Article(id=1320124775767327016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20250009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=1744819200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-17, acceptedDate=1745424000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-24, onlineDate=1792671873274, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792671873274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792671873274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792671873274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320124775960265001, articleId=1320124775767327016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of vibrating wall on the dynamic behavior of droplet impact, columnId=1320124753915002923, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Topic on Multiscale Flow Morphology Measurement Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The phenomenon of droplets hitting the vibrating wall widely exists in industrial production and nature, and the vibration phase of the wall affects the velocity and acceleration state of the wall, which in turn affects the dynamic characteristics of the impact droplets. Therefore, it is of great significance to determine the influence of different vibration phases on the dynamic behavior of droplets hitting the vibrating wall. The process of droplets hitting the vibrating wall of different collision initial phases was observed through high-speed camera experiments, and the influence of the initial phase of collision on the spreading and oscillation characteristics of the droplets after hitting the vibrating wall under different vibrational conditions was analyzed. The results show that the initial phase of the collision determines the relative position and motion trend of the wall, and the spreading time of the droplets increases first and then decreases with the increase of the initial phase of the collision. The maximum spreading factor decreases first and then increases with the increase of the initial phase of the collision. According to the force analysis and study of the oscillation characteristic curve of the droplet oscillation process, it is found that the value of the maximum central height of the initial phase of the 90° collision is the largest, and the initial phase of the droplet collision has little influence on the stability time of the droplet. When the amplitude of the wall vibration increases, the change of the droplet spreading characteristics and oscillation characteristics with the initial collision phase is basically unchanged. The trend of droplet spreading characteristics and oscillation characteristics with the initial collision phase is mainly frequency-related.

, authors=Xinhui ZHOU1, 2, Zhaochang WANG1, 2, Nan ZHENG3, Guotao ZHANG1, 2, Deyu TU1, 2, Baohong TONG1, 2, *, authorsList=Xinhui ZHOU, Zhaochang WANG, Nan ZHENG, Guotao ZHANG, Deyu TU, Baohong TONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baohong TONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320124781182173548, articleId=1320124775767327016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=振动壁面对液滴碰撞动态行为的影响研究, columnId=1320124754095357997, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

液滴碰撞振动壁面的现象广泛存在于自然界和工业领域。壁面振动相位会影响壁面的速度与加速度,进而影响液滴碰撞后的动态特性。因此,研究不同振动相位对液滴碰撞振动壁面动态行为的影响具有重要意义。通过高速摄像实验,观测了液滴在不同碰撞初始相位下碰撞振动壁面的过程,分析了不同振动工况下碰撞初始相位对液滴铺展和振荡特性的影响。结果表明:碰撞初始相位决定了壁面的相对位置和运动趋势;液滴铺展时间随碰撞初始相位的增大先增大后减小;最大铺展因子随碰撞初始相位的增大先减小后增大。对液滴振荡过程进行受力分析并结合振荡特性曲线发现:在90°碰撞初始相位下,液滴最大中心高度最大;碰撞初始相位对液滴稳定时间的影响较小。当壁面振幅增大时,液滴的铺展和振荡特性随碰撞初始相位变化的趋势基本不变;该变化趋势主要与振动频率有关。

, authors=周鑫辉1, 2, 王兆长1, 2, 郑楠3, 张国涛1, 2, 涂德浴1, 2, 童宝宏1, 2, *, authorsList=周鑫辉, 王兆长, 郑楠, 张国涛, 涂德浴, 童宝宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=童宝宏, authorNote=

周鑫辉(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固液界面科学与微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《实验流体力学》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4uTdRUaqCqrxE2LPnsepmQ==, magXml=ZhKWIvPD6NeBV3KyOdjtRg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MYPbqg9CWzJQnNAsbnJBGg==, pdfFileSize=11967528, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=++4OgeugQek2nNyCJHnlDw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=oINt2E8EBYm3Xe2FLA0uZA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320167362666541783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124775767327016, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17855537095@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320167362763010778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124775767327016, authorId=1320167362666541783, language=EN, stringName=Xinhui ZHOU, firstName=Xinhui, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China
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周鑫辉(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固液界面科学与微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

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周鑫辉(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固液界面科学与微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

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振动壁面对液滴碰撞动态行为的影响研究
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周鑫辉 1, 2 , 王兆长 1, 2 , 郑楠 3 , 张国涛 1, 2 , 涂德浴 1, 2 , 童宝宏 1, 2, *
实验流体力学 | 多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题 2026,40(1): 56-67
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实验流体力学 |多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题 2026 , 40 (1) : 56 -67
振动壁面对液滴碰撞动态行为的影响研究
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周鑫辉(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固液界面科学与微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

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周鑫辉(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固液界面科学与微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

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周鑫辉1, 2 , 王兆长1, 2, 郑楠3, 张国涛1, 2, 涂德浴1, 2, 童宝宏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽工业大学 机械工程学院, 马鞍山 243002
  • 2特殊服役环境的智能装备制造国际科技合作基地, 马鞍山 243002
  • 3北京工业大学 材料与制造学部, 北京 100124
通讯作者:
作者简介:

周鑫辉(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固液界面科学与微纳尺度流动。E-mail:

Study on the influence of vibrating wall on the dynamic behavior of droplet impact
Xinhui ZHOU1, 2 , Zhaochang WANG1, 2, Nan ZHENG3, Guotao ZHANG1, 2, Deyu TU1, 2, Baohong TONG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China
  • 2China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Intelligent Equipment Manufacturing in Special Service Environment, Ma'anshan 243002, China
  • 3Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250009
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液滴碰撞振动壁面的现象广泛存在于自然界和工业领域。壁面振动相位会影响壁面的速度与加速度,进而影响液滴碰撞后的动态特性。因此,研究不同振动相位对液滴碰撞振动壁面动态行为的影响具有重要意义。通过高速摄像实验,观测了液滴在不同碰撞初始相位下碰撞振动壁面的过程,分析了不同振动工况下碰撞初始相位对液滴铺展和振荡特性的影响。结果表明:碰撞初始相位决定了壁面的相对位置和运动趋势;液滴铺展时间随碰撞初始相位的增大先增大后减小;最大铺展因子随碰撞初始相位的增大先减小后增大。对液滴振荡过程进行受力分析并结合振荡特性曲线发现:在90°碰撞初始相位下,液滴最大中心高度最大;碰撞初始相位对液滴稳定时间的影响较小。当壁面振幅增大时,液滴的铺展和振荡特性随碰撞初始相位变化的趋势基本不变;该变化趋势主要与振动频率有关。

液滴碰撞  /  液滴动力学  /  振动壁面  /  实验研究

The phenomenon of droplets hitting the vibrating wall widely exists in industrial production and nature, and the vibration phase of the wall affects the velocity and acceleration state of the wall, which in turn affects the dynamic characteristics of the impact droplets. Therefore, it is of great significance to determine the influence of different vibration phases on the dynamic behavior of droplets hitting the vibrating wall. The process of droplets hitting the vibrating wall of different collision initial phases was observed through high-speed camera experiments, and the influence of the initial phase of collision on the spreading and oscillation characteristics of the droplets after hitting the vibrating wall under different vibrational conditions was analyzed. The results show that the initial phase of the collision determines the relative position and motion trend of the wall, and the spreading time of the droplets increases first and then decreases with the increase of the initial phase of the collision. The maximum spreading factor decreases first and then increases with the increase of the initial phase of the collision. According to the force analysis and study of the oscillation characteristic curve of the droplet oscillation process, it is found that the value of the maximum central height of the initial phase of the 90° collision is the largest, and the initial phase of the droplet collision has little influence on the stability time of the droplet. When the amplitude of the wall vibration increases, the change of the droplet spreading characteristics and oscillation characteristics with the initial collision phase is basically unchanged. The trend of droplet spreading characteristics and oscillation characteristics with the initial collision phase is mainly frequency-related.

droplet collision  /  droplet dynamics  /  vibrating wall  /  experimental research
周鑫辉, 王兆长, 郑楠, 张国涛, 涂德浴, 童宝宏. 振动壁面对液滴碰撞动态行为的影响研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 56 -67 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250009
Xinhui ZHOU, Zhaochang WANG, Nan ZHENG, Guotao ZHANG, Deyu TU, Baohong TONG. Study on the influence of vibrating wall on the dynamic behavior of droplet impact[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 56 -67 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20250009
液滴与固体表面的相互作用是一个复杂而重要的物理过程,广泛存在于自然界和工业领域[1-3],例如喷雾冷却[4]、微量润滑[5]、农药喷洒和喷墨打印等。近年来,随着微纳技术及生物医学工程等领域的快速发展,深入理解液滴与振动表面的相互作用机理变得尤为重要。当壁面处于振动状态时,液滴的碰撞行为将受到显著影响,表现出更为复杂多样的动力学特性。对液滴碰撞不同相位振动壁面的动态行为开展深入实验研究,有助于揭示液滴与振动壁面相互作用的物理机制,为相关领域的理论研究和技术应用提供新的思路和依据。
目前,已有众多学者对液滴碰撞静止壁面的动态行为进行了深入研究。部分学者通过改变壁面属性(如接触角、润湿性及倾斜角)来研究液滴撞壁后的行为[6-10];也有学者研究了液滴介质对撞壁后飞溅、润湿等现象的影响[11-12]。液滴碰撞静止壁面后的铺展行为是另一研究重点,Lee等[13]的研究表明,惯性力对液滴铺展初期具有较大影响。黄斌等[14]建立了液滴碰撞单丝的数值模型,发现提高液滴初始速度能加快铺展因子的增长速率。
近年来,液滴碰撞振动壁面的动力学行为受到广泛关注。与静止壁面相比,振动壁面与液滴之间的能量耦合作用显著改变了撞壁后的运动模式,可诱发蒸发、振荡、回弹及飞溅等复杂现象[15]。Lei等[16]通过共振实验发现,当壁面振动频率与液滴固有频率匹配时,超疏水表面上液滴弹跳脱离所需的振幅显著低于邻近频率工况。Ashoke Raman等[17]的研究表明:增大壁面振幅有利于液滴沉积,而高频振动则促进液滴反弹。Weisensee等[18]指出,振动频率比振幅对液滴接触时间的影响更大。Sartori等[19]的数值模拟表明,高振幅、低频率的振动可有效抑制液滴反弹,其抑制效果与振动相位直接相关。Lee等[20]针对高表面张力、低黏度体系的研究表明,向下运动的壁面会削弱液滴下落的反弹趋势。张海翔等[21]通过实验揭示了超声振动曲面上液滴碰撞的边缘飞溅临界条件,发现最大铺展因子随振幅增大呈先升后降的非线性变化规律。Chang等[22]的乙醇液滴碰撞实验表明,在给定相对碰撞速度条件下,振动频率与液滴碰撞能量呈正相关。黄宝罗等[23]通过调控结构参数发现,超疏水锯齿表面的振动可显著提升液滴运动速度。葛平常等[24]采用CLSVOF方法证实,振动壁面会延长液滴铺展时间并降低最大铺展因子。丘华川等[25]基于COMSOL平台建立的液滴振荡模型表明,液滴移动速度与驱动电压呈正相关,与动力黏度呈负相关。朱劭恺等[26]采用VOF动网格耦合方法,系统分析了振幅、频率及相位角对铺展特性的影响规律。Li等[27]的实验与模拟结果表明,相位角是控制振动表面液滴形态演变与能量耗散的关键参数。代兴博[28]的数值模拟研究进一步指出,相位角会影响液滴与振动表面间的相对运动,进而影响液滴的接触时间与最大渗透深度。Moradi等[29]的数值模拟揭示了初始相位对液滴碰撞动力学的决定性作用,验证了振动参数与表面特性的协同影响机制。
现有研究主要集中于液滴碰撞静态表面的动力学行为,以及振动对液滴碰撞壁面后反弹过程和表面行为的影响。然而,不同碰撞初始相位条件下液滴碰撞振动壁面的铺展与振荡等动力学行为,尚未得到深入的实验研究。因此,本文采用高速摄像实验方法,研究不同碰撞初始相位条件下液滴碰撞振动壁面的过程,分析各工况下碰撞初始相位对液滴铺展特性与振荡特性的影响,以获得多种工况下不同碰撞初始相位对应的铺展时间、铺展因子、稳定时间及最大中心高度等动态特性的变化规律,从而加深对振动环境下液滴碰撞壁面动态行为的认识。
实验装置(图1)主要由液滴发生系统、振动系统、高速摄像机(M230)以及光源构成。液滴发生系统由微流量注射泵和液滴发生器组成。
实验采用密度(ρ)为998 kg/m3、动力黏度(η)为1.01 × 10–3 Pa·s、表面张力(σ)为0.0738 N/m的蒸馏水作为碰撞介质。液滴发生器驱动注射泵,注射泵推动注射器,使液滴在注射器针头处凝聚成型。液滴成型后,从针头脱离并开始下落。
实验采用正弦振动信号驱动壁面运动,以模拟动态碰撞条件。振动信号由信号发生器产生,其输出端连接振动台。振动台将电信号转换为机械振动,从而控制壁面振幅(0.1~0.3 mm)和频率(25~100 Hz)。高速摄像机以10000 帧/s的帧率记录实验过程,拍摄分辨率为1280像素 × 960像素。所得图像序列经后处理软件分析,以提取关键参数。
图2展示了液滴在碰撞前及振荡过程中的形态,其中,Dh和Dv分别为液滴的水平直径和垂直直径,Ht为随时间t变化的中心高度。液滴碰撞前的初始直径D0可由式(1)计算得出,在本实验中为2.6 mm。
$ {D}_{0}=\sqrt[3]{\left({D}_{\text{h}}^{2}\cdot {D}_{\text{v}}\right)} $
液滴碰撞到壁面时的速度定义为初始速度v0,其值为1.9 m/s。采用韦伯数(We)、雷诺数(Re)与奥内索格数(Oh)对碰撞状态进行无量纲表征。定义β为液滴铺展因子,h为无量纲中心高度,其中Dt为随时间t变化的铺展直径。βmax与hmax分别表示最大铺展因子与最大中心高度。
$ \beta = {D_{t}}/{D_0} $
$ h = {H_{t}}/{D_0} $
$ We=\rho v_0D_0/\sigma $
$ Re = {{\rho {{v}_0}{D_0}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rho {{v}_0}{D_0}} \eta }} \right. } \eta } $
$ Oh = {\eta \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\eta {\sqrt {\rho \sigma {D_0}} }}} \right. } {\sqrt {\rho \sigma {D_0}} }} $
在本文中,铺展时间指液滴碰撞振动壁面后,其铺展直径达到最大铺展因子所对应的时刻;稳定时间指液滴进入稳定阶段并进行等幅振荡时,其中心高度首次达到最大值的时刻。
振动壁面的瞬时位置由壁面相位φ(0°~360°)表征。液滴碰撞振动壁面的示意图如图3(a)所示。定义液滴接触壁面时的壁面相位为碰撞初始相位(φ0),其示意图如图3(b)所示。设壁面振动频率为f,振幅为A。壁面做简谐振动的速度v壁和加速度a壁方程分别为:
$ {v}_{壁}=2{\text{π}} fA\mathrm{cos}\left(2{\text{π}} ft + {\varphi }_{0}\right) $
$ {a }_{壁}=-{\left(2{\text{π}} f\right)}^{2}A\mathrm{sin}\left(2{\text{π}} ft + {\varphi }_{0}\right) $
将液滴接触壁面前一帧图像对应的时刻定义为碰撞起始时刻(t = 0)。碰撞初始相位通过以下方法计算:首先标记振动壁面的最高位置(对应最大位移ymax),并定义该处相位为90°,以初步判断φ的区间;随后记录碰撞起始时刻对应的图像序号n1,以及壁面从该时刻位置y0运动至ymax所需的图像帧数n2;最后利用式(9)计算精确的碰撞初始相位φ0。
$ \varphi_0= \begin{cases}90^{\circ}-\dfrac{360^{\circ}\left(n_2-n_1\right)}{T_{\text {壁 }} f_{\text {相 }}}, & \text { 当 } 0^{\circ} \leqslant \varphi \leqslant 90^{\circ} \text { 或 } \\& \; 270^{\circ} \leqslant \varphi \leqslant 360^{\circ} \text { 时 }\\450^{\circ}-\dfrac{360^{\circ} \left(n_2-n_1\right)}{T_{\text {壁}} f_{\text {相}}}, & \text { 当 } 90^{\circ} \leqslant \varphi \leqslant 270^{\circ} \text { 时 }\end{cases} $
式中:f壁为信号发生器控制的壁面振动频率,T壁为其振动周期(T壁 = 1/f壁),f相为相机的采集帧率。由于壁面振动频率较高,液滴与壁面碰撞瞬间的相位难以人为精确控制。因此,本文通过采集大量实验数据来计算碰撞相位角,并对同一相位角工况采集多组数据,以减小实验误差,提高结果的可靠性。
通过无量纲数分析(Re $\gg$ Oh)可知,在铺展阶段,液滴惯性力远大于黏性力,此阶段由惯性力主导。液滴碰撞静止壁面(图4(a))经历了以下过程:首先是铺展阶段,液滴接触壁面后,液膜在惯性力作用下迅速向外扩展,在此过程中,动能主要转化为表面能,部分能量被黏性耗散,液滴在3.6 ms时达到最大铺展因子;随后,在表面张力和惯性力作用下,液滴进入回缩阶段,表面能转化为动能,液滴边缘向中心聚集并形成中心凸起;当液滴进入稳定阶段时,其形态呈半椭圆形,并伴有微小表面振荡。
液滴碰撞振动壁面后的动态演化过程(图4(b))可划分为4个阶段:铺展回缩阶段、非周期性振荡阶段、周期性振荡阶段及稳定阶段。液滴与振动壁面碰撞后,首先经历铺展过程,达到最大铺展状态后开始向中心回缩。当液滴回缩至扁平形态时,其中心在约22 ms出现凸起,这标志着非周期性振荡阶段开始,该阶段液滴表现出振荡行为,且其单次完整振荡周期(约25 ms)与壁面振动周期(20 ms)存在显著差异。随着能量耗散与振动耦合作用的持续,液滴逐渐进入周期性振荡阶段,此阶段的特征表现为:液滴振荡周期与壁面振动周期相同,如图4(b)箭头两侧连续3幅图所记录的等间隔形态所示,且振荡幅度呈现持续增大的趋势(见图5)。当液滴在自身振荡周期内的最大高度趋于稳定时,系统进入稳定阶段,在该阶段中,将液滴中心达到最大高度的时刻定义为稳定时间,对应的最大高度值称为液滴最大中心高度。
图6给出了不同碰撞初始相位液滴稳定阶段的动态行为(We = 128,A = 0.2 mm,f = 50 Hz,φ0 = 0°、90°、180°、270°)。可以看到,碰撞初始相位对液滴的稳定时间以及最大中心高度均会产生影响。
如图7所示,在不同碰撞初始相位条件下,液滴碰撞振动壁面至达到最大铺展状态的过程中,铺展因子随时间呈现出特征性的演化规律(We = 128,A = 0.2 mm,f = 50 Hz)。基于图7数据绘制出图8,展示了最大铺展因子与铺展时间随碰撞初始相位的变化趋势。图8(a)显示,铺展时间随碰撞初始相位的增大整体上先增大后减小,在180°碰撞初始相位达到最大,并在180°~225°碰撞初始相位区间内保持不变,随后随碰撞初始相位继续增大而逐渐减小。图8(b)则表明,最大铺展因子随碰撞初始相位增大先减小后增大,在135°碰撞初始相位时达到最小值。
液滴初始速度与壁面速度共同决定了二者之间的相对碰撞速度。当壁面速度方向与液滴初始速度方向相反时,相对碰撞速度增大,促进液滴铺展;反之,当二者方向相同时,相对碰撞速度减小,抑制液滴铺展。相对碰撞速度v相可表示为:
$ v_相=-v_壁+v_0 $
在液滴铺展过程中,壁面振动会对液滴边缘施加一个水平方向的力F壁[30]。该力与毛细力(Fc)、黏性力(Fr)相互作用,共同影响液滴铺展,其水平方向受力示意见图9(a)。铺展初期,惯性力占主导,F壁的影响较小,液滴快速铺展;随时间推移,铺展速度降低,惯性力减小,到铺展后期,F壁的影响相对增强。与静止壁面相比,振动壁面通过F壁缩短或延长铺展时间,说明壁面振动会对铺展过程产生显著影响。
具体而言,在0°、90°、180°、270°碰撞初始相位下,铺展时间随相位增大先增后减(图8)。其中,0°与90°时的铺展时间均小于静止壁面工况,且0°时的铺展时间最短。结合图9可知,当碰撞初始相位对应壁面加速度向下时,壁面下移,在黏性力与表面张力共同作用下,液滴边缘液膜压力增大,使其有向中心靠拢的趋势,此时F壁方向指向液滴中心,抑制铺展。反之,当碰撞初始相位对应壁面加速度向上时,F壁指向液膜外缘,帮助液膜克服表面张力继续铺展,从而延长铺展时间。0°时的铺展时间小于90°,是因为其铺展后期壁面加速度绝对值更大,说明F壁的大小与铺展后期壁面加速度大小有关,即F壁∝a壁。液滴的最大铺展因子由相对碰撞速度和铺展时间共同决定。尽管0°时的铺展时间小于270°,但其相对碰撞速度更大,且速度影响占主导,因此0°时对应的最大铺展因子最大。90°时因相对碰撞速度低且铺展受抑制,其最大铺展因子在4种碰撞初始相位中最小。
进一步分析45°、135°、155°、225°、315°这5种碰撞初始相位。在这些相位下,壁面速度和壁面加速度方向在铺展过程中会发生突变。铺展时间在45°时最短,因此时壁面加速度始终向下且绝对值较大,铺展持续受抑制;155°时铺展后期壁面加速度转为向上,铺展得以延缓,时间延长;225°时壁面加速度始终向上且数值较大,铺展时间最长;315°时铺展后期壁面加速度转为向下,铺展时间缩短。最大铺展因子在135°时最小,此时壁面速度始终向下;45°时壁面速度先向上后向下,最大铺展因子大于135°时;315°时壁面速度始终向上且铺展时间较长,因此最大铺展因子最大。
图10展示了不同碰撞初始相位下,液滴中心高度随时间的变化曲线(We = 128,A = 0.2 mm,f = 50 Hz)。基于图10数据,进一步提取并给出了液滴稳定时间和最大中心高度随碰撞初始相位的变化关系,如图11所示。
由图11可知,稳定时间随碰撞初始相位的增大总体呈先减小后增大的趋势,在135°时达到最小值,在180°时发生突变并升至最大值,随后随碰撞初始相位继续增大而减小。为理解这一规律, 可将不同碰撞初始相位下液滴碰撞振动壁面的过程,类比为小质量物块与持续振动的弹簧相互作用的模型(图12)。其中,碰撞初始相位对应于物块与弹簧接触时弹簧的形变位置。 例如,在碰撞初始相位90°时,壁面处于最高位置、速度为0、加速度最大;在该模型中, 这相当于物块接触时弹簧处于最大伸长位置,此时弹簧端点速度为0、弹力最大。若弹簧能量远大于物块耗散的能量,系统达到稳态时弹簧起主导作用[31]。图10(a)显示,液滴从振荡初期到稳定阶段呈增幅振荡,且经历多个振荡周期,表明振动壁面产生的能量远大于液滴的黏性损耗。经计算发现,当液滴进入周期性振荡,其中心高度峰值出现时,壁面相位均趋近于160°。因此,碰撞初始相位越接近160°,液滴达到稳定所需时间越短。
液滴振荡过程如下:在表面张力、毛细力及壁面振动作用下,液滴中心产生凸起;随后在重力与内部黏性作用下,中心升高至某一最大高度;接着在重力与底部表面张力驱动下,液滴底部开始铺展,之后回缩,直至中心再次凸起,完成一个振荡周期。碰撞初始相位主要影响振荡初期的液滴行为,进而影响最大中心高度,其机制体现在2个方面:其一,相位差导致重力、毛细力与黏性力的作用时序和大小不同,影响振荡高度与周期;其二,壁面作用力F壁受振动相位调制,影响振荡末期液滴底部的铺展行为。若末期铺展增强,更多能量将被转化为表面能并因黏性而耗散,从而削弱后续振荡中用于提升中心高度的能量。当液滴进入周期性振荡阶段后,不同碰撞初始相位下的振荡模式相似,碰撞初始相位的影响主要体现在振荡末期的底部铺展程度上。到了稳定阶段,液滴最大中心高度反映了从振荡初期到稳定阶段的能量分布情况,包括振荡能量大小、黏性损耗程度以及底部铺展状况。
从力学角度对液滴振荡行为进行分析。当毛细力大于黏性力时,液滴中心出现凸起。对于静止壁面,毛细力与碰撞直径和惯性力相关,黏性力则与最大铺展因子及动力黏度有关[32]。对于振动壁面,有研究指出需采用相对碰撞速度来表征惯性力。鉴于铺展阶段惯性力占主导,为有效引入壁面振动的影响,振荡初期可建立如下关系:
$ F_{\text{c}}\propto\rho D_0v_相 $
$ {F}_{\text{r}}\propto \pi \eta {\beta }_{振,\; \mathrm{max}} $
式中:β振, max为振荡过程中的最大铺展因子。
结合图10与13(图中F张为液滴表面张力,G为重力),可分析液滴振荡过程中的受力情况,并探讨碰撞初始相位对液滴中心高度的影响。在非周期性振荡阶段的20 ms时,液滴中心凸起、底部回缩,此时液滴底部受加速度影响。由2.2节可知,当0° ≤ φ0 < 180°时铺展受抑制,在180° ≤ φ0 < 360°时铺展受促进。当壁面下降时,黏性力与重力共同作用使中心高度增大。在振荡初期,碰撞初始相位在0°~90°之间时,液滴振荡被促进;而在第一个振荡周期结束时,在碰撞初始相位为180°的工况下振荡周期短、铺展受抑制,液滴迅速进入下一振荡周期;对于碰撞初始相位为225°、315°的工况,在振荡周期结束时,液滴中心高度较低,铺展受促进,黏性力较大。因此,在非周期性振荡阶段,0°~90°碰撞初始相位的液滴振荡高度被促进,225°、315°碰撞初始相位的液滴振荡高度被抑制。
当液滴进入周期性振荡阶段,比较45°与90°碰撞初始相位工况:前者在回缩初期受重力作用,中心高度增长受抑制;后者在底部回缩时中心高度增长被促进。135°碰撞初始相位时的重力作用时间短于0°~90°碰撞初始相位,振荡受到抑制。因此,在90°碰撞初始相位下液滴最大中心高度最大。
液滴在振荡过程中受力情况较为复杂,为表征液滴振荡的周期性和等幅振荡特性,借鉴Ata[33]提出的液滴投影面积随时间变化的关系,并将其改写为液滴中心高度随时间的变化形式:
$ h_稳=kD_0\mathrm{e}^{-t\mathrm{sin}\left(\omega t+\varphi_稳\right)}+B $
式中:h稳为稳定阶段中心高度,k为增幅系数(反映碰撞初始相位对振荡能量的影响),φ稳为相位位移(与稳定时间相关),B为位置常数(反映不同碰撞初始相位下液滴振荡的相对位置),ω为角频率(反映完成一个振荡周期的速度)。
由图10可知,液滴等幅振荡频率与壁面振动频率一致(f = 50 Hz),且相位位移参数与稳定时间呈线性关系。增幅系数k越大,振荡能量越高;位置常数B越小,液滴铺展能力越弱。二者共同决定液滴的振荡行为及高度。 由于单周期内壁面输入能量恒定,当k较大而B较小时,液滴振荡能量高且铺展能力弱,黏性与摩擦损耗小,因此最大中心高度较大。图14表明:90°碰撞初始相位时,k大、B相对较小,故其最大中心高度最大。
参考实际机械加工过程,加工振幅范围通常在0.1~0.3 mm之间,而壁面频率本质上反映的是刀具与加工面单位时间内的接触频次。在加工操作中,刀具转速可达1500~6000 r/min[34],换算对应的壁面振动频率范围为25~100 Hz。出于研究的全面性与代表性考量,实验选取壁面振幅分别为0.1、0.2和0.3 mm,壁面振动频率分别为25、50和100 Hz。同时,为探究不同碰撞初始相位对液滴行为的影响,将液滴碰撞初始相位设定为 0°、90°、180°和270°。
通过设置振幅分别为0.1、0.2和0.3 mm,分析不同碰撞初始相位对液滴铺展特性的影响。液滴在3种振幅下的铺展时间和最大铺展因子结果如图15所示(We = 128,f = 50 Hz)。
当壁面振幅增大时,壁面振动加速度增大,导致F壁随之增大,从而增强对液滴铺展的作用效果。当壁面加速度方向向下时(对应碰撞初始相位为 0°、90°的情况),F壁指向液滴中心,F壁增大会加剧对铺展的抑制,使铺展时间进一步缩短;当壁面加速度方向向上时(对应碰撞初始相位为 180°、270°的情况),F壁对铺展的促进作用更加显著,使铺展时间进一步延长。
当壁面振幅增大时,壁面速度随之增大,从而增强其对液滴碰撞速度的影响。最大铺展因子由液滴相对碰撞速度与铺展时间共同决定。如图15所示,在90°碰撞初始相位下,最大铺展因子随振幅增大而减小,这主要是由于该相位下液滴铺展受到抑制,且相对碰撞速度较小。在180°和270°碰撞初始相位下,铺展时间与相对碰撞速度的共同作用使最大铺展因子的变化呈现非单调特征。 结合0°相位下最大铺展因子随振幅增大显著上升的结果,可以说明相对碰撞速度对最大铺展因子的影响更为显著。
通过设置振幅分别为0.1、0.2和0.3 mm,分析不同碰撞初始相位对液滴振荡特性的影响(We = 128,f = 50 Hz)。液滴在3种振幅下的稳定时间和稳定时最大中心高度如图16所示。
由图可知,当壁面振幅增大时,液滴的稳定时间总体呈现缩短的趋势。这主要是因为单周期内壁面对液滴作用的能量增大,而液滴自身消耗的能量变化不大。液滴在克服重力和内部黏性力的过程中,其最大中心高度随着壁面振幅的增大而增大。此外,在液滴振荡过程中,壁面振幅主要影响壁面对液滴作用能量的大小,而振动壁面对液滴的作用时间基本不随振幅改变。所以,碰撞初始相位对液滴稳定时间和最大中心高度的影响趋势在不同振幅下保持一致。
通过设置壁面振动频率分别为25、50和100 Hz,分析不同振动频率对液滴铺展特性的影响(We = 128,A = 0.2 mm)。液滴在3种振动频率下的铺展时间和最大铺展因子如图17所示。
在25和50 Hz这2种低频条件下,由于铺展时间均小于各自壁面振动周期的1/4,因此其随碰撞初始相位的变化趋势相似。在此低频条件下,对于4种碰撞初始相位,液滴在铺展过程中所受的铺展惯性力和F壁的方向均保持恒定,故其变化趋势相似。然而,当壁面频率为100 Hz时,液滴铺展过程受到相邻2个1/4周期的作用,其结果与低频条件下的变化趋势不同。具体而言,在100 Hz、90°碰撞初始相位下,铺展后期整体受到的F壁抑制作用增强,导致铺展时间较50 Hz、90°条件下缩短;而在100 Hz、270°碰撞初始相位条件下,铺展后期受到的F壁抑制作用减弱,使得铺展时间较50 Hz、270°条件下延长。在100 Hz、270°碰撞初始相位条件下,由于相对碰撞速度大、铺展时间长,且后1/4周期处于相对铺展速度较大的区间,因此其最大铺展因子最大。反之,在90°碰撞初始相位时,前1/4周期铺展速度小且受抑制,后半个1/4周期虽不受抑制但铺展速度仍较小,因此其最大铺展因子最小。
通过设置壁面振动频率分别为25、50和100 Hz,分析不同振动频率对液滴振荡特性的影响(We = 128,A = 0.2 mm)。液滴在3种振动频率下的稳定时间和最大中心高度如图18所示。
如图18所示,相较于25 Hz,在50 Hz条件下,不同碰撞初始相位对应的最大中心高度差值更大;而在100 Hz条件下,该差值更小。这是因为当壁面振动频率从25 Hz增至50 Hz时,振动壁面对液滴的作用力增大,使得不同初始相位间的最大高度差距变得更为显著。当频率进一步增至100 Hz时,虽然壁面对液滴的作用力继续增大,但由于作用时间缩短且变化频率加快,液滴最大中心高度受碰撞初始相位的影响反而减弱。因此,碰撞初始相位对液滴最大中心高度的影响能力随频率增大呈先增强、后减弱的趋势。当壁面振动频率增大时,单周期内壁面对液滴的作用能量增大,液滴的振荡周期缩短。与此同时,随着频率增大,碰撞初始相位对稳定时间的影响也进一步减弱。
本文通过高速摄像实验,研究了不同碰撞初始相位下液滴碰撞振动壁面的过程,分析了振幅0.1~0.3 mm、频率25~100 Hz的振动条件下,碰撞初始相位对液滴铺展与振荡特性的影响。本文工作加深了对振动环境中液滴碰撞壁面动态行为的认识,有助于揭示液滴与振动壁面相互作用的物理机制,并为相关领域的理论发展及技术应用提供新的思路与依据。主要结论如下:
1)碰撞初始相位决定了壁面的相对位置和运动趋势,而液滴铺展受相对碰撞速度和铺展时间共同影响。由振动引起的水平力F壁随碰撞初始相位变化,从而影响液滴的铺展时间。铺展时间随碰撞初始相位增大先增大后减小;最大铺展因子随碰撞初始相位增大先减小后增大。通过对振荡过程的受力分析及振荡特性曲线的研究发现,最大中心高度在初始相位90°时最大,稳定时间主要受振动壁面影响。
2)壁面振幅增大时,壁面速度与F壁随之增大,碰撞初始相位对铺展特性的影响相应增强;而液滴铺展与振荡特性随碰撞初始相位的变化趋势基本保持不变。
3)壁面振动频率增大时,壁面速度与F壁增大,振动周期缩短。随着频率增大,最大铺展因子分别在0°与270°碰撞初始相位下取得最大值,碰撞初始相位对最大铺展因子与最大中心高度的影响程度呈先增强后减弱的趋势,对稳定时间的影响则进一步减弱。
本文聚焦于单一介质、恒定韦伯数下液滴碰撞正弦振动壁面的研究。实际应用中,液滴碰撞振动壁面的场景可能涉及混合介质、非恒定碰撞速度及非正弦振动等形式,后续研究可针对这3个方面展开深入探讨。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20250009
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
  • 修回日期:2025-04-17
  • 录用日期:2025-04-24
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    1安徽工业大学 机械工程学院, 马鞍山 243002
    2特殊服役环境的智能装备制造国际科技合作基地, 马鞍山 243002
    3北京工业大学 材料与制造学部, 北京 100124

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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