Article(id=1320167414076130037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320124753134862378, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20230139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698249600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-26, revisedDate=1700841600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-25, acceptedDate=1703088000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-21, onlineDate=1792682039039, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792682039039, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792682039039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792682039039, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320124753134862378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792671867879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792671867879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320167414285845238, articleId=1320167414076130037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=Experimental study of the effect of nose temperature on the disturbance waves in hypersonic boundary layer of blunted cone, columnId=1301954885767946779, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Research and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The transition of the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent flow significantly impacts the flight stability and safety of aircraft. The aerodynamic heating of the nose of the hypersonic vehicle during flight increases the nose temperature, which affects the stability and transition characteristics of the boundary layer. In this paper, experiments were carried out using a Mach 6, 0° angle of attack conical model to explore the influence of the nose temperature and bluntness on the stability of the conical boundary layer. The wall temperature ratio (the ratio of the nose temperature to the total incoming temperature) Tw/T0 varies between 0.6 and 1.3, while the nose bluntness R ranges from 0 to 5 mm. Measurements of boundary layer transition and unstable wave were carried out utilizing infrared thermal imaging and high frequency pulsating pressure sensor (PCB). The experimental results show that changing the nose temperature and bluntness affects boundary layer stability. For a sharp cone (R < 50 μm), the nose heating promotes the development of the second mode wave. However, for R = 0.5 mm and 2 mm cones, increasing Tw/T0 from 0.6 to 1.1 inhibits the development of the second mode wave, while a further increase to 1.3 encourages it. For R = 5 mm cones, nose heating stabilizes the second mode wave.

, authors=Mingyue GONG1, 2, Hao DONG1, 2, 3, *, Shicheng LIU1, 2, Siyuan GAO1, 2, Yun JIAO1, 2, authorsList=Mingyue GONG, Hao DONG, Shicheng LIU, Siyuan GAO, Yun JIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320167420816376625, articleId=1320167414076130037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=头部温度对圆锥高超声速边界层高频不稳定波影响实验研究, columnId=1301954885923136029, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=基础研究与应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

边界层从层流到湍流的转捩会对飞行器的飞行稳定性和飞行安全造成重要影响。高超声速飞行器在飞行时头部因气动加热而温度升高,影响边界层的稳定性和转捩特性。本文针对马赫数6、0°迎角圆锥模型开展了边界层稳定性实验,研究了头部温度和钝度对圆锥边界层稳定性的影响规律。壁温比(头部温度与来流总温之比)Tw/T0在0.6~1.3之间变化,头部钝度R范围为0~5 mm。通过红外热成像和高频脉动压力传感器(PCB)对边界层转捩及不稳定波进行测量。实验结果表明,改变圆锥头部温度和钝度会影响边界层的稳定性。在尖锥(R < 50 μm)情况下,头部加热会促进第二模态波发展;对于头部钝度为0.5和2 mm的圆锥,壁温比从0.6增大到1.1时会抑制第二模态波发展,而继续增大到1.3后则转为促进第二模态波的发展;对于头部钝度为5 mm的圆锥,头部加热则使第二模态波更稳定。

, authors=宫铭跃1, 2, 董昊1, 2, 3, *, 刘是成1, 2, 高思源1, 2, 焦运1, 2, authorsList=宫铭跃, 董昊, 刘是成, 高思源, 焦运, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董昊, authorNote=

宫铭跃(1999—),男,吉林白城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:高超声速边界层稳定性与转捩。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《实验流体力学》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=VfVDt471UhTI37ntM8rmkQ==, magXml=JjLpdH3kMc822Au6hlPbAQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Y5A4cTAfriPzzCeiVmyqlg==, pdfFileSize=23070642, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=y8DxeCmGcn82gBxcw9FH1w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PbAsE0a/JwSoxa/lAUBvPA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320167422947083070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167414076130037, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=905073886@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320167423211324225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320167414076130037, authorId=1320167422947083070, language=EN, stringName=Mingyue GONG, firstName=Mingyue, middleName=null, lastName=GONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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宫铭跃(1999—),男,吉林白城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:高超声速边界层稳定性与转捩。E-mail:

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宫铭跃(1999—),男,吉林白城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:高超声速边界层稳定性与转捩。E-mail:

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头部温度对圆锥高超声速边界层高频不稳定波影响实验研究
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宫铭跃 1, 2 , 董昊 1, 2, 3, * , 刘是成 1, 2 , 高思源 1, 2 , 焦运 1, 2
实验流体力学 | 基础研究与应用 2026,40(1): 146-160
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实验流体力学 |基础研究与应用 2026 , 40 (1) : 146 -160
头部温度对圆锥高超声速边界层高频不稳定波影响实验研究
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2南京航空航天大学 非定常空气动力学与流动控制工业和信息化部重点实验室, 南京 210016, bio={"content":"

宫铭跃(1999—),男,吉林白城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:高超声速边界层稳定性与转捩。E-mail:

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宫铭跃(1999—),男,吉林白城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:高超声速边界层稳定性与转捩。E-mail:

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宫铭跃1, 2 , 董昊1, 2, 3, * , 刘是成1, 2, 高思源1, 2, 焦运1, 2
作者信息
  • 1南京航空航天大学 航空学院, 南京 210016
  • 2南京航空航天大学 非定常空气动力学与流动控制工业和信息化部重点实验室, 南京 210016
  • 3南京航空航天大学 航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室, 南京 210016
通讯作者:
作者简介:

宫铭跃(1999—),男,吉林白城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:高超声速边界层稳定性与转捩。E-mail:

Experimental study of the effect of nose temperature on the disturbance waves in hypersonic boundary layer of blunted cone
Mingyue GONG1, 2 , Hao DONG1, 2, 3, * , Shicheng LIU1, 2, Siyuan GAO1, 2, Yun JIAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Unsteady Aerodynamics and Flow Control, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230139
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边界层从层流到湍流的转捩会对飞行器的飞行稳定性和飞行安全造成重要影响。高超声速飞行器在飞行时头部因气动加热而温度升高,影响边界层的稳定性和转捩特性。本文针对马赫数6、0°迎角圆锥模型开展了边界层稳定性实验,研究了头部温度和钝度对圆锥边界层稳定性的影响规律。壁温比(头部温度与来流总温之比)Tw/T0在0.6~1.3之间变化,头部钝度R范围为0~5 mm。通过红外热成像和高频脉动压力传感器(PCB)对边界层转捩及不稳定波进行测量。实验结果表明,改变圆锥头部温度和钝度会影响边界层的稳定性。在尖锥(R < 50 μm)情况下,头部加热会促进第二模态波发展;对于头部钝度为0.5和2 mm的圆锥,壁温比从0.6增大到1.1时会抑制第二模态波发展,而继续增大到1.3后则转为促进第二模态波的发展;对于头部钝度为5 mm的圆锥,头部加热则使第二模态波更稳定。

高超声速边界层  /  第二模态  /  壁温比  /  红外热成像

The transition of the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent flow significantly impacts the flight stability and safety of aircraft. The aerodynamic heating of the nose of the hypersonic vehicle during flight increases the nose temperature, which affects the stability and transition characteristics of the boundary layer. In this paper, experiments were carried out using a Mach 6, 0° angle of attack conical model to explore the influence of the nose temperature and bluntness on the stability of the conical boundary layer. The wall temperature ratio (the ratio of the nose temperature to the total incoming temperature) Tw/T0 varies between 0.6 and 1.3, while the nose bluntness R ranges from 0 to 5 mm. Measurements of boundary layer transition and unstable wave were carried out utilizing infrared thermal imaging and high frequency pulsating pressure sensor (PCB). The experimental results show that changing the nose temperature and bluntness affects boundary layer stability. For a sharp cone (R < 50 μm), the nose heating promotes the development of the second mode wave. However, for R = 0.5 mm and 2 mm cones, increasing Tw/T0 from 0.6 to 1.1 inhibits the development of the second mode wave, while a further increase to 1.3 encourages it. For R = 5 mm cones, nose heating stabilizes the second mode wave.

hypersonic boundary layer  /  second mode  /  wall temperature ratio  /  infrared thermography
宫铭跃, 董昊, 刘是成, 高思源, 焦运. 头部温度对圆锥高超声速边界层高频不稳定波影响实验研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (1) : 146 -160 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230139
Mingyue GONG, Hao DONG, Shicheng LIU, Siyuan GAO, Yun JIAO. Experimental study of the effect of nose temperature on the disturbance waves in hypersonic boundary layer of blunted cone[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (1) : 146 -160 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230139
研制可重复使用且安全的高超声速飞行器,需要精确控制热防护系统的热量分布。如果飞行器表面的层流边界层转捩为湍流状态,飞行器表面的摩擦力和热流将急剧增大,从而威胁飞行器的飞行稳定性和飞行安全[1]。因此,认识高超声速边界层转捩机理对于现在和未来飞行器的设计非常重要。
对于高超声速流动,第一模态和第二模态不稳定波对圆锥边界层转捩有着重要影响[2]。20世纪80年代,Mack[3]系统研究了边界层中扰动波的线性发展。在超声速条件下,边界层中的第一模态在转捩中占据主导地位,随着马赫数(Ma)的增大,第二模态的作用越来越重要。第二模态是当地壁面和声速线之间形成的一种扰动声波模态。当Ma > 4时,第二模态成为最不稳定的模态。Stetson等[4]首次在Ma = 8的风洞试验研究中发现第二模态不稳定波在尖锥边界层转捩中起主导作用。Mujeeb[5]基于线性稳定性理论对尖锥表面高超声速边界层进行了研究,发现第二模态波与边界层中高频率、大振幅的密度脉动密切相关。
在高超声速圆锥边界层中,第二模态波的稳定性受头部钝度、壁面温度(简称“壁温”)等多种因素影响。小钝度情况下,第二模态波发展并失稳是边界层转捩的典型特征,但在大钝度情况下结果却并不相同[6]。Stetson[7]发现在Ma = 5.5的条件下,在小钝度范围内增加圆锥头部钝度(R)会导致转捩位置后移,而当头部半径增大至某一个值时,再继续增大钝度则会使转捩位置提前,此现象被称为由于头部钝度变化引起的转捩反转。然而,Zhong[8]利用线性稳定性分析对Stetson的尖锥模型进行研究,却并未发现转捩反转。Rosenboom等[9]研究了头部钝度对高超声速边界层稳定性的影响,发现转捩位置随钝度的增大而向下游推迟,其稳定性分析结果同样未出现转捩反转现象。陈苏宇等[6]在FD−14A激波风洞中,实验研究了Ma = 6~10时的圆锥边界层转捩钝度反转现象,复现了“Λ”型和“N”型2类反转,并认为其机理应与头部强熵梯度形成的熵层流动有关。雷娟棉和曹家伟[10]数值模拟了Ma = 6条件下的圆锥体绕流,发现随着圆锥头部钝度增大,边界层转捩位置呈现出“N”型反转现象,原因可能是头部钝度增大到一定值后引起头部激波后的熵层高度显著增大。
对于高超声速边界层,壁温对转捩的影响是复杂的。在高超声速下,分布在模型整个表面上的加热会使第一模态不稳定、第二模态稳定,而冷却则使第一模态稳定、第二模态不稳定[11-12]。Demetriades[13]在Ma = 8条件下对圆锥冷却壁面进行实验研究,发现壁温降低会使第二模态波增长率增加。Stetson和Kimmel [14]在Ma = 8条件下进行风洞试验,发现降低壁温可以促进转捩。Siddiqui等[15]在Ma = 6条件下,研究了扩口锥冷却壁上的边界层转捩,发现降低壁温会使转捩位置提前且使不稳定波频率增大。Zhu等[16-17]在马赫数6、壁温比(头部温度Tw与来流总温T0之比)为0.66~1.77条件下,研究了圆锥加热壁上边界层的转捩。结果表明:一方面,增大壁温比最初会延迟转捩,但随后会在Tw/T0 = 1附近转为促进转捩;另一方面,与第二模态占主导地位的冷却壁条件相反,加热壁上第一模态主导了转捩。在数值计算方面,Lysenko等[12]和Kuehl[18]分别利用线性稳定性分析和热声理论预测出全局加热会抑制第二模态波的发展。Liu等[19]利用eN方法分析边界层的稳定性,研究了Ma = 6时壁温对转捩位置的影响,其结果表明:当壁温低于1200 K时,壁温越高,转捩位置越靠后;然而当壁温超过1200 K后,壁温升高反而使转捩位置前移,即促进了边界层转捩。与全局壁温相比,头部局部温度变化对转捩的影响趋势有所不同。Bountin等[20]在Ma = 5.95的高超声速风洞中研究了圆锥头部加热/冷却对边界层转捩的影响规律。结果表明:对于尖锥模型,头部加热会导致边界层流动失稳,头部冷却会使边界层流动更加稳定;而对于钝锥模型,情况恰好相反,头部加热抑制失稳,头部冷却促进失稳。
综上所述,壁温和头部钝度是影响高超声速圆锥边界层稳定性的重要因素。当前关于壁温对圆锥高超声速边界层影响的研究多以全局温度改变为主,而局部加热的影响与全局加热存在显著差异,且相关研究仍不够深入。此外,壁温与头部钝度的组合效应对圆锥高超声速边界层的影响也少有探讨。为探究头部温度与钝度的组合效应对圆锥高超声速边界层稳定性的作用机制及对不稳定波的影响规律,本文在半锥角为7°的圆锥模型上开展常规高超声速风洞实验,综合利用红外热成像和高频脉动压力传感器(PCB)技术,获取模型表面温度分布和不同测点的脉动压力数据,从而综合分析其对边界层转捩及扰动波发展的影响规律。
实验在南京航空航天大学高超声速风洞(NHW)中进行。NHW是一座喷管出口直径为500 mm的高压−真空、上吹下吸暂冲式高超声速风洞,如图1所示。NHW配备有名义马赫数为4~8的轴对称高超声速型面喷管,通过更换喷管可以改变实验段气流马赫数。风洞运行时,实验段流场稳定时间为7~10 s,自由来流归一化脉动压力为2%。前期的流场检测实验和标模测力实验结果[21]表明,该风洞流场品质满足国军标(GJB4399—2002)对气动力试验速度场均匀性的要求。本文中实验马赫数为6,运行时总压范围为0.8~0.9 MPa,总温为500 K,单位雷诺数Re范围为7.45 × 106~7.55 × 106 m–1。
由于高超声速边界层对模型表面有较强的热交换和剪切作用,且湍流边界层比层流边界层更明显,因此可以通过测量模型表面温升来判断转捩位置。实验中,为获取完整的圆锥表面红外图像,采用红外相机对圆锥模型表面温度进行测量,如图2所示,其中红外相机(FLIR T630sc)置于驻室顶部,以拍摄模型上表面。该相机帧率为30 Hz,分辨率640像素 × 480像素,热灵敏度(NETD)小于30 mK,光谱波长范围为 7.5~14 µm,测量精度优于1%。
高频压力脉动测试系统主要包括高频脉动压力传感器和高频数据采集器。本文采用PCB 132B38 型压电传感器,其测量频率f范围为11~1000 kHz,最小压力分辨率为7 Pa。数据采集系统采用NIPXIe-6376采集卡,其采样频率最高可达3.5 MHz。本次实验设定采样频率为3 MHz,风洞稳定运行时间约8 s,从中选取0.1 s的数据进行分析。对高频脉动压力时域信号的处理流程为:首先进行11~1 000 kHz带通滤波,然后计算功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density, PSD)。本文采用Welch方法计算功率谱密度,窗函数采用Blackman窗,快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT)的长度为2048,重叠率为50%,即频率分辨率约为1464 Hz。
实验采用7°半锥角圆锥模型,其底部直径为110 mm,如图3所示,坐标系原点O位于圆锥头部,x轴沿圆锥中心轴方向,y轴垂直于x轴向下。模型采用三段式设计,头部可更换以改变钝度。如图4所示,模型头部采用不锈钢材料,可耐受高温来流,并能快速传热,图中从上到下分别为R < 50 μm的尖锥和R = 0.5、2、5 mm的钝头。加热棒布置于头部(即第一段),模型主体表面温度保持在室温Tw ≈ 300 K,实验在不同的头部温度(300、450、550和650 K)下进行。头部温度与来流温度之比Tw/T0分别为0.6、0.9、1.1、1.3,取Tw/T0 = 0.6时为基本状态。中间段采用聚酰亚胺(PI)材料,可承受400 ℃高温而不产生热变形,且具有很低的热导率,可以阻止头部温度向下游传递;第三段采用聚醚醚酮(PEEK)材料。2种材料的红外发射率均为0.95,可用于红外热成像研究。如图5所示,红外相机拍摄了未吹风时4种头部温度下模型表面从头部沿母线L的温度(T)变化。当头部加热到450、550和650 K时,模型整体温度会发生变化,但最大温度波动不超过4 K。
在头部加热的情况下,由于表面的热变形,不锈钢头部与聚酰亚胺制成的第二段锥体部分的连接处会形成台阶。Bountin等[20]在尺寸相近的圆锥模型上用薄圆环在头部与锥体的连接部分模拟台阶,结果表明:当台阶高度为0.12 mm时,没有观察到对边界层脉动的影响。由于本实验中热变形引起的最大台阶高度不超过0.01 mm,因此其影响可忽略。
为捕捉边界层内扰动波的特征频率,沿圆锥母线共安装了12个PCB压力传感器,各测点与头部的轴向距离如表1所示。
PID(Proportional-Integral-Derivative)控温系统在工程中应用最为广泛,其结构简单、稳定性好、工作可靠、调整方便。本实验中PID参数设置为:比例带P = 50.1,积分时间I = 12,微分时间D = 3。图6为PID控制图,热电偶置于模型头部,实时采集头部温度并将信号反馈到PID控制器,从而调整加热棒温度,以达到控制头部温度的目的。本实验中将模型头部加热到450、550和650 K所需时间分别约60、90和140 s,PID控制器温度显示的时间分辨率为1 s。为验证在风洞运行时头部温度的恒定性,PID系统采集了风洞运行时的头部温度随时间t的变化(图7),结果显示,整个运行过程中温度变化最大为 ± 4 K,相对于设定值的最大误差约为1.3%。
为证明本文实验结果可信,对风洞实验结果进行重复性验证。选取尖锥模型,在来流单位雷诺数Re = 7.44 × 106 m−1条件下,分别对流向位置x = 180、240和380 mm处,使用PCB得到Tw/T0 = 0.6、0.9、1.1、1.3这4种工况下各5车次(No. 1~5)的脉动压力功率谱密度,并用红外相机在Tw/T0 = 0.9工况下记录5车次的模型表面温度变化。图8为PCB测得的4种Tw/T0下3个不同流向位置的压力脉动结果。可以看出,对于同一工况下不同车次实验,流向位置上各测点处压力脉动PSD的幅值曲线吻合较好。图9为红外相机测量的Tw/T0 = 0.9工况下不同车次的表面温升(ΔT)分布图(取流场稳定时模型表面温度分布与流场建立前静态温度的差值,下同)。可以看出,同一工况下不同车次实验,模型表面温升一致。综上,该风洞实验测量结果的重复性较好。
图10为4种Tw/T0下尖锥模型表面温升(ΔT)的分布图,第1测点处的PCB传感器未在镜头内,第2、3、6和第7测点处的PCB传感器损坏。4种Tw/T0下,模型表面温升沿周向均匀分布,模型表面温升最高的区域出现在模型头部,且沿模型流向逐渐降低。图11为圆锥表面中心线温升分布。PCB正常工作会产生热量且为金属材质,红外相机无法准确拍摄其表面温度变化,为了跳过传感器位置,温升图采用点线图表示。由于圆锥的轴对称性,边界层厚度沿流向逐渐增大,使得壁面的剪切作用被边界层流动减弱,导致模型表面温度沿流向逐渐降低。Tw/T0 = 0.6、0.9时模型的表面温升低于Tw/T0 = 1.1、1.3时。对于4种Tw/T0,在模型x = 400 mm附近温升均开始增大,该处即为转捩起始位置。受传感器安装位置所限,未能采集到x = 400 mm之后区域的边界层压力脉动。
结合沿母线布置的PCB对边界层内不稳定波进行测量。图12为尖锥在基本状态(Tw/T0 = 0.6)下沿流向的脉动压力功率谱。从图12中可以看出,在x = 180 mm处,出现了f = 300~400 kHz的高频不稳定波。沿流向向后,频谱振幅逐渐增大,峰值频率逐渐减小,频带范围逐渐变宽。Maslov等[22] 在相似的实验条件下,测得了特征频率为250~350 kHz的第二模态波。考虑到来流条件及设备差异,推断本实验测得的高频扰动波为第二模态波,本文主要研究4种壁温比对第二模态波的影响。
进一步分析Tw/T0对不同流向位置第二模态扰动波的影响。x = 180 mm处的PCB处于加热区域的后方,与基本状态(Tw/T0 = 0.6)相比,在Tw/T0 = 0.9、1.1和1.3时,该位置传感器采集到的脉动压力功率谱密度在高频区域(300~400 kHz)的幅值显著增加,如图13(a)所示。
在x = 240 mm处观察到了更为明显的现象,如图13(b)所示,在f = 220~390 kHz范围内出现了明显的第二模态波。Tw/T0 = 0.6时,第二模态波幅值最小;随着头部温度升高,Tw/T0增大,第二模态波幅值和带宽均有明显增加;Tw/T0 = 1.3时幅值最大、频带最宽。同时观察到,随着Tw/T0增大,f = 70~200 kHz范围内的压力脉动PSD也明显增大,说明加热使扰动发展越来越不稳定。
如图13(c)所示,在x = 380 mm处,第二模态波更加明显,但与基本状态(Tw/T0 = 0.6)相比,加热对第二模态波的影响较弱。然而,在f = 70~200 kHz范围内,Tw/T0 = 1.1、1.3时比Tw/T0 = 0.6、0.9时功率谱密度大。在x = 400 mm处也观察到相似现象(图中未给出)。Bountin等[20]在来流总温为360~418 K时将尖锥头部加热到440 K,同样发现头部加热对模型尾端高频不稳定波幅值影响较小。由于来流总温不同,Bountin文中头部加热条件相当于本文中Tw/T0 = 0.97。本文在更高的Tw/T0(1.1、1.3)情况下,观察到了f = 70~200 kHz范围内PSD增大的现象。Bountin在相似的实验条件下,测得了特征频率范围为50~150 kHz的第一模态波,考虑到来流条件及设备差异,推断图13中f = 70~200 kHz范围内的扰动波为第一模态波。与x = 180和240 mm处不同,在x = 380 mm处,4种Tw/T0条件下均在f = 20~50 kHz范围内出现了低频峰值,这可能与风洞的低频噪声有关[23]。
为探究头部加热对尖锥第二模态波幅值增长的影响特性,引入第二模态波增长率−αi,其定义为:
$ - {\alpha _{{i}}}{\text{ = }}\frac{1}{2}\frac{{{\text{ln}}\left[ {D_{\mathrm{PS}}{{\left( f \right)}_{{x_2}}}/D_{\mathrm{PS}}{{\left( f \right)}_{{x_1}}}} \right]}}{{{x_2} - {x_1}}} $
式中:x为流向位置,DPS(f)x为位置x处第二模态波峰值频率对应的PSD值。
图14为不同Tw/T0下第二模态波增长率。随着Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.3,第二模态波增长率增大,表明头部温度升高促进了第二模态波的发展,并且随着流向位置向后,第二模态波增长率越来越小。头部加热会使头部附近边界层厚度增大,在头部加热之后的下游区域,壁面附近的边界层温度大于壁面温度,边界层厚度减小、变平坦,此时壁面相对于边界层是一个冷壁[24]。根据线性稳定性理论,这会导致第一模态增长率降低和第二模态增长率增大[11-12, 23-24]。而在图13中却发现,头部加热使得第一模态变得不稳定,Bountin等[20]同样发现尖锥头部加热会增大第一模态幅值。导致第一模态变得不稳定的原因暂时还不清楚,后续还需进一步的研究。
为了进一步分析Tw/T0变化对高频不稳定波振幅的影响,利用功率谱密度分布积分的均方根来定义对应频带范围内的不稳定波振幅。不同流向位置处高频不稳定波的频率范围不同,所以积分范围也不同。将功率谱峰值开始增大处的频率定为积分初始频率,其下降至再次增大处所对应频率定为积分结束频率。为确保结果准确,每种Tw/T0条件下均对重复性实验中的10段PSD结果进行积分,并计算其均值和标准差。图15为不同Tw/T0下高频不稳定波振幅(p′)沿母线的分布。在模型中前段(x < 360 mm),随着Tw/T0增大,高频不稳定波振幅显著增大。而在模型后段(x ≥ 360 mm),Tw/T0增大对幅值影响很小,且观察到振幅沿母线已经增长到饱和的现象。
综上,对于尖锥来说,Tw/T0的增大会逐渐促进第二模态波的发展,其原因可能是头部加热增大了第二模态波的增长率,从而使第二模态波幅值增大。头部加热引起下游边界层厚度减小和平坦化,使不稳定区域变宽,增强了第二模态波的积分放大效应,从而导致转捩位置提前。
图16为4种Tw/T0下R = 0.5 mm圆锥模型表面温升分布图。与尖锥相似,4种壁温比下,模型表面温升沿周向均匀分布,模型表面温升最高的区域出现在模型头部,且沿流向逐渐降低。结合图17的圆锥表面中心线温升分布可知,随着Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.3,模型表面温升呈增大趋势,且均在模型x = 400 mm附近开始增大,此处即为转捩起始位置。
图18(a)为x = 180 mm处PCB测得的脉动压力功率谱密度。在f = 220~290 kHz的高频范围内,与尖锥相比,基本状态(Tw/T0 = 0.6)下的第二模态波幅值减小,这与头部钝度增大有关[25-29]。当Tw/T0增大到0.9时,第二模态波幅值基本不变;当Tw/T0继续增大到1.1和1.3时,第二模态波幅值略微降低,但此流向位置位于模型前部,第二模态波尚未充分发展。图18(b)为x = 240 mm处的功率谱密度。由图可见,在f = 215~350 kHz的高频范围内出现了第二模态波,当Tw/T0增大到0.9时,第二模态波的幅值减小;当Tw/T0继续增大到1.1时,第二模态波基本不受影响;但当Tw/T0增大到1.3时,第二模态波幅值反而增大。图18(c)为x = 320 mm处的功率谱密度,其变化趋势与x = 240 mm处相同,即随着Tw/T0增大,第二模态波幅值先减小后增大。与x = 240 mm处相比,x = 320 mm处4种Tw/T0下第二模态波幅值均增大,且幅值对应频率左移,这与随着沿流向发展的边界层变厚有关。
对于R = 0.5 mm的圆锥,随着Tw/T0增大,第二模态波幅值先降低后增大。Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.1,第二模态波幅值降低,这可能与圆锥从尖锥变为钝锥后在头部附近形成熵层有关。熵层的存在会使圆锥边界层内扰动稳定,而Tw/T0的增大可能使熵层对边界层的稳定作用增强,因此当Tw/T0从0.6增大至1.1时,第二模态波受到抑制。Bountin[20]在R = 0.75 mm的圆锥上同样观察到了头部加热(Tw/T0换算到本实验中为0.97)对第二模态波的抑制作用。本实验在更高的Tw/T0(1.3)条件下,观察到了头部加热对第二模态波的促进作用。如图18(c)所示,在f = 50~180 kHz范围内,功率谱密度明显增大。高超声速圆锥边界层内存在除第二模态外的多种扰动,推测可能是Tw/T0 = 1.1~1.3时促进了更低频模态的发展,同时更低频模态的不稳定激发了第二模态的不稳定,使第二模态波幅值增大。
随着流向位置向后,Tw/T0的增大对第二模态波的影响减弱。在x = 360~400 mm处的功率谱密度图中均能观察到明显的第二模态波峰值,但3种加热状态下对第二模态的影响均较弱。
图19为不同Tw/T0下高频不稳定波振幅沿母线的分布。在模型前段(x ≤ 240 mm),Tw/T0增大对高频不稳定波振幅影响不大,各个Tw/T0下振幅基本相同。而在模型中后段(x > 240 mm),Tw/T0 = 0.6和1.3时的振幅和增长率更大。与尖锥不同的是,并未观察到振幅沿母线增长到饱和的现象。
综上,对于R = 0.5 mm的圆锥,头部加热对第二模态波的影响出现了与尖锥不一样的现象。当Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.1时,头部加热表现为对第二模态波的抑制;当Tw/T0从1.1增大到1.3时,则表现为对第二模态波的促进。反转现象的出现可能与圆锥从尖锥变为钝锥后在头部附近形成熵层有关。随着Tw/T0增大,熵层对边界层的稳定作用增强,当Tw/T0从1.1增大到1.3时,头部加热对更低频模态的促进使得第二模态波幅值增大。
图20为4种Tw/T0下,R = 2 mm圆锥模型的表面温升(ΔT)分布。4种Tw/T0下,模型表面温升沿周向均匀分布,模型表面温升最高的区域出现在模型头部,且沿流向逐渐降低。结合圆锥表面温升分布(图21)可以发现:随着Tw/T0增大,圆锥模型表面温升逐渐增大,且直至模型尾部仍未出现温升突然增大的现象。因此可以判断,4种Tw/T0条件下圆锥表面均未发生转捩。
头部钝度为2 mm时不同Tw/T0条件下的脉动压力功率谱密度如图22所示。在x = 180 mm处(图22(a)),200~350 kHz区域内4种Tw/T0条件下均未出现峰值,说明第二模态波在此处尚未发展。在x = 260 mm处(图22(b)),高频区域(220~270 kHz)出现微弱的第二模态波,Tw/T0 = 0.9、1.1、1.3条件下的幅值与基本状态相近。
如图22(c)所示,在x = 400 mm处,出现了明显的第二模态波。Tw/T0从0.6增大到0.9时,第二模态波幅值和带宽均降低;而Tw/T0从0.9增大到1.1时,第二模态波幅值继续降低;Tw/T0继续增大至1.3时,第二模态波幅值反而增大。因此,随着Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.3,第二模态波先被抑制后被促进。与x = 260 mm处不同,x = 400 mm处功率谱密度在低频区域(30~50 kHz)出现了峰值,且3种加热状态的Tw/T0与基本状态的情况相似。与尖锥和R = 0.5 mm的情况不同,当R = 2 mm时,增大Tw/T0在x = 400 mm处仍能明显影响第二模态波幅值。
图23为不同Tw/T0下高频不稳定波振幅沿母线分布。在模型中前段(x ≤ 340 mm),Tw/T0对高频不稳定波振幅影响不大,各个Tw/T0下振幅基本相同。而在模型中后段(x > 340 mm),Tw/T0 = 1.3时的振幅和增长率与基本状态基本相同,Tw/T0 = 0.9和1.1时的振幅和增长率更小,且4种Tw/T0状态下均未观察到振幅沿母线已经增长到饱和的现象。
图24为4种Tw/T0下R = 5 mm圆锥模型的表面温升(ΔT)分布图。由图可见:4种Tw/T0下,模型表面温升沿周向均匀分布,模型表面温升最高的区域出现在模型头部,且沿流向逐渐降低。图25为圆锥表面中心线温升分布,与尖锥和小钝度圆锥相比,对于R = 5 mm的圆锥,随着Tw/T0增大,模型表面温升逐渐减小,其原因可能是头部钝度增大引起边界层厚度增大,从而使得边界层内温度增长缓慢。当Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.3时,圆锥模型表面温升降低。但直至模型尾部仍未出现温升突然增大的现象,因此可以判断4种Tw/T0条件下圆锥表面均未发生转捩。
对于R = 5 mm圆锥,在x = 180 mm处的高频区域未观察到第二模态波(图26(a));x = 240 和260 mm处的情况与x = 180 mm处相似。在x = 340 mm处,如图26(b)所示,在f = 250~310 kHz的高频区域出现了第二模态波,Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.1时,峰值逐渐降低,继续增大Tw/T0至1.3时,第二模态波幅值基本不变。与R = 0.5 和 2 mm的情况不同,在R = 5 mm条件下,Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.3表现为对第二模态波发展趋势的抑制。如图26(c)所示,在x = 400 mm处,f = 240~310 kHz高频范围内出现了第二模态波。与基本状态相比,3种加热状态(Tw/T0 = 0.9、1.1和1.3)的第二模态波幅值更低,且3种状态之间差异不明显,这说明加热抑制了第二模态波。在R = 5 mm的圆锥上,更不容易观察到头部温度变化对不稳定波的影响,且未出现头部加热对第二模态波幅值的反转效应。
图27为不同Tw/T0下高频不稳定波振幅沿母线的分布。由图可见:4种Tw/T0下,高频不稳定波振幅的增长率均较小。在模型中前段(x ≤ 340 mm),Tw/T0 = 0.9、1.1和1.3条件下的振幅基本相同,且均小于基本状态;而在模型后段(x > 360 mm),基本状态下的振幅明显高于3种加热状态。
综上,R = 5 mm的圆锥出现了与尖锥(R < 50 mm)和小钝度圆锥(R = 0.5和2 mm)不同的现象。对于R = 5 mm的圆锥,随着Tw/T0增大,第二模态波受到抑制,且未观察到Tw/T0增大对第二模态波幅值的反转影响。原因可能是随着圆锥头部钝度增大,头部激波后的熵层高度增大,熵层区域增大,使得熵层对边界层的稳定作用增强,同时熵层内的高频扰动也对边界层内第二模态波产生了抑制。随着Tw/T0增大,上述2种作用可能更加明显,从而使得在R = 5 mm圆锥上,随着Tw/T0增大,第二模态波幅值逐渐降低,且未发生幅值反转现象。
本文通过红外热成像和PCB技术,对圆锥头部温度和钝度对高超声速边界层中扰动波脉动发展的综合影响进行了实验研究,获得了头部加热以及头部温度和钝度的组合对圆锥高超声速边界层内不稳定波的影响规律。主要结论如下:
1) 在尖锥情况下,随着Tw/T0增大,第二模态波幅值与基本状态相比显著增加,低频区域(70~200 kHz)功率谱密度增大,头部加热明显促进了第二模态波的发展,其原因可能是头部温度的升高使第二模态波增长率增大,从而引起幅值增大。第二模态波的不稳定可能导致转捩位置提前。
2)对于小钝度圆锥(R = 0.5和2 mm),随着Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.3,对第二模态波先抑制后促进。圆锥由尖锥变为带钝度圆锥,头部附近形成熵层。随着Tw/T0从0.6增大到1.1,第二模态波被抑制,这可能源于熵层对边界层稳定作用的加强;而Tw/T0从1.1增大到1.3时,则可能是头部温度升高促进了更低频模态的发展,从而使第二模态波幅值增大。
3)对于大钝度圆锥(R = 5 mm),未观察到头部加热对第二模态波幅值的反转影响,即随着头部温度升高,第二模态波幅值逐渐降低,头部加热抑制了第二模态波。可能原因是头部钝度更大,熵层区域更大,熵层对边界层的稳定作用更强;同时熵层内高频扰动进入边界层,可能会对边界层内第二模态波产生抑制。随着Tw/T0增大,上述2种作用可能更加明显,从而使得在R = 5 mm圆锥上,随着Tw/T0增大,第二模态波幅值逐渐降低。
4)随着圆锥头部钝度增大,高频不稳定波振幅逐渐降低,且振幅沿流向更不容易增长至饱和。

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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230139
  • 接收时间:2023-10-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-26
  • 修回日期:2023-11-25
  • 录用日期:2023-12-21
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    1南京航空航天大学 航空学院, 南京 210016
    2南京航空航天大学 非定常空气动力学与流动控制工业和信息化部重点实验室, 南京 210016
    3南京航空航天大学 航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室, 南京 210016

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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