Article(id=1312009808572670259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768060800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-11, revisedDate=1772035200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-26, acceptedDate=1773936000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineDate=1790737114326, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737114326, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737114326, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737114326, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=237, endPage=251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009808744636724, articleId=1312009808572670259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal Transition and Driving Factors of County-Level Carbon Emission Efficiency in Shanxi Province during New-Type Urbanization Process, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Counties are key spatial units for implementing the new-type urbanization and the "dual carbon" strategies, and their spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of carbon emission efficiency are crucial for addressing the green transformation challenges in resource-based regions. Methods Based on multi-source heterogeneous data from 102 counties in Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2023, this study employed a Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs to measure carbon emission efficiency. It then integrated the Dagum Gini coefficient, exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis (ESTDA), the XGBoost-SHAP interpretable machine learning model, and panel quantile regression to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal patterns, regional disparities, dynamic transitions, and nonlinear driving mechanisms of carbon emission efficiency. Results 1) Spatiotem-porally, carbon emission efficiency exhibited a stable distribution pattern of "high in the north and south, low in the central" with phased increases, with high-efficiency areas gradually agglomerating in the core zones of urban agglomerations and areas along the Yellow River. 2) Regional disparities primarily originated from inter-group differences and super-variable density, exhibiting a fluctuating process of "divergence-convergence-re-divergence", with persistent spatial imbalance. 3) Global and local spatial analyses indicated that carbon emission efficiency had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and path dependence. LISA time paths and spatiotemporal transitions revealed that southern and southwestern Shanxi were active zones of local structural changes, showing evident signals of state transitions and restructuring. 4) The driving mechanisms exhibited significant nonlinearity and quantile heterogeneity. Economic density and land use efficiency had positive promoting effects on carbon emission efficiency with threshold effects, while population density and fiscal expenditure intensity generally acted as negative constraints. The positive effects of new-type urbanization and industrial structure upgrading were more pronounced in medium- and high-efficiency counties. Conclusion The study reveals the complex adaptive mechanisms of county-level low-carbon development in resource-based regions. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity and threshold effects of the driving factors indicate that future efforts require the formulation of differentiated and precise emission reduction policies to synergize high-quality county-level development with the "dual carbon" goals.

, authors=Kunwei Zhang, Jing Zhou, Zhongwu Zhang, Lei Wu, authorsList=Kunwei Zhang, Jing Zhou, Zhongwu Zhang, Lei Wu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongwu Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009810728542537, articleId=1312009808572670259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=新型城镇化进程中山西省县域碳排放效率时空跃迁及驱动因素, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 县域作为新型城镇化与“双碳”战略实施的关键空间单元,其碳排放效率的时空演化与驱动机制是破解资源型地区绿色转型难题的核心。 方法 基于2012—2023年山西省102个县域的多源异构数据,采用含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算碳排放效率,进而集成Dagum基尼系数、探索性时空数据分析、XGBoost-SHAP可解释机器学习与面板分位数回归模型,系统解析碳排放效率的时空格局、区域差异、动态跃迁及非线性驱动机制。 结果 1)时空格局上,碳排放效率呈“南北高、中部低”的稳定分布与阶段性抬升特征,高效率区逐渐向城市群核心区及沿黄地带集聚。2)区域差异主要源于组间差距与超变密度,且呈“分化-收敛-再分化”的波动过程,空间非均衡性持续存在。3)全局与局部空间分析表明碳排放效率具有显著的空间正相关与路径依赖特征,LISA时间路径与时空跃迁揭示晋南-晋西南为局部结构活跃区,存在明显的状态转换与重组信号。4)驱动机制呈显著的非线性与分位异质性。经济密度、土地利用效率对碳排放效率具有正向促进作用且存在阈值效应;人口密度与财政支出强度则普遍表现为负向约束;新型城镇化与产业结构高级化的正向作用更多体现在中高效率县域。 结论 揭示资源型地区县域低碳发展的复杂适应机制,其时空异质性及驱动因素的阈值效应表明,未来需制定差异化、精准化的减排政策,以推动县域高质量发展与“双碳”目标协同。

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张琨伟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事城镇化与生态环境研究。E-mail:

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张仲伍(1969—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事区域经济研究。E-mail:
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张琨伟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事城镇化与生态环境研究。E-mail:

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张琨伟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事城镇化与生态环境研究。E-mail:

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Shanxi statistical yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009828013269453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=65, authorNames=国家统计局农村社会经济调查司, journalName=中国县域统计年鉴, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家统计局农村社会经济调查司.中国县域统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009828080378318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=66, authorNames=Rural social economic survey department of the national bureau of statistics, journalName=China county statistical yearbook, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rural social economic survey department of the national bureau of statistics. China county statistical yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009828155875791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=67, authorNames=国家统计局能源统计司, journalName=中国能源统计年鉴(2013), refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴(2013)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009828227178960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=68, authorNames=Energy statistics department of the national bureau of statistics, journalName=China energy statistical yearbook (2023), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Energy statistics department of the national bureau of statistics. 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journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Spatial patterns of county-level new-type urbanization in Shanxi Province (2012—2023), figureFileSmall=SISL+xy+Bo3shL7t/AvXkQ==, figureFileBig=dXvpeoszt3Ylhca+FEJ4fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009814679576944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2012—2023年山西省县域新型城镇化空间格局, figureFileSmall=SISL+xy+Bo3shL7t/AvXkQ==, figureFileBig=dXvpeoszt3Ylhca+FEJ4fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009814746685809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Temporal changes in county-level carbon emission efficiency in Shanxi Province (2012—2023), figureFileSmall=TGPUI1U+DLO+VZdNn8Q3pw==, figureFileBig=EaFjJWtj3hdPIyvX8a4SMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009814813794674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=LISA spatiotemporal transitions of county-level carbon emission efficiency in Shanxi Province (2012—2023), figureFileSmall=W8kjJg+WKInqAxsSa7kCIw==, figureFileBig=kmWG2DPu18jGIm4IwC6QOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009816969666940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2012—2023年山西省县域碳排放效率LISA时空跃迁, figureFileSmall=W8kjJg+WKInqAxsSa7kCIw==, figureFileBig=kmWG2DPu18jGIm4IwC6QOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009817049358717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=SHAP characteristic values and key factor thresholds for driving factors of county-level carbon emission efficiency in Shanxi Province, figureFileSmall=acVEZLHusYE2Y9v10q+GoQ==, figureFileBig=/kevEkHTfm5V1Js1Y9mRAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009817137439102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=图10, caption=山西省县域碳排放效率驱动因素的SHAP特征值及关键因素阈值, figureFileSmall=acVEZLHusYE2Y9v10q+GoQ==, figureFileBig=/kevEkHTfm5V1Js1Y9mRAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009817196159359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation indicator system for county-level new-type urbanization in Shanxi Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层指标层单位权重性质

人口

城镇化

城镇化率%0.038 323+
城镇人口密度人/km20.068 018+
常住人口变化率%0.002 291+

经济

城镇化

人均可支配收入万元/人0.042 387+
人均固定资产投资万元/人0.050 517+
人均居民储蓄存款余额万元/人0.049 825+
北大数字普惠金融指数—0.016 845+
农林牧渔产值万元0.086 987+

社会

城镇化

人均年末金融机构贷款余额万元/人0.081 764+
每万人中小学在校人数人/万人0.016 971+
每万人医疗机构床位数张/万人0.030 789+
城乡社会消费品零售额之比%0.000 533-
城乡居民可支配收入比%0.007 448-

空间

城镇化

人均绿地面积m2/人0.114 815+
人均建成区面积m2/人0.048 922+
土地利用强度%0.023 332-
路网密度km/km20.070 955+
城市扩张速度%0.003 172-

生态

城镇化

造林面积hm20.096 139+
森林覆盖率%0.077 104+
植被覆盖度%0.007 941+
生态系统服务价值亿元/hm20.050 165+
PM2.5μg/m30.014 758-
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817263268224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山西省县域新型城镇化评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层指标层单位权重性质

人口

城镇化

城镇化率%0.038 323+
城镇人口密度人/km20.068 018+
常住人口变化率%0.002 291+

经济

城镇化

人均可支配收入万元/人0.042 387+
人均固定资产投资万元/人0.050 517+
人均居民储蓄存款余额万元/人0.049 825+
北大数字普惠金融指数—0.016 845+
农林牧渔产值万元0.086 987+

社会

城镇化

人均年末金融机构贷款余额万元/人0.081 764+
每万人中小学在校人数人/万人0.016 971+
每万人医疗机构床位数张/万人0.030 789+
城乡社会消费品零售额之比%0.000 533-
城乡居民可支配收入比%0.007 448-

空间

城镇化

人均绿地面积m2/人0.114 815+
人均建成区面积m2/人0.048 922+
土地利用强度%0.023 332-
路网密度km/km20.070 955+
城市扩张速度%0.003 172-

生态

城镇化

造林面积hm20.096 139+
森林覆盖率%0.077 104+
植被覆盖度%0.007 941+
生态系统服务价值亿元/hm20.050 165+
PM2.5μg/m30.014 758-
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817342960001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Global Moran′s I index of county-level carbon emission efficiency in Shanxi Province (2012—2023)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Moran's Izp
20120.0921.8500.037
20130.1192.2460.015
20140.1242.2590.019
20150.1482.7120.006
20160.1172.3600.021
20170.0982.0180.034
20180.0871.9130.047
20190.0621.3970.081
20200.0280.6810.184
20210.0671.4110.089
20220.0861.7140.045
20230.0831.4810.069
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817401680258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2012—2023年山西省县域碳排放效率全局Moran′s I指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Moran's Izp
20120.0921.8500.037
20130.1192.2460.015
20140.1242.2590.019
20150.1482.7120.006
20160.1172.3600.021
20170.0982.0180.034
20180.0871.9130.047
20190.0621.3970.081
20200.0280.6810.184
20210.0671.4110.089
20220.0861.7140.045
20230.0831.4810.069
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817468789123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Descriptive statistics of driving factor variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量衡量方法单位最大值最小值平均值
碳排放效率(Y)非期望产出-SBM超效率模型-1.9360.0490.230
新型城镇化水平(X1)熵权TOP-SIS综合指数核算-0.4320.1130.233
产业结构高级化(X2)第三产业与第二产业之比-54.9790.1021.438
绿色发展水平(X3)绿色专利授权数件1 952.000019.621
经济发展水平(X4)单位面积GDP总量万元/km235 205.53241.6041 416.988
人口规模水平(X5)单位面积人口总量人/km24 065.14634.259298.717
政府规制强度(X6)公共预算支出占GDP比重%2.0740.0380.305
社会消费结构(X7)社会消费品零售总额占GDP比重%2.0270.0620.375
金融发展水平(X8)年末金融机构贷款余额占GDP比重%41.2690.0790.905
平均气温(X9)年平均气温℃14.9113.7499.900
平均降水(X10)年平均降水mm837.565324.804543.158
归一化植被指数(X11)归一化植被指数均值-0.8120.3960.637
土地利用效率(X12)单位建成区面积人口与经济密度的乘积-0.6800.0180.199
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817548480900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

驱动因素变量描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量衡量方法单位最大值最小值平均值
碳排放效率(Y)非期望产出-SBM超效率模型-1.9360.0490.230
新型城镇化水平(X1)熵权TOP-SIS综合指数核算-0.4320.1130.233
产业结构高级化(X2)第三产业与第二产业之比-54.9790.1021.438
绿色发展水平(X3)绿色专利授权数件1 952.000019.621
经济发展水平(X4)单位面积GDP总量万元/km235 205.53241.6041 416.988
人口规模水平(X5)单位面积人口总量人/km24 065.14634.259298.717
政府规制强度(X6)公共预算支出占GDP比重%2.0740.0380.305
社会消费结构(X7)社会消费品零售总额占GDP比重%2.0270.0620.375
金融发展水平(X8)年末金融机构贷款余额占GDP比重%41.2690.0790.905
平均气温(X9)年平均气温℃14.9113.7499.900
平均降水(X10)年平均降水mm837.565324.804543.158
归一化植被指数(X11)归一化植被指数均值-0.8120.3960.637
土地利用效率(X12)单位建成区面积人口与经济密度的乘积-0.6800.0180.199
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817615589765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Model evaluation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标决策树梯度提升决策树随机森林XGBoost
R20.7060.7870.7780.809
平均绝对误差值(MAE)0.0490.0410.0420.039

均方误差

(MSE)

0.0080.0060.0060.005
均方误差根(RMSE)0.0910.0770.0790.073
中位数绝对误差(MAD)0.0260.0260.0290.027
平均绝对百分误差(MAPE)0.5030.4730.4770.459
可解释方差分(EVS)0.7090.7880.7790.810
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817686892934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标决策树梯度提升决策树随机森林XGBoost
R20.7060.7870.7780.809
平均绝对误差值(MAE)0.0490.0410.0420.039

均方误差

(MSE)

0.0080.0060.0060.005
均方误差根(RMSE)0.0910.0770.0790.073
中位数绝对误差(MAD)0.0260.0260.0290.027
平均绝对百分误差(MAPE)0.5030.4730.4770.459
可解释方差分(EVS)0.7090.7880.7790.810
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817758196103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Regression analysis of dominant factors of county-level carbon emission efficiency in Shanxi Province at different quantile levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量固定效应模型分位数回归
分位数0.25分位数0.50分位数0.75
新型城镇化水平0.746**(5.255)0.014(0.404)0.096*(2.521)0.144**(2.934)
产业结构高级化0.002(1.220)0.002*(2.340)0.002**(2.859)0.001(1.245)
经济发展水平0**(11.462)0**(38.214)0**(39.566)0**(26.426)
人口规模水平0**(-2.600)0**(-22.862)0**(-23.765)0**(-13.923)
政府规制强度-0.181**(-5.586)-0.139**(-20.243)-0.139**(-14.700)-0.155**(-10.210)
平均气温0.024**(2.796)0.006**(6.532)0.008**(8.355)0.009**(7.958)
土地利用效率0.773**(10.263)0.133**(8.191)0.156**(8.750)0.273**(12.503)
样本量1 2241 2441 2241 224
R20.4850.3590.4070.460
), ArticleFig(id=1312009817829499272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009808572670259, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同分位数水平下山西省县域碳排放效率主导因素的回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量固定效应模型分位数回归
分位数0.25分位数0.50分位数0.75
新型城镇化水平0.746**(5.255)0.014(0.404)0.096*(2.521)0.144**(2.934)
产业结构高级化0.002(1.220)0.002*(2.340)0.002**(2.859)0.001(1.245)
经济发展水平0**(11.462)0**(38.214)0**(39.566)0**(26.426)
人口规模水平0**(-2.600)0**(-22.862)0**(-23.765)0**(-13.923)
政府规制强度-0.181**(-5.586)-0.139**(-20.243)-0.139**(-14.700)-0.155**(-10.210)
平均气温0.024**(2.796)0.006**(6.532)0.008**(8.355)0.009**(7.958)
土地利用效率0.773**(10.263)0.133**(8.191)0.156**(8.750)0.273**(12.503)
样本量1 2241 2441 2241 224
R20.4850.3590.4070.460
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新型城镇化进程中山西省县域碳排放效率时空跃迁及驱动因素
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张琨伟 , 周静 , 张仲伍 , 武磊
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 237-251
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 237 -251
新型城镇化进程中山西省县域碳排放效率时空跃迁及驱动因素
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张琨伟 , 周静, 张仲伍 , 武磊
作者信息
  • 山西师范大学地理科学学院,太原 030031
通讯作者:
张仲伍(1969—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事区域经济研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张琨伟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事城镇化与生态环境研究。E-mail:

Spatiotemporal Transition and Driving Factors of County-Level Carbon Emission Efficiency in Shanxi Province during New-Type Urbanization Process
Kunwei Zhang , Jing Zhou, Zhongwu Zhang , Lei Wu
Affiliations
  • College of Geographical Sciences,Shanxi Normal University,Taiyuan 030031,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.016
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目的 县域作为新型城镇化与“双碳”战略实施的关键空间单元,其碳排放效率的时空演化与驱动机制是破解资源型地区绿色转型难题的核心。 方法 基于2012—2023年山西省102个县域的多源异构数据,采用含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算碳排放效率,进而集成Dagum基尼系数、探索性时空数据分析、XGBoost-SHAP可解释机器学习与面板分位数回归模型,系统解析碳排放效率的时空格局、区域差异、动态跃迁及非线性驱动机制。 结果 1)时空格局上,碳排放效率呈“南北高、中部低”的稳定分布与阶段性抬升特征,高效率区逐渐向城市群核心区及沿黄地带集聚。2)区域差异主要源于组间差距与超变密度,且呈“分化-收敛-再分化”的波动过程,空间非均衡性持续存在。3)全局与局部空间分析表明碳排放效率具有显著的空间正相关与路径依赖特征,LISA时间路径与时空跃迁揭示晋南-晋西南为局部结构活跃区,存在明显的状态转换与重组信号。4)驱动机制呈显著的非线性与分位异质性。经济密度、土地利用效率对碳排放效率具有正向促进作用且存在阈值效应;人口密度与财政支出强度则普遍表现为负向约束;新型城镇化与产业结构高级化的正向作用更多体现在中高效率县域。 结论 揭示资源型地区县域低碳发展的复杂适应机制,其时空异质性及驱动因素的阈值效应表明,未来需制定差异化、精准化的减排政策,以推动县域高质量发展与“双碳”目标协同。

新型城镇化  /  县域碳排放效率  /  探索性时空数据分析(ESTDA)  /  XGBoost-SHAP  /  山西省

Objective Counties are key spatial units for implementing the new-type urbanization and the "dual carbon" strategies, and their spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of carbon emission efficiency are crucial for addressing the green transformation challenges in resource-based regions. Methods Based on multi-source heterogeneous data from 102 counties in Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2023, this study employed a Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs to measure carbon emission efficiency. It then integrated the Dagum Gini coefficient, exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis (ESTDA), the XGBoost-SHAP interpretable machine learning model, and panel quantile regression to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal patterns, regional disparities, dynamic transitions, and nonlinear driving mechanisms of carbon emission efficiency. Results 1) Spatiotem-porally, carbon emission efficiency exhibited a stable distribution pattern of "high in the north and south, low in the central" with phased increases, with high-efficiency areas gradually agglomerating in the core zones of urban agglomerations and areas along the Yellow River. 2) Regional disparities primarily originated from inter-group differences and super-variable density, exhibiting a fluctuating process of "divergence-convergence-re-divergence", with persistent spatial imbalance. 3) Global and local spatial analyses indicated that carbon emission efficiency had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and path dependence. LISA time paths and spatiotemporal transitions revealed that southern and southwestern Shanxi were active zones of local structural changes, showing evident signals of state transitions and restructuring. 4) The driving mechanisms exhibited significant nonlinearity and quantile heterogeneity. Economic density and land use efficiency had positive promoting effects on carbon emission efficiency with threshold effects, while population density and fiscal expenditure intensity generally acted as negative constraints. The positive effects of new-type urbanization and industrial structure upgrading were more pronounced in medium- and high-efficiency counties. Conclusion The study reveals the complex adaptive mechanisms of county-level low-carbon development in resource-based regions. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity and threshold effects of the driving factors indicate that future efforts require the formulation of differentiated and precise emission reduction policies to synergize high-quality county-level development with the "dual carbon" goals.

new-type urbanization  /  county-level carbon emission efficiency  /  exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis (ESTDA)  /  XGBoost–SHAP  /  Shanxi Province
张琨伟, 周静, 张仲伍, 武磊. 新型城镇化进程中山西省县域碳排放效率时空跃迁及驱动因素. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 237 -251 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.016
Kunwei Zhang, Jing Zhou, Zhongwu Zhang, Lei Wu. Spatiotemporal Transition and Driving Factors of County-Level Carbon Emission Efficiency in Shanxi Province during New-Type Urbanization Process[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 237 -251 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.016
改革开放以来,中国经历了快速的经济增长与城镇化进程。以规模扩张为核心的传统城镇化模式,在推动工业化、促进要素集聚方面发挥重要作用,助力国家经济实力显著增强,但也逐渐暴露出资源消耗加剧、碳排放压力上升、区域发展失衡等结构性矛盾[1]。为应对上述挑战、实现可持续发展,党的十八大[2-3]明确提出,走中国特色新型城镇化道路,标志着中国城镇化进入以“以人为本”为核心、追求高质量发展、城乡融合、生态宜居的新阶段。在“双碳”目标约束与高质量发展导向下,城镇化推进方式正由外延扩张转向内涵提升与结构优化,减污降碳协同增效成为区域发展的重要议题[4]。而县域作为承接城乡要素流动、产业转型与公共服务供给的基本空间单元,既是能源消费与碳排放活动的重要载体,也是推进绿色转型与区域协调发展的关键治理尺度[5]。在新型城镇化进程中,县域层面如何协调经济增长与碳排放约束,提升碳排放效率,实现低碳可持续发展,已成为亟待破解的现实难题。因此,系统识别县域碳排放效率的时空演化规律、空间关联结构及其驱动因素,对于厘清“城镇化推进-低碳效率提升”的协同路径、支撑差异化减排与分区治理具有重要现实意义。
围绕碳排放效率的测度与解释,既有研究[6-7]已形成较为丰富的成果。在效率测度方法和指标构建过程中,多依赖单一强度指标或基于生产函数的参数方法,但该类度量难以同时反映多要素投入与多维产出的综合绩效。随着环境约束纳入效率评价的需求上升,DEA框架得到广泛应用,并逐渐从传统径向模型扩展到能够直接处理松弛变量的SBM模型及其超效率形式,使“投入冗余-期望产出不足-非期望产出过量”的多维改进空间得以被同时刻画[8-11]。在环境效率研究中,将CO₂作为非期望产出纳入DEA/SBM测度已成为常见做法,为跨区域比较与时序演变分析提供相对规范的技术路径[12-13]。与此同时,关于城镇化与碳排放或低碳绩效的关系,研究视角也从单一的城镇化率逐渐转向多维度综合评价[14-15]。新型城镇化不仅涉及人口集聚与产业发展,还包含公共服务、空间形态与生态治理等“质量型”内涵,因此,更适合通过多指标综合指数加以刻画,并进一步检验其对碳排放、能源效率或绿色全要素生产率的影响方向与作用机制[16-18]。在时空格局、尺度效应与动态演进识别等方面,现有研究采用重心迁移、空间自相关、冷热点分析等方法,从全球、国家、省级和市级等不同尺度探讨碳排放效率的时空特征[19-21],但均偏向静态识别,对效率演化过程中的“路径依赖-状态跃迁-时空锁定”等动态特征关注不够。而探索性时空数据分析(ESTDA)将空间关联结构置于时间维度进行追踪,通过LISA时间路径与时空跃迁等方式刻画局部结构的动态性、稳定性与转换方向,为解释“集聚锁定-结构重组-状态跃迁”的空间过程提供更细粒度的证据[22]。与静态的空间集聚识别相比,该类方法更能回答“空间关联是否变化、如何变化、在哪些地区发生变化”的问题,从而更贴近区域低碳转型的真实演进逻辑。关于驱动因素与异质性检验,已有研究[19,23-24]广泛运用面板回归、空间计量、地理探测器、地理加权回归等传统线性回归模型对碳排放效率的影响因素和驱动机制进行探讨,该类方法在方向判别与显著性推断方面具有优势,但面对复杂的非线性关系、变量交互与阈值效应时,解释力可能受限。近年来,梯度提升树等机器学习方法被引入环境经济与区域研究,用于处理高维特征与非线性结构,其中XGBoost在预测性能与稳定性方面表现突出[25];此外,可解释机器学习的发展使“高拟合能力”与“可解释性”得以兼顾,SHAP框架能够将模型预测分解为各特征的边际贡献,支持全局重要性排序与局部响应关系识别[26]。然而,仅依赖机器学习给出的重要性与非线性形态,仍可能在统计推断与异质性解释上留下空间。考虑到碳排放效率通常存在明显的分布差异,不同效率水平地区的约束条件与提升路径并不相同,平均值意义上的“平均效应”可能掩盖低效率与高效率县域的差别。分位数回归模型自提出以来,为刻画不同分位点的条件效应提供规范工具,并可用于检验驱动因素在效率分布不同位置上的影响差异,从而增强政策含义的分层针对性[27]。
尽管为理解城镇化与低碳绩效关系提供重要基础,但仍存在若干可拓展之处。其一,相较于城市尺度的丰富证据,县域尺度研究仍相对不足,而县域恰是连接城镇化推进与产业-空间-公共服务重构的关键层级,尤其在资源型地区具有更强的制度与现实意义。其二,已有空间研究多停留在静态相关或局部集聚识别上,较少将局部空间结构置于时间维度持续追踪,因而难以揭示碳排放效率空间格局背后的动态演进与跃迁机制。其三,在驱动机制识别上,仍需要将机器学习擅长的“非线性与阈值识别”与计量方法擅长的“方向性与分布异质性检验”形成互证式证据链,以提升解释的稳健性与可迁移性。
综上所述,本文以2012—2023年山西省102个区县为研究对象,构建涵盖人口、经济、社会、空间与生态维度的新型城镇化综合评价体系,采用熵权-TOPSIS测度县域新型城镇化水平;在投入-产出与非期望产出框架下,利用含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算县域碳排放效率;进一步采用Dagum基尼系数及其分解识别区域差异的结构性来源,并运用ESTDA从全局空间相关、LISA时间路径与时空跃迁3个层面刻画县域碳排放效率的空间关联与动态演化特征;同时,引入XGBoost–SHAP刻画关键因素的重要性与非线性响应关系,并结合面板分位数回归检验不同效率水平县域的影响差异,从而形成“格局-差异-跃迁-驱动”的一体化证据链。本文可能的边际贡献主要体现在3个方面:其一,从县域尺度出发,将新型城镇化与碳排放效率纳入同一分析框架,为资源型地区县域低碳转型提供更细粒度的经验事实;其二,在空间分析上引入ESTDA并关注局部空间结构的路径与跃迁,补充“空间集聚是否锁定、如何转换”的动态证据;其三,在机制识别上将XGBoost-SHAP与分位数回归结合,实现非线性识别与分布异质性检验的互证,从而提升驱动解释的可解释性与政策可用性。
山西省(34°34′~40°44′N,110°14′~114°33′E)位于华北地区黄河流域中部,国土面积约15.67万km²,地形以山地、丘陵为主,气候类型为温带大陆性季风气候(图1)。2023年末全省常住人口约3 466万,人均GDP约73 984元。山西煤炭、煤层气等资源禀赋突出,长期形成以能源原材料工业为主导的产业结构与能源消费格局。在“双碳”目标与能源安全双重约束下,全省正处于能源革命与产业智能化转型的关键阶段,产业体系加快向绿色化、高端化方向升级,新型能源产业发展提速[28]。与此同时,山西地处黄土高原典型区,生态环境本底相对脆弱,水土流失等生态问题突出,叠加城镇扩张与土地利用强度变化,县域层面在人地关系协调与生态治理方面承受较大压力。在新型城镇化、乡村振兴及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等国家战略的统领下,各级政府正围绕“生态优先、产业转型、城乡融合”的方向探索县域绿色转型路径,也使得在县域尺度系统评估碳排放效率及其演化规律具有更强的现实针对性与政策意义。
新型城镇化强调以人为核心、公共服务均等化、城乡融合与空间集约利用,并将生态约束纳入发展质量评价。基于上述内涵和既有研究[28-31],并结合县域数据可得性,本文从人口、经济、社会、空间、生态5个维度构建新型城镇化评价指标体系(表1)。其中,人口维度刻画人口集聚与结构变化;经济维度反映产业支撑与发展动能;社会维度强调公共服务供给与民生保障;空间维度关注建设空间扩张与基础设施承载;生态维度体现环境质量与生态治理成效。兼顾规模扩张与质量提升、增长动能与绿色约束,提升县域新型城镇化测度的综合性与可比性。其中,北大数字普惠金融指数已被用于衡量城市的数字金融发展水平,指数越高表明县域的数字化水平越高。生态系统服务价值采用当量因子法进行核算。具体而言,将土地利用类型重新分类为耕地、林地、草地、水体、建设用地与未利用地,其中建设用地不参与价值核算。以研究期内山西省粮食平均产量与收购价格估算单位当量因子价值,得到山西省单位面积价值当量为1 538.3元/hm2。进一步结合谢高地等[32]制定的中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量表,确定各土地利用类型的单位面积价值系数,从而计算得到县域尺度生态系统服务价值。最后采用“熵权-TOPSIS”方法对新型城镇化综合指数进行测算[33]。首先,对指标进行同向化与标准化处理;其次,利用熵权法计算各指标权重,以降低主观赋权偏差;最后,基于TOPSIS构建正、负理想解并计算贴近度,得到县域新型城镇化综合指数。
碳排放效率旨在刻画在要素投入既定条件下实现经济产出并约束碳排放的综合能力。研究在投入-产出框架下设置投入、期望产出与非期望产出。投入指标为建设用地面积、固定资产投资额、能源消耗量和常住人口,期望产出指标为地均生产总值,非期望产出为CO2排放总量。考虑到传统DEA模型在非期望产出处理与松弛变量刻画方面的局限性,本文采用含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算县域碳排放效率。SBM模型在非径向、非角度框架下直接纳入投入与产出的松弛项,可更真实反映“减少投入冗余-增加期望产出-减少非期望产出”的改进空间[19];超效率设定进一步支持对效率较高的县域进行区分排序,从而提高县域间比较的辨识度[13]。一般而言,碳排放效率越高,表示县域在实现经济产出的同时能够以更低的碳排放和更优的要素配置运行,低碳发展绩效更优。
为揭示县域碳排放效率的总体差异水平及其来源结构,采用Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法对山西省县域碳排放效率的区域差异进行刻画。Dagum基尼系数不仅能够衡量总体差异程度,还可将总体差异分解为区域内差异、区域间差异及超变密度项。通过该分解可进一步识别效率差异的主要来源。具体计算公式见参考文献[34]。
利用ESTDA模型,通过全局莫兰指数判断山西省县域碳排放效率是否存在空间相关性。考虑到碳排放效率的变化具有时空动态性,进一步结合LISA时间路径和时空跃迁来刻画县域综合发展质量局部空间结构的动态性、空间依赖方向的波动性、空间整合性及其跃迁特征。相关计算公式[22,30]为:
I=∑i=1n∑j=1nWij(xi-x¯)(xj-x¯)∑i=1n∑j=1nWij∑i=1n(xi-x¯)
di=N∑t=1T-1d(Li,t,Li,t+1)∑i=1N∑t=1T-1d(Li,t,Li,t+1)
fi=∑t=1T-1d(Li,t,Li,t+1)d(Li,t,Li,t)
θi=arc tan∑jsinθj∑jcosθj
式中:I为全局Moran′s I指数;Ii 为局部Moran′s I指数;n为空间单元数量;xi 、xj 分别为县域i和县域j的碳排放效率值;x¯为碳排放效率平均值;Wij 为空间权重矩阵。全局Moran′s I指数计算结果采用Z检验,当Z>2.58时,则通过p<0.01的显著性检验。di 为LISA时间路径的相对长度;fi 为弯曲度;θi 为移动方向;N为县域总数;T为时间间隔;Li,t 为i县域在t年Moran′s I散点图中的坐标;d(Li,t,Li,t+1 )为第t年到t+1年i县域的移动距离。若d和f值越大,则表明某县域的碳排放效率呈更强的局部空间结构动态性及依赖方向波动。θ反映县域局部空间结构演变的整合性特征。
为识别影响县域碳排放效率的关键驱动因素并刻画潜在的非线性响应关系,本文引入XGBoost回归模型进行拟合,并利用SHAP方法开展可解释分析。首先,以县域碳排放效率为因变量,以新型城镇化及相关控制变量为自变量构建监督学习回归模型。XGBoost通过梯度提升框架迭代生成弱学习器,能够处理非线性关系与变量交互,并对多维特征具有较强拟合能力[35-36]。其次,在获得表现稳定的XGBoost模型后,计算各县域样本的SHAP值以分解特征对预测结果的边际贡献。
由于县域碳排放效率存在显著异质性,本文进一步采用面板分位数回归从分布视角检验驱动因素在不同效率水平上的作用差异。具体计算公式见参考文献[27]。
本文研究期为2012—2023年,考虑到其间部分县域行政区划有所调整,以2023年的行政区划为研究标准,并将各地级市所辖区进行合并,最终得到102个县级单元。所需社会经济数据来源于2013—2024年《山西省统计年鉴》[37]《中国县域统计年鉴》[38]《中国能源统计年鉴》[39]及各县市当年的国民经济与社会发展统计公报(https:∥www.stats.gov.cn/)。其中,固定资产投资与GDP等货币量指标按不变价口径进行平减处理,以消除价格因素影响并保证跨期可比性。北大数字普惠金融指数来源于北京大学数字金融研究中心发布的数字普惠金融指数。植被覆盖度来源于NASA地球科学数据网站(https:∥lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod17a3hgfv061/),分辨率为500 m×500 m。PM2.5、CO2数据来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/),分辨率为1 km×1 km。土地利用数据来源于武汉大学杨杰教授团队发布的中国土地覆被数据集(CLCD)(https:∥zenodo.org/record/8176941),分辨率为30 m×30 m。鉴于县域能耗统计存在口径限制,以全省能源消耗总量为基准,引入夜间灯光数据构建拟合方程,将能源消耗量降尺度至县域层面。夜间灯光数据采用国家地球科学数据中心(https:∥www.geodata.cn)发布的NPP-VIIRS长时序夜间灯光数据集,分辨率为500 m×500 m。具体地,以县域年度灯光强度统计量为解释变量拟合能耗关系,据此估算县域年度能耗,线性拟合方程R2为0.863,并通过0.001的显著性检验,满足研究数据需求,从而获得时空一致的县域能耗序列。对研究少量缺失值采用线性插值或邻近年份按趋势补齐。
基于熵权-TOPSIS测算结果,2012—2023年山西省县域新型城镇化平均指数从0.205提升到0.267,年平均增长率为2.5%,表现为“总体抬升,分布右移”的同步演进趋势(图2)。箱线图中位数持续上移,上四分位与上须抬升更为明显,表明高水平县域提升幅度相对更快;核密度曲线峰值由2012年的低值区间逐步向右移动,说明多数县域在新型城镇化战略实施期间实现共同改善,同时曲线间距有所收敛,表明县际间的发展差距逐渐缩小。
进一步将研究期间的全部样本重新排序并按照四分位数的方法将新型城镇化综合指数分为4个等级,借助ArcGIS 10.8软件进行空间可视化,以直观展示山西省县域新型城镇化综合指数的时空格局特征(图3)。研究期间,山西省县域新型城镇化呈“东北-西南”一线的扩散格局。高、较高水平县域显著分布于该线两侧,呈现出中部、中南和西南等三大核心区。随时间推移,核心区的空间外溢开始更清晰地沿地理距离与城镇体系轴带扩展,呈“由核到廊再到面”的演进特征。高水平县域数量虽不断扩大,但空间差异分区依旧明显。以太原市辖区为核心的高水平区域空间格局较为稳定,反映其较为强劲的涓滴效应。而在晋东南和晋南则呈现明显的空间割裂,尤其以运城盆地最为明显,低水平县域成团集聚于此。可能是该地区地势平坦,经济与社会发展水平虽较好,但其城镇人口规模、人均绿地面积、森林覆盖率和生态价值远不足全省平均水平的1/2,导致新型城镇化水平在空间上表现为明显断裂。
利用包含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算2012—2023年山西省县域的碳排放效率后发现,研究期间平均碳排放效率从0.209提升到0.322(图4),年平均增长率为4.5%。箱型图与核密度图显示,碳排放效率总体上呈“低位波动-阶段抬升-分化加深”的复合演进轨迹。早期整体水平偏低且改善缓慢,中后期整体水平抬升更为明显,但县际差距同步扩大。从箱线分布与核密度形态看,2012—2019年碳排放效率箱体位置整体偏低、年际变化幅度有限,核密度曲线峰值集中且右尾较短,表明多数县域长期停留在相近的低-中效率区间,效率改进以渐进式调整为主,尚未出现广泛意义上的整体跃升。进入2020年后,碳排放效率的中位数与上四分位出现明显上移,同时箱体高度与上须拉长、核密度右尾显著加厚,说明效率改善开始加快,但改善并不同步。部分县域率先进入中高效率区间并拉开与低效率县的差距,县域效率分布由相对集中转向分层扩散。
从空间分布看,山西县域碳排放效率总体呈现较稳定的“南北高、中部低”的空间格局,并在2012—2023年间由斑块状集聚逐步演化为更清晰的带状结构与板块锁定(图5)。高效率县域主要集中在晋东南、晋西和晋北等地,中部则以太原市辖区为主形成单核局面。随时间推移,高效率县域呈显著带状化,逐步形成晋西、晋南等地效率提升带,中部则成为过渡扩散区。2020年后,高效率县域显著增多,自南向北逐渐扩散至晋西北沿黄和晋北的广大地区,形成新的高效率集聚区。而以太原为核心的中部高效率区变化则不够明显,“核心-边缘”结构特征显著。究其原因,一方面,山西作为典型资源型省份,长期形成以煤炭开采、洗选、焦化、冶金、火电等高耗能产业链为骨架的产业与能源消费结构,不同县域在资源禀赋、产业分工与转型约束上的差异,决定碳排放强度与产出效率难以同步收敛,从而塑造“南北相对较高-中部相对偏低”的稳定梯度;另一方面,中部以太原为核心的都市圈虽具备更强的经济集聚、技术与公共服务供给能力,能够在一定程度上抬升核心区效率,但其周边县域仍承接重化工业与要素外溢的“规模扩张效应”,叠加人口集聚带来的交通、居住与基础设施能耗压力,使得中部区域更易表现为“单核抬升-外围滞后”的核心-边缘结构。与此同时,晋西沿黄与晋南平原等区域在近年能源革命、产业结构调整与土地集约利用提升等因素共同作用下,效率改善更容易呈带状扩散;而晋东南部分县域依托产业升级与要素配置优化形成相对稳定的高效率板块。进入2020年后,“双碳”约束强化与节能降碳政策集中推进,使得部分具备产业更新与治理能力的县域率先实现效率跃升并向周边扩散,但受路径依赖与产业锁定影响,省会核心区周边的效率改善仍表现出相对黏性与阶段性滞后。
为进一步识别山西省县域碳排放效率的差异程度及其结构性来源,采用Dagum基尼系数对总体差异进行分解,并将总体差异分解为组内差异、组间差异与超变密度3个部分(图6)。从总体差异来看,2012—2023年山西县域碳排放效率的基尼系数始终处于相对明显的差异水平,并呈典型的阶段性波动。具体来看,2012—2015年总体差异小幅回落,说明早期县域效率差距存在一定收敛迹象;2016—2018年总体差异明显抬升,表明县域效率开始出现更强的分化;2019—2020年总体差异阶段性回落,差距有所收敛;2021—2022年总体差异再次上行并达到样本期高位,2023年略有回落但仍维持在较高水平。该演进特征表明,山西县域碳排放效率的提升并未转化为同步的均衡收敛,相反在若干关键阶段呈分化增强-短暂收敛-再分化的重复过程,反映出不同县域在产业结构、能源利用方式与转型约束条件上的差异具有一定的持续性。
从差异来源结构看,总体差异的主导来源并非组内差异,而主要由组间差异和超变密度共同解释。组内贡献率在各年份整体维持在较低水平,说明在同一分组内部,县域效率差异对总体差距的解释力相对有限。相较之下,组间贡献率与超变密度贡献率合计占据绝对主导,意味着总体差异更多来自不同分组之间的梯度差距,以及不同分组县域效率分布的交叉重叠。一方面,组间贡献率在多数年份占比较高,表明不同地级市分组间存在较为稳定的效率层级差异与结构性分割;另一方面,超变密度贡献率同样长期处于高位,并在部分年份上升,说明效率分布并非严格分层固化,而存在明显的交叉与赶超现象,即部分低位分组内出现向上跃升的县域,同时高位分组内也存在效率相对滞后的县域,使得不同分组的分布发生重叠。值得注意的是,2016年前后总体差异上行时期,组间贡献率提升更为突出,提示此阶段差异扩大更偏向分组间梯度拉开。而在2021—2022年总体差异再次走高阶段,超变密度贡献占比同步维持高位,表明差异扩张不仅来自分组间拉开,也与分组间交叉加深、内部结构重组有关。
以省内11个地级市为分组标准,对组内差异进一步分解得出各地级市的内部差异时序特征(图7)。不同地级市内部差异呈显著异质性,并且存在明确的时间拐点。太原市组内基尼系数在样本期内长期处于全省最高水平,并在2017年后持续上行至高位,说明太原市所辖县域碳排放效率内部差距显著且有扩大趋势,呈现出较强的“核心-外围”分化特征。吕梁市、临汾市的组内差异也整体偏高且波动较大,尤其在后期出现明显抬升,表明资源型产业比重较高、县域发展路径差异较强的地区更容易出现内部效率分化与结构不稳定。相对而言,朔州市组内基尼系数在多数年份处于全省最低水平,并在2016—2017年降至低位后维持相对平缓,说明其内部县域碳排放效率差异相对有限、组内分化程度较弱。晋中市在2021年前后出现组内差异的显著跃升,提示该区域内部县域效率在后期出现阶段性分化加剧;运城市在2016年前后出现1次抬升后又回归中低水平,体现出阶段性冲击-随后修复的特征。总体而言,组内差异的空间指向性较清晰:省会都市圈(太原、吕梁、晋中等)及资源型地级市(临汾、长治等)更容易出现显著的内部异质性,而部分晋北地级市内部差异相对较小。
为刻画县域碳排放效率的空间关联及其动态演化特征,本文采用探索性时空数据分析(ESTDA)框架,从全局Moran′s I指数解释碳排放效率的空间关联性特征。2012—2023年全局Moran′s I指数总体上呈波动下降趋势(表2),但均为正,表明县域碳排放效率存在一定程度的正向空间自相关,即高(低)效率县域在空间上倾向于相互邻近并呈现集聚特征。具体而言,2012—2018年Moran′s I均为正且通过显著性检验,说明此阶段县域碳排放效率的空间集聚特征较为稳定。2019—2023年空间相关性虽有所波动并出现阶段性减弱,但总体仍表现为正向关联。表明县域碳排放效率并非独立演化,而是存在空间依赖与外溢效应;同时,空间集聚强度在不同时段存在变化,可能与产业结构调整、区域政策推进节奏及外部冲击下的县域经济波动有关。
采用LISA时间路径方法,从相对长度、弯曲度与移动方向3个维度刻画各县在Moran散点图中的轨迹变化(图8),以揭示县域碳排放效率局部空间结构的动态演化特征。从相对长度的空间分布看,高值县域呈现出较为清晰的带状集聚,主要位于晋南-晋西南边缘及其邻近地带,并在晋中-晋南过渡区形成若干点状高值。就县域落点而言,高相对长度县多沿运城-临汾-吕梁西南部的交界带连续分布,可归纳为2类:一类是晋南平原与黄河沿线、产业要素流动更频繁的县域;另一类是晋西南山地-沟壑区中近年产业调整与项目更替较快的县域。与之相对,晋北及晋东部分县域以低-中相对长度为主,表现为局部空间关联类型在样本期内相对稳定。弯曲度高值同样更集中于晋南-晋西南,并在省域东南部出现零星高值县域。结合县域层面的空间位置,高弯曲度县往往与前述高相对长度县在空间上部分重叠,典型表现为运城-临汾交界及吕梁西南部一些县域弯曲度偏高,而省域中北部大量县域弯曲度偏低,呈路径较直、方向更一致的特征。意味着晋南-晋西南不仅局部空间结构变化更频繁,且其变化方向更容易反复调整,提示该区域在研究期内可能同时存在产业结构重组、能源利用方式调整与治理强度波动等多重扰动因素;相反,中北部县域更接近锁定式演化,局部空间邻近关系对碳排放效率演化具有更强的稳定约束。从移动方向看,多数县域轨迹方向表现出一定的一致性,省域中北部与中东部出现较多指向同一象限的县域,反映该地区县域碳排放效率的局部空间结构演化存在共同趋势与相对稳定的邻域响应。与此形成对照的是,晋南-晋西南及部分晋东南县域的发展方向类型更为混合,呈现多方向并存的格局。表明碳排放效率的局部空间结构演化具有总体同向的特点,但在晋南-晋西南等活跃区更可能体现为多方向调整与结构重组,局部格局更不稳定、对外部冲击更敏感。
在LISA时间路径刻画局部空间关系动态演化的基础上,进一步采用LISA时空跃迁方法识别相邻阶段县域局部空间关联类型的转移特征(图9)。依据ESTDA的常用解释框架,Ⅰ型跃迁表征“自身与邻域关系保持不变”的稳定锁定;Ⅱ型跃迁更强调“县域自身状态变化”所驱动的类型转换;Ⅲ型跃迁更多反映“邻域环境变化”对本县域关联类型的牵引;而Ⅳ型及其子类型对应“自身与邻域同步调整”,通常可视为局部空间结构更强的重组信号。
从总体格局看,2012—2015年、2015—2018年、2018—2021年与2021—2023年4个阶段均以I型占主导,表明山西县域碳排放效率的局部空间关联结构具有显著的路径依赖与惯性,也为全局 Moran′s I 长期为正提供微观层面的支撑。与此同时,不同阶段跃迁的发生规模与空间集中度呈清晰的阶段差异。2012—2015年跃迁县域相对更多,且在省域南部与西南部形成更突出的集聚带,表明该期间县域的局部空间关系处于更频繁的调整过程。2015—2018年跃迁仍主要沿上述活跃带延续,并在省域东南缘及中部出现一定数量的点状分布;2018—2021年跃迁总体收敛,但在省域西部带状区域及北部局部仍可观察到连续分布;至2021—2023年,跃迁县域进一步减少并趋于零星化,空间结构整体走向相对稳定。总体而言,“前期跃迁较多-后期跃迁收敛”的演进过程,说明县域的局部空间关联经历由相对活跃的结构调整向稳定锁定的阶段性回归。
为识别山西省县域碳排放效率的关键驱动因素并刻画其非线性响应,本文在纳入新型城镇化水平及产业、经济、人口、政府、自然条件等多维变量的基础上(表3),首先对比决策树、梯度提升决策树、随机森林和XGBoost等4种模型,结果显示,XGBoost具有较高的R2、EVS,并具有最低的RMSE等解释指标(表4),因此,选取XGBoost模型对变量的全局贡献度进行排序,并进一步利用SHAP依赖图识别关键变量的阈值区间。
从全局重要性排序看,碳排放效率的主导因素呈 “经济活动强度-财政支出约束-人口与土地集约”协同驱动的特征(图10)。其中,X4贡献度最高,其后依次为X6、X5、X12、X7、X2。而X9、X10、X8等变量虽具有一定解释力,但整体贡献度相对靠后,X1在机器学习框架下的边际重要性并不占优,表明碳排放效率提升更直接受到资源配置效率、产业要素组织方式与治理支出效率的共同影响。
进一步阈值识别结果表明,各关键变量对碳排放效率的影响并非线性单调,而是存在明显的“拐点-加速/抑制”机制。X4在跨越一定阈值后对碳排放效率的正向贡献显著增强。当经济活动强度处于较低区间时,其边际作用相对有限甚至可能为负,但随着经济密度提升并越过阈值,SHAP值快速转为正并持续抬升,表明规模经济、要素匹配效率与技术扩散更可能在较高经济密度阶段释放“效率红利”。X6则呈典型的“过犹不及”特征,在较低支出强度下,财政投入可能通过公共服务供给、基础设施完善与治理能力提升对碳排放效率形成支撑;但当支出强度超过阈值后,其边际贡献转为显著负向,提示财政支出结构与效率若未有效引导绿色投资与技术改造,可能产生资源错配与挤出效应,进而抑制低碳效率改善。X5表现为门槛型促进作用,在低水平阶段贡献有限,而当人力资本积累达到阈值后,SHAP值显著转正并抬升,说明技能与知识要素对绿色技术吸收、管理效率提升及产业升级具有关键支撑作用。X12总体呈正向驱动且存在阈值加速效应,意味着当县域进入更高水平的空间集约与产出密度阶段,更容易形成“集约化-高产出-低排放强度”的正向循环。X7对碳排放效率的影响则表现为非线性抑制特征。当消费强度超过阈值后,其负向贡献更为明显,可能反映消费扩张带来的交通出行、居住能耗与服务业能源需求上升,从需求侧对低碳效率形成压力。X2在总体上具备促进作用,但其贡献度相对前述变量更弱且呈现阈值特征,表明仅有“结构比例”改善未必自动转化为效率跃升,仍需与技术改造、能源结构优化与要素配置效率提升相匹配,才能释放更稳定的低碳绩效增益。
为进一步刻画驱动因素在不同效率水平县域中的作用差异,本文对XGBoost识别的关键因素开展面板分位数回归(表5),虽然新型城镇化水平在前述分析中贡献度并不高,但依旧将其继续纳入回归分析,以进一步探讨新型城镇化对碳排放效率的边际影响。各变量在不同分位点上的影响方向与显著性存在差异,反映出碳排放效率提升路径具有明显的分布异质性。1)新型城镇化水平在低分位影响不显著,但在中高分位呈现显著促进作用。具体而言,0.25分位系数为0.014且不显著;0.50分位系数与0.75分位系数分别为0.096、0.144。表明新型城镇化对碳排放效率的促进更可能发生在效率基础相对较好、要素配置与治理能力更完善的县域,具有一定门槛效应。2)产业结构高级化整体表现为正向影响,但主要集中在中低分位更为显著。0.25分位系数0.002,0.50分位系数0.002,而0.75分位系数0.001不显著。意味着产业结构升级对中低效率县域的边际改善作用更突出,高效率县域可能已进入结构优化边际递减或需依赖更深层次技术与管理效率提升的阶段。3)经济发展水平在各分位点均显著为正,且系数均在1%水平显著,表明经济活动强度提升在样本期内总体有助于提高碳排放效率,可能通过集聚带来的规模经济、要素匹配效率与技术扩散等途径发挥作用。4)人口规模在各分位点均显著为负,表明人口过度集聚可能通过交通与居住能耗上升、基础设施负荷增加及环境容量约束等渠道对碳排放效率产生持续压力。5)政府规制强度在各分位点均显著为负,提示财政支出结构与效率可能对低碳效率形成约束;其含义更接近“支出强度并非越高越好”,关键在于支出是否有效引导绿色投资、技术改造与公共服务效率提升。6)平均气温在各分位点均显著为正(1%水平显著),说明自然条件差异可能通过影响能源需求结构及生产活动季节性等因素,对碳排放效率产生系统性影响。7)土地利用效率在各分位点均显著为正,且随分位点提高系数明显增大,表明土地集约利用对中高效率县域的边际贡献更强,可能反映出集约化-高产出-低排放强度路径在效率较高地区更容易形成正向循环。
综合来看,驱动因素在不同分位点的差异表明,山西县域碳排放效率提升并不存在统一的“单路径”。对中低效率县域而言,产业高级化与经济活动组织方式优化更为关键;对中高效率县域而言,新型城镇化质量提升与土地集约利用的边际作用更突出;而人口密度与财政支出强度的负向影响在各分位普遍存在,需进一步加强集聚质量与财政支出方向的约束与优化。
本研究表明,新型城镇化对县域碳排放效率的影响具有“结构效应”与“规模效应”的并存性。以人为核心的新型城镇化通常通过公共服务供给、要素集聚与基础设施完善等方式带来资源配置效率提升,但在投资扩张、建设用地扩张与能耗需求上升阶段,也可能对碳排放效率形成阶段性约束[14]。因此,观察到县域碳排放效率在时间上呈波动与阶段差异,并不矛盾,关键在于不同阶段主导效应的转换以及产业与能源结构调整的匹配程度。空间依赖意味着县域碳排放效率存在跨边界的联动机制。全局与局部空间相关性表明,县域碳排放效率并非独立演化,而更可能受到邻近地区产业分工、要素流动与环境治理等方面协同的影响[19]。当区域协同治理、产业链协作或基础设施互联互通增强时,高值或低值状态更可能通过空间外溢产生同向集聚;反之,在外部冲击或转型阵痛期,空间相关性可能阶段性走弱。
时空跃迁反映县域低碳转型的路径依赖与可跃迁性并存。一方面,LISA时间路径与时空跃迁结果提示,部分县域受既有产业结构与能源路径约束,局部空间关系稳定、锁定特征明显[24];另一方面,县域出现较强的状态切换,说明通过产业升级、技术改造或治理能力提升,县域碳排放效率存在从低位集聚向高位集聚转换的现实可能。驱动因素的非线性与分布异质性强调政策工具需要组合化。在不同效率分位上,影响因素的边际作用可能出现显著差异:低效率县域更需要解决高能耗锁定与粗放投入问题,而中高效率县域则更依赖高质量城镇化的结构优化与治理能力提升。因而,单一政策工具往往难以覆盖全体县域的转型需求。
基于上述格局-过程-机制的综合研判,本文提出分区分类治理策略:1)实施分类施策的差异化转型路径。对于处于低效率分位的县域,如忻州、吕梁等地区,应重点实施去产能、优存量策略,利用环保倒逼机制淘汰落后产能,破解高能耗产业的路径锁定;对于中高效率分位的县域,如晋东南、晋北等县域,应聚焦“提质量、扩增量”,通过技术创新与服务业升级巩固领先优势,发挥其作为低碳增长极的辐射带动作用。2)构建跨域协同的低碳空间共同体。针对空间集聚与溢出特征,应打破行政壁垒,建立跨县域的低碳合作机制。鼓励高效率县域向周边地区进行清洁技术转移与管理经验输出,通过共建产业园区、共享环境基础设施等方式,增强正向空间外溢,带动周边低效率县域实现“蛙跳式”升级,缩小区域内部的碳鸿沟。3)强化结构优化驱动的内生动力机制。鉴于产业与土地要素的关键驱动作用,应将政策着力点从单纯的规模扩张转向结构调整。在产业端,推动煤炭清洁高效利用与新能源产业集群发展,提升产业结构的绿度;在空间端,推广紧凑型城市发展模式,提高建设用地利用强度,降低城镇化过程中的碳足迹。4)建立动态适应的政策调节机制。考虑到驱动因素的非线性与时变特征,政府应建立碳排放效率动态监测预警平台。结合大数据手段定期评估县域低碳绩效,及时识别陷入“锁定”状态的县域,并根据人口流动、财政能力等关键指标的阈值变化,动态调整财政补贴、产业准入与考核权重,确保政策工具的敏捷性与适配性。
本研究尚存以下局限以待深化。限于县域统计数据的可得性,部分能源消耗数据依赖夜间灯光等代理变量反演,尽管经过校准,仍可能存在微观偏差,未来可结合企业级微观数据或碳卫星遥感数据进行多源校核。同时,本文侧重于识别驱动因素的净效应,对各要素之间的交互作用及具体传导路径挖掘尚显不足,未来可通过结构方程模型或因果推断方法进一步打开机制黑箱。因此,未来研究可将视角从单一的“碳排放效率”拓展至“减污降碳协同增效”或“生态福利绩效”,构建涵盖碳汇、污染物协同治理的综合评价框架,更全面地服务于美丽中国建设目标。
1)2012—2023年新型城镇化与碳排放效率均表现出“稳步攀升”与“阶段性震荡”并存的演化态势;空间上,二者均存在显著的梯度级差与集聚斑块,高值区逐渐向城市群核心区收敛,低值区则呈相对连片的分布格局。
2)Dagum基尼系数分解结果表明,组间差异与超变密度是导致县域碳排放效率空间非均衡的主导来源,表明不同发展梯度的县域间存在明显的“碳鸿沟”,如太原市、晋中市等中心城市,且该分异结构在样本期内并未实现完全收敛。
3)全局空间相关性显著且呈波动变化,表明县域碳排放效率具有空间溢出效应;LISA时间路径与时空跃迁分析进一步表明,大部分县域的局部空间结构保持较强稳定性,呈显著的低-低或高-高集聚锁定特征,但仍有部分边缘县域通过跃迁打破原有的空间稳态。
4)碳排放效率的驱动机制表现出显著的非线性响应与分位异质性。XGBoost-SHAP与分位数回归结果表明,驱动因素对碳排放效率的作用并非简单的线性关系,而是存在明显的阈值效应。新型城镇化、产业高级化在多数情境下发挥正向驱动作用,而人口集聚与财政支出强度在低效率区间往往呈现负向拥挤效应或依赖陷阱。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42271283)
  • 山西省基础研究计划项目(202503011232005)
  • 山西省自然科学基金青年基金项目(202403021222245)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.016
  • 接收时间:2026-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-11
  • 修回日期:2026-02-26
  • 录用日期:2026-03-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42271283)
山西省基础研究计划项目(202503011232005)
山西省自然科学基金青年基金项目(202403021222245)
作者信息
    山西师范大学地理科学学院,太原 030031

通讯作者:

张仲伍(1969—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事区域经济研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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