷流红外辐射的影响较小,在1.6%~2.8%之间。当风洞试验段来流马赫数为3~5时,干扰因素对飞行器表面红外辐射的影响超过10%,尤其是来流马赫数为3时,干扰信号占比达70.72%;当来流马赫数为7~10时,干扰因素对飞行器表面红外辐射的影响不足1%。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250020
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
  • 录用日期:2025-07-03
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    1南京航空航天大学,南京 210016
    2中国空气动力研究与发展中心 超高速空气动力研究所,绵阳 621000
    3飞行器流体物理全国重点实验室,绵阳 621000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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