Article(id=1301954899030331899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20240048, pmid=null, cstr=32472.14.syltlx20240048, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=1729440000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-21, acceptedDate=1729699200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-24, onlineDate=1788339837080, onlineDateStr=2026-09-02, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788339837080, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788339837080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788339837080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301954868281889048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788339829750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405138953, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228795092652289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1301954868281889048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301954899214881276, articleId=1301954899030331899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Characterization of thermodynamic non-equilibrium of plasma flow using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, columnId=1301954871368904982, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Measuring Technique, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Temperature is considered to be one of the most concerned parameters to quantitatively describe flow characteristics, of which the measurement accuracy directly affects the prediction of aerodynamic, aerothermal and thermal protection performance of hypersonic vehicles. Based on the principles of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), a CARS spectral computation and vib-rotational temperature inversion program is proposed for characterizing the thermodynamic non-equilibrium properties of the high-temperature gas flow field. And corresponding accuracy from 1000 K to 2300 K is verified in a static environment. A non-equilibrium microwave plasma flow is built and its vibrational temperature and rotational temperature with different pressures, N2 volumetric flow rate, and compositions are obtained by using the developed program. The results show that within the range of experimental conditions, with pressure increasing, the vibrational temperature and rotational temperature decrease, while the thermodynamic non-equilibrium degree increases but corresponding increase rate decreases. With N2 volumetric flow rate increasing, the vibrational temperature and rotational temperature first increase and then decrease, while the thermodynamic non-equilibrium degree exhibits an opposite trend. With Ar volume fraction increasing, the vibrational temperature first increases and then decreases, and the rotational temperature increases, while the thermodynamic non-equilibrium degree decreases.

, authors=Wenbin YANG1, Hualei ZHANG1, 2, Xinhua QI1, *, Qingfeng CHE1, Jiangning ZHOU1, Bing BAI1, 3, Shuang CHEN1, Jinhe MU1, authorsList=Wenbin YANG, Hualei ZHANG, Xinhua QI, Qingfeng CHE, Jiangning ZHOU, Bing BAI, Shuang CHEN, Jinhe MU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinhua QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301954902591296014, articleId=1301954899030331899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的等离子体流场热力学非平衡特性表征方法研究, columnId=1301954871549260056, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=测量技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

温度是流体最基本的参数之一,其测量精度直接影响到高超声速飞行器气动力、气动热及热防护等性能的预测准确性。本文基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering, CARS)技术的基本原理,开发了面向非平衡流场的CARS光谱计算及振转温度反演算法,并在10002300 K的静态环境下对其准确性进行了实验验证。搭建了基于微波等离子体的非平衡流场实验装置,获取了不同压强、气体流量及组分下等离子体流场的振动、转动温度信息。结果显示,在实验条件范围内:振动温度随压强的增大而降低,随N2体积流量和Ar体积分数的增大均呈现先增大后降低的趋势;转动温度随压强的增大而降低,随N2体积流量的增大呈现先增大后降低的趋势,随Ar体积分数的增大而增大;非平衡度随压强的增大而增大(但变化率随压强的增大而减小),随N2体积流量的增大呈现先降低后增大的趋势,随Ar体积分数的增大而降低。

, authors=杨文斌1, 张华磊1, 2, 齐新华1, *, 车庆丰1, 周江宁1, 白冰1, 3, 陈爽1, 母金河1, authorsList=杨文斌, 张华磊, 齐新华, 车庆丰, 周江宁, 白冰, 陈爽, 母金河, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=齐新华, authorNote=

杨文斌(1991—),男,云南大理人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:面向高温和非平衡流场的非接触测量技术研究,光谱诊断。E-mail:

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杨文斌(1991—),男,云南大理人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:面向高温和非平衡流场的非接触测量技术研究,光谱诊断。E-mail:

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杨文斌(1991—),男,云南大理人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:面向高温和非平衡流场的非接触测量技术研究,光谱诊断。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301954908358464090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954899030331899, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同Ar流量下的实测CARS光谱、振转温度及非平衡度, figureFileSmall=wPB/Cecyx2Cx3FdmcU/C1Q==, figureFileBig=IJKUdveERhim2jtpzDU5qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301954908421378651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1301954899030331899, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of microwave plasma

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工况频率/MHz功率/W压强/kPa流量/(L·min−1)实验气体
124501601~52N2
2245016030.5~3.0N2
3245016032N2、Ar
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微波等离子体参数

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工况频率/MHz功率/W压强/kPa流量/(L·min−1)实验气体
124501601~52N2
2245016030.5~3.0N2
3245016032N2、Ar
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基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的等离子体流场热力学非平衡特性表征方法研究
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杨文斌 1 , 张华磊 1, 2 , 齐新华 1, * , 车庆丰 1 , 周江宁 1 , 白冰 1, 3 , 陈爽 1 , 母金河 1
实验流体力学 | 测量技术 2026,40(3): 79-87
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实验流体力学 |测量技术 2026 , 40 (3) : 79 -87
基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的等离子体流场热力学非平衡特性表征方法研究
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杨文斌(1991—),男,云南大理人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:面向高温和非平衡流场的非接触测量技术研究,光谱诊断。E-mail:

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杨文斌(1991—),男,云南大理人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:面向高温和非平衡流场的非接触测量技术研究,光谱诊断。E-mail:

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杨文斌1 , 张华磊1, 2, 齐新华1, * , 车庆丰1, 周江宁1, 白冰1, 3, 陈爽1, 母金河1
作者信息
  • 1中国空气动力研究与发展中心 设备设计与测试技术研究所,绵阳 621000
  • 2空军航空大学,长春 130012
  • 3黑龙江工程学院 光电子及激光技术重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
作者简介:

杨文斌(1991—),男,云南大理人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:面向高温和非平衡流场的非接触测量技术研究,光谱诊断。E-mail:

Characterization of thermodynamic non-equilibrium of plasma flow using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
Wenbin YANG1 , Hualei ZHANG1, 2, Xinhua QI1, * , Qingfeng CHE1, Jiangning ZHOU1, Bing BAI1, 3, Shuang CHEN1, Jinhe MU1
Affiliations
  • 1Facility Design and Instrumentation Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 2Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun 130012, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics and Laser Technology, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240048
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温度是流体最基本的参数之一,其测量精度直接影响到高超声速飞行器气动力、气动热及热防护等性能的预测准确性。本文基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering, CARS)技术的基本原理,开发了面向非平衡流场的CARS光谱计算及振转温度反演算法,并在10002300 K的静态环境下对其准确性进行了实验验证。搭建了基于微波等离子体的非平衡流场实验装置,获取了不同压强、气体流量及组分下等离子体流场的振动、转动温度信息。结果显示,在实验条件范围内:振动温度随压强的增大而降低,随N2体积流量和Ar体积分数的增大均呈现先增大后降低的趋势;转动温度随压强的增大而降低,随N2体积流量的增大呈现先增大后降低的趋势,随Ar体积分数的增大而增大;非平衡度随压强的增大而增大(但变化率随压强的增大而减小),随N2体积流量的增大呈现先降低后增大的趋势,随Ar体积分数的增大而降低。

相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射  /  热力学非平衡  /  等离子体流场  /  振动温度  /  转动温度

Temperature is considered to be one of the most concerned parameters to quantitatively describe flow characteristics, of which the measurement accuracy directly affects the prediction of aerodynamic, aerothermal and thermal protection performance of hypersonic vehicles. Based on the principles of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), a CARS spectral computation and vib-rotational temperature inversion program is proposed for characterizing the thermodynamic non-equilibrium properties of the high-temperature gas flow field. And corresponding accuracy from 1000 K to 2300 K is verified in a static environment. A non-equilibrium microwave plasma flow is built and its vibrational temperature and rotational temperature with different pressures, N2 volumetric flow rate, and compositions are obtained by using the developed program. The results show that within the range of experimental conditions, with pressure increasing, the vibrational temperature and rotational temperature decrease, while the thermodynamic non-equilibrium degree increases but corresponding increase rate decreases. With N2 volumetric flow rate increasing, the vibrational temperature and rotational temperature first increase and then decrease, while the thermodynamic non-equilibrium degree exhibits an opposite trend. With Ar volume fraction increasing, the vibrational temperature first increases and then decreases, and the rotational temperature increases, while the thermodynamic non-equilibrium degree decreases.

coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering  /  thermodynamic non-equilibrium  /  plasma flow  /  vibrational temperature  /  rotational temperature
杨文斌, 张华磊, 齐新华, 车庆丰, 周江宁, 白冰, 陈爽, 母金河. 基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的等离子体流场热力学非平衡特性表征方法研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (3) : 79 -87 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240048
Wenbin YANG, Hualei ZHANG, Xinhua QI, Qingfeng CHE, Jiangning ZHOU, Bing BAI, Shuang CHEN, Jinhe MU. Characterization of thermodynamic non-equilibrium of plasma flow using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (3) : 79 -87 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20240048
温度是流体最基本的参数之一,其测量精度直接影响到高超声速飞行器气动力、气动热及热防护等性能的预测准确性[1-4]。目前高超声速飞行器的研制严重依赖于地面风洞实验。在地面实验中,由于气体流出喷管后速度急剧上升以及存在振动能量冻结效应,流场本身会产生很强的振动–转动非平衡现象,导致地面实验环境与实际飞行环境存在差异。除化学反应冻结和振动冻结外,转动冻结现象也会影响实验结果[5-6]。因此,流场温度的准确定量测量和热力学非平衡特性的准确表征,是评估天地差异、保证高超声速飞行器地面实验有效性的基础,直接影响高超声速飞行器烧蚀等问题研究和热防护等性能设计[7-8]
相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering, CARS)技术[9-16]因其相干激发的特点,只在特定方向上存在CARS信号,具有信号指向性好、信噪比高、可测参数多、时空分辨率高、可实现瞬态测量等优势,在高温非平衡流场测量方面具有很大的应用潜力。ONERA(法国国家宇航研究局)和DLR(德国宇航中心)基于纳秒(ns)CARS技术,在L2K(实验总焓7.3 MJ/kg,总温3910 K)和L3K(实验总焓10.1 MJ/kg,总温5100 K)电弧加热风洞上,实现了对自由流、二维模型诱导的激波层和再入飞船模型表面不同距离处N2分子振动温度Tv和转动温度Tr的测量,实现了对振动–转动非平衡和转动能级非平衡的表征,揭示了振动温度和转动温度(简称“振转温度”)在激波作用下从非平衡状态到平衡状态的演化规律[9-11]。日本千叶大学(Chiba University)基于纳秒CARS技术结合BOXCARS相位匹配方法,实现了对极高速(4.0~5.8 km/s)强激波后非平衡流场中N2分子基态振动–转动温度的空间分布测量。研究[12-13]发现,在4 km/s来流条件下,激波前N2分子基态的振动能级和转动能级间近似处于热平衡状态(Tr = Tv = 5000~7000 K),而在5.8 km/s来流条件下则显示出强烈的非平衡特性(Tr ≈ 13000 K、Tv ≈ 6000 K)。美国阿诺德工程发展中心联合普林斯顿大学利用飞秒(fs)CARS技术,在9号风洞上实现了马赫数14(Tv = 1250~1300 K,Tr = 55 K ± 5 K)和马赫数18(Tv = 1250~1300 K,Tr = 35 K ± 5 K)条件下自由来流振动温度和转动温度的单脉冲测量[14-15]。相关结果表明,在高超声速条件下,由于振动能冻结,振动温度和转动温度处于非平衡状态。俄亥俄州立大学(Ohio State University)基于皮秒(ps)CARS技术实现了对高超声速(马赫数5)流场及圆柱体产生的弓形激波后振动温度和转动温度的测量[16]。在国内,CARS技术主要应用于超燃冲压发动机[17-18]和航空发动机[19-20]燃烧流场的温度测量,在高温非平衡流场测量方面还未见相关报道,其主要原因在于CARS技术原理和光谱计算复杂,技术门槛较高,且测量对象复杂、实验设备尺度大,现场实施难度高。
本文针对高超声速飞行器风洞实验中对流场振动温度和转动温度的定量测量需求,开发了面向非平衡流场的CARS光谱计算及振转温度反演算法,搭建了CARS振转温度测量系统及非平衡等离子体流场环境,并开展了非平衡等离子体流场振转温度测量实验,研究了压强、体积流量和气体组分对等离子体振转温度和非平衡度的影响。
CARS基于三阶非线性光学效应,利用泵浦光和斯托克斯光(频率分别为ω1ω2)对目标分子进行相干激发,然后利用探测光(频率为ω3)进行探测,得到CARS信号(频率为ω4)。CARS过程的能级跃迁如图1所示,图中ωR为分子的拉曼跃迁频率,vavb分别为低能态和高能态的振动量子数,JaJb分别为低能态和高能态的转动量子数。对于双原子分子,CARS信号强度由式(1)计算[18, 21]
$ I_{\text{4}}\text{ = }\frac{\mu^{\text{2}}\omega_{\text{4}}^{\text{2}}}{n_1n_2n_3n_4}\left|\chi_{\mathrm{R}}^{(3)}+\chi_{\mathrm{N R}}\right|^2I_1I_2I_3L^2\frac{\sin^2\left(\text{Δ}kL/2\right)}{\left(\text{Δ}kL/2\right)^2} $
式中:μ为磁导率;n1n2n3n4分别为介质在频率ω1ω2ω3ω4处的折射率;I1I2I3I4依次为泵浦光、斯托克斯光、探测光和CARS光的光强;$ \chi_{\mathrm{R}}^{(3)} $$ \chi_{\mathrm{NR}} $分别为三阶非线性极化率的共振和非共振部分;Δk为波矢失配量;L为相干长度,即三阶非线性极化相互作用的有效长度。在不存在单光子电子共振的条件下,$ \chi_{\mathrm{R}}^{(3)} $可近似为:
$ \chi_{\mathrm{R}}^{(3)}=\sum\limits_J^{ }\frac{8\pi^2\varepsilon_0c^4(N_{\mathrm{a}}-N_{\mathrm{b}})}{\hbar\omega_2^4(\omega_J-\omega_1+\omega_2-\mathrm{i}\varGamma_J)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\mathrm{d}\varOmega}\right)_J $
式中:J为转动量子数;ε0为真空中的介电常数;c为光速;NaNb分别为低能态和高能态的粒子数密度;$\hbar $为约化普朗克常数;$\omega_J $$\left(\dfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\mathrm{d}\varOmega}\right)_J $$\varGamma_J $分别为转动量子数J对应的跃迁频率、微分拉曼散射截面和拉曼线宽;i为虚数单位。拉曼线宽依赖于温度,可由MEG模型计算。在低气体密度条件下,Q支谱线线宽由各转动态j的自展宽线宽决定,即碰撞弛豫矩阵的对角元γjj。由转动态i向上跃迁至转动态ji < j)的弛豫速率γji[22]
$ {\gamma _{ji}} = N_{{\mathrm{g}}}{A_0}f(T){(\frac{{{T_0}}}{T})^{B_0}}{\left( {\frac{{1 + a{E_i}/kT\delta }}{{1 + a{E_i}/kT}}} \right)^2}{\mathrm{e}}^{\tfrac{{ - \beta {\text{Δ}} {E_{i,j}}}}{{kT}}} $
$ f(T) = \frac{{1 - {{\mathrm{e}}^{ - m}}}}{{1 - {{\mathrm{e}}^{ - mT/{T_0}}}}} $
式中:T0为参考温度,取295 K;T为温度;Ei为转动态i的能量;ΔEi, j为转动态ij的能级差;Ng为气体数密度;k为玻尔兹曼常数;A0B0aδβm为模型常数。向下跃迁速率可基于微观可逆性计算:
$ {\gamma _{ij}} = \frac{{2{J_i} + 1}}{{2{J_j} + 1}} \cdot {\gamma _{ji}} \cdot {\mathrm{e}}^{\tfrac{{{\text{Δ}} {E_{i,j}}}}{{kT}}} $
式中:JiJj分别为转动态ij的转动量子数。碰撞弛豫矩阵的对角元γjj,即自展宽线宽,可通过对所有与转动态j相关的碰撞跃迁求和得到:
$ {\gamma _{jj}} = \sum\limits_{i \ne j} {({\gamma _{ji}} + {\gamma _{ij}})} $
低能态和高能态粒子数密度服从玻尔兹曼分布:
$ N_{v,J}=\frac{N\mathrm{_T}}{Q_v\cdot Q_J}I_J\cdot(2J+1)\cdot\mathrm{e}^{-\frac{1}{k}\cdot\left[\frac{G(v)}{T\mathrm{_v}}+\frac{F(v,J)}{T_{\mathrm{r}}}\right]} $
式中:Nv, J为处于振动量子数v、转动量子数J上的粒子数密度;NT为总粒子数密度;Qv为振动配分函数;QJ为转动配分函数;IJ为核自旋统计权重因子;G(v)为分子的振动项值;F(v, J)为分子的转动项值。
综上所述,CARS光谱分布与气体温度有关,通过最小化实测CARS光谱$ {I_{\mathrm{m}}} $与理论光谱$ {I_{{\mathrm{th}}}} $的偏差,即可得到流场温度。
实际测量中,CARS光谱是流场参数(温度、压力、组分)和仪器参数(激光线型、探测仪器展宽等)共同作用的结果,因此在反演流场温度时,需要综合考虑上述因素以及测量过程中的误差和噪声干扰。考虑到CARS光谱特征及不同跃迁带对温度的敏感程度,采用$ {\chi ^2} $作为多参数优化的目标函数:
$ \begin{split}& \chi^2 = \\& \sum\limits_{q=1}^{N'}\frac{\left\{I_{\mathrm{m}}(\lambda_q) - [b\cdot I\mathrm{_{th}}(\lambda_q- \text{Δ}\lambda;T_v,T_r)*G(\lambda_q)+\text{Δ}I]\right\}^2}{I_{\mathrm{m}}(\lambda_q)}\end{split} $
式中:$ \lambda _q$为第q个采样点的波长;${N'} $为光谱数据的总采样点数;$ G({\lambda _q}) $为与光谱仪器和激光器线宽相关的线型函数;b、Δλ和ΔI为自由参数,用于修正理论计算误差和测量误差。基于CARS理论及多参数优化算法,开发了面向非平衡流场测量的CARS光谱计算及振转温度反演算法,流程如图2所示。目标函数最优化过程采用模拟退火算法[23]。该算法具有快速全局优化能力,在搜索过程中不仅接受优化解,还能依据Metropolis准则以一定概率接受恶化解,从而跳出局部最优,尽可能找到全局最优解θopt。基于模拟退火算法的CARS光谱拟合及振转温度反演方法主要流程如下:
1)初始化:设定退火温度Tt、温度衰减速率α(0 < α < 1)和迭代次数M;给定初始解θ0b0, Δλ0, ΔI0, Tv0, Tr0),计算理论CARS光谱Ith(θ0)和目标函数$ {\chi ^2}({\theta _0}) $
2)在当前解θ的领域[θδ, θ + δ]内随机生成新解θnew,计算CARS光谱Ith(θnew)和目标函数$ {\chi ^2}({\theta _{{\mathrm{new}}}}) $
3)计算目标函数增量$ \mathit{{Δ}}=\chi^2(\theta_{{\mathrm{new}}})-\chi^2(\theta) $,并依据Metropolis准则判断是否用新解θnew替换当前解θ。Metropolis准则如下:
$ P_{\mathrm{t}}=\left\{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}1, & \mathit{Δ} \lt 0 \\ \mathrm{e}^{-\mathit{Δ}/T\mathrm{_t}}, & \mathit{Δ}\geqslant0\end{array}\right. $
式中,Pt为转移概率。若Δ < 0,则接受新解;若Δ ≥ 0,则产生一个在[0, 1]区间的随机数r,当$ r \lt \mathrm{e}^{-\mathit{Δ}/T_{\mathrm{t}}} $时接受新解。
4)重复步骤2和3,直至达到迭代次数M
5)进行退火操作$ T\mathrm{_t}=\alpha T\mathrm{_t} $,重复步骤2~5,直至满足结束条件。
为定量评价CARS光谱拟合的效果和振转温度测量结果的不确定度,采用均方根误差RMSE和校正拟合优度$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $描述CARS光谱拟合效果,利用标准不确定度uA描述振转温度测量结果的不确定度:
$ R_{\mathrm{MSE}}=\left\{\frac{1}{N'}\sum\limits_{q=1}^{N'}[I_{\mathrm{m}}(\lambda_q)-S\mathrm{_{C ARS}}(\lambda_q)]^2\right\}^{1/2} $
$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2=1-\frac{N'-1}{N'-p}\frac{\sum\limits_{q=1}^{N'}[I_{\rm{m}}(\lambda_q)-S\mathrm{_{C ARS}}(\lambda_q)]^2}{\sum\limits_{q=1}^{N'}[I_{\rm{m}}(\lambda_q)-\bar{I}_{\rm{m}}(\lambda_q)]^2} $
$ u_{\mathrm{A}}=s/\sqrt{K} $
式中:SCARS为1.2节所得最优解对应的理论CARS光谱;$ {\bar I_{\mathrm{m}}} $为实测CARS光谱Im的均值;p为拟合参数个数;s为多次测量的标准差;K为测量次数。
非平衡等离子体流场振转温度CARS测量实验布局如图3(a)所示。等离子体发生器采用微波等离子体源,微波频率在2400~2500 MHz范围内可调。CARS测量系统的聚焦光路和收集光路分别置于等离子体两侧,焦点位于腔内等离子体炬出口中心处。激发的CARS信号经收集光路滤除泵浦/探测光和斯托克斯光后,由光纤传输至光谱仪。等离子体装置上方搭建有辐射光谱收集光路,收集到的辐射光经光纤传输至光纤光谱仪。腔体配有真空泵和压力计,腔内最低压力可达30 Pa。
CARS测温系统如图3(c)所示(详细描述见文献[18])。泵浦/探测光中心波长为532 nm,光谱呈高斯线型,线宽不高于1 cm−1;斯托克斯光中心波长为607 nm,线宽不低于100 cm−1。泵浦/探测光与斯托克斯光采用USED相位匹配方式(各光束空间位置如图3(b)所示)聚焦于等离子体流场,激发N2分子产生CARS信号。根据聚焦光斑尺寸,可估计测点的空间分辨率约为500 μm。光谱测量系统由光谱仪和ICCD(增强型电荷耦合器件)组成。光谱仪光栅刻线密度为1200线/mm,焦距550 mm,入口狭缝宽度100 µm;ICCD积分时间tw = 100 ns。光谱采集系统的展宽函数为Voigt线型,半高全宽为4.5 cm−1。光谱采集系统的波长和光谱响应分别利用汞氩标准光源和氘钨标准光源进行标定。
为了验证技术可行性及所开发算法的准确性,基于高温管式炉和McKenna层流燃烧器开展了验证实验。其中,高温管式炉用于开展1000~1700 K范围内的振转温度测量,McKenna层流燃烧器用于构建1700~2300 K范围内的高温环境(具体描述见文献[18],工况设定参考DLR公开数据[24])。实测光谱及振转温度测量结果如图4所示。图4(a)为高温管式炉设定温度Tset = 1573 K时的实测光谱,以及分别基于平衡假设(Tv = Tr = Teq,即TvTr用统一的平衡温度Teq代替)和非平衡假设的拟合结果。在平衡假设下,拟合结果为Teq = 1564 K、RMSE = 0.0159、$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $ = 0.9888;在非平衡假设下,结果为Tv = 1551 K、Tr = 1600 K、RMSE = 0.0166、$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $ = 0.9878。可见,在热平衡环境中,平衡和非平衡假设下的温度反演结果均与实测光谱吻合良好,两者得到的温度值也具有较好的一致性。图4(b)为宽温度范围内基于平衡和非平衡假设的温度反演结果,横坐标Teq为热平衡假设下的温度测量结果(误差棒为20次测量结果的标准差),Teq测量值与管式炉设定值、McKenna参考值的最大对比误差分别为3.94%和1.53%;纵坐标为本文开发的算法反演得到的振动温度Tv和转动温度Tr,黑色直线表示横坐标与纵坐标相等,即测量结果越接近黑色直线表明TvTrTeq越接近,测量结果的准确性越高。结果表明Tv测量重复性(20次测量结果标准差与均值之比)和对比误差(与Teq进行对比)最大值分别为2.69%和7.53%,转动温度Tr的测量重复性和对比误差最大值分别为4.01%和5.67%。需要指出的是,从图4(b)结果来看,似乎存在转动温度Tr较振动温度Tv偏高的系统偏差,其原因可能在于拟合实测CARS光谱过程中第一个振动峰在目标函数中权重最大,目标函数最小化过程中会优先拟合第一个振动峰(v:1→0,约2330 cm−1);而第二个振动峰(v:2→1,约2300 cm−1)权重较小,导致第二个振动峰的拟合结果偏差较大,当拟合值小于实测值时将导致最终拟合得到的振动温度偏低,而转动温度是通过拟合整个转动谱带得到,因此转动温度的拟合结果可靠性更高,最终导致了转动温度Tr与平衡温度Teq较为接近,而振动温度Tv整体偏低的现象。
基于搭建的CARS测温系统及所开发的光谱计算与振转温度反演算法,开展了非平衡等离子体流场振转温度测量实验(每个实验条件下测量10次,计算其均值和标准差),研究了压强、N2流量以及Ar流量(本文流量指体积流量)对振转温度和非平衡度的影响。实验中等离子体环境参数如表1所示。
不同压强下实测CARS光谱及振转温度反演结果如图5所示,实验参数对应表1工况1。图5(a)为不同压强下归一化实测CARS光谱及拟合结果。3 kPa时,实测光谱与拟合光谱的RMSE = 0.0104、$ R_{{\mathrm{adj}}}^2 $ = 0.9856,振动温度Tv = 2308 K、转动温度Tr = 529 K;5 kPa时,RMSE = 0.0069、$ R_{{\mathrm{adj}}}^2$ = 0.9975,Tv = 2035K、Tr = 464 K。与3 kPa时相比,5 kPa下第二(v:2→1)和第三振动峰(v:3→2,约2270 cm−1)的强度因振动温度降低而减弱,第一振动峰(v:1→0)的宽度虽然因转动温度降低而略微收窄,但变化不大。此外,5 kPa时振转温度的降低和压强的增大使CARS信号增强、信噪比提高,因此具有更低的拟合残差(RMSE)和更高的拟合优度($ R_{{\mathrm{adj}}}^2 $)。图5(b)为振转温度随腔内压强的变化关系。根据多次测量统计结果,振动温度和转动温度的最大标准不确定度分别为35和42 K,最大相对标准不确定度分别为1.46%和5.42%。结果表明,在微波功率和流量一定的条件下,振动温度和转动温度均与压强成反比,即均随压强的增大而降低。当压强从1 kPa增至5 kPa时,振动温度从2612 K降至2019 K,转动温度从770 K降至447 K。通常用振动温度与转动温度的比值θθ = Tv/Trθ越大表明等离子体越偏离热力学平衡态,θ = 1时为热平衡态)表征热力学非平衡度。可以看出,非平衡度随压强增大而增大,即压强越高,流场越偏离热力学平衡态。当压强从1 kPa增至5 kPa时,非平衡度由3.39增至4.52。
不同N2流量下实测CARS光谱及振转温度反演结果如图6所示,实验参数对应表1工况2。图6(a)为不同N2流量下的归一化实测光谱及拟合结果。N2流量为1 L/min时,RMSE = 0.0170、$ R_{\mathrm{\mathrm{ad}j}}^2 $ = 0.9904,Tv = 2449 K、Tr = 558 K;N2流量为3 L/min时,RMSE = 0.0076、$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $ = 0.9978,Tv = 2060 K、Tr = 410 K。与1 L/min流量相比,3 L/min流量时因振动温度降低,第二和第三振动峰强度减弱,第一振动峰宽度则因转动温度降低而明显变窄;同时,由于振转温度降低使CARS信号增强、信噪比提高,因而具有更低的RMSE和更高的$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $图6(b)为振转温度随N2流量的变化关系。多次测量统计得到振动温度和转动温度的最大标准不确定度分别为33和14 K,最大相对标准不确定度分别为1.47%和3.32%。结果表明,在微波功率和压强一定的条件下,振动温度和转动温度均随N2流量的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势。当N2流量从0.5 L/min增至1 L/min时,振动温度从1864 K快速升至2424 K;当N2流量继续从1 L/min增至3 L/min时,振动温度缓慢降至2210 K。转动温度随N2流量的增大从416 K升至609 K后降至410 K,其下降发生在1.5 L/min之后,略滞后于振动温度的变化。热力学非平衡度(θ = Tv/Tr)随N2流量的增大呈先降低后升高的趋势:N2流量从0.5 L/min增至1.5 L/min时,非平衡度从4.48降至3.88,随后随流量增大而升至5.39,非平衡度的最小值点与转动温度的最大值点基本一致,均出现在N2流量为1.5 L/min时。
不同Ar流量下实测CARS光谱及振转温度反演结果如图7所示,实验参数对应表1工况3,实验气体为N2和Ar的混合气,总体积流量保持2 L/min不变。图7(a)为不同Ar流量下的归一化实测光谱及拟合结果。Ar流量为0时,RMSE = 0.0148、$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $ = 0.9922,Tv = 2234 K、Tr = 517 K;Ar流量为0.8 L/min时,RMSE = 0.0479、$ R_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 $ = 0.9225,Tv = 2703 K、Tr = 616 K。相较于无Ar(即N2流量2 L/min)时的光谱,Ar流量为0.8 L/min(N2流量为1.2 L/min)时,振动温度更高,第二和第三振动峰强度增强,转动温度更高,第一振动峰明显展宽。但在相同仪器参数(激光能量、ICCD增益、狭缝宽度、单次采样累加次数等)下,Ar的加入使CARS信号强度降低、信噪比变差,这既源于N2浓度降低,也与振动和转动温度升高有关。图7(b)为不同Ar流量下对应的N2流量及振转温度。多次测量统计得到振动温度和转动温度的最大标准不确定度分别为48和62 K,最大相对标准不确定度分别为2.04%和6.74%。结果显示,振动温度随Ar流量的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势:Ar流量从0 L/min增至0.8 L/min时,振动温度从2246 K升至2569 K,随后随Ar流量增大而降至2359 K;转动温度则在所测工况范围内与Ar流量成正比,当Ar流量从0 L/min增至1.2 L/min时,转动温度从455 K升至920 K。热力学非平衡度(θ = Tv/Tr)随Ar流量的变化关系如图7(c)所示,可以看到,非平衡度随Ar流量的增大而减小。当Ar流量从0 L/min增至1.2 L/min时,非平衡度从4.94降至2.56,表明增大Ar含量可使流场更趋近于热力学平衡态。
本文搭建了非平衡等离子体流场振转温度CARS测量系统,开发了非平衡环境下CARS光谱计算及振转温度反演算法,开展了不同压强、N2流量和Ar流量下的非平衡等离子体流场振转温度测量实验,验证了CARS技术用于非平衡等离子体流场振转温度测量的可行性。结果表明:
1)在相同微波功率和气体流量条件下,振转温度均与压强成反比,即均随压强的增大而降低;非平衡度则随压强的增大而增大,但其变化率随压强的增大而减小。
2)在相同微波功率和压强条件下,随N2流量的增大,振转温度均呈先升高后降低的趋势,而非平衡度则呈先降低后升高的趋势。
3)在相同微波功率、气体压强和总流量条件下,振动温度随Ar流量的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势,转动温度在所测实验条件范围内与Ar流量成正比,非平衡度则随Ar流量的增大而减小。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20240048
  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-02
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
  • 修回日期:2024-10-21
  • 录用日期:2024-10-24
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    1中国空气动力研究与发展中心 设备设计与测试技术研究所,绵阳 621000
    2空军航空大学,长春 130012
    3黑龙江工程学院 光电子及激光技术重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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