Article(id=1312009795717128390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769184000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-24, revisedDate=1774281600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-24, acceptedDate=1775577600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineDate=1790737111261, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737111261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737111261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737111261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=227, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009795943620807, articleId=1312009795717128390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Morphological Changes and Influencing Factors of Headcut Scour Holes at Ephemeral Gullies within Herbaceous Communities in Loess Hilly-Gully Region, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to investigate the morphological change process of scour holes at the headcut of ephemeral gullies on slopes with typical herbaceous communities and their main controlling factors. Methods Field runoff scouring experiments were conducted on slopes covered by three typical herbaceous communities in the loess hilly-gully region (Stipa bungeana, Lespedeza davurica, and Artemisia gmelinii). Close-range photogrammetry was applied to monitor morphological change processes of scour holes. Results 1) Significant differences in root mass density and soil properties were observed among different herbaceous communities. In the topsoil layer (0~0.2 m), the Artemisia gmelinii community exhibited significantly higher root mass density, root length density, total porosity, saturated water content, and aggregate mean weight diameter than the other two communities, while soil bulk density, cohesion, and penetration resistance showed the opposite pattern. 2) Herbaceous communities significantly affected the morphological characteristics of scour holes and their change processes. Morphological parameters, including width, height, depth, area, volume, shape factor, and depth-to-diameter ratio, showed fluctuating variations with scouring duration, following an increase-decrease-increase trend. Significant differences in morphological development of headcut scour holes at gullies were observed among different herbaceous communities, with the slowest development in the Artemisia gmelinii community, followed by Lespedeza davurica and Stipa bungeana. 3) Pearson correlation and partial least squares (PLS) analyses showed that root mass density, root length density, total porosity, saturated water content, and aggregate mean weight diameter significantly affected scour hole depth. PLS structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) indicated that vegetation root traits and aggregate mean weight diameter were key factors affecting scour hole depth development, with total effects of -0.65 and -0.53, respectively. Vegetation roots significantly increased soil aggregate stability, thereby inhibiting scour hole development. Conclusion The findings provide important theoretical support for understanding mechanisms by which vegetation restoration influences headward erosion in ephemeral gullies.

, authors=Yu Wang1, 2, Yatong Zhang1, 2, Guanghui Zhang1, 2, authorsList=Yu Wang, Yatong Zhang, Guanghui Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guanghui Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009799332618458, articleId=1312009795717128390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=黄土丘陵沟壑区草本群落切沟沟头内凹洞形态变化及影响因素, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为探究典型草本群落坡面切沟沟头内凹洞形态变化过程及其主控因素。 方法 以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型草本群落(长芒草、胡枝子、铁杆蒿等)为研究对象,开展野外放水冲刷试验,利用近景摄影测量法监测内凹洞形态特征变化过程。 结果 1)不同草本群落根重密度和土壤性质差异显著,土壤表层(0~0.2 m)铁杆蒿群落根重密度、根长密度、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、团聚体平均重量直径显著大于其他草本群落,而土壤体积质量、黏结力和贯入阻力相反;2)草本群落显著影响内凹洞形态特征及其变化过程。内凹洞宽度、高度、深度、面积、体积、形状系数和深度直径比等形态特征均随冲刷时间呈增大-减小-增大波动性变化趋势。不同草本群落条件下沟头内凹洞的形态发育存在显著差异,铁杆蒿群落发育最慢,其次为胡枝子和长芒草群落;3)Pearson相关分析和PLS分析结果显示根重密度、根长密度、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、团聚体平均重量直径等显著影响内凹洞深度。偏最小二乘结构方程模型表明,植被根系特征与土壤团聚体稳定性是影响内凹洞深度发育的关键因子,总效应分别为-0.65和-0.53,植被根系显著提高土壤团聚体稳定性,进而阻控内凹洞发育。 结论 为解析植被恢复影响切沟溯源侵蚀机制提供重要的理论依据。

, authors=王宇1, 2, 张雅童1, 2, 张光辉1, 2, authorsList=王宇, 张雅童, 张光辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张光辉, authorNote=

王宇(2002—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:

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张光辉(1969—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:
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Headcut erosive regimes influenced by groundwater on disturbed agricultural soils[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(2):290-299., articleTitle=Headcut erosive regimes influenced by groundwater on disturbed agricultural soils, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009804424503573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, awardId=42130701, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130701), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009799575888091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009799584276700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, companyId=1312009799575888091, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009799601053917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, companyId=1312009799575888091, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009799676551390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009799684939999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, companyId=1312009799676551390, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of;Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009799693328608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, companyId=1312009799676551390, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京师范大学地表过程与;水土风沙灾害风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009801165529341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location of Zhifanggou watershed and distribution of sampling plots, figureFileSmall=iJIyjeVjZ1QW14Eiq1g7mQ==, figureFileBig=eKXFDsdqBE1j+zqAuN71tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801232638206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纸坊沟流域地理位置及样地分布, figureFileSmall=iJIyjeVjZ1QW14Eiq1g7mQ==, figureFileBig=eKXFDsdqBE1j+zqAuN71tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801425576191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Photographs at initial and final experimental stages and digital elevation models (DEMs) of headcut walls in different herbaceous communities, figureFileSmall=kt1jk0054rTsQx8SuGJE7A==, figureFileBig=WY+kcTjVDxHX0T6pKoC3tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801492685056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各草本群落试验初始、试验结束时照片及沟头壁面DEM, figureFileSmall=kt1jk0054rTsQx8SuGJE7A==, figureFileBig=WY+kcTjVDxHX0T6pKoC3tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801555599617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Coordinate system of runoff scouring plot, figureFileSmall=cBdMC0+3riYUhVCzYxExQg==, figureFileBig=UsOSrZl31THXquTvCBtcBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801626902786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图3, caption=径流冲刷小区坐标系, figureFileSmall=cBdMC0+3riYUhVCzYxExQg==, figureFileBig=UsOSrZl31THXquTvCBtcBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801698205955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Differences in soil properties among different herbaceous communities, figureFileSmall=T2Bxksr7Z0seiFzuPQsH1w==, figureFileBig=j3hQ4nkJ8AD4hwDBA5M50w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801769509124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同草本群落土壤性质差异

注:箱体下边界对应第一四分位数,上边界对应第三四分位数,箱体内部的横线为中位数,白色圆形为平均数,黑色菱形为异常值。

, figureFileSmall=T2Bxksr7Z0seiFzuPQsH1w==, figureFileBig=j3hQ4nkJ8AD4hwDBA5M50w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801840812293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variations of root characteristics with sampling depth under different herbaceous communities, figureFileSmall=pH53FTud4whfV/2yrKHjDw==, figureFileBig=f6taFx40Tb+LSRqU0RtcMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009801907921158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同草本群落根系特性随采样深度的变化, figureFileSmall=pH53FTud4whfV/2yrKHjDw==, figureFileBig=f6taFx40Tb+LSRqU0RtcMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803535311111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variations in morphological characteristics of headcut scour holes with scouring duration under different herbaceous communities, figureFileSmall=5a403KhpvnrQKgrHjishcg==, figureFileBig=JxCQfnx2Gcp4+nvgGjWXNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803610808585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同草本群落沟头内凹洞形态特征随冲刷历时变化, figureFileSmall=5a403KhpvnrQKgrHjishcg==, figureFileBig=JxCQfnx2Gcp4+nvgGjWXNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803682111754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation heatmap of scour hole depth with soil properties and root characteristics, figureFileSmall=seT4EpfAfrbIA4/jpmG5MA==, figureFileBig=bpT0rkwggaszI/cRvKKabA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803761803531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图7, caption=内凹洞深度与土壤性质及根系特征间的相关性热图

注:*、**分别表示p<0.05、p<0.01;Mn-Ds、Mx-Ds分别为内凹洞平均和最大深度;BD、SWC、TP、SHC、Coh、PR、SOM、MWD、CL、SI、SA、RMD、RLD、RSAD、RVD分别为土壤体积质量、饱和含水量、总孔隙度、饱和导水率、黏结力、贯入阻力、有机质质量分数、团聚体平均重量直径、黏粒体积分数、粉粒体积分数、砂粒体积分数、根重密度、根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度。下同。

, figureFileSmall=seT4EpfAfrbIA4/jpmG5MA==, figureFileBig=bpT0rkwggaszI/cRvKKabA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803833106700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variable importance in projection (VIP) and standardized regression coefficients of influencing factors on scour hole depth, figureFileSmall=hKP9zkWQJkQn6uEUaFcc5A==, figureFileBig=Du10y/JWeW43afc94cc8xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803900215565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图8, caption=内凹洞深度影响因素的变量重要性投影(VIP)与标准化回归系数, figureFileSmall=hKP9zkWQJkQn6uEUaFcc5A==, figureFileBig=Du10y/JWeW43afc94cc8xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009803963130127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of soil properties and root characteristics on scour hole depth, figureFileSmall=5pa+uuJvACM8gnNb9TQz7g==, figureFileBig=Apr0n47Vyzu7JqSi4rMuuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009804034433296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=图9, caption=土壤性质和根系特征对内凹洞深度的影响

注:箭头表示作用路径,箭头上的数字为路径系数;黑色表示正相关,红色表示负相关;线的粗细表示影响程度;R2反映模型解释的方差比例;GOF为模型整体拟合优度。

, figureFileSmall=5pa+uuJvACM8gnNb9TQz7g==, figureFileBig=Apr0n47Vyzu7JqSi4rMuuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009804097347857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of sampling plots

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号

植物

种类

根系

形态

海拔/m坡向植被覆盖度土壤质地/%
黏粒粉粒砂粒
1长芒草须根系1 141.4SE0.864.81b69.85a25.36a
2胡枝子须根系1 141.5SE0.444.93b68.52a26.55a
3铁杆蒿直根系1 134.2NE0.556.61a66.88b26.54a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009804164456722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样地基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号

植物

种类

根系

形态

海拔/m坡向植被覆盖度土壤质地/%
黏粒粉粒砂粒
1长芒草须根系1 141.4SE0.864.81b69.85a25.36a
2胡枝子须根系1 141.5SE0.444.93b68.52a26.55a
3铁杆蒿直根系1 134.2NE0.556.61a66.88b26.54a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009804244148499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of partial least squares (PLS) regres-sion models for mean and maximum scour hole depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素内凹洞平均深度模型回归系数内凹洞最大深度模型回归系数
RMD/(kg·m-3)-0.364-0.268
RLD/(km·m-3)-0.002-0.005
BD/(kg·m-3)0.2260.062
SWC/%-0.004-0.002
TP/%0.008-0.003
SHC/(cm·min-1)0.5910.412
MWD/mm-0.004-0.010
CL/%0.005-0.004
SI/%-0.003-0.003
SA/%0.0020.004
Pr/kPa-0.008-0.012
Coh/kPa0.0060
SOM/%0.0120.063
R20.9400.960
RMSE/m0.0100.010
), ArticleFig(id=1312009804319645972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009795717128390, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

内凹洞平均深度、最大深度PLS回归模型的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素内凹洞平均深度模型回归系数内凹洞最大深度模型回归系数
RMD/(kg·m-3)-0.364-0.268
RLD/(km·m-3)-0.002-0.005
BD/(kg·m-3)0.2260.062
SWC/%-0.004-0.002
TP/%0.008-0.003
SHC/(cm·min-1)0.5910.412
MWD/mm-0.004-0.010
CL/%0.005-0.004
SI/%-0.003-0.003
SA/%0.0020.004
Pr/kPa-0.008-0.012
Coh/kPa0.0060
SOM/%0.0120.063
R20.9400.960
RMSE/m0.0100.010
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黄土丘陵沟壑区草本群落切沟沟头内凹洞形态变化及影响因素
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王宇 1, 2 , 张雅童 1, 2 , 张光辉 1, 2
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 227-236
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 227 -236
黄土丘陵沟壑区草本群落切沟沟头内凹洞形态变化及影响因素
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王宇1, 2 , 张雅童1, 2, 张光辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875
  • 2.北京师范大学地表过程与;水土风沙灾害风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875
通讯作者:
张光辉(1969—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

王宇(2002—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:

Morphological Changes and Influencing Factors of Headcut Scour Holes at Ephemeral Gullies within Herbaceous Communities in Loess Hilly-Gully Region
Yu Wang1, 2 , Yatong Zhang1, 2, Guanghui Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of;Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.029
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目的 为探究典型草本群落坡面切沟沟头内凹洞形态变化过程及其主控因素。 方法 以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型草本群落(长芒草、胡枝子、铁杆蒿等)为研究对象,开展野外放水冲刷试验,利用近景摄影测量法监测内凹洞形态特征变化过程。 结果 1)不同草本群落根重密度和土壤性质差异显著,土壤表层(0~0.2 m)铁杆蒿群落根重密度、根长密度、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、团聚体平均重量直径显著大于其他草本群落,而土壤体积质量、黏结力和贯入阻力相反;2)草本群落显著影响内凹洞形态特征及其变化过程。内凹洞宽度、高度、深度、面积、体积、形状系数和深度直径比等形态特征均随冲刷时间呈增大-减小-增大波动性变化趋势。不同草本群落条件下沟头内凹洞的形态发育存在显著差异,铁杆蒿群落发育最慢,其次为胡枝子和长芒草群落;3)Pearson相关分析和PLS分析结果显示根重密度、根长密度、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、团聚体平均重量直径等显著影响内凹洞深度。偏最小二乘结构方程模型表明,植被根系特征与土壤团聚体稳定性是影响内凹洞深度发育的关键因子,总效应分别为-0.65和-0.53,植被根系显著提高土壤团聚体稳定性,进而阻控内凹洞发育。 结论 为解析植被恢复影响切沟溯源侵蚀机制提供重要的理论依据。

黄土高原  /  切沟  /  溯源侵蚀  /  内凹洞  /  摄影测量

Objective This study aims to investigate the morphological change process of scour holes at the headcut of ephemeral gullies on slopes with typical herbaceous communities and their main controlling factors. Methods Field runoff scouring experiments were conducted on slopes covered by three typical herbaceous communities in the loess hilly-gully region (Stipa bungeana, Lespedeza davurica, and Artemisia gmelinii). Close-range photogrammetry was applied to monitor morphological change processes of scour holes. Results 1) Significant differences in root mass density and soil properties were observed among different herbaceous communities. In the topsoil layer (0~0.2 m), the Artemisia gmelinii community exhibited significantly higher root mass density, root length density, total porosity, saturated water content, and aggregate mean weight diameter than the other two communities, while soil bulk density, cohesion, and penetration resistance showed the opposite pattern. 2) Herbaceous communities significantly affected the morphological characteristics of scour holes and their change processes. Morphological parameters, including width, height, depth, area, volume, shape factor, and depth-to-diameter ratio, showed fluctuating variations with scouring duration, following an increase-decrease-increase trend. Significant differences in morphological development of headcut scour holes at gullies were observed among different herbaceous communities, with the slowest development in the Artemisia gmelinii community, followed by Lespedeza davurica and Stipa bungeana. 3) Pearson correlation and partial least squares (PLS) analyses showed that root mass density, root length density, total porosity, saturated water content, and aggregate mean weight diameter significantly affected scour hole depth. PLS structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) indicated that vegetation root traits and aggregate mean weight diameter were key factors affecting scour hole depth development, with total effects of -0.65 and -0.53, respectively. Vegetation roots significantly increased soil aggregate stability, thereby inhibiting scour hole development. Conclusion The findings provide important theoretical support for understanding mechanisms by which vegetation restoration influences headward erosion in ephemeral gullies.

Loess Plateau  /  ephemeral gully  /  headward erosion  /  scour hole  /  photogrammetry
王宇, 张雅童, 张光辉. 黄土丘陵沟壑区草本群落切沟沟头内凹洞形态变化及影响因素. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 227 -236 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.029
Yu Wang, Yatong Zhang, Guanghui Zhang. Morphological Changes and Influencing Factors of Headcut Scour Holes at Ephemeral Gullies within Herbaceous Communities in Loess Hilly-Gully Region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 227 -236 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.029
切沟侵蚀是干旱、半干旱地区面临的重大生态环境问题,是导致水土流失、土地退化的重要原因,严重威胁区域农业生产、生态安全和可持续发展[1]。切沟的形成与发育,显著提高流域水文与泥沙连通性,导致流域侵蚀泥沙明显增大[2]。切沟发育包括沟头溯源、沟底下切和沟岸扩张,其中,沟头溯源在切沟发育过程中起到关键作用,在很大程度上决定沟底下切和沟岸扩张过程,也是影响切沟集水区面积和切沟侵蚀动力的核心。因此,深刻探究沟头溯源过程及其主控因素,对高效防止切沟侵蚀、持续利用水土资源,保障社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。
沟头溯源作为切沟发育的关键过程,是水力与重力协同作用的结果[3]。汇聚于沟头的坡面径流将分为冲刷沟底的射流和沿沟头边壁流动的贴壁流,在射流的持续冲刷作用下,沟底逐渐形成下凹的跌水潭。受跌水潭中积水和贴壁流的共同影响,沟头中下部逐渐形成不规则的内凹洞(scour hole)。在水流冲刷、土壤崩解及崩塌的共同作用下,内凹洞不断扩大,诱发内凹洞顶部土体失稳崩塌,沟头向上溯源。该过程循环往复,导致沟头逐渐向集水区上游发育,因而研究内凹洞形态变化过程是解析沟头溯源侵蚀动力机制的根本[4]。内凹洞发育受多种因素影响,土壤性质是影响内凹洞发育的主要因素,特别是土壤性质的垂直分层特征是内凹洞形成与发育的基础[5]。坡面径流水动力学特性(如流量、沟头坡度、沟头高度等)直接控制内凹洞发育的能量大小,决定内凹洞形态特征变化过程与速度[6]。当内凹洞规模达到临界值时内凹洞顶部土体发生崩塌,沟头瞬间后退,前期研究[7-9]发现,该过程是植被覆盖条件下沟头溯源的主导模式。
植被是阻控切沟侵蚀的有效措施[8],地上部分通过截留降雨、增加地表随机糙率等方式削弱径流侵蚀动力[9],地下根系则通过加筋和锚固作用及生化作用改善土壤结构,提高团聚体稳定性与土壤抗剪强度[10]。在黄土高原地区,强烈的土壤侵蚀导致切沟非常发育,沟头溯源是切沟侵蚀发育的关键过程。自“退耕还林(草)”工程实施以来,植被恢复阻控溯源侵蚀的效应日益显现,切沟溯源速率显著下降[2]。然而,植被阻控溯源侵蚀的效应,是植被影响土壤性质的长期结果[11],且与草本群落密切相关。受野外试验条件的影响,现有切沟沟头溯源侵蚀及内凹洞的相关研究[4,6-7]以人工填土为主,且多为裸地或人工植草,对于自然条件下典型草本群落对切沟沟头内凹洞形态特征及其变化过程的影响,缺乏系统性认知。基于此,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型草本群落为对象,开展原位模拟水冲刷试验,利用近景摄影测量监测内凹洞形态特征变化过程,阐明其对土壤性质和植被根系的响应。研究结果对于揭示黄土高原草本群落阻控切沟溯源侵蚀动力机制具有重要意义,为切沟治理草本群落遴选提供科学依据。
研究区位于陕西省延安市安塞区沿河湾镇纸坊沟小流域(36°43′~36°47′N,109°14′~109°17′E)(图1),地处黄土高原腹地,流域面积8.27 km2,平均海拔1 200 m。气候处于暖温带半湿润向半干旱过渡区,年平均气温8.8 ℃,无霜期155 d,多年平均降水量549 mm,降雨集中于6—9月,占全年降水量的60%以上。该区属于典型的黄土丘陵沟壑区,地形以梁峁状丘陵为主,地形破碎,沟壑纵横。土壤类型以黄绵土为主,质地为粉壤土,在沟谷内分布有少量较为黏重的三趾马红土。该区属于森林带向草原带过渡区,原始植被已破坏殆尽,1999年实施“退耕还林(草)”工程后,流域内植被快速恢复,主要草本植物为达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Arte⁃misia gmelinii)、白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana),灌木以沙棘(Hippophae rha⁃mnoides)、柠条(Caragana intermedia)、狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)为主,乔木以刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)为主[12]。土地利用类型主要为草地、荒坡、农地、灌木、园地和林地等。受自然和人为因素的综合影响,流域内土壤侵蚀强烈发育,随着“退耕还林(草)”工程效益的逐渐发挥,侵蚀强度迅速降低。流域内切沟侵蚀强烈发育,主要分布于沟沿线以下的沟坡上,随着植被的恢复,目前切沟多处于稳定状态,是研究植被恢复影响切沟侵蚀的理想区域。
在系统勘察的基础上,选取纸坊沟小流域瓦树塌村附近沟沿线以上的荒坡地,在充分考虑植被生长状况、面积大小、地形特征及样地可达性的基础上,选取3种黄土丘陵沟壑区广泛分布的典型草本群落,分别为长芒草、胡枝子、铁杆蒿。样地坡长>5 m,坡度15°左右,地表平整无明显起伏,优势种单一且分布较为均匀,各样地的基本信息见表1。土壤均为粉砂壤土,质地疏松,保水保肥能力适中。
切沟沟头径流冲刷小区由“坡面-沟头-沟底”组成。根据研究区切沟侵蚀及降雨特性[3],通过多次预试验观测沟头内凹洞形态发育情况,设计径流流量为1.4 L/s。当坡面长度>3 m时,径流流速可达到相对稳定,因此,设计径流冲刷小区坡面水平投影长度为3 m,小区宽度为0.7 m,沟头高度为0.8 m,沟头边壁坡度为90°,沟底水平投影长度为1 m,宽度、坡度与坡面一致。在坡面、沟头和沟底的左右边界,嵌入白色PVC板,嵌入土层深度为0.2 m,出露地表高度为0.2 m,在PVC板上标记蓝色控制点,以沟头边壁断面为基准确定坐标系。坡面、沟头和沟底部分控制点间距分别为0.3、0.1、0.5 m,从而精准监测内凹洞形态特征。
放水冲刷试验前,将输送的清水储藏于4个2 m3的储水罐,试验时用扬程为27 m、最大流量为9 L/s的汽油泵抽到设置有溢流口的蓄水桶,溢出的水流通过分流设施返回到储水罐,蓄水桶溢流口高度固定从而保证流进小区的流量稳定。在小区上端安装稳流槽,径流通过稳流槽均匀溢出流进小区,沟底末端安装集流槽收集径流与泥沙。使用2个罗技高清摄像头(Logitech C920 pro)分别从小区的正上方和正前方录制试验过程,为消除光照对拍摄效果的影响,试验时搭建遮阳棚。
试验于2024年8—10月进行,正式试验前开展多次预试验,由于野外试验条件苛刻、适合的样地稀少,因而不同草本群落仅进行1次试验。为消除植物茎叶对试验观测的影响,试验前将径流冲刷小区内草本修剪至5 cm左右,保证地表随机糙率与原始坡面一致。使用直角尺和坡度仪测量并计算所有控制点相对坐标后,对坡面进行预湿润,确保初始含水量基本一致。试验开始前,采用容积法测定流量,当5次测定误差不超过5%时开始试验。冲刷时长设置为180 min,每冲刷20 min后停止放水,待沟底跌水潭内水下渗或抽出后,使用佳能相机(Eos80 D)搭载定焦镜头(佳能EF50 mm f/1.8 STM)环绕小区拍摄照片,保证相邻照片重叠率≥60%,每张照片至少包含3个控制点,若有根系遮挡则从不同角度补拍。图2为各草本群落试验初始、试验结束时的照片及沟头壁面DEM。
土壤和根系样品均于冲刷试验结束后次日采集。采样位置位于沟头发生崩塌后垂直断面沿坡面向上0.5 m,既能快速采样,又能保证样品的代表性。采样共分5层,分别是0~0.1、0.1~0.2、0.2~0.4、0.4~0.6、0.6~0.8 m,除第1层外,其他各层先削去上部5 cm土层后采样,均重复3次。
土壤性质包括土壤质地、体积质量、孔隙度、饱和含水量、饱和导水率、团聚体平均重量直径、黏结力、贯入阻力和有机质质量分数。使用Mastersizer 3 000激光粒度分析仪测量土壤质地,采用环刀法测定体积质量、孔隙度、饱和含水量,利用常水头法测定饱和导水率,采用湿筛法测定团聚体平均重量直径,土壤黏结力和贯入阻力分别用便携式黏结力仪CL101(14.10, Eijkelkamp)和Eijkelkamo 0 603袖珍式贯入仪现场测量10次以上,使用总有机C分析仪(Elemaenter VARIO)测定土壤有机质质量分数。
用根钻法采集土壤根系样品,深度及分层与土壤性质测定一致。将根系样品置于0.5 mm筛子上,用清水缓慢冲洗,用镊子挑出根系,冲洗干净后自然阴干。随后利用EPSON扫描仪扫描根系,并采用WinRHIZO软件确定根系长度、根表面积、根系体积等参数。扫描完成后,将根系置于65 ℃烘箱中烘至恒重,称重得到根重。根重密度、根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度的计算公式为:
RMD=RMVr
RLD=RLVr
RSAD=RSAVr
RVD=RVVr
式中:RM为根系干重,g;RL为根系长度,m;RSA为根系表面积,m2;RV为根系体积,m3;Vr为根钻取样器体积,m3。
使用Agisoft Metashape 2.1.0软件处理试验过程拍摄的照片,得到正向内凹洞DEM栅格数据,具体步骤为:1)基于控制点构建坐标系,z轴代表垂直于沟头边壁的深度(图3);2)将照片导入Agisoft Metashape,进行照片初始对齐,生成径流冲刷小区初始模型,然后加载控制点并刺点,保证每个控制点至少在3张照片中被准确识别;3)刺点完成后,重新对齐照片,生成密集点云;4)删除遮挡内凹洞的根系点云,并生成DEM;5)将DEM导入ArcMap 10.8,构建1 cm×1 cm渔网点,提取沟头边壁的z值。沟头崩塌前,以初始沟头边壁z值的平均值(z¯)加2倍标准差(σ)作为基准面的深度值(z′);沟头崩塌后,以最近1次崩塌时沟头上部悬臂区域z值的平均值作为z′。利用栅格计算器提取DEM深度值大于z′的栅格,从而确定内凹洞边界,裁剪得到内凹洞DEM。
内凹洞的形态特征包括内凹洞的宽度、高度和深度的平均值和最大值,以及内凹洞的周长、面积、体积、形状系数和深度直径比。基于内凹洞边界裁剪1 cm×1 cm渔网,分别统计裁剪后渔网在水平和竖直方向的平均值和最大值,得到内凹洞宽度和高度的平均值及最大值。为平滑高分辨率引起的误差,将内凹洞DEM重采样至0.01 m分辨率后计算深度、周长、面积和体积。内凹洞深度的平均值和最大值通过内凹洞DEM的平均高程和最大高程的绝对值分别减去z′获得。在ArcMap通过“以表格显示分区统计”工具可获取不同土层的平均深度和最大深度。内凹洞周长和面积由内凹洞边界直接提取,内凹洞体积采用栅格体积积分法计算,公式为:
Vs=∬SDs'-z'dA
式中:Vs为内凹洞体积,m3;S为内凹洞边界;Ds'为内凹洞DEM单个栅格的深度值,m;dA为单个栅格的面积,为1×10-4 m2。
内凹洞形状系数(shape factor,Sf)表示内凹洞边界的圆度,形状系数越接近1,内凹洞边界越圆。计算公式为:
Sf=Ps24πAs
式中:Ps为内凹洞周长,m;As为内凹洞面积,m2。
内凹洞深度直径比(depth-to-diameter ratio,d/D),采用内凹洞平均深度与等效直径之比计算:
dD=DsD'
D'=4Asπ
式中:Ds为内凹洞平均深度,m;D'为内凹洞边界的等效直径,m。
采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)在0.05显著性水平下检测不同草本群落土壤性质、根系特性和内凹洞形态特征的差异,采用Pearson相关分析确定土壤性质、根系特性与内凹洞形态特征间的相关性,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)诊断影响内凹洞深度特征的主要因素,使用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)揭示内凹洞深度特征主要影响因素的作用路径。PLS采用Python 3.12.7软件实现,PLS-SEM利用R 4.5.2语言实现,其他统计分析及绘图均使用OriginLab 2024b软件。
由图4可知,除土壤有机质外,不同草本群落其他土壤性质均差异显著(p<0.05)。不同草本群落间土壤体积质量差异显著,铁杆蒿群落的体积质量、土壤黏结力和贯入阻力均显著小于胡枝子和长芒草群落。铁杆蒿群落的饱和含水量、团聚体平均重量直径显著大于其他2个草本群落。长芒草和铁杆蒿群落的饱和导水率显著大于胡枝子群落。铁杆蒿群落总孔隙度平均值最大,其次是胡枝子和长芒草。
各草本群落根系特征整体随土层深度增加而逐渐减小,但不同群落根系特征随深度的变化略有不同(图5)。各草本群落的根重密度在表层0.2 m内快速减小,特别是铁杆蒿群落更是如此。3种草本群落的根长密度在表层0.3 m内快速减小。除铁杆蒿以外,其他2种草本群落根表面积密度随深度的变化与根长密度相似,铁杆蒿根表面积密度在表层0.3 m快速下降,随后相对稳定。根体积密度随土层深度的变化与根表面积密度类似。
试验过程中内凹洞逐渐形成并不断扩大,当扩大到一定程度后沟头崩塌,内凹洞剧烈减小,甚至消失,因而内凹洞大部分形态特征均呈增大-减小-再增大的波动性变化趋势(图6a~图6f),但不同草本群落沟头崩塌的时刻不同(长芒草、胡枝子、铁杆蒿分别为21、111、179 min),导致内凹洞形态特征发生转折的时刻截然不同。需要注意的是长芒草群落沟头崩塌时刻距下一次停水测量内凹洞的时刻较远,内凹洞的快速发育导致测量的内凹洞高度持续增大,而宽度和深度仅出现较小的减小。内凹洞不同形态特征随时间变化的趋势略有差异,不同草本群落内凹洞发育快慢存在差异。整体而言,长芒草群落最快,依次为胡枝子和铁杆蒿群落。
长芒草、胡枝子、铁杆蒿等群落沟头内凹洞面积和体积随冲刷历时呈“快速增大-缓慢增大-相对稳定-崩塌减小”的动态变化(图6g~图6h)。长芒草沟头崩塌最早,就崩塌前的内凹洞体积而言,长芒草内凹洞体积最大,依次为胡枝子和铁杆蒿。沟头崩塌前,长芒草、胡枝子、铁杆蒿内凹洞体积分别为0.037、0.071、0.078 m3。
不同草本群落沟头内凹洞形状系数的时间变化差异明显(图6i~图6j)。冲刷过程中长芒草群落沟头内凹洞形状系数相对稳定,在3上下波动。冲刷刚开始胡枝子群落沟头内凹洞形状系数快速增大,随后下降,在1.7上下波动,随着沟头的崩塌,形状系数显著增大,随后再次快速下降,表明随着冲刷时间延长,内凹洞逐渐向圆形过渡。铁杆蒿群落沟头内凹洞形状系数随冲刷时间呈快速增大、快速降低、相对稳定和再次增大的变化趋势。不同草本群落内凹洞深度直径比随冲刷时间的变化较为相似,均呈逐渐增大趋势,随着沟头崩塌,深度直径比快速减小,但不同草本群落的增幅和降幅差异较为明显。
受野外试验条件所限,每种草本群落仅进行1次冲刷试验,导致在“群落”尺度上的样本量不足,无法进行相关的统计分析。为克服此限制并充分利用数据,本文将分析尺度聚焦于土壤剖面进行分层统计分析,在内凹洞诸多形态参数中,宽度、高度、深度等受不同土层土壤性质和根系特征的直接影响。由于受径流小区沟头高度和宽度的限制,不同草本群落条件下内凹洞发育稳定时,内凹洞高度和宽度没有显著差异,因此,本文以内凹洞深度为因变量,确定其主要影响因素及作用机制。内凹洞深度为截至崩塌前不同土层的内凹洞平均深度和最大深度。图7给出土壤性质、根系特征与内凹洞深度的Pearson相关性热图。内凹洞平均深度与根重密度呈极显著负相关,与根长密度和团聚体平均重量直径呈显著负相关。内凹洞最大深度与团聚体平均重量直径呈极显著负相关,与饱和含水量、总孔隙度、根重密度呈显著负相关。综合分析表明,内凹洞深度特征主要受根重密度和团聚体平均重量直径的影响。
考虑到土壤性质间可能存在多重共线性,本文采用偏最小二乘法分析数据,该方法可有效克服多重共线性对模型稳定性的影响,PLS回归模型的参数见表2。基于PLS回归分析中变量重要性投影值(VIP)对解释变量的筛选结果(图8)发现,RMD、MWD、SHC、RLD、SI和SA是影响内凹洞平均深度的主要因素,而影响内凹洞最大深度的主要因素为RMD、SWA、TP、SWC和BD。进一步依据PLS回归模型的标准化回归系数分析各主要因子对因变量的作用方向及程度发现,对于内凹洞平均深度和最大深度,RMD的负向作用最大,SHC对内凹洞平均深度的正向作用最大,其次是RLD和SA;对于内凹洞最大深度,BD的正向作用最大,其次是TP。
综合对比Pearson相关分析与PLS回归分析结果,选取RMD、RLD、MWD、SWC、SHC、TP、SI、SA作为主要驱动因子,构建PLS-SEM模型解析土壤性质和植被根系特征及其相互作用对内凹洞深度的影响。模型潜变量中,土壤结构包括TP、SI、SA、BD,根系特征包括RMD、RLD,土壤抗蚀性能由MWD反映,土壤水力特性包括SHC、SWC,内凹洞深度由内凹洞平均深度和最大深度量化(图9)。模型对内凹洞深度的解释度为79%,整体拟合优度(GOF)为0.71,表明模型拟合效果良好。结构路径分析显示,植被根系特征对土壤抗蚀性能具有显著的直接正向作用,路径系数为0.608。土壤抗蚀性能对内凹洞深度特征具有显著的直接负向作用,而对土壤结构表现为显著的直接正向作用,路径系数分别为-0.899、0.770。在间接效应方面,植被根系特征通过促进水稳性团聚体形成,增强土壤抗蚀性能,对内凹洞深度产生显著的间接抑制作用,其间接效应为-0.27。同时,土壤抗蚀性能通过调控土壤结构和水力特性,对内凹洞深度产生显著的间接影响,间接效应为0.37。
植被通过其根系形态、分布等方式显著影响土壤性质。草本群落的根系主要聚集在土壤表层(0~0.2 m)。在本研究中,铁杆蒿群落表层根系最为发达,尤其是在表层0~0.1 m,根重密度、根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度均显著大于长芒草和胡枝子群落(图5),该结果与刘芳等[13]的研究结果类似,其在陕西省神木市六道沟小流域研究铁杆蒿和长芒草的根系分布特征发现,在0~0.1 m土层,铁杆蒿的根重密度显著大于长芒草,但根长密度和根表面积密度低于长芒草,可能与六道沟小流域土壤质地为砂壤土,砂粒体积分数较多,土质疏松,长芒草中极细根(<0.5 mm)比例较高,对根长密度和根表面积密度的贡献超过90%,而本文的土壤质地为粉砂壤土,长芒草中极细根的质量分数相对较少,铁杆蒿的粗根优势明显,因此,铁杆蒿的根长密度和根表面积密度反而较长芒草更大。而在0.1 m以下土层,铁杆蒿的根长密度和根表面积密度迅速降低,且都小于长芒草。
不同草本群落土壤性质的垂直变化与根系密切相关,铁杆蒿群落的总孔隙度、饱和含水量、有机质和团聚体平均重量直径均大于其他2种草本群落,而土壤体积质量、黏结力、贯入阻力相对较低(图4),可能与铁杆蒿发达的直根系具有较强的穿透能力有关,根系生长促进土壤形成较大孔隙[14],从而降低土壤体积质量,导致土壤黏结力、贯入阻力明显降低。根系生化作用显著影响土壤团聚体及其稳定性,根系分泌物(如植物黏液、黏胶等)是团聚体形成的重要胶结剂,可有效提高水稳性大团聚体数量与稳定性。根际微生物通过菌根和菌丝缠绕土壤颗粒、分泌黏性物质,促进大团聚体形成,提升其稳定性[15],进而增强“根-土复合体”稳定性,阻控土壤内凹洞发育。
草本群落切沟溯源侵蚀以“内凹洞发育-沟头崩塌”为主导模式(图6)。已有研究[5,16]表明,内凹洞的形成与发育受土壤性质和植被根系垂直分布的综合影响。随着冲刷历时的增加,内凹洞深度不断增加、宽度和高度持续增大,当内凹洞规模达到临界值时,沟头失稳崩塌,内凹洞深度、宽度和高度显著减小,甚至内凹洞消失[4]。在冲刷过程中,内凹洞深度、宽度和高度出现随时间略有减小的情况,可能原因是在内凹洞发育的同时,伴随着少量的重力侵蚀,没有被径流及时输移的残留泥沙,堆积在内凹洞底部造成内凹洞边界略有减小所致。
不同草本群落内凹洞形态特征的时间变化差异明显。在相同冲刷历时下,铁杆蒿群落内凹洞宽度、高度和深度均明显小于长芒草和胡枝子群落,与娄义宝[15]在黄土塬区的研究结论一致,在相同流量条件下,直根系草本群落(如铁杆蒿)内凹洞深度明显小于须根系草本群落(如白羊草)。在相同流量和坡度条件下,铁杆蒿群落内凹洞发育至沟头崩塌的时间为179 min,明显大于长芒草群落的21 min和胡枝子群落的111 min。同时,在沟头发生崩塌前,相同的冲刷历时条件下,铁杆蒿群落内凹洞的深度直径比明显小于其他2种草本群落,充分说明铁杆蒿群落内凹洞发育慢于长芒草和胡枝子群落,可能与不同草本群落根重密度、根长密度、土壤有机质质量分数和团聚体稳定性的差异有关[10]。
内凹洞深度和高度的持续增加可降低沟头悬空土体的稳定状态,是导致沟头崩塌的重要原因[16-17]。在本文的冲刷过程中,内凹洞高度在前20 min内快速增加,随后趋于相对稳定,而内凹洞深度随冲刷历时逐渐增加,当增加一定值后导致沟头失稳崩塌,随后内凹洞再次发育,直到下次沟头失稳崩塌,在“内凹洞发育-沟头崩塌”不断循环过程中,切沟沟头逐渐向集水区上游溯源,Chen等[4]在西南干河谷区研究沟头溯源侵蚀时也得到类似的结论。由图5可知,铁杆蒿群落沟头崩塌前,内凹洞的平均深度和最大深度均明显大于长芒草群落和胡枝子群落,表明铁杆蒿群落沟头悬空土体的稳定性更高。一方面,铁杆蒿群落的根重密度、根长密度、团聚体平均重量直径均显著大于其他2种草本群落,“根-土复合体”的抗剪强度更大[12];另一方面,径流冲刷过程中,入渗到土壤中的水分在土壤颗粒(或团聚体)表面形成润滑剂导致土壤黏聚力减小,且土壤体积质量越大,土壤黏聚力随含水量增加的下降幅度越大[18],而铁杆蒿群落的土壤体积质量显著小于其他2种草本群落,冲刷过程导致土壤含水量增加驱动的土壤黏聚力降低幅度较小,从而降低土壤水分变化对沟头稳定性的降低效应。综上,植被根系具有较强的阻控切沟沟头内凹洞发育的效应,但阻控作用大小与草本群落根系特征密切相关,阻控作用随根系密度增大而增强。
内凹洞深度的时间变化受土壤性质和植被根系特征等因素的共同影响。土壤结构、土壤抗蚀性能、土壤水分和植被根系特征是影响内凹洞深度的重要因素,其中,植被根系特征和土壤团聚体稳定性是最重要的影响因素(图7、图8)。植被根系通过牵拉缠绕土壤颗粒形成“根-土复合体”,根系分布越密集,土体受径流冲刷时保持完整结构的能力越强[12],从而有效抑制内凹洞发育。同时,根系表面的吸附作用使得土壤颗粒、水分、矿物质及微生物等物质发生聚集,促进水稳性团聚体的形成。水稳性团聚体通过增强颗粒间的黏结状态直接提高土壤结构稳定性,同时明显改善土壤通气性和保水性能,利于植被根系的生长发育。孔隙结构和土壤水力特性同样是影响内凹洞深度的重要因素[6],孔隙结构越发育的土体,水分向土壤深处渗漏的速率越快,导致孔隙水压力快速增长,降低土体稳定性。张宝军等[17]在西南干热河谷区研究切沟溯源侵蚀时发现,在沟头溯源过程中,随着土壤含水量增加,沟头悬空土体更易失稳崩塌。土壤含水量增加可增大悬空土体的自重,同时降低土壤颗粒间的黏结作用,从而降低土体稳定性,加速内凹洞发育和沟头崩塌[19-20]。
PLS-SEM模型结果表明,植被根系抑制内凹洞深度增加的总效应最大,土壤团聚体次之。植被根系不仅直接抑制内凹洞深度增加,还通过促进水稳性团聚体的形成,改善土壤结构稳定性,从而间接抑制内凹洞的形成与发育。团聚体平均重量直径是直接抑制内凹洞深度增加的关键因子,但其通过改变土壤孔隙结构和水力特性所产生的间接效应,部分抵消其抑制内凹洞发育的作用。总体而言,土壤性质和植被根系及其交互作用共同控制着切沟沟头内凹洞深度发育。
需要注意的是,受野外地形、土壤性质、植被生长特性等空间异质性的限制,本文对每种草本群落只开展1次原位冲刷试验。尽管通过反复的预试验调整、严格的初始条件控制和先进的监测手段应用力求试验数据合理可靠,但单次试验的结果仍可能受偶然因素(如局部土壤微地形、土壤含水量等)的影响。未来需进行重复试验,确保本文结论的普适性和合理性。
1)不同草本群落阻控内凹洞发育的效果差异显著。内凹洞形态特征(宽度、高度、深度、面积等)随径流冲刷时间呈“增大-减小-再增大”的波动性变化,内凹洞发育速度从大到小为长芒草>胡枝子>铁杆蒿。铁杆蒿群落沟头崩塌时间(179 min)显著大于长芒草(21 min)和胡枝子群落(111 min),说明铁杆蒿阻控切沟溯源侵蚀的功能显著大于长芒草和胡枝子。
2)根系与土壤性质的交互作用是植被阻控内凹洞发育的关键。铁杆蒿群落根系重量密度和根系长度密度最大,水稳性团聚体发育,是草本群落“根-土复合体”结构有效增强土壤的抗剪强度与稳定性,抑制内凹洞发育和沟头崩塌的根本原因。
3)明确影响内凹洞深度发育的关键因子及其贡献率。PLS-SEM分析结果表明,植被根系和团聚体稳定性是直接抑制内凹洞深度发育的关键因子,总效应系数分别为-0.65和-0.53。根系不仅直接发挥其加筋或锚固作用阻控内凹洞发育,还通过促进水稳性团聚体的形成抑制内凹洞发育。
4)在黄土丘陵沟壑区切沟治理时,建议优先考虑铁杆蒿等根系发达、可显著改善土壤结构的草本植物。未来研究需在不同立地条件下开展重复试验,同时区分不同根系构型的力学加固和生化改良效应的贡献率,探究流量、坡度、沟头高度等多因子耦合对内凹洞发育的交互影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130701)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.029
  • 接收时间:2026-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-24
  • 修回日期:2026-03-24
  • 录用日期:2026-04-08
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130701)
作者信息
    1.北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875
    2.北京师范大学地表过程与;水土风沙灾害风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875

通讯作者:

张光辉(1969—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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