Article(id=1320176789020848892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, issueId=1320176652034880125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11729/syltlx20230120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694966400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-18, revisedDate=1697817600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-21, acceptedDate=1700064000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-16, onlineDate=1792684274200, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684274200, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684274200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684274200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320176652034880125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684241540, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684241540, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176789222175485, articleId=1320176789020848892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=EN, title=The linear control characteristic of the multi-wall passive fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle, columnId=1320167299898786564, journalTitle=Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, columnName=Experimental Equipment and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The thrust vectoring technology is the key technology of high-performance aircraft, which can be divided into the mechanical and the fluidic thrust vectoring technology. The fluidic thrust vectoring technology has advantages of simple structure, fast deflection response and low energy consumption, so it has been widely studied. However the problems of jump and nonlinearity of the control law exist in the current rectangular fluidic thrust vectoring nozzles. Meanwhile the maximum deflection angle is small, which seriously limits the engineering application of this technology. A new type of the rectangular multi-wall passive thrust vectoring nozzle is developed in this paper. In order to figure out whether this new nozzle can realize the vector control of the jet with high linearity and larger deflection angle, two control strategies of the multi-section wall under multi-wall passive secondary flow and the variation of the initial passive secondary flow rate are employed. The characteristics of the dynamics and flow field of the jet are studied by means of experiment and numerical simulation. The results show that these control methods improve the linearity of the control law of the force vector angle, and the effective deflection force vector angle is increased. The linearity of the control law increases from 62% to 90.8%, and the maximum deflection force vector angle increases from 18° to 22°. When the initial inlet and outlet area ratio of the passive secondary flow is 1.16, the line-arity is further increased to 94.9%. It is found that there is no obvious separation bubble structure near the wall of the nozzle during jet deflection, which preliminarily explains the principle of the linear continuous control law of the nozzle.

, authors=Yi WANG, Yunsong GU*, Yuhang ZHOU, Nanxing SHI, authorsList=Yi WANG, Yunsong GU, Yuhang ZHOU, Nanxing SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunsong GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176808088155070, articleId=1320176789020848892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, language=CN, title=分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管线性控制特性研究, columnId=1320167300033004294, journalTitle=实验流体力学, columnName=实验设备与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

推力矢量技术是目前高性能飞行器的关键技术之一,按实现原理可分为机械式和流体式。流体式推力矢量技术因结构简单、偏转响应快、能耗小得到了广泛关注。然而,现有的矩形流体式推力矢量喷管存在控制规律突跳、非线性的问题,同时偏转角度有限,限制了该技术的工程应用。本文设计了一种新型的矩形分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管,通过多段壁板的“阶梯式”二次流控制和改变初始被动二次流控制量2种控制策略,探究该新型喷管能否实现射流高线性度、大偏转角的矢量控制。采用实验和数值模拟相结合的手段对该喷管射流偏转的力学特性和流场特性开展研究。研究结果表明:该分段式矢量喷管通过“阶梯式”二次流控制提高了力矢量角变化曲线的线性度,增大了可控偏转角度,线性度由62%提高到90.8%,最大射流偏转力矢量角从18°增大到22°;当被动二次流的初始进出气面积比为1.16时,线性度进一步提高到94.9%;此外,在射流偏转过程中,近壁面未出现明显的分离泡结构,初步解释了该喷管实现线性连续控制射流偏转的原理。

, authors=王怡, 顾蕴松*, 周宇航, 史楠星, authorsList=王怡, 顾蕴松, 周宇航, 史楠星, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=顾蕴松, authorNote=

王怡(1999—),女,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学,流动控制。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:.
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《实验流体力学》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wUMJX8TuK0hy36fVl0Byww==, magXml=k9zn7PKjSFmvpxifKih9sg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HeVapss07YcCTLEJCK5eQA==, pdfFileSize=20367887, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XAbKvuyngwNoynhJB5l4Yw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=O7a1TbL+Nk0taw+HsgwwVQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320176810160141251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yiiwang@nuaa.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320176810239833029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, authorId=1320176810160141251, language=EN, stringName=Yi WANG, firstName=Yi, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Unsteady Aerodynamics and Flow Control, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320176810323719110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, authorId=1320176810160141251, language=CN, stringName=王怡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=南京航空航天大学 航空学院 非定常空气动力学与流动控制工业和信息化部重点实验室,南京 210016, bio={"content":"

王怡(1999—),女,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学,流动控制。E-mail:

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王怡(1999—),女,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学,流动控制。E-mail:

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articleId=1320176789020848892, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=线性控制), Keyword(id=1320176811707839455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=射流流动特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1320176816912969743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=賈東兵. 关于推力矢量控制技术的探讨[J]. 航空动力, 2018(3): 25-27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320176816984272912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, 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Structure parameter of the Baseline nozzle

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喷管结构参数基准模型1基准模型2
内喷管段高度n/mm3030
内喷管段宽度w/mm150150
Coanda壁板长度a/mm6060
Coanda壁板倾角θ 18° 30°
), ArticleFig(id=1320176816191549446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准喷管模型结构参数表

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喷管结构参数基准模型1基准模型2
内喷管段高度n/mm3030
内喷管段宽度w/mm150150
Coanda壁板长度a/mm6060
Coanda壁板倾角θ 18° 30°
), ArticleFig(id=1320176816250269703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structure parameter table of the multi-wall passive fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle

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喷管结构参数值
内喷管段高度h/mm30
内喷管段宽度w/mm150
一段Coanda壁板长度a115
二段Coanda壁板长度a215
三段Coanda壁板长度a330
一段Coanda壁板倾角θ1 18°
二段Coanda壁板倾角θ2 24°
三段Coanda壁板倾角θ3 30°
), ArticleFig(id=1320176816325767176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管结构参数表

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喷管结构参数值
内喷管段高度h/mm30
内喷管段宽度w/mm150
一段Coanda壁板长度a115
二段Coanda壁板长度a215
三段Coanda壁板长度a330
一段Coanda壁板倾角θ1 18°
二段Coanda壁板倾角θ2 24°
三段Coanda壁板倾角θ3 30°
), ArticleFig(id=1320176816388681737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Distribution of the wall pressure tap ($ l=0.054\ \mathrm{m} $)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测压孔编号上、下壁面位置(x/l)
10.09
20.15
30.21
40.35
50.41
60.47
70.61
80.68
90.74
100.81
110.87
120.94
), ArticleFig(id=1320176816472567818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

壁面测压孔位分布($ l=0.054\ \mathrm{m} $)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测压孔编号上、下壁面位置(x/l)
10.09
20.15
30.21
40.35
50.41
60.47
70.61
80.68
90.74
100.81
110.87
120.94
), ArticleFig(id=1320176816548065291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849854269554754, articleId=1320176789020848892, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Static calibration performance of the balance

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质量设计载荷准度/%精度/%
Fx3 kg0.310.21
Fy10 kg0.430.19
Fz3 kg0.400.11
Mx1 kg·m0.300.22
My1 kg·m0.460.24
Mz2 kg·m0.300.17
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天平静校准性能

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质量设计载荷准度/%精度/%
Fx3 kg0.310.21
Fy10 kg0.430.19
Fz3 kg0.400.11
Mx1 kg·m0.300.22
My1 kg·m0.460.24
Mz2 kg·m0.300.17
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Closed condition of valves in different jet states (○ represents that the valve is opened, while × represents that the valve is closed)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
射流偏转状态U1U2U3D1D2D3
中立○○○○○○
一段上偏 × ○○○○○
二段上偏 × × ○○○○
三段上偏 × × × ○○○
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不同射流状态下的阀门状态(○代表阀门开, × 代表阀门关)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
射流偏转状态U1U2U3D1D2D3
中立○○○○○○
一段上偏 × ○○○○○
二段上偏 × × ○○○○
三段上偏 × × × ○○○
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分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管线性控制特性研究
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王怡 , 顾蕴松 * , 周宇航 , 史楠星
实验流体力学 | 实验设备与方法 2026,40(2): 60-71
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实验流体力学 |实验设备与方法 2026 , 40 (2) : 60 -71
分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管线性控制特性研究
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王怡 , 顾蕴松* , 周宇航, 史楠星
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学 航空学院 非定常空气动力学与流动控制工业和信息化部重点实验室,南京 210016
通讯作者:
作者简介:

王怡(1999—),女,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:实验流体力学,流动控制。E-mail:

The linear control characteristic of the multi-wall passive fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle
Yi WANG , Yunsong GU* , Yuhang ZHOU, Nanxing SHI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Unsteady Aerodynamics and Flow Control, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230120
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推力矢量技术是目前高性能飞行器的关键技术之一,按实现原理可分为机械式和流体式。流体式推力矢量技术因结构简单、偏转响应快、能耗小得到了广泛关注。然而,现有的矩形流体式推力矢量喷管存在控制规律突跳、非线性的问题,同时偏转角度有限,限制了该技术的工程应用。本文设计了一种新型的矩形分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管,通过多段壁板的“阶梯式”二次流控制和改变初始被动二次流控制量2种控制策略,探究该新型喷管能否实现射流高线性度、大偏转角的矢量控制。采用实验和数值模拟相结合的手段对该喷管射流偏转的力学特性和流场特性开展研究。研究结果表明:该分段式矢量喷管通过“阶梯式”二次流控制提高了力矢量角变化曲线的线性度,增大了可控偏转角度,线性度由62%提高到90.8%,最大射流偏转力矢量角从18°增大到22°;当被动二次流的初始进出气面积比为1.16时,线性度进一步提高到94.9%;此外,在射流偏转过程中,近壁面未出现明显的分离泡结构,初步解释了该喷管实现线性连续控制射流偏转的原理。

无源流体推力矢量  /  被动二次流控制  /  分段式喷管  /  线性控制  /  射流流动特性

The thrust vectoring technology is the key technology of high-performance aircraft, which can be divided into the mechanical and the fluidic thrust vectoring technology. The fluidic thrust vectoring technology has advantages of simple structure, fast deflection response and low energy consumption, so it has been widely studied. However the problems of jump and nonlinearity of the control law exist in the current rectangular fluidic thrust vectoring nozzles. Meanwhile the maximum deflection angle is small, which seriously limits the engineering application of this technology. A new type of the rectangular multi-wall passive thrust vectoring nozzle is developed in this paper. In order to figure out whether this new nozzle can realize the vector control of the jet with high linearity and larger deflection angle, two control strategies of the multi-section wall under multi-wall passive secondary flow and the variation of the initial passive secondary flow rate are employed. The characteristics of the dynamics and flow field of the jet are studied by means of experiment and numerical simulation. The results show that these control methods improve the linearity of the control law of the force vector angle, and the effective deflection force vector angle is increased. The linearity of the control law increases from 62% to 90.8%, and the maximum deflection force vector angle increases from 18° to 22°. When the initial inlet and outlet area ratio of the passive secondary flow is 1.16, the line-arity is further increased to 94.9%. It is found that there is no obvious separation bubble structure near the wall of the nozzle during jet deflection, which preliminarily explains the principle of the linear continuous control law of the nozzle.

fluidic thrust vectoring of passive flow  /  passive secondary flow control  /  multi-wall nozzle  /  linear control  /  jet flow characteristic
王怡, 顾蕴松, 周宇航, 史楠星. 分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管线性控制特性研究. 实验流体力学, 2026 , 40 (2) : 60 -71 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230120
Yi WANG, Yunsong GU, Yuhang ZHOU, Nanxing SHI. The linear control characteristic of the multi-wall passive fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2026 , 40 (2) : 60 -71 . DOI: 10.11729/syltlx20230120
推力矢量技术(Thrust Vectoring Control, TVC)是目前高机动战斗机必备的关键技术之一,它不仅能够为飞行器提供前飞所需的推力,还能提供矢量力和力矩,对飞行器进行姿态控制,从而显著提高飞行器的机动性、敏捷性和空中格斗能力[1]。
推力矢量技术根据实现原理可分为机械式和流体式2种。自二十世纪六七十年代以来,各国研究人员对机械式推力矢量技术进行了大量研究[2-6]。机械式推力矢量主要通过喷管型面的偏转来改变尾喷流的流动方向,从而产生直接的矢量推力。目前,国内外各种先进战机如F−22、F−35、苏−35、苏−37等都采用了机械式推力矢量喷管[7]。然而,机械式推力矢量喷管存在活动部件多、结构复杂、重量大、偏转响应慢等缺点,极大限制了其工程应用。与机械式推力矢量相比,流体式推力矢量技术凭借“结构简单、重量轻、偏转响应快、能耗低”等优点,逐渐受到研究者的广泛关注。流体式推力矢量技术目前主要分为4种类型[8]:激波矢量控制[9-11]、喉道偏斜控制[12-14]、逆向流控制[15-17]和同向流控制[18-19]。以上4种流体式推力矢量技术均需外接高压气源或从发动机引气主动产生二次流,这种“有源”控制方法会增大发动机负担和系统复杂程度,导致发动机推力损失、管路复杂、重量大,不利于流体推力矢量技术的进一步应用。因此,亟需开发一种无需主动能量注入的“无源”流体式推力矢量喷管,以克服上述“有源”流体推力矢量喷管的缺点,进一步推进流体推力矢量技术的应用转化。
2012年,肖中云等[20]提出了一种新型流体推力矢量技术,该技术采用射流自引射特性,通过限制被动二次流流量的方法实现了矢量化控制推力转向。这种采用被动二次流控制的方法喷管结构简化,重量减轻,能耗降低。顾蕴松团队[21-26]前期已对该流体式推力矢量喷管的力学特性、流动控制方法和控制机理展开了研究:顾蕴松等[21]研发了一种基于合成射流控制的喷管,射流最大偏角为15°,可实现比例控制;韩杰星[22]研究了控制缝及控制孔形式对无源流体矢量喷管性能的影响;温俊杰[23]研究了稳态射流流动特性以及射流偏转的流场特性和力学特性;针对无源流体推力矢量喷管,该团队研究人员还在热喷流、水下喷流等不同条件下开展了验证实验[24-25],并设计了无人验证机进行了飞行试验[26]。2022年,史楠星等[27]开发了一个同步力和流场测量系统,研究了射流偏转控制过程中流动结构的演变及其对矩形喷管壁面压力和喷管整体受力的影响。研究表明,分离泡的形成和破裂改变了近壁面的流动状态,破坏了近壁面的质量流量平衡,导致射流矢量角突跳,从而造成了非受控偏转。突跳是指喷管在控制射流偏转的过程中,矢量角突然迅速增大或减小的现象。它会使矢量喷管产生的控制力矩发生突变,可能会导致飞行器姿态突然改变,严重情况下会引发飞行事故。
为了更好地解决上述问题,受多段壁面研究[28-29]和多级环量控制[30]的启发,本文设计了一种基于Coanda效应的矩形分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管,通过分段式二次流控制和改变初始被动二次流控制量的方法来减缓突跳,提高控制曲线线性度,同时在一定程度上增大极限矢量控制角度。分段式控制是指沿流向设置多段倾斜壁面和多个被动二次流通道,依照一定顺序控制被动二次流通道的开闭,使射流完成多次偏转,即“阶梯式”偏转。本文采用实验和数值模拟2种方法,针对上述2种控制方法下喷管射流的力学特性、压力特性和流动结构开展研究,获得分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管的力矢量角线性控制曲线,分析该射流“阶梯式”偏转时的流场特性,总结不同附壁状态下的流动结构,为无源流体推力矢量技术的工程实际应用奠定基础。
首先对2种基准喷管模型的控制特性进行研究,作为新型喷管的对照实验。基准喷管模型有2种,一种是单段小偏角喷管(基准模型1),一种是单段大偏角喷管(基准模型2)。喷管结构如图1所示,图中O为内喷管出口中心,x轴为喷管水平方向,y轴为喷管宽度方向,z轴为喷管竖直方向。基准喷管模型主要由单段Coanda壁面和被动二次流通道组成,宽高比为5∶1,结构参数如表1所示。
基于多段短板代替传统单段长板的设计思路,重点设计了一种新型基于Coanda效应的分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管,如图2(a)所示。该模型主要由内喷管段、多段偏转Coanda壁面和多组被动二次流通道组成。内喷管段为二元直喷管,宽高比为5∶1。模型设置了3组不同参数的偏转Coanda壁面,结构参数如表2所示,每对壁面上皆设有一组被动二次流通道。通道的闭合度通过阀门控制,第一组上、下侧阀门分别为U1和D1,第二组为U2和D2,第三组为U3和D3,主要作用为进行分段式控制,实现主射流的“阶梯式”偏转。
对射流偏转情况下的静压腔和喷管壁面压力进行测量,其中静压腔测压孔位和壁面测压孔位如图2(b)所示,从喷管出口到喷管尾缘的静压腔编号分别为组1、组2、组3。喷管共24个壁面测压孔,上下侧各12个,从喷管出口到喷管尾缘依次编号为1~12,壁面测压孔具体位置如表3所示,坐标原点O位于喷管出口的中心处,l为喷管壁板总长度在x轴的投影。
实验在基于涵道风扇的小型射流发生装置中进行,射流速度为30 m/s,实验布局如图3所示。采用六分量盒式天平对喷管的力学特性进行测量,其性能参数如表4所示,其中Fx、Fy、Fz和Mx、My、Mz分别代表天平x、y、z方向的力和力矩。采用64通道压力传感器对喷管的静压腔及壁面压力进行测量,该传感器为美国SMI公司SMI−5652−001D差压传感器,量程为1000 Pa,测量精度为满量程的0.05%。通过烟流流动显示实验拍摄不同射流偏转状态下的烟流流动图像,拍摄帧率为3000 帧/s,实验装置包括高速相机、激光片光发生器和烟雾发生器。
利用数值模拟(CFD)来对喷管流场特性进行辅助研究。采用ANSYS Fluent对多段偏转壁板和不同被动二次流控制量下的低速射流进行数值模拟。选取Realizable k–ε湍流模型,喷管进口的入流速度设置为30 m/s,数值模拟网络与边界条件如图4所示。
考虑到设计的新型喷管模型上下对称,理论上射流上偏与下偏的流动结构相同,因此仅针对射流上偏进行研究。如图5所示,称射流从中立到偏转状态的过程为附壁过程、从偏转到中立状态的过程为离壁过程。分段式喷管的附壁过程中射流由中立逐渐上偏,上侧阀门U1、U2、U3依次关闭。离壁过程中射流由上偏状态回到中立,上侧阀门U3、U2、U1依次开启,下侧阀门D1、D2、D3完全开启。
先进行了网格无关性验证。压力系数${C_p}$定义为:
$ {C_p} = \frac{{p - {p_\infty }}}{{0.5{\rho _\infty }v_\infty ^2}} $
式中:$p$为当地静压,${p_\infty }$为环境大气压,${\rho _\infty }$为大气密度,${v_\infty }$为射流速度。
射流三段上偏时,对不同网格数量下的壁面压力分布进行了验证,结果如图6所示。结果显示,当网格数量N超过14.2万后,喷管的壁面压力的分布基本一致,因此最终选取网格整体数量为14.2万。
为了验证数值模拟所选湍流模型及所设边界条件的合理性,将设计的分段式喷管模型的实验测量数据与数值模拟得到的壁面压力分布结果进行了对比,结果如图7所示。结果表明,实验数据与计算结果吻合较好,说明选择的湍流模型及边界条件合适。其中,射流向上壁面偏转时,上侧壁面为附壁侧,下侧为离壁侧。
被动二次流的入口面积即阀门初始状态的开启面积。基准喷管的阀门闭合度${\delta _1}$定义为:
$ {\delta _1} = \frac{{\Delta S}}{{{S_1}}} $
式中:${S_1}$为单侧一个阀门初始状态的开启面积,$\Delta S$为单侧阀门与初始状态相比关闭的总面积。以射流上偏为例,$0 \leqslant {\delta _1} \leqslant 1$代表上侧阀门逐渐由开到关。
分段式喷管的阀门闭合度$\delta $定义为:
$ \delta = \frac{{\Delta S}}{S} $
式中:$S$为单侧3个阀门初始状态的开启总面积,$S = {S_1} + {S_2} + {S_3}$,$\Delta S$为单侧阀门与初始状态相比关闭的总面积。以射流上偏为例,下侧3个阀门在控制过程中保持开启状态不变,$0 \leqslant \delta \leqslant 0.33$表示上侧一段阀门U1逐渐由开到关(U2、U3完全开启);$0.33 \lt \delta \leqslant 0.67$表示上侧二段阀门U2逐渐由开到关(U1完全关闭,U3完全开启);$0.67<\delta \leqslant 1$表示上侧三段阀门U3逐渐由开到关(U1、U2完全关闭)。
为了研究不同阀门初始状态对力矢量角变化曲线的影响,通过改变被动二次流的入口面积,即上下侧6个阀门的初始开启面积(上下侧6个阀门初始开启面积相同),定义初始进出气面积比$\varepsilon $为:
$ \varepsilon = \frac{{S'}}{{{S_{\mathrm{O}}}}} $
式中:$S'$为改变后的被动二次流入口面积,$S' = {S_1}^\prime + {S_2}^\prime + {S_3}^\prime $,即单侧3个阀门初始开启总面积,${S_{\mathrm{O}}}$为上侧被动二次流通道的出口面积,如图8所示。
本节对单段喷管力矢量角的突跳现象进行研究,以得到单段基准喷管模型的力学特性,作为分段式喷管特性的对照组。
射流力矢量角${\theta _F}$定义为:
$ {\theta _F} = \arctan \frac{{{F_z}}}{{{F_x}}} $
线性度计算方法如下:首先采用最小二乘法对控制曲线进行线性拟合,射流力矢量角最大偏差($ \Delta\theta_{F,\max} $)与射流力矢量角满量程输出($ \theta_{F,\max} $)的百分比即为非线性度。进一步地,线性度$\gamma $定义为:
$ \gamma = 1 - \frac{{\Delta {\theta _{F,\max }}}}{\theta_{F,\max} } \times 100\% $
图9给出了单段基准模型1和基准模型2的矢量角变化曲线。图中横坐标为阀门闭合度${\delta _1}$,纵坐标为射流的力矢量角${\theta _F}$。黑色实线为阀门逐渐关闭时射流附壁过程的力矢量控制规律,红色虚线为阀门逐渐打开时射流离壁过程的力矢量控制规律。
从图9中能够看出,单段基准模型1(壁角为18°)在阀门闭合度$0 \leqslant {\delta _1} \leqslant 0.2$时,射流力矢量角${\theta _F}$从0°增大到3°;在$0.2<{\delta _1} \leqslant 0.3$时,${\theta _F}$随着${\delta _1}$的增大迅速从3°突跃至16°;在${\delta _1} \gt 0.3$后,${\theta _F}$随着${\delta _1}$的增大变化缓慢,最大力矢量角为18°,力矢量角控制规律的线性度为$ 62\% $。这说明单段小偏角的基准模型1在射流偏转控制曲线中存在明显的突跳问题。随着阀门闭合度${\delta _1}$的变化,单段基准模型2(壁角为30°)的射流力矢量角${\theta _F}$始终较小。说明单段大偏角的喷管随着阀门的控制,射流一直保持中立状态,表明基准模型2由于壁角过大,射流偏转控制失效。
根据实验结果,基础构型的单段无源流体推力矢量喷管在矢量控制中存在的主要问题有:单段小偏角的基准模型1在控制过程中存在突跳问题,而单段大偏角的基准模型2则存在控制失效现象。针对这些问题,本文设计了一种新型的无源流体推力矢量喷管,以实现削弱突跳的同时,又在一定程度上增大最大矢量角的目标。
下面对设计的新型分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管进行研究。该喷管的设计思路为:首先将单段偏转壁板分割为多段偏转壁板,各段壁板具有不同的偏转角度;然后在每段壁板上均布置被动二次流通道,通过依次控制各段被动二次流通道的开闭,实现射流的阶梯式偏转控制。不同射流状态下的阀门闭合度如表5所示。各个被动二次流通道的进出气面积比为1∶2.32。
分段式喷管模型如图2所示,按顺序控制U1、U2、U3,喷管产生的射流力矢量角${\theta _F}$的控制规律如图10所示。该分段式喷管矢量控制规律的线性度为90.8%,射流偏转的最大力矢量角$ \theta_{F,\max} $达到22°。但是,图10的结果表明,每段阀门控制初始阶段,力矢量角随阀门闭合度变化不大,控制曲线的斜率较小。这表明在这些控制区域内,喷管射流对被动二次流的变化不敏感,因此定义这3段区域为该分段式喷管的“控制死区”,即图10中①②③所示区域。
为了分析上述控制死区的成因,对该分段式喷管上、下侧被动二次流通道压差随阀门闭合度的变化规律进行了研究,结果如图11所示。被动二次流通道静压即静压腔的静压。
压差系数$ \Delta C_p $定义为:
$ \Delta {C_p} = {C_{p{\mathrm{d}}}} - {C_{p{\mathrm{u}}}} $
式中:${C_{p{\mathrm{d}}}}$为喷管下侧静压腔压力系数,${C_{p{\mathrm{u}}}}$为喷管上侧静压腔压力系数。
对比图10和11能够观察到:一段上下侧静压腔压差随阀门闭合度的变化趋势与控制曲线基本一致,在每段阀门控制的初始阶段,静压腔压差变化曲线上也存在一个控制死区,这也侧面反映了此时力矢量角没有变化,说明一段静压腔压差变化趋势能够直接反映分段式喷管力矢量角的变化。二段上、下侧静压腔压差在一段阀门闭合时变化缓慢,在二、三段阀门闭合后增大。三段上、下侧静压腔压差在一、二段阀门闭合时变化缓慢,仅在三段阀门闭合后增大。
除此之外,还对喷管的壁面压力分布情况进行了监测记录,结果如图12所示。图12中蓝色图例为射流一段上偏时的壁面压力分布,可见附壁侧存在负压,且沿壁面流向逐渐下降。红色图例为射流二段上偏时的壁面压力分布,与一段相比,附壁侧负压有较大提升,说明射流进一步偏转。在一、二段交接处存在壁板偏折,导致局部负压提升。绿色图例为射流三段上偏时壁面压力分布,其显示附壁侧负压进一步提升;从壁面流向压力分布可以看出,此时射流进一步偏转。通过上述不同射流偏转状态下的壁面压力分布可以看出:随着阀门的逐渐关闭,附壁侧负压逐渐增大,射流两侧压差逐渐增大,驱使射流逐步实现大角度偏转。
综上所述,该新型分段式喷管通过增加偏转壁板数目、设置多处被动二次流控制点位,得到了2个较好的射流矢量控制效果:一是提高了整体控制曲线线性度,$\gamma $由62%增大到90.8%;二是增大了偏转的最大可控角度,${\theta _{F,{\mathrm{max}}}}$由18°增大到22°。
尽管提出的新型分段式喷管拥有线性度高、最大矢量角大的优点,但在2.3节的研究中发现,该新型喷管在控制过程中仍然存在控制死区问题。为了探究能否进一步消除或减缓控制死区,增大控制的线性度,开展了分段式喷管的控制死区优化研究。
从2.3节的研究可知,射流发生偏转的驱动力来源于射流两侧的压差。而压差的改变与阀门闭合度直接相关。从图11可以看出,在3个控制死区中,射流两侧静压腔压差随阀门闭合度的增大没有明显变化。针对这一问题,在分段式喷管的基础上,提出了改变初始被动二次流控制量的方法。该方法通过改变所有阀门初始状态开启的总面积$S'$,来改变被动二次流的初始进、出气面积比$\varepsilon $。采用此方法可改变初始被动二次流流量,从而改变阀门控制射流偏转的敏感度。
选取不同的总面积$S'$进行研究,其初始进出气面积比$\varepsilon $分别为2.32、1.86、1.16。图13给出了分段式喷管在不同初始被动二次流控制量下的力矢量角变化曲线。阀门控制顺序为U1、U2、U3,控制U1、U2、U3使其总面积由初始状态$S'$逐渐减小至0;下侧3个阀门D1、D2、D3保持初始状态总面积$S'$不变。其中$\varepsilon = 2.32$的状态即为2.3节中喷管初始阀门完全开启的状态。结果表明,随着初始进出气面积比逐渐减小,射流的最大力矢量角逐渐减小,力矢量角的线性度有所提高。在$\varepsilon = 1.16$时,控制死区基本消除。
从图13可以看出,当初始进出气面积比较大时,最大力矢量角较大,但控制曲线的线性度较低;当初始进出气面积比较小时,线性度提高,但最大力矢量角减小。因此,为了平衡最大力矢量角和线性度,选取被动二次流$\varepsilon = 1.16$状态开展进一步研究。
图14给出了该分段式喷管模型在$\varepsilon = 1.16$时,射流附壁及离壁过程的力矢量角变化曲线,阀门控制顺序为U1、U2、U3。从图中能够看出:分段式喷管模型在$\varepsilon = 1.16$的状态下,控制曲线的突跳基本消除,线性度从2.3节的90.8%进一步提高到94.9%;偏转的最大力矢量角$ \theta_{F,\max}=19^{\circ} $,与2.3节相比略有下降。在此状态下,线性度有了进一步提升,“控制死区”基本消除。
图15是ε = 1.16状态下,分段式喷管模型各段上下侧静压腔压差随阀门闭合度的变化曲线。由图可见:此时一段上、下侧静压腔压差在各段阀门初始阶段的控制死区基本消除,与图14的控制曲线趋势类似。
本节通过改变初始被动二次流控制量的方法,进一步提高了控制的线性度。在被动二次流初始进出气面积比为$ 1.16$时,线性度从90.8%提高到94.9%,最大力矢量角从22°下降到19°。通过多段壁板阶梯式控制和改变初始被动二次流控制量的2种手段的综合应用,在消除突跳的基础上,实现了该新型喷管的线型比例控制。
为了分析不同射流偏转状态下该分段式喷管的流动特性,采用激光片光切片烟流显示技术获取射流的瞬态流动结构,并利用数值模拟辅助获得了湍动能(TKE)分布云图,通过分析得出典型状态下的流动拓扑结构。图16为分段式喷管射流处于中立时的流场结构,此时射流保持中立状态。从图16(b)中可以看到射流核心区、剪切层和回流等典型流动结构。此时上下侧均存在尾缘倒吸区,剪切层旋涡与喷管壁面没有接触。
图17为喷管射流处于一段上偏时的流场结构,此时射流完成一段偏转。该状态中,上侧的尾缘倒吸区变窄,下侧尾缘倒吸区变宽,射流的剪切层旋涡撞击到一段壁面上,但射流没有完全附壁,二、三段的被动二次流和尾缘倒吸区的回流仍然能够流入上侧的近壁区域。一段上偏时,喷管上壁面的一段阀门闭合后,一段被动二次流被切断,此时上侧壁面压力降低,上下侧产生压差,驱使射流产生一段上偏,同时也减小了尾缘回流通道的面积。
图18为喷管射流处于二段上偏时的流场结构,此时射流完成二段偏转。该状态中,上侧尾缘倒吸区进一步减小,下侧尾缘倒吸区继续增大,射流剪切层旋涡撞击到二段壁面上,射流完成二段附壁,三段被动二次流和尾缘回流仍然存在。射流二段上偏时,关闭喷管上壁面二段阀门,二段被动二次流也被切断,此时上侧壁面压力进一步降低,上下压差增大,射流附着到二段壁面上,主射流与上壁面的距离进一步减小,尾缘回流通道宽度随之减小。
图19为喷管射流处于三段上偏时的流场结构,此时射流完成了三段偏转。该状态中,上侧尾缘倒吸区基本消失,下侧尾缘倒吸区进一步增大;射流剪切层旋涡撞击到三段壁面上,射流完成三段附壁,基本切断了回流的流量补充。三段上偏时,关闭喷管上壁面三段阀门,上侧没有被动二次流补充,上侧壁面压力继续降低,上下侧压差增大,射流附着到三段壁面上,上侧尾缘回流消失。
本团队前期的研究[27]表明,在基础构型的单段无源流体推力矢量喷管中,射流附壁侧近壁面存在分离泡结构。而随着射流偏转,分离泡结构的生成和破裂是导致偏转控制规律突跳的根本原因。从本节针对新型分段式喷管4种不同射流状态的流动结构分析能够看出:射流在偏转过程中,存在射流核心区、射流剪切层、尾缘倒吸区等典型流动结构,主射流随各段阀门依次闭合逐渐上偏,在射流偏转过程中,附壁侧近壁面没有出现明显的分离泡结构。因此,新型的分段式喷管通过设计“多段短板”替代传统的“单段长板”,消除了射流偏转过程中的分离泡结构,从而消除了偏转控制中的突跳和非线性,实现了高线性度大偏角的连续矢量控制。
本文设计了一种新型的分段式无源流体推力矢量喷管,通过实验和数值模拟方法研究了该喷管的控制特性。主要结论如下:
1) 该分段式喷管通过分段式控制和阶梯式偏转消除了突跳和非线性,将该分段式喷管力学控制曲线的线性度$\gamma $由62%提高到90.8%;增大了射流矢量偏转的最大可控角度,$ \theta_{F,\max} $由18°增大到22°。
2) 通过改变初始被动二次流控制量,对分段式喷管的控制死区进行了优化,进一步提高了矢量控制线性度,在被动二次流初始进出气面积比为$ 1.16$时,线性度由90.8%进一步提高到94.9%。
3) 该多段式喷管实现高线性度、大偏角的连续矢量控制的原理为:通过“多段短板”替代传统的“单段长板”,消除了射流偏转过程中的典型分离泡结构,从而消除了偏转控制中的突跳现象。
今后需对分段式喷管能够实现线性控制的物理机制以及宽速域下的控制规律进行进一步的研究和分析。

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2026年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.11729/syltlx20230120
  • 接收时间:2023-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-18
  • 修回日期:2023-10-21
  • 录用日期:2023-11-16
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    南京航空航天大学 航空学院 非定常空气动力学与流动控制工业和信息化部重点实验室,南京 210016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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