Article(id=1320456306360696969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176652034880125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20230144, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1702310400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-12, acceptedDate=1702915200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-19, onlineDate=1792750916327, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792750916327, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792750916327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792750916327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176652034880125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684241540, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684241540, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320456306528469130, articleId=1320456306360696969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Study on MHz high-speed PIV technique, columnId=1301954871368904982, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Measuring Technique, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transonic flows have presented an enduring challenge to experimental research due to their intricate and unsteady flow characteristics. This study investigated the megahertz-frequency Particle Image Velocimetry (MHz–PIV) technique to enhance the resolution of small time-scale flows under the transonic flow conditions. During the measurement, five high-speed cameras alternately and quickly captured images of the same measurement area, and thus obtained ultra-high time resolution particle image data. By employing image processing techniques, optical distortion correction and identification of the common area were achieved. The application of the ensemble correlation algorithm, coupled with spectral analysis of the compressible turbulent flow field based on the velocity field, contributed to a comprehensive analysis. The experiment validated the high-frequency sampling capability of MHz–PIV, which significantly reduces the technology’s dependence on camera performance. This approach offers a refined measurement technique with high spatiotemporal resolution for transonic experiments.

, authors=Xintao LU1, Hang ZHAO1, Wenxuan SHE1, Han TU2, 1, Qi GAO1, *, Runjie WEI3, Fang ZHANG4, Shuang Chen5, authorsList=Xintao LU, Hang ZHAO, Wenxuan SHE, Han TU, Qi GAO, Runjie WEI, Fang ZHANG, Shuang Chen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320456316527689962, articleId=1320456306360696969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=MHz高速PIV实验技术研究, columnId=1301954871549260056, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=测量技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

跨声速流动因其复杂的非定常流动特性,一直是实验研究中的一大难题。为了较好地解析亚跨超声速流动中的小时间尺度流动,本文研究了MHz频率的粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)。在跨声速射流场的实验测量中,利用5台高速相机对同一测量区域进行交替快速拍摄,获得了超高时间分辨率的粒子图像数据。通过图像处理技术,完成了图像的光学畸变修正和公共区域识别。应用Ensemble correlation互相关算法,基于速度场结果,完成了可压缩湍流场的能谱解析。实验结果表明,MHz–PIV具有高频采样能力,极大地降低了高频采样技术对相机性能的依赖性,为跨声速实验提供了一种具有高时空分辨率的精细测量技术。

, authors=鲁鑫涛1, 赵航1, 佘文轩1, 涂晗2, 1, 高琪1, *, 魏润杰3, 张放4, 陈爽5, authorsList=鲁鑫涛, 赵航, 佘文轩, 涂晗, 高琪, 魏润杰, 张放, 陈爽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高琪, authorNote=

鲁鑫涛(1999—),男,浙江余姚人,博士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学。E-mail:

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E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《实验流体力学》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=AL+Q7N7ufW47qPcU6O1m0A==, magXml=HFrh1UrtY4G3qi/gzUID7g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bzIII8Ow/RS3tYHFUFVvCQ==, pdfFileSize=9841877, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YZWeHpbgRDNcvLTdhZcoxQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7pN/v+ZgP7EKiOC3LsX4sw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320456318872305915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320456306360696969, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=luxtzju@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320456318956191997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320456306360696969, authorId=1320456318872305915, language=EN, stringName=Xintao LU, firstName=Xintao, middleName=null, lastName=LU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320456319031689470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320456306360696969, authorId=1320456318872305915, language=CN, stringName=鲁鑫涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1浙江大学 航空航天学院,杭州 310027, bio={"content":"

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鲁鑫涛(1999—),男,浙江余姚人,博士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学。E-mail:

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11.49100.234984.25
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MHz高速PIV实验技术研究
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鲁鑫涛 1 , 赵航 1 , 佘文轩 1 , 涂晗 2, 1 , 高琪 1, * , 魏润杰 3 , 张放 4 , 陈爽 5
实验流体力学 | 测量技术 2026,40(2): 40-49
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实验流体力学 |测量技术 2026 , 40 (2) : 40 -49
MHz高速PIV实验技术研究
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鲁鑫涛1 , 赵航1, 佘文轩1, 涂晗2, 1, 高琪1, * , 魏润杰3, 张放4, 陈爽5
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学 航空航天学院,杭州 310027
  • 2武汉工程大学 机电工程学院,武汉 430205
  • 3北京立方天地科技发展有限责任公司,北京 100083
  • 4北京镭宝激光技术有限公司,北京 102209
  • 5中国空气动力研究与发展中心 设备设计与测试技术研究所,绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
作者简介:

鲁鑫涛(1999—),男,浙江余姚人,博士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学。E-mail:

Study on MHz high-speed PIV technique
Xintao LU1 , Hang ZHAO1, Wenxuan SHE1, Han TU2, 1, Qi GAO1, * , Runjie WEI3, Fang ZHANG4, Shuang Chen5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
  • 3MicroVec. Inc., Beijing 100083, China
  • 4Beamtech Optronics Co., Ltd, Beijing 102209, China
  • 5Facility Design and Instrumentation Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230144
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跨声速流动因其复杂的非定常流动特性,一直是实验研究中的一大难题。为了较好地解析亚跨超声速流动中的小时间尺度流动,本文研究了MHz频率的粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)。在跨声速射流场的实验测量中,利用5台高速相机对同一测量区域进行交替快速拍摄,获得了超高时间分辨率的粒子图像数据。通过图像处理技术,完成了图像的光学畸变修正和公共区域识别。应用Ensemble correlation互相关算法,基于速度场结果,完成了可压缩湍流场的能谱解析。实验结果表明,MHz–PIV具有高频采样能力,极大地降低了高频采样技术对相机性能的依赖性,为跨声速实验提供了一种具有高时空分辨率的精细测量技术。

跨声速  /  粒子图像测速技术  /  时空分辨率  /  图像处理  /  湍流功率谱

Transonic flows have presented an enduring challenge to experimental research due to their intricate and unsteady flow characteristics. This study investigated the megahertz-frequency Particle Image Velocimetry (MHz–PIV) technique to enhance the resolution of small time-scale flows under the transonic flow conditions. During the measurement, five high-speed cameras alternately and quickly captured images of the same measurement area, and thus obtained ultra-high time resolution particle image data. By employing image processing techniques, optical distortion correction and identification of the common area were achieved. The application of the ensemble correlation algorithm, coupled with spectral analysis of the compressible turbulent flow field based on the velocity field, contributed to a comprehensive analysis. The experiment validated the high-frequency sampling capability of MHz–PIV, which significantly reduces the technology’s dependence on camera performance. This approach offers a refined measurement technique with high spatiotemporal resolution for transonic experiments.

transonic  /  particle image velocimetry  /  spatiotemporal resolution  /  image processing  /  turbulent power spectrum
鲁鑫涛, 赵航, 佘文轩, 涂晗, 高琪, 魏润杰, 张放, 陈爽. MHz高速PIV实验技术研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (2) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230144
Xintao LU, Hang ZHAO, Wenxuan SHE, Han TU, Qi GAO, Runjie WEI, Fang ZHANG, Shuang Chen. Study on MHz high-speed PIV technique[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (2) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230144
湍能谱在湍流分析中发挥着重要的作用,它反映了湍流的统计特性和多尺度特征,揭示了湍流涡结构的分布和尺度范围,以及能量在不同尺度范围内的传递规律。为了捕捉从生成尺度到耗散尺度的完整过程,往往要求实验测量技术具备极高的采样频率。目前常见的流动测量手段如热线风速仪[1-2]和多普勒激光测速技术[3-4]普遍拥有200 kHz以上的采样频率,而先进的有源光纤热线探针、全光场多普勒测速等技术可以达到MHz甚至是GHz量级,能够完全满足对湍能谱中各区域对数率特征等流动信息[1, 3, 5]的提取需求。但二者作为典型的流速测量方法,都在测量区域存在一定的局限性。如热线风速仪的探头直径一般在几微米至几百微米量级,它只能测量探头周围微小空间的流体运动状况;而多普勒激光测速技术的工作原理决定了它只能得到沿光轴方向运动粒子的速度投影,难以对复杂三维流场进行细致测量。想要更加全面地描绘复杂流场,就需要一种同时具备高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率的流动测量技术。基于脉冲串激光(pulse-burst laser)的时间解析粒子图像测速技术(Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry,TR–PIV)已被许多实验证明:该技术能够在高时间分辨率下保留较高的空间分辨率,可获得一定流场区域内的瞬时三维流动信息,具有直接测量湍能谱中高频信息的能力。
Wernet[6]在2007年首次实现了基于脉冲串激光的TR–PIV(以下简称pulse-burst PIV),并利用该技术测量得到了采样频率为25 kHz的射流场的湍流能量谱。2010年,Murphy和Adrian[7]采用8台激光器和相机顺次拍摄的方式,实现与pulse-burst PIV相同的功能,但是通过该方法只能获得极其有限的图像帧数。Thurow等[8]在2013年对pulse-burst PIV技术进行了梳理和总结,并提出了对该技术发展的预测和设想。同年,Miller等[9]完成了10 kHz下的低速小型射流场实验测量。次年,他们成功将采样频率提高至100 kHz,实现了马赫数Ma = 0.3的亚声速射流场测量[10]。随着研究发展,pulse-burst PIV的应用范围日益广泛,如多相激波管中圆柱体后卡门涡街的瞬态脱落过程[11]、激波作用下稠密气固两相流中的颗粒阻力[12]、跨声速气泡流[13-14]等。同时,其采样周期[10]及采样频率[15-16]也在不断提升。2014年,Brock等[17]在超声速射流实验中实现了1 MHz的采样频率,但其仅在实验中获得了14幅粒子图像,无法从中提取能谱信息。Beresh等在此后依次实现了50[18]、400[19]、990 kHz[20]采样频率下的湍能谱提取,展现了pulse-burst PIV在高超声速流动中优秀的适用性。
受限于高频成像技术及高品质图像增强设备的获取渠道,我国目前难以获得部分先进的高速影像设备与技术。随着航空宇航科研任务的深入开展,对亚跨超声速流动机理的理解与掌握的要求也日益提高。为了支持各类新型飞行器的研制,相关科研领域对亚跨超声速流动实验数据的需求日益增加。如何依托现有实验平台与设备实现高频率、高精度的测量,已成为促进和推动国内实验测量技术进一步发展的一大难题。
目前,国内也已取得一些超高频测量的技术进展。如陆小革等[21]通过多脉冲激光器实现了100 kHz下基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术(NPLS),结合温敏漆(TSP)技术,对激波与湍流边界层干扰过程中由Görtler涡引起的条带结构与入射激波强度的关系进行了细致分析。而朱一丁等[22]则采用八通道高能脉冲激光系统实现了1 MHz高采样频率下的4曝光TomoPIV实验,揭示了Ma = 6高超声速平板边界层中三维不稳定性的时空演化特征。基于8腔并联脉冲激光器,韩军豪等[23]结合NPLS技术,实现了500 kHz高采样率下Ma = 3湍流边界层中近壁区高速和低速条纹结构动态演化过程的观测。冈敦殿等[24]则进一步将流场测量采样频率提高到了MHz量级,深入揭示了不同马赫数条件下混合层流场内涡结构的时序演化特征。这些研究为解析复杂的亚跨超声速流动提供了有效的实验手段。
本文通过同步控制多相机以不同时序拍摄,捕捉脉冲串激光器以MHz频率发出的大量脉冲,成功将时间解析PIV技术的采样频率提高至MHz量级。并使用光学畸变校准和公共区域识别算法有效消除了高频噪声,显著提高了粒子图像的质量。基于改进后的Ensemble correlation算法,实现了跨声速射流场湍流功率谱的准确提取。研究结果证明,本文所采用的流场高频测量方法可以有效捕捉高频流动信息,并在一定程度上降低了高频采样技术对相机性能的依赖性。
实验在北京镭宝光电有限公司实验室中进行,实验平台配备有射流喷管和示踪粒子投放系统,如图1所示。通过稳定的上游工作压力和工作流量供给(工作压力 > 8 MPa,工作流量 > 5 m3/min),在喷管出口即可产生稳定的带有示踪粒子的射流。通过调节实验平台的稳压阀门,可以精确调节射流的出口速度,实现跨声速范围内($ Ma\in \left[\mathrm{0.8,1.2}\right] $)的连续变化。当喷管出口达到或超过声速时,射流会产生一系列波系结构,形成典型的超声速射流结构。
实验中分别设置喷嘴处的出口流速为1.20Ma、1.17Ma、1.15Ma、1.05Ma,分别对应启动稳压压力为0.40、0.31、0.25、0.15 MPa。
本文采用基于脉冲串激光器的TR–PIV对跨声速射流场展开实验研究。如图2所示,相机均为Pho-tron公司产品,其中相机1~4为Mini AX100型高速相机,相机5为SA–X2型高速相机,呈“+”形布置于拍摄区域正前方。每台相机装配有尼康200 mm定焦微距镜头,镜头光圈值$ {f}_{\#}=8 $。激光器系统为镭宝公司自行研制的NdTR–PIVYAG高频脉冲串激光器,激光波长为5332 nm,可在10 kHz~1 MHz频率下稳定工作,且具备PIV双脉冲模式。经测试,该激光器系统在1 MHz重频工作状态下单次可输出10 000个子脉冲,单个子脉冲能量达5 mJ,光斑空间分布均匀且为近单模,性能指标满足实验预期要求。
针对当前高端高速成像系统及像增强器在市场上的可获得性限制,MHz–PIV系统将采用4台1.25 × 105帧/s及1台5 × 105帧/s的高速相机组合的方式,以实现106帧/s成像,通过250 ps精度的同步控制器(Micropulse 725,MicroVec)实现5台相机的时序控制,如图3所示(其中t为时间,ΔT 为2次激光触发之间的时间间隔)。实验中,相机工作在远超额定工作频率的采样频率下,这会导致相机在保持分辨率不变的情况下,向中心缩减画幅。在本实验中,Mini AX100型高速相机的画幅为128像素 × 64像素,SA-X2型高速相机的画幅为128像素 × 40像素。考虑到不同相机的位置和视角差异,以及由此导致的放大系数差异,需要对拍摄得到的图像按统一的放大系数进行插值调整,以确保用于互相关分析及速度计算的图像对之间拥有相同的物理长度信息。因此,最终确定有效公共区域大小为125像素 × 46像素,对应实际的物理尺寸为8.75 mm × 3.22 mm,放大系数为14.29 像素/mm。详细的公共区域计算方法将在1.3.2节中详细阐述。
MHz–PIV测量系统的整体采样时间间隔为1 μs(1 MHz),实验采用平均粒径为100 nm的Al2O3作为示踪粒子,堆积密度为50 kg/m3,弛豫时间为0.093 μs。众多实验[19-20]已证明,该示踪粒子在亚跨声速流动中具有良好的跟随性。
在多相机PIV系统中,由于各相机倾角不同,拍摄得到的粒子图像会产生不同程度的光学畸变[25-26],同时实际拍摄视场也会因相机视线变化而不同。在跨声速射流实验中,图像畸变和视场差异带来的误差会被放大,显著影响速度场测量结果。因此,在进行互相关计算前,对图像进行预处理至关重要。
粒子图像的光学畸变分为几何畸变、枕形畸变和桶形畸变[26]3种。相机倾斜导致的图像变形一般由几何畸变和桶形畸变共同引起,很难直接通过光学方法加以修正。
本研究采用标定板对多相机系统进行标定,通过识别标定板上标点在图像中的像素坐标及其对应的实际物理坐标,获得描述图像畸变过程的二阶多项式。基于此映射关系,可以对不同相机拍摄到的粒子图像进行逆变换,实现光学畸变的校准,最大限度提高图像的匹配精度。在确定图像畸变函数的基础上,本文根据各相机标定过程中确定的实际视场范围求其交集,得到所有相机共同覆盖的最大区域。该区域将用于PIV互相关计算,以避免视场差异造成的误差。
为得到图像的畸变函数,首先需要识别并获取标定板点阵的像素坐标和世界坐标。定义像素坐标系中$ (m, n) $点为世界坐标的原点(0, 0),如图4所示。图中,黑色坐标系为像素坐标系(以上标p表示,单位为像素),红色坐标系为世界坐标系(以上标w表示,单位为mm),图像分辨率为lx像素 × ly像素。
同时定义放大系数M = 像素距离/物理距离,实现像素坐标系和世界坐标系的转换。
因此,标点(x,y)不受光学畸变影响的真实像素坐标(以上标rp表示,单位为像素)可表示为:
$ p\mathrm{^{rp}}\left(X,\ Y\right)=p\mathrm{^w}\left(x,\ y\right)\times M $
式中:$ p^{\mathrm{w}}(x,\ y) $表示世界坐标系下的粒子坐标,$ p\mathrm{^{rp}}(X,\ Y) $表示对应像素坐标系下的粒子真实坐标。
采用二阶多项式近似描述像素坐标$ p^{\mathrm{p}}(x,\ y) $与真实像素坐标$ p^{\mathrm{rp}}(X,\ Y) $之间的映射关系,其形式为:
$ \left\{\begin{aligned}X&={{a}_{0} + a}_{1}x + {{a}_{2}y + a}_{3}{x}^{2} + {a}_{4}{y}^{2} + {a}_{5}xy\\ Y&={{b}_{0} + b}_{1}x + {{b}_{2}y + b}_{3}{x}^{2} + {b}_{4}{y}^{2} + {b}_{5}xy\end{aligned}\right. $
式中:a0~a5和b0~b5为二阶多项式系数。
将式(2)整理为式(3)的形式。只要有足够多的标定点,即可通过最小二乘法(4)拟合求解方程(3),得到较高精度的映射函数:
$ \left[\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{ccc}1 & x & y\end{array} & \begin{array}{ccc}{x}^{2} & {y}^{2} & xy\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{ccc}1 & x & y\end{array} & \begin{array}{ccc}{x}^{2} & {y}^{2} & xy\end{array}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}{a}_{0}\\ {a}_{1}\\ {a}_{2}\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}{b}_{0}\\ {b}_{1}\\ {b}_{2}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}{a}_{3}\\ {a}_{4}\\ {a}_{5}\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}{b}_{3}\\ {b}_{4}\\ {b}_{5}\end{array}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}X & Y\end{array}\right] $
$ {\boldsymbol{G}}=\left(\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}}\boldsymbol{A}\right)^{-1}\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}}\boldsymbol{B} $
式中:${\boldsymbol{A}} $表示式(3)左侧的$ 2\times 6 $像素坐标矩阵,上标T表示矩阵的转置,${\boldsymbol{B}} $则表示等式右侧的$ 1\times 2 $真实像素坐标矩阵,G为式(3)左侧的$ 6\times 2 $系数矩阵。
在获得各相机的畸变映射函数后,本文将不同相机拍摄得到的粒子图像原始像素坐标分别代入对应相机的畸变映射函数,即可计算得到畸变修正后的无畸变像素坐标。
表1给出了原始标定图像与畸变矫正后图像的畸变程度对比。畸变程度用标靶图像中所有标点相对原始位置的平均距离D(单位为像素)表示:
$ D=\frac{\displaystyle\sum_1^N\sqrt{\left(x^{\mathrm{p}}-x^{\mathrm{rp}}\right)^2+\left(y^{\mathrm{p}}-y\mathrm{^{rp}}\right)^2}}{N} $
式中:N表示识别得到的标点总数。
在5张标定图像中,图像畸变的矫正效果均超过80%。算法在不同畸变程度的图像中均表现出良好的矫正效果,充分验证了其出色的鲁棒性和适用性。
在多相机平面PIV系统中,由于各相机安装位置和视角的差异,其拍摄的物理区域存在一定偏差,导致不同相机获取的粒子图像对应不同的实际区域。为实现多相机图像的匹配与相关分析,需要提取不同图像中的公共视场区域,并对该区域的图像数据进行统一尺度变换,以保证同一实际流动区域在不同相机获得的数字图像中的比例尺保持一致。
仍采用1.3.1节中定义的坐标系对图像进行标识。下标i表示第i个相机,因此第i个相机所摄图像对应的实际物理范围$ A_i^{\mathrm{w}} $表示为:
$ A_i^{\mathrm{w}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}x_i\in\left[-\dfrac{m_i}{M_i},\dfrac{\left(l_x-m_i\right)}{M_i}\right] \\ y_i\in\left[\dfrac{\left(l_y-n_i\right)}{M_i},\dfrac{n_i}{M_i}\right]\end{array}\text{,}i=1、2、3、4、5\right. $
式中:mi和ni分别表示第i个相机中像素坐标系原点距离图像左上角的水平和垂直像素距离。
对各个相机的图像范围$ A_i^{\mathrm{w}} $取交集,即可得到公共区域$ A\mathrm{^w} $:
$ A^{\mathrm{w}}=A_1^{\mathrm{w}}\cap A_2^{\mathrm{w}}\cap A_3^{\mathrm{w}}\cap A_4^{\mathrm{w}}\cap A_5^{\mathrm{w}} $
将$ A^{\mathrm{w}} $通过统一的放大系数M(本文选取5台相机中的最大放大系数Mmax)转换至像素坐标系,得到公共区域$ A\mathrm{^p} $。
$ {A}^{{\mathrm{w}}}\times {M}_{\max}={A}^{{\mathrm{p}}} $
图5展示了公共区域识别算法的效果,图5(a)的红线框表示原始图像中的公共区域,图5(b)展示了提取后的公共视场区域。该算法可以有效识别出最大的公共区域,确保不同相机获得的数字图像具有统一的图像范围和放大比例,从而避免在后续的PIV相关计算中因放大比例不同导致的计算误差。
受实验设备限制,在穿插拍摄中使用的SA–X2与Mini AX100高速相机感光性能不同。同时,受高频采样的影响,粒子图像中存在严重的背景噪声[27],导致用于互相关计算的粒子图像对之间的相关性较差。为此,需要对背景噪声进行抑制[28-31]。
本文采用Ensemble correlation[32]对粒子图像进行互相关计算。该方法是一种统计相关算法,通过计算N组瞬时相关函数的平均值得到最终相关结果,从而获得较为稳定的相关峰值匹配,算法原理如图6所示。
该算法使用多组相关计算结果的均值作为最终相关函数,能够显著提高信噪比,有效增强相关峰值的识别精度。相比先搜索相关峰值再进行平均的一般方法,Ensemble correlation可以有效避免引入错误的速度矢量,减小错误矢量带来的误差。此外,该方法可以很好地抑制无偏噪声,常用于粒子浓度较低的PIV计算中[33-35]。
为确保计算结果的有效性和可靠性,需要验证算法的收敛性。因此,分别输入了2、3、4……10、20、30……100、200、300……1000、2000、3000、4000、5000张图片,通过计算流场中特定点的平均速度来判断算法的收敛性。如图7所示(其中L为流场全长),当输入图片数为100时,算法已基本收敛。为保证计算结果充分收敛,选用N = 500张图片进行后续速度场计算。
本次实验中,每组工况共包含5600张粒子图像。为在有效抑制高频噪声的同时保留流场中MHz量级的高频细节信息,实验采用滑动窗口法对图像序列进行处理,滑动窗口大小为500,步长为1。这种处理方式充分利用了滑动平均能有效滤除随机噪声的优点,同时通过控制移动步长,较好地保留了流场中的有效高频信息。通过该方法,本实验成功提取到高时间分辨率且低噪声的流场结果。
为验证MHz–PIV的高频采样能力,本文选取4种压力工况下射流场中心点处的脉动速度进行湍能谱分析。湍能谱的计算采用分段平均的方法:将较长的信号分成多段,每段使用汉明窗预处理后进行FFT计算,最后对多段结果进行平均。该方法易于实现,且能进一步抑制噪声,可获得平滑且准确的频谱结果。为更好地辨识射流场的波动,对脉动速度进行无量纲化,定义如下:
$ \overline{u}\;=\frac{u-{u}_{{\mathrm{mean}}}}{{u}_{{\mathrm{mean}}}} $
式中:$ \overline{u} $表示无量纲化的流向脉动速度大小,u为流向的速度分量,$ u\mathrm{_{mean}} $为流向的平均速度,以上符号均为标量。同样的方法也适用于垂向分量$ \overline{v} $的计算。
图8为4种工况下,流向速度$ \overline{u} $及垂向速度$ \overline{v} $的功率谱密度DPS随频率的变化。可以看到,频谱在低频范围(2~100 kHz)总体呈现−1幂次率,从100 kHz开始向−5/3幂次率过渡,一直持续到220 kHz,随后斜率进一步增大,直至最后在350 kHz附近因背景噪声和测量不确定度等原因而无法正确解析。
1953年,Tchen[36]提出了无壁面情况下−1幂次率的理论预测。这一预测很快在边界层湍流压力功率谱中得到了验证[37],但其在速度场功率谱中是否存在的问题一直到2017年才首次得到实验的明确证实[38]。图8中−1的幂律分布表示不同尺度的涡所携带的动能与尺度成正比,这意味着经过尺度归一化后,每个尺度的涡所包含的动能密度是相同的。即大尺度涡分裂成小尺度涡时,湍动能的传递是连续的,没有明显的能量跃迁,这种相似分裂模式使湍动能在不同尺度上保持相同的密度分布。图9给出了各工况下的预乘谱结果,其中包含了涡旋间动能传递的时间信息,作为动能传递过程的验证,从侧面印证了功率谱最终动能分布状态的正确性。两者表现出的一致性,可以完整地从过程和结果两个角度证实湍流中动能按比例传递的规律。可以明显观察到,速度分量的预乘谱中均存在与功率谱−1斜率段对应的水平部分,这表明该频段范围内不同尺度涡旋的动力学行为是相似的,与−1斜率段所代表的物理含义一致。
图8中−5/3斜率段即为惯性子区,代表着大尺度涡破裂过程中能量以自相似模式向小尺度涡传递的过程。在这个过程中,湍动能会随着涡尺度的减小而按比例衰减,这种自相似的传递模式会持续向下级尺度传播,使得不同尺度的涡结构达到动能平衡,最终形成−5/3斜率的功率谱。同样,可以在预乘谱相应频段中观察到−2/3的斜率特征。预乘谱C(f)与功率谱DPS(f)存在如下数学关系:
$ C\left(f\right)=f\times D_{\mathrm{PS}}\left(f\right) $
根据上述对应关系,预乘谱中频率f的指数相对于功率谱结果增大1,因此呈现−2/3的幂次率。这表明预乘谱也呈现了与功率谱一致的涡旋动能级联过程。
而在惯性子区之后更高频的耗散区,愈加陡峭的功率谱曲线则表明,随着尺度的进一步减小,黏性效应占据主导地位,能量在小尺度涡中逐渐转换为内能耗散。
图8和9中流向$ \overline{u} $及垂向$ \overline{v} $的频谱形状较为一致,这表明在统计上,流场的各向速度分量和涡结构分布规律性相似,流场整体的统计特性相对稳定且具有较好的相似性;两者的谱线均呈现出相似的斜率和曲线形态,表示流场各方向上的湍流涡结构和动能传递机制存在一定程度的相似性。但由于超声速射流出口处射流与周围气体的相互作用强烈,这会导致射流边界层强烈的不稳定性,该作用主要垂直于射流轴方向,会在切向方向上呈现更丰富的涡动现象,因此射流在径向和切向受到的相对扰动更大,造成$ \overline{v} $的频谱能量更高。
由于Ensemble correlation方法对相关函数进行了平均处理,在降噪的同时会导致部分高频流场信息被抹除,因此需要对其解析度进行判断。值得注意的是,4个工况的湍能谱图像都在110和330 kHz处存在明显的主频,且两主频存在明显的倍数关系,可能由同一扰动源引起。因此,从第二主频的角度可以确定330 kHz前数据的真实性。
图10验证了主频信号的可能来源,图10(a)为测试流场经过Ensemble correlation计算后某点的能谱,图10(b)为随机噪声的能谱。2个结果中均未出现如图8所示的主频,这证明上述主频并非由以下2个方面引入:
1) 互相关算法。如果主频由算法产生,经算法计算后的结果中必然会包含主频成分。图10(a)的结果显示互相关计算后并未出现主频,说明主频并非算法引入;
2)功率谱计算。如果主频源于功率谱计算,噪声信号的功率谱计算结果中也应出现主频,而图10(b)结果显示噪声信号的功率谱未产生主频。
因此,可以认为主频信号并非互相关算法或功率谱计算引入,而是在互相关计算之前就已存在于数据信号中。Ensemble correlation的平均过程也并未消除该主频信号。该结论表明,在330 kHz以下的湍能谱数据都是可信的。
本文通过跨声速射流场对五相机MHz–PIV系统的高频采样能力进行验证。该系统使用脉冲串激光器以MHz频率在短时间内发出上千个脉冲,并利用5台高速相机交替拍摄每一个脉冲对应的粒子图像,从而获取MHz采样频率下的高时间分辨率序列图像。经过畸变校准、公共区域识别和Ensemble correlation等算法的处理,能够有效提高低信噪比图像的可靠性,解析出跨声速射流场出口段的精确湍能谱信息。得到的湍能谱正确呈现了射流场能量从大尺度涡传递至小尺度涡,并最终通过黏性耗散的能量传递过程。通过对数据的测试分析,证明在330 kHz前的频率范围内,所获取的湍流能谱信息都可以被正确解析,超出该频率的信息则有待进一步验证。
上述结果表明,本文所提出的多相机MHz–PIV技术能够实现MHz级别的高频采样,显著提升了实验采集的时间分辨率。与传统方法相比,该技术大大降低了对单一高速相机高性能的依赖,展现出更好的可行性和适用性。该技术在提升时间分辨率与降低实验成本方面具有明显优势,今后计划将其应用到工程性的风洞实验中。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230144
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2023-12-12
  • 录用日期:2023-12-19
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    1浙江大学 航空航天学院,杭州 310027
    2武汉工程大学 机电工程学院,武汉 430205
    3北京立方天地科技发展有限责任公司,北京 100083
    4北京镭宝激光技术有限公司,北京 102209
    5中国空气动力研究与发展中心 设备设计与测试技术研究所,绵阳 621000

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