Article(id=1320124754758054448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20240084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731945600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-19, revisedDate=1737734400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-25, acceptedDate=1738684800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-05, onlineDate=1792671868265, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792671868265, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792671868265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792671868265, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320124755550777905, articleId=1320124754758054448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=A multi-view stereo vision approach for the free surface measurement of ship-induced waves, columnId=1320124753915002923, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Special Topic on Multiscale Flow Morphology Measurement Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The complex wave structures generated by a ship significantly influence the wave-making resistance, which is a critical factor in optimizing vessel performance and hull design. Traditional measurement methods, such as wave height gauges, are limited by sparse measurement points, low spatial resolution, and potential interference with the wave surface, making them unsuitable for full-field wave surface measurements in complex wave systems. To address these limitations, a non-contact measurement method for ship wave surfaces based on multi-view stereoscopic vision is presented. The proposed scheme includes: applying neural networks for spatial calibration and the three-dimensional reconstruction of feature points, using an ant colony optimization particle tracking algorithm for perspective matching, and conducting principal component analysis for still water baseline correction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can realize the wide-area free-surface measurement of the ship wave and effectively capture typical wave characteristics at various ship speeds. Compared to traditional measurement, the stereoscopic vision approach offers enhanced flexibility and suitability for real-time measurement of dynamic wave fields over large areas.

, authors=Yukun HAN1, 2, Chong PAN1, 2, Wei LIU3, Wentao WANG3, *, authorsList=Yukun HAN, Chong PAN, Wei LIU, Wentao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wentao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320124775737963153, articleId=1320124754758054448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=基于多目立体视觉的船行波自由表面测量方法研究, columnId=1320124754095357997, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船舶在水中航行时会在船体周围产生复杂的波浪结构,其形态直接影响船舶的兴波阻力,是船体性能优化和型线设计中需要重点考虑的物理参量。传统测量方法(如接触式浪高仪和其他单点测量设备)虽然能够提供波高数据,但由于测量点位少、空间分辨率低,且可能干扰波面形态,难以满足复杂波系的全场测量需求。为此,本文提出了一种基于多目立体视觉的非接触式船行波自由表面测量方法。该方法结合激光投射技术和多目相机系统,利用神经网络进行空间标定,通过蚁群粒子跟踪匹配算法实现激光标志点匹配,并应用主成分分析进行静水基准面校正。最终,通过视场拼接技术获取了大视域、高精度的船行波自由表面三维点云数据。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效捕捉不同航速下船行波的典型波系特征。与传统浪高仪测量相比,立体视觉方法在保证波高测量精度的同时,还具备对大范围动态波场进行瞬时测量的能力,具有更高的测量灵活性和更好的复杂场景适应性。

, authors=韩雨坤1, 2, 潘翀1, 2, 刘伟3, 王文涛3, *, authorsList=韩雨坤, 潘翀, 刘伟, 王文涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王文涛, authorNote=

韩雨坤(1998—),女,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:自由表面测量技术。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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Geometric parameters of KCS ship model

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参数取值
垂线间长$ {L_{{\text{PP}}}} $4.3671 m
型宽0.6114 m
艏吃水0.2051 m
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KCS船模几何参数

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参数取值
垂线间长$ {L_{{\text{PP}}}} $4.3671 m
型宽0.6114 m
艏吃水0.2051 m
), ArticleFig(id=1320167396736873456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124754758054448, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of maximum wave height measurements on typical longitudinal profiles

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纵剖面
$ {y}/{L}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}} $
最大波高/mm偏差值/mm偏差比例
立体视觉浪高仪
0.154231.334632.0927−0.7581−2.36%
0.174629.948530.0352−0.0868−0.29%
0.195027.281026.46100.82003.10%
0.215422.915322.79630.11900.52%
0.235722.872323.1950−0.3227−1.39%
0.256121.708821.37550.33341.56%
0.276524.057323.22350.83383.59%
0.296924.417423.59680.82053.48%
0.317320.529920.7792−0.2493−1.20%
), ArticleFig(id=1320167396803982321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124754758054448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型纵剖面最大波高测量结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纵剖面
$ {y}/{L}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}} $
最大波高/mm偏差值/mm偏差比例
立体视觉浪高仪
0.154231.334632.0927−0.7581−2.36%
0.174629.948530.0352−0.0868−0.29%
0.195027.281026.46100.82003.10%
0.215422.915322.79630.11900.52%
0.235722.872323.1950−0.3227−1.39%
0.256121.708821.37550.33341.56%
0.276524.057323.22350.83383.59%
0.296924.417423.59680.82053.48%
0.317320.529920.7792−0.2493−1.20%
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基于多目立体视觉的船行波自由表面测量方法研究
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韩雨坤 1, 2 , 潘翀 1, 2 , 刘伟 3 , 王文涛 3, *
实验流体力学 | 多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题 2026,40(1): 1-9
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实验流体力学 |多尺度流动形貌测量技术专题 2026 , 40 (1) : 1 -9
基于多目立体视觉的船行波自由表面测量方法研究
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[Author(id=1320167392286716863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124754758054448, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hanyukun@buaa.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320167392370602946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124754758054448, authorId=1320167392286716863, language=EN, stringName=Yukun HAN, firstName=Yukun, middleName=null, lastName=HAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou 311115, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320167392446100419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320124754758054448, authorId=1320167392286716863, language=CN, stringName=韩雨坤, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191
2天目山实验室,杭州 311115, bio={"content":"

韩雨坤(1998—),女,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:自由表面测量技术。E-mail:

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韩雨坤(1998—),女,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:自由表面测量技术。E-mail:

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韩雨坤1, 2 , 潘翀1, 2, 刘伟3, 王文涛3, *
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191
  • 2天目山实验室,杭州 311115
  • 3中国船舶科学研究中心,无锡 214000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

韩雨坤(1998—),女,河北石家庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:自由表面测量技术。E-mail:

A multi-view stereo vision approach for the free surface measurement of ship-induced waves
Yukun HAN1, 2 , Chong PAN1, 2, Wei LIU3, Wentao WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 2Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou 311115, China
  • 3China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240084
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船舶在水中航行时会在船体周围产生复杂的波浪结构,其形态直接影响船舶的兴波阻力,是船体性能优化和型线设计中需要重点考虑的物理参量。传统测量方法(如接触式浪高仪和其他单点测量设备)虽然能够提供波高数据,但由于测量点位少、空间分辨率低,且可能干扰波面形态,难以满足复杂波系的全场测量需求。为此,本文提出了一种基于多目立体视觉的非接触式船行波自由表面测量方法。该方法结合激光投射技术和多目相机系统,利用神经网络进行空间标定,通过蚁群粒子跟踪匹配算法实现激光标志点匹配,并应用主成分分析进行静水基准面校正。最终,通过视场拼接技术获取了大视域、高精度的船行波自由表面三维点云数据。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效捕捉不同航速下船行波的典型波系特征。与传统浪高仪测量相比,立体视觉方法在保证波高测量精度的同时,还具备对大范围动态波场进行瞬时测量的能力,具有更高的测量灵活性和更好的复杂场景适应性。

船行波  /  非接触测量  /  多目立体视觉  /  三维点云重构  /  蚁群粒子跟踪匹配算法

The complex wave structures generated by a ship significantly influence the wave-making resistance, which is a critical factor in optimizing vessel performance and hull design. Traditional measurement methods, such as wave height gauges, are limited by sparse measurement points, low spatial resolution, and potential interference with the wave surface, making them unsuitable for full-field wave surface measurements in complex wave systems. To address these limitations, a non-contact measurement method for ship wave surfaces based on multi-view stereoscopic vision is presented. The proposed scheme includes: applying neural networks for spatial calibration and the three-dimensional reconstruction of feature points, using an ant colony optimization particle tracking algorithm for perspective matching, and conducting principal component analysis for still water baseline correction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can realize the wide-area free-surface measurement of the ship wave and effectively capture typical wave characteristics at various ship speeds. Compared to traditional measurement, the stereoscopic vision approach offers enhanced flexibility and suitability for real-time measurement of dynamic wave fields over large areas.

ship-induced wave  /  non-contact measurement  /  multi-view stereo vision  /  3D point cloud reconstruction  /  ant colony optimization particle tracking algorithm
韩雨坤, 潘翀, 刘伟, 王文涛. 基于多目立体视觉的船行波自由表面测量方法研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240084
Yukun HAN, Chong PAN, Wei LIU, Wentao WANG. A multi-view stereo vision approach for the free surface measurement of ship-induced waves[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240084
船舶在水中航行时产生的兴波阻力是其总阻力的重要组成部分,直接影响船体的航行性能与能耗[1-2]。为有效评估兴波阻力,通常需要在拖曳水池中测量船模在不同航速下的兴波波形,从而为船型设计和优化提供重要的参考依据和诊断数据[3-5]。
早期的船行波测量方法主要依赖接触式浪高仪等设备,这类设备通过电容、电阻或压力式传感器等方式获取波形数据[6-7]。然而,接触式方法存在诸多局限:首先,单点测量成本较高,且无法提供高空间分辨率的波形信息;其次,传感器易受温度、湿度、盐分等环境因素的干扰,测量误差较大;此外,浪高仪的接触特性也会对波面形状产生干扰,进而降低测量准确性[8]。为克服这些问题,非接触式浪高仪测量技术应运而生,并逐渐成为船行波测量的重要工具,典型设备包括声学测波仪、激光雷达等[9-10]。但与接触式方法类似,这类非接触技术通常也仅能实现单点或线状测量,空间分辨率依然有限,难以全面捕获波面的大范围动态特性。此外,当多个测点布置过于密集时,超声波浪高仪等设备可能会受到多路径反射的干扰,导致局部测点数据缺失或测量误差增大,从而进一步影响整体测量精度[11]。
近年来,随着计算机视觉技术的快速发展,多目立体视觉技术逐渐被应用于波浪测量领域[12-14]。该技术通过多台摄像机从不同视角同步拍摄船体或船模航行时的波浪,获取多视角图像数据,再经特征提取和视角间匹配,结合空间标定与三维重构算法,最终可重建船行波自由表面的三维点云。与传统浪高仪相比,多目立体视觉技术具有显著优势:避免了接触式测量带来的干扰,可以捕捉大视野内的波浪高度、方向和波形信息;能够借助同步拍摄的图像序列,实现对船行波自由表面的动态观测,从而弥补传统非接触方法在全场测量与空间分辨率上的不足。
De Vries等[15]应用双目立体视觉技术,分别在实验室环境和自然环境中对中等面积(约50 m2)和较大面积(103~104 m2)的波浪表面进行了测量。研究结果表明,该技术的测量精度与传统压力传感器及浮标数据相当。然而,该技术依赖的原始波浪图像特征提取方法对水面纹理和光照条件要求较高。Gomit等[16]则采用了激光装置向水波表面投射激光,发展了一种用于自由表面测量的光学方法并将其应用于大型拖曳水池中,成功获取了船模周围的自由表面波场。尽管该方法有效减少了背景光干扰,但激光束的激发频率也限制了其时间分辨率以及波高方向的空间分辨率。
总的来说,虽然多目立体视觉技术已在工业领域广泛应用,但其在波浪测量,尤其是船行波测量领域的应用仍处于起步阶段。这主要源于船行波测量面临的特殊挑战:首先,水介质的折射和反射特性较为复杂;其次,由于摄像机相对位置、角度以及光照条件存在差异,不同视角下的波面成像可能出现较大差别,增大了特征提取和匹配的难度。这些因素均在不同程度上影响了波面的三维重建效果[17]。因此,将多目立体视觉技术应用于波浪测量时,如何提升特征提取与立体匹配算法的鲁棒性和精度,仍是亟待解决的问题。
针对上述难题,本文发展了一种基于多目立体视觉的船行波自由表面测量方法。其核心思路包括:1)通过激光器搭配衍射光学元件向船行波自由表面投射激光点阵,以抑制杂光干扰,为立体匹配和三维重构提供稳定特征点;2)使用多组三目相机系统同步采集多视角激光点阵图像,并借助全连接神经网络实现多目空间标定,以提高特征点匹配的准确度和测量精度;3)应用蚁群粒子跟踪匹配算法实现多视角特征点的稳健匹配,从而提升测量的空间分辨率;4)基于主成分分析(Principal Component Analy-sis, PCA)完成静水基准面校正,并利用视场拼接技术,最终获取大视域范围内的船行波自由表面三维点云数据。
多目立体视觉技术的核心在于通过多个相机从不同视角同步捕捉同一场景,并利用图像处理与计算机视觉算法重建场景的三维信息。该技术包含相机空间标定、图像特征提取、视角匹配和三维重构等多个关键步骤。本文提出的船行波自由表面测量方法的技术流程如图1所示。本文相关测量算法建立在本团队此前工作的基础上,详细内容参见文献[18],此处仅给出算法的框架和流程。
如图2所示,本文提出的船行波自由表面测量系统基于多目立体视觉技术,由2组配置相同的三目视觉系统组成。每个子系统包含3台相机(分别对应于图2(b)中的相机组C1、C2、C3与相机组C4、C5、C6),相机位于等腰三角形的3个顶点,激光器则位于三角形中心,其光轴沿深度方向(z方向)垂直于静水面。2组三目视觉系统分别拍摄沿船体轴向(x方向)并列排布的2个矩形测量区域(见图2绿色激光点阵放大示意图),单次测量的视场约为800 mm × 400 mm,如图2(a)中L11区域所示。实验时,整个多目视觉系统固定在随船移动的拖车上,以确保与船体同步。通过使系统沿船体轴向(x方向)和垂直轴向(y方向)移动,可实现对船体周围更大范围自由波面的测量。
为验证多目测量系统的性能,实验同时采用传统浪高仪进行测量。10台浪高仪沿y方向等间距布置,用于同步采集波高数据。每台浪高仪记录该位置的波高时间序列,再利用波速关系将时序数据转换为空间波形,从而得到经时间冻结的波面形态,用以与多目立体视觉系统获取的三维波高信息进行对比,验证该非接触测量方法的精度和可靠性。
空间标定是计算机视觉和光学测量中的关键步骤,旨在建立三维物理空间与二维像平面之间的映射关系。对于立体视觉测量系统,标定精度直接影响三维重构结果的准确性。传统空间标定算法通常基于小孔成像模型或多项式模型,当存在复杂光学畸变和噪声干扰时,这些方法在多目视觉系统中的表现并不总能令人满意[19]。
近年来,神经网络技术为空间标定提供了新的解决途径。其优势在于能够通过神经网络隐含地建立光学投影关系,对光学畸变和噪声具有更强的鲁棒性,并能适应不同光学条件,在多相机联合标定方面通常优于传统方法[20]。
本文采用级联误差反向传播神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network, BP-NN)构建空间标定模型,具体方法如下。首先,在实验场景中精确布置棋盘格标定靶,获取每个目标点(棋盘格角点)的三维空间坐标$ {\boldsymbol{P}} = [x,y,z] $;通过图像采集与角点提取,得到其在各相机像平面上对应的像素坐标$ {{{ζ}} _k} = [{u_k},{v_k}] $ (其中k = 1, 2, 3,分别对应于三目视觉系统中的不同相机)。这些数据构成训练数据集$ {\{ {\boldsymbol{P}}, {{{ζ}} _k}\} _{{\text{train}}}} $,用于训练标定神经网络$ N{ N_{{\text{3D}}}} $,使得:
$ {\boldsymbol{P}}=N N_{\text{3D}}({{ζ}}_1,{{ζ}}_2,{{ζ}}_3) $
在三维重构阶段,若能获得水波表面某激光点在多目相机像平面上的像素坐标,代入式(1)即可得到该点在物理空间的三维坐标。
为匹配不同视角的特征点,本文选取相机C1作为参考相机,并采用结构类似的神经网络建立其他相机像平面到C1像平面的映射关系$ N{ N_{k \to 1}} $(其中k = 2, 3)。该映射可将其他视角的特征点像素坐标投影至统一的参考像平面,从而初步消除因视角不同导致的特征点分布差异。该映射关系可表示为:
$ \tilde{{ζ}}_{k\to1}=N N_{k\to1}({{ζ}}_k,z) $
式中:$ {\tilde{{ζ}} _{k \to 1}} $为相机k上的特征点像素位置$ {{{ζ}} _k} $投影至C1像平面后的坐标,z为该点的深度坐标。该过程利用相机光学约束,结合像素坐标与深度信息来确定三维空间点的位置。在实际测量中,由于深度信息未知,通常使用估计的深度值z进行初步投影。通过在不同视角间进行此类投影映射,可有效减小成像差异,为同一特征点在不同视角间的精确匹配奠定基础[21]。
视角间匹配是三维点云重构的关键步骤,其核心任务是在不同视角的图像中识别并匹配相同的特征点。匹配方法主要分为基于图像灰度的匹配和基于特征点坐标的匹配2类。基于灰度的匹配方法[15]依赖于局部灰度分布的互相关运算,以互相关峰值作为匹配依据。然而,由于水波波面存在复杂的光学折射和透射效应,其纹理信息往往不够充足,且不同视角间成像的灰度特征可能存在较大差异。因此,本文采用基于粒子追踪测速(Particle Tracking Velocimetry, PTV)技术的匹配方法,以几何信息为主要约束,寻找特征点在不同视角图像中的对应关系。
PTV技术通常用于流体运动速度场的高分辨率测量,其核心在于通过匹配准则将2帧图像中的示踪粒子逐一对应[22]。本文将这一方法应用于不同视角间的激光特征点匹配,将匹配问题转化为一个全局最小化问题,即通过最小化所有匹配特征点$ \{ {\tilde {{ζ}} _{k \to 1}},{{{ζ}} _1}\} $之间的欧氏距离DF($ D\mathrm{_F}=\left|\tilde{{{ζ}}}_{k\to1}-{{ζ}}_1\right| $)来寻找最优匹配集合:
$ \min(\sum_{ }^{ }D_{\mathrm{F}})=\min\left(\sum_{ }^{ }\left|\tilde{{{ζ}}}_{k\to1}-{{ζ}}_1\right|\right) $
通过式(3),可完成相机Ck和C1像平面中全部激光特征点的匹配。其中$ {\tilde {{ζ}} _{k \to 1}} $由式(2)得到,其所对应激光特征点的深度信息z需预先估计。根据 Han等[18]的工作,可采用预估–优化的迭代策略对z进行寻优。
本文采用蚁群优化算法(Ant Colony Optimiza-tion, ACO)对式(3)所述的最小化问题进行求解。该算法模拟蚂蚁觅食行为,通过蚂蚁在路径上遗留的信息素引导搜索方向,使信息素浓度较高的路径更易被后续蚂蚁选择,从而在迭代过程中逐步逼近全局最优解。蚁群算法具有全局优化能力,并能有效提升特征点匹配的计算效率,具体实现细节可参见Nie等[22]的文献。
将匹配后的特征点像素坐标$ \{ {{{ζ}} _1},{{{ζ}}_{k \ne 1}}\} $输入空间标定神经网络$ NN_{3\mathrm{D}} $,即可得到三维点云坐标$ {{\boldsymbol{Q}}} $。为获取相对于静水面的波高信息,还需对该点云进行校正。本文采用主成分分析[23]进行基准面校正,步骤如下:
1)测量静水面,获得其三维点云$ {\boldsymbol{Q}}_0 $。
2) 计算$ \boldsymbol{Q}_0 $的协方差矩阵,并确定最大特征值对应的特征向量$ {{{\boldsymbol{e}}}} $,该向量即为静水面的主轴方向。
3) 将波面三维点云$ {\boldsymbol{Q}} $投影到主轴方向,完成基准面校正:
$ {\hat{{\boldsymbol{Q}}}}= {\boldsymbol{e}}{\boldsymbol{\cdot}}\boldsymbol{Q} $
此校正过程实质上是将标定空间的基准面与静水面对齐,从而最终得到准确的波高信息z(x, y)及波阵面三维点云。
如图3所示,本文以韩国船舶与海洋工程研究所发布的KCS标准船体模型为实验对象,在中国船舶科学研究中心的大型拖曳水池中,利用多目立体视觉系统开展了船行波自由表面的测量实验。拖曳水池长470 m、宽14 m、深7 m,实验所用船体模型的缩比为1∶52.6667。KCS船模的主要几何参数见表1。
实验使用了2组沿船体轴向排列的三目视觉系统。相机型号为海康威视MV–CH050–10UM,分辨率为2448像素 × 2048像素;镜头为MVL–MF1628M–8M,等效焦距为16 mm。实验主要包括标定图像采集与自由表面测量2个环节。
在标定环节(图3(a)),通过调整相机架高度,使相机与标定靶平面之间的距离等于实际拍摄时相机距静水面的距离(1200 mm),以保证船行波波阵面处于标定空间内。标定靶为400 mm × 410 mm的黑白相间棋盘格,相邻格角点之间的间距为10 mm,角点数量为39 × 40。通过拍摄标定靶在不同深度位置(以5 mm为间隔,共15个位置)的图像,使其覆盖待测船行波的整个波幅范围。
在自由表面测量阶段(图3(b)),保持相机姿态与参数不变,启动激光器(波长520 nm,功率1 W)。激光束经衍射光学元件(Diffractive Optical Element, DOE)后形成21 × 21的激光点阵,均匀覆盖三目视觉系统的视场(400 mm × 400 mm)。首先,在每个测量站位采集静水面图像,用于后续的波面校正与基准面调平。船模加速至预定航速后,通过触发信号使多目立体视觉系统以10 Hz的频率进行同步图像采集。测量站位布置如图2(a)所示,沿x方向设6个站位,沿y方向设3个站位,通过视场拼接,18个站位共同覆盖了4300 mm × 900 mm的全场测量区域。
数据处理包括相机标定、特征点提取、立体匹配和三维重构。
在相机标定阶段,基于15个不同景深的标定靶图像,提取39 × 40 × 15个角点数据输入BP神经网络,以建立物理空间与各相机像平面之间的映射关系($ N{ N_{{\text{3D}}}} $)以及不同相机像平面之间的映射关系($ N{ N_{k \to 1}} $)。为评估标定重投影误差,使用均匀间隔选取的75%角点对神经网络进行训练,将剩余25%角点的像平面坐标输入$ N{ N_{{\text{3D}}}} $进行三维重构,并将结果与理论坐标对比,得到平均重投影误差为0.039 mm。
在实际测量中,由于水波表面存在反射光与环境光的干扰,其亮度与激光器经衍射光学元件投射在波面上的激光光点相当,直接使用单一阈值法提取特征点易受噪声影响,导致误提取。为有效抑制干扰,本文采用基于高斯蒙版的互相关算法进行特征点提取。投射在波面上的激光光点光强呈高斯分布,利用该特性,通过高斯滤波增强光点的亮度特征,再使用互相关方法精确定位光点的灰度中心,将其作为特征点的像素坐标。该方法显著提升了特征点的提取准确性,有效滤除了大部分杂光干扰,效果如图4所示。
将提取的特征点通过式(2)投影至参考像平面,以初步消除不同像平面间特征点分布的差异。如前文所述,实验中无法预先获取水波深度信息,故将初始深度估计值z设定为标定深度范围的中点。随后,采用蚁群优化的PTV算法完成特征点匹配,并进一步进行三维重构和基准面校正。
在点云拼接过程中,首先根据标定阶段2组三目视觉系统共同的成像区域确定其相对位置关系,完成坐标转换,再将校正后的2组点云拼接至同一坐标系,从而得到单次测量的船行波波阵面点云$ { {\hat {\boldsymbol{Q}}}} $。对于不同站位的点云拼接,本文假设波面为准定常场景,依据各站位的物理位置直接进行空间拼接,以生成完整的波阵面点云。值得注意的是,已有研究表明,在类似试验工况(弗劳德数$ Fr $ < 3)下,KCS船模产生的波面具有较好的准定常特性[1],这为本文的简化处理提供了依据。对于强非定常波场,可通过增加多视场同步测量装置来获取瞬时全场信息,以避免时差引入的误差。本文的主要目标在于验证算法和测量方法的可行性与精度,因此选择准定常场景作为测试条件,以降低实验复杂性与成本。
实验在$ Fr $ = 0.15和0.26下进行,由多目立体视觉系统测量得到的自由表面如图5所示。可以看出,在$ Fr $ = 0.15 时,船行波呈现典型的凯尔文波系(Kelvin wave)特征[1],波纹结构稳定并以较小角度向外传播,主要表现为散波;而在$ Fr $ = 0.26 时,肩波特征更为显著,水面波动的非线性效应增强,波动能量集中于船体两侧。这可能是由于较高的航速增强了波系间的相互作用,从而引发了更为复杂的水动力现象。该结果为研究高速航行时的波浪特征提供了有力支持。
根据Kim等[24]的研究,在$ Fr $ = 0.26工况下,横波波长可由公式$ \lambda = 2{{\text{π}}}F{r^2} $计算,结果约为0.425。船体表面预计会形成2个主要波长的波形。受视场限制,本次测量重构的三维点云直接覆盖船体表面区域。图6为最靠近船体轴的船行波纵剖面($ y/{L_{{\text{PP}}}} $ = 0.14)的波高图,该处波能耗散较小,波系特征与船体表面较为接近。图中可观察到2个波谷,分别位于$ x/{L_{{\text{PP}}}} $ = 0.37和0.77 处,测量得到的波长约为0.4,与理论值基本吻合,验证了测量结果的准确性。在波高方面,测量结果显示,第一个波峰超过船长的1%,第一个波谷为−5%。与Kim等[24]直接在船体表面测量的结果相比,当前点云中测得的波高明显更大。该现象可能与波系在离开船体一定距离后的演化有关,在远场区域,波能重新分布可能导致波高局部增大。综上,本次实验的测量结果虽未覆盖船体表面,但通过最靠近船体的波剖面数据,可以初步反映船行波系统的主要特征。
为验证基于多目立体视觉的船行波测量方法的准确性,在$ Fr $ = 0.26的航速下,开展了与传统浪高仪阵列的对比实验,测量结果如图7所示。浪高仪阵列以89 mm为间隔布置,共采集了401个时刻的波高数据,其测量精度为全量程(60 mm)的0.2%。由图7可以看到,2种方法得到的凯尔文波系形态基本一致。
为进一步定量评估立体视觉方法的测量精度,选取浪高仪所在的9个纵剖面进行对比分析(图8)。在各剖面上,浪高仪阵列提供了401个时刻的数据;立体视觉方法则通过线性插值,在保持原始点云密度的情况下,获得了由42个纵向特征点 × 6个站位构成的252个数据点。如图8所示,2种方法在各剖面测得的波高幅值与相位基本吻合,差异主要集中于波谷区域。这可能是由于前文所述的本质区别:立体视觉测量的是随船运动的瞬时波面,而岸基浪高仪得到的是经时间冻结的波形。表2列出了其中10个纵剖面的最大波高(波峰与波谷的垂直距离)及其测量偏差。可以看出,在测量该兴波场时,多目立体视觉所测波高与浪高仪结果的最大偏差不超过1 mm,偏差比例不超过浪高仪所测最大波高的5%。
上述对比结果表明:立体视觉测量方法能够准确捕捉船行波的整体波动特征。需要强调的是,与传统浪高仪基于固定点的时间冻结测量不同,多目视觉系统具有瞬时测量的优势,能够捕捉复杂的流动动态,因而具备更高的灵活性与更好的场景适应性。尤其在扩展更多三目视觉系统后,该方法可实现更大范围的瞬时测量。
本文提出的基于多目立体视觉的船行波自由表面测量方法,能够以非接触方式实现大视域、实时的波阵面测量。与传统浪高仪相比,该方法避免了探头对水面的干扰,可实现全域、实时,以及随船体的同步测量,且具有更高的测量效率。
针对波面复杂的光学条件,本文采用激光器搭配衍射光学元件向水面投射激光点阵,以此作为三维波面点云重构的特征标记。在算法上,通过神经网络算法实现多目系统的空间标定,提升了系统的可拓展性;采用蚁群粒子跟踪匹配算法完成多视角图像中特征点的逐点匹配;利用主成分分析法对点云进行静水基准面校正,最终通过视场拼接实现大视域波面的重构。
在大型拖曳水池中的实验表明,该多目视觉系统能够有效重构波峰、波谷等波面信息,并准确捕捉到了典型的波系特征。测量结果与传统浪高仪阵列数据吻合良好,进一步验证了该多目视觉系统的可靠性与精度。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240084
  • 接收时间:2024-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-19
  • 修回日期:2025-01-25
  • 录用日期:2025-02-05
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    1北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191
    2天目山实验室,杭州 311115
    3中国船舶科学研究中心,无锡 214000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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