Article(id=1312009743414158053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766246400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-21, revisedDate=1774540800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-27, acceptedDate=1776268800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineDate=1790737098791, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737098791, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737098791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737098791, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009745230291687, articleId=1312009743414158053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Review of Regional Soil Erosion Survey and Mapping before GIS Application, columnId=1312009745154794214, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Review Comment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to systematically review the history of soil erosion mapping at the national and global scales prior to the widespread application of remote sensing and GIS, clarify its scientific achievements and historical contributions, explore its practical implications for contemporary digital soil erosion mapping, and promote further advancement in this field. Methods Classic maps and related literature from the mid-1920s to the late 1990s, both in China and worldwide, were systematically collected and analyzed. By examining the historical development trajectory and technical methods employed, this study assesses their scientific achievements and historical value, providing key insights for modern digital soil erosion mapping. Results Soil erosion mapping at national, major geographical unit, and global scales was systematically conducted during this period. Representative outputs include soil erosion maps of the United States, the former Soviet Union, and China, soil erosion maps of severely eroded regions such as the Loess Plateau, and the global soil erosion map. These maps were primarily compiled based on the degree of damage observed in soil profiles or used river sediment transport rate as a proxy indicator to evaluate erosion intensity, and spatial representation of soil erosion was achieved through manual cartographic methods. Conclusions The nearly 80 years of regional soil erosion mapping worldwide have achieved systematic foundational outcomes. Theoretically, it established soil erosion classification systems and an ontological framework, provided historical baseline data, and formed classic paradigms. Practically, it promoted soil and water conservation legislation and the establishment of soil conservation institutions in multiple countries, laying the foundation for global monitoring networks. Its scientific concepts and legacy data provide four insights for contemporary digital mapping, including focusing on erosion-specific themes, integrating classical cartographic theories, deeply utilizing historical data, and constructing a new paradigm of soil erosion mapping in the digital era.

, authors=Qinke Yang1, Rui Li2, Lei Wang1, Guowei Pang1, Chunmei Wang1, Yongqing Long1, Xiaotian Yuan1, authorsList=Qinke Yang, Rui Li, Lei Wang, Guowei Pang, Chunmei Wang, Yongqing Long, Xiaotian Yuan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qinke Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009745607779049, articleId=1312009743414158053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=GIS应用前的区域土壤侵蚀调查与制图研究进展, columnId=1312009745314177768, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=综述评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为系统梳理遥感和GIS广泛应用前国家和全球尺度土壤侵蚀制图的历史,明晰其科学成就与历史贡献,挖掘其对当今数字土壤侵蚀制图的现实指导意义,推动领域发展,特开展本研究。 方法 系统收集并分析20世纪20年代中期至90年代末国内外典型土壤侵蚀图及相关文献。梳理历史发展脉络与技术方法,评述其科学成就与历史价值,凝练对数字土壤侵蚀制图的有益启示。 结果 该时期已在国家、大地理单元和全球尺度系统开展土壤侵蚀制图,代表性成果包括美国、苏联、中国等国家土壤侵蚀图,黄土高原等强烈侵蚀区的土壤侵蚀图,以及全球土壤侵蚀图。图件主要基于土壤剖面被侵蚀损毁程度,或以河流输沙模数为替代指标进行侵蚀强度评价,通过手工制图方法实现对土壤侵蚀的空间表达。 结论 上述历时近80年全球范围内的区域土壤侵蚀制图,取得系统性奠基成果。科学理论上,构建侵蚀分类系统与本体框架,提供历史本底数据,确立经典范式。实践应用上,推动多国水土保持立法与机构建设,奠定全球监测网络基础。其科学思想与历史数据对当今数字土壤侵蚀制图有四点启示:应以侵蚀专题为核心,融合经典制图理论,深度挖掘历史数据,构建数字时代土壤侵蚀制图新范式。

, authors=杨勤科1, 李锐2, 王雷1, 庞国伟1, 王春梅1, 龙永清1, 袁笑甜1, authorsList=杨勤科, 李锐, 王雷, 庞国伟, 王春梅, 龙永清, 袁笑甜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨勤科, authorNote=

杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:

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杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:
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杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:

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GIS应用前的区域土壤侵蚀调查与制图研究进展
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杨勤科 1 , 李锐 2 , 王雷 1 , 庞国伟 1 , 王春梅 1 , 龙永清 1 , 袁笑甜 1
水土保持学报 | 综述评论 2026,40(4): 1-8
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GIS应用前的区域土壤侵蚀调查与制图研究进展
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杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:

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杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:

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杨勤科1 , 李锐2, 王雷1, 庞国伟1, 王春梅1, 龙永清1, 袁笑甜1
作者信息
  • 1.西北大学城市与环境学院,西安 710127
  • 2.中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西 杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:

Review of Regional Soil Erosion Survey and Mapping before GIS Application
Qinke Yang1 , Rui Li2, Lei Wang1, Guowei Pang1, Chunmei Wang1, Yongqing Long1, Xiaotian Yuan1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Northwest University,Xi′an 710127,China
  • 2.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.037
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目的 为系统梳理遥感和GIS广泛应用前国家和全球尺度土壤侵蚀制图的历史,明晰其科学成就与历史贡献,挖掘其对当今数字土壤侵蚀制图的现实指导意义,推动领域发展,特开展本研究。 方法 系统收集并分析20世纪20年代中期至90年代末国内外典型土壤侵蚀图及相关文献。梳理历史发展脉络与技术方法,评述其科学成就与历史价值,凝练对数字土壤侵蚀制图的有益启示。 结果 该时期已在国家、大地理单元和全球尺度系统开展土壤侵蚀制图,代表性成果包括美国、苏联、中国等国家土壤侵蚀图,黄土高原等强烈侵蚀区的土壤侵蚀图,以及全球土壤侵蚀图。图件主要基于土壤剖面被侵蚀损毁程度,或以河流输沙模数为替代指标进行侵蚀强度评价,通过手工制图方法实现对土壤侵蚀的空间表达。 结论 上述历时近80年全球范围内的区域土壤侵蚀制图,取得系统性奠基成果。科学理论上,构建侵蚀分类系统与本体框架,提供历史本底数据,确立经典范式。实践应用上,推动多国水土保持立法与机构建设,奠定全球监测网络基础。其科学思想与历史数据对当今数字土壤侵蚀制图有四点启示:应以侵蚀专题为核心,融合经典制图理论,深度挖掘历史数据,构建数字时代土壤侵蚀制图新范式。

土壤侵蚀制图  /  水土保持  /  数字制图  /  科学本体  /  历史本底

Objective This study aims to systematically review the history of soil erosion mapping at the national and global scales prior to the widespread application of remote sensing and GIS, clarify its scientific achievements and historical contributions, explore its practical implications for contemporary digital soil erosion mapping, and promote further advancement in this field. Methods Classic maps and related literature from the mid-1920s to the late 1990s, both in China and worldwide, were systematically collected and analyzed. By examining the historical development trajectory and technical methods employed, this study assesses their scientific achievements and historical value, providing key insights for modern digital soil erosion mapping. Results Soil erosion mapping at national, major geographical unit, and global scales was systematically conducted during this period. Representative outputs include soil erosion maps of the United States, the former Soviet Union, and China, soil erosion maps of severely eroded regions such as the Loess Plateau, and the global soil erosion map. These maps were primarily compiled based on the degree of damage observed in soil profiles or used river sediment transport rate as a proxy indicator to evaluate erosion intensity, and spatial representation of soil erosion was achieved through manual cartographic methods. Conclusions The nearly 80 years of regional soil erosion mapping worldwide have achieved systematic foundational outcomes. Theoretically, it established soil erosion classification systems and an ontological framework, provided historical baseline data, and formed classic paradigms. Practically, it promoted soil and water conservation legislation and the establishment of soil conservation institutions in multiple countries, laying the foundation for global monitoring networks. Its scientific concepts and legacy data provide four insights for contemporary digital mapping, including focusing on erosion-specific themes, integrating classical cartographic theories, deeply utilizing historical data, and constructing a new paradigm of soil erosion mapping in the digital era.

soil erosion mapping  /  soil and water conservation  /  digital mapping  /  scientific ontology  /  historical baseline
杨勤科, 李锐, 王雷, 庞国伟, 王春梅, 龙永清, 袁笑甜. GIS应用前的区域土壤侵蚀调查与制图研究进展. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.037
Qinke Yang, Rui Li, Lei Wang, Guowei Pang, Chunmei Wang, Yongqing Long, Xiaotian Yuan. Review of Regional Soil Erosion Survey and Mapping before GIS Application[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.037
为科学精准制定土壤侵蚀防控规划,必须开展土壤侵蚀调查和制图,以获得详尽的时空动态数据[1-6]。从区域土壤侵蚀学科发展看,土壤侵蚀调查制图既是区域土壤侵蚀研究的方法,也是区域土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容[7-10]。土壤侵蚀调查和制图,对于认识区域土壤侵蚀的时空格局特征、识别土壤侵蚀敏感区域和时段、主要影响因素和变化原因,分析土壤侵蚀对侵蚀区及其下游地区的生态与环境乃至地球系统过程的影响,均具有十分重要的科学意义。
20世纪20年代至遥感GIS被广泛应用前的80年间(1920s—1990s),在土壤侵蚀比较严重的国家乃至在全球范围内进行了一系列区域侵蚀调查[11-14]和制图研究[1,7,15-18]。该工作及其积累,是百余年区域土壤侵蚀调查制图研究的一部分,其中汇集和记录了制图时代区域土壤侵蚀研究的学术思想和当时研究者对土壤侵蚀空间分布格局及其成因的科学认知,是一笔十分宝贵的科学遗产。虽有研究[9,19-21]提及该研究工作及成果,但总体上看,该类调查研究成果,特别是土壤侵蚀制图成果没有得到应有的关注,甚至一些极其重要的土壤侵蚀图因长期被遗忘而几乎变成了“睡美人(sleeping beauty)[22]”式的文献。
本文将区域土壤侵蚀调查和制图置于土壤侵蚀治理决策、区域土壤侵蚀乃至地球系统科学等领域科学研究的双重需求驱动的背景下,回顾早期国家尺度和全球尺度土壤侵蚀调查制图的研究成果,总结其科学成就及其对土壤侵蚀学科和水土保持事业的历史贡献,探讨其对当今数字土壤侵蚀制图的启示,以期促进当今数字区域土壤侵蚀及其制图研究的发展。
人类社会对土壤侵蚀及其防控的关注,有超过2 000 a的历史[23-24]。但在世界范围内,区域土壤侵蚀的系统性调查、研究则始于20世纪20~30年代[7,12-14,25-28]。随着研究者对区域土壤侵蚀认识的积累与土壤侵蚀危害意识的提高,以及土壤侵蚀和土地退化问题的日益严重(如美国的黑风暴),于20世纪30年代中期开始区域土壤侵蚀制图[7,15]。
该时期的土壤侵蚀调查和制图,从通过现场观察、路线调查、手工制图等阶段,逐渐发展到基于遥感影像目视解译和手工制图阶段。从历史发展和制图方法看,该时期的研究可分为4类:1) 现场观察、路线调查和文字描述。主要是一些调查报告,如美国土壤侵蚀危害及其与土地生产力关系[12,27-28]、世界土壤侵蚀调查[13]、FAO组织的水土保持国际性研究[14]、苏联欧洲部分的土壤侵蚀与防治[7]和澳大利亚水土保持调查等[29],该调查研究为区域土壤侵蚀制图奠定良好的基础。2) 基于土壤剖面被剥蚀、被破坏程度的评价和制图。主要有美国土壤侵蚀图[15]、苏联土壤侵蚀图[7,18]、中国土壤侵蚀图[16-17,30]、黄土高原土壤侵蚀图[31]和世界土壤退化图等[1],该成果均由当时世界顶级学术大师完成,是大区域土壤侵蚀制图的主要学术思想和数据遗产。3) 基于土壤侵蚀模数的分级和制图。随着数据的积累和计算能力的提升,特别是借助遥感和GIS技术的辅助,人们开始进行带有一定量化特征的制图。主要有黄土高原侵蚀图[32-33]、澳大利亚土壤侵蚀图[34]、中国第一次和第二次土壤侵蚀遥感普查图[35-36],代表由手工制图向数字制图的过渡。4) 基于河流泥沙数据的土壤侵蚀制图。由于土壤侵蚀观测数据十分有限,所以人们一直在尝试利用水文观测数据,以输沙模数为土壤侵蚀替代指标进行区域土壤侵蚀制图。主要研究有Founier[8]、Strakhov[37]和Dedkov等[38]编制的全球土壤侵蚀图。由于侵蚀产沙和河流输沙的关系十分密切,其出发点也是全球土壤侵蚀的分析,该研究依然值得关注。
从区域土壤侵蚀研究角度看,比较有影响、至今仍有较大参考价值但没得到应用重视的土壤侵蚀制图作品很多,GIS应用前国家和大区域尺度的区域土壤侵蚀图主要有美国土壤侵蚀图[15]、苏联土壤侵蚀图[18]、黄河中游土壤侵蚀分区图[31]、中国土壤侵蚀类型图[17],GIS应用前全球尺度的区域土壤侵蚀图有全球土壤退化图[1]、基于河流泥沙-地形和降水量的全球土壤侵蚀[8]、基于河流泥沙的全球物理剥蚀速率分区[37]、基于河流泥沙和降水量的全球土壤侵蚀。
20世纪20年代后期的美国,因长期(特别是一战以来)对土地的过度开垦,产生严重的土壤侵蚀问题,促使美国从国家安全的高度开展土壤侵蚀调查和治理[21,27],开始全国土壤侵蚀制图。
1934年4月,美国中部(和加拿大南部)平原发生连续3 d的黑风暴(Dust bowl),进一步引发美国社会各界对土壤侵蚀及其治理的重视和反思[24,39]。1934年秋,美国农业部组织115位水土保持专家对美国大陆的每个县进行调查,于1935年发表《1∶500万美国土壤侵蚀图》[15]及相应的报告[40]。美国土壤侵蚀图对水蚀、风蚀和沟蚀进行全面的表达,其中水蚀根据土壤剖面被破坏的程度划分,风蚀根据吹蚀和堆积的情况划分,而沟蚀则根据沟的多少、形态和对土地的破坏程度划分[41]。具体制图则利用手工方式下传统的专题地图制图方法完成。
俄罗斯和苏联对土壤侵蚀的系统调查开始于19世纪末至20世纪初,1900年出版的土壤图上加注了土壤侵蚀信息[42]。系统的土壤侵蚀调查开始于20世纪20~30年代,1945年编制欧洲部分土壤侵蚀图,提出完整的土壤侵蚀强度分级体系[7]。在土壤侵蚀分类系统中,水蚀(面蚀)和风蚀主要根据土壤剖面被破坏的程度来划分强度等级。1968年出版全苏土壤侵蚀图[18],其表达的内容有水蚀(面蚀)、沟蚀和风蚀。由于比例尺和制图资料的限制,土壤侵蚀强度根据中等以上侵蚀强度面积占制图单元的面积来划分[18]。
中国土壤侵蚀调查始于20世纪20年代,美国学者Lowdermilk[25]与中国学者[43]合作对黄土高原等地的土壤侵蚀情况进行调查。中国历史上较早的土壤侵蚀图是1941 年完成的中国土壤侵蚀区域图[30]。进入50年代后,为配合农业生产的发展和大江大河的治理进行一系列土壤侵蚀调查。1954年,黄秉维[31]编制了黄河中游流域土壤侵蚀区域图、水力侵蚀程度图和风力侵蚀程度图。1957年朱显谟[16]先生编制了黄土高原土壤侵蚀系列图。1965年朱显谟[17]先生编制了1∶1 500万中国土壤侵蚀类型图,其上全面完整地表达土壤水蚀(面蚀)、沟蚀、风蚀和冻融侵蚀等。该图尽管比例尺较小,但是依然是迄今为止最为完整科学、覆盖全部国土范围的土壤侵蚀图。
全球尺度土壤侵蚀调查始于20世纪30年代[13],对全球土壤侵蚀的制图始于20世纪50年代末。按制图方法,可分为2组:1)基于土壤侵蚀强度定性评价的制图方法。1987年,联合国环境规划署(United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP)委托国际土壤信息参比中心(International Soil Reference and Information Centre, ISRIC)编制了全球土壤退化图[1]。该图根据专家知识对土壤退化类型、退化强度、退化面积比例、主要影响因素等进行制图表达。其主要内容是土壤侵蚀,据此提出的第1套全球土壤侵蚀面积清单[44],形成十分广泛的学术影响。同时,Myers[45]在1983年出版、1993年再版的《盖娅:地球管理地图集》(Gaia, An Atlas of Planet Management)中有一张全球土壤侵蚀热点图。虽然作者没有说明其出处和方法,但表明人们对全球土壤侵蚀的深切关注。2)用输沙模数为土壤侵蚀替代指标的制图。该类制图利用河流输沙模数作为土壤侵蚀的替代指标,但制图中的等值线绘制或分区边界勾绘均是手工实现的,属于半定量制图。对于该方法的制图作品,值得关注的主要有Founier[8]利用全球77个流域的输沙模数数据,通过建立其与降水量、海拔和坡度的关系,定量计算并手工编制土壤侵蚀模数等值线图。Strakhov[37]于1962年基于全球60个河流的悬移质输沙模数,编制的全球物理剥蚀速率分区图,分析物理剥蚀(这里近似等于土壤水蚀)的空间格局及其影响因素。L′vovich[46]于1990年利用全球范围内1 200个中小河流输沙模数,分析土壤侵蚀与各种自然、人为因素的关系,分12个自然地理带分别建立关系,用等值线方法编制全球土壤侵蚀模数图,分析各大洲、各地区土壤侵蚀状况。
GIS广泛应用前80余年的土壤侵蚀制图,遵循一定的数学方法和制图要素选取方法,用符号、颜色(或网纹图案)、注记等,在二维物理空间形象地表达土壤侵蚀的类型(水蚀、风蚀、沟蚀、冻融侵蚀)、强度(等级)及相关环境要素,承载了丰富的学术思想,向后人传递土壤侵蚀调查和制图研究的科学知识。该时期的土壤侵蚀调查制图,其主要科学成就包括:
1) 发展土壤侵蚀分类分级系统。土壤侵蚀分级系统,是对区域土壤侵蚀类型、发生机理、各类型间的发生学关系、流失程度/强度、危害和影响因素研究成果系统总结的基础上提出的,是土壤侵蚀学科发展的核心内容和科学性的重要体现,也是分类施策进行治理的基础。在GIS应用前的土壤侵蚀制图中,先后有美国[15]、苏联[7]、中国[17,47]学者提出比较完整的土壤侵蚀分类系统。全球土地退化制图[1]中也提出简明的分类和评价方法工作方案。美国、苏联和中国的土壤侵蚀分类系统,均用土壤剖面被破坏的程度来划分土壤侵蚀强度等级[7,15,47]。该类分类系统是土壤侵蚀调查制图及其成果国际交流的基础,也是维系土壤侵蚀制图和土壤侵蚀机理、侵蚀土壤演化等关系的纽带,至今仍有重要指导意义。
2) 为大区域(国家到全球)土壤侵蚀研究创建可视化的本体(ontology)。土壤侵蚀图是对土壤侵蚀类型、强度和发生条件的二维空间表达,或在纸介质上的物理二维模型。可将此模型作为土壤侵蚀的真实情况,在其上进行量测(面积、格局等)、分析(空间格局、时间变化),编制宏观性治理规划,认识理解土壤侵蚀与环境要素及地球系统过程的关系。因此,土壤侵蚀图是区域土壤侵蚀研究的本体,是区域土壤侵蚀真实世界和治理方案间搭建的一座桥梁,即“实际场景-土壤侵蚀图-治理方案”。该模型如能妥善保存,可供人们长期研究引用和参考。如果没有这个表达(模型),将无以知晓研究者亲身所到之外区域的土壤侵蚀状况,区域土壤侵蚀的分析研究将受到限制,分析研究工作也难以展开、甚或无从展开。
3) 为大区域土壤侵蚀动态研究提供历史的本底和起点。GIS广泛应用前的土壤侵蚀图,是制图时代土壤侵蚀状况的最优近似性真实记录。由于可用于区域地学分析的遥感数据(如Landsat Mss)最早见于1972年,通过遥感方式恢复1935年(美国)、1965年和1968年(中国和苏联)的土壤侵蚀图难度很大,甚至不可能实现。因此,可认为早期的土壤侵蚀图,是大区域土壤侵蚀动态研究的本底,也是土壤侵蚀动态监测和分析的起点。事实上,全球土壤退化图已作为本底数据,被用于数字土壤侵蚀制图的合理性分析[5-6]。如果能够将美国、苏联和中国等国家早期的土壤侵蚀图数字化,并与当前数据进行对比,对其差异进行分析,有望在土壤侵蚀空间格局及其影响因素分析和土壤侵蚀制图方面形成新的认识。
4) 发展区域土壤侵蚀制图的经典范式。早期的土壤侵蚀制图,通过野外考察、资料综合分析、专题制图和分析等环节,发展土壤侵蚀制图的经典范式。野外调查观察和观测,是为认识区域土壤侵蚀的空间格局和影响因素,形成区域土壤侵蚀的心理地图(conceptual or mental model/map)。资料综合分析,是为进一步认识土壤侵蚀发生的原因和后果,通过系统总结营力类型、土壤剖面或土壤生产力被破坏的程度等,制定土壤侵蚀分类系统[1,7,47]。在此基础上,利用手工制图方式下的专题地图编制方法,将土壤侵蚀的各种类型、强度和影响因素表达在同一幅纸质地图上。最后进行土壤侵蚀空间分布和影响因素的分析,进而支持土壤侵蚀治理决策。该制图范式也是一种土壤侵蚀调查和制图研究的科学传统,在数字化时代十分值得学习和继承。
早期的国家和全球土壤侵蚀图,对于水土保持立法和机构设立、区域土壤侵蚀监测体系建设、水土保持事业发展等,均具有重要的历史意义。
美国土壤侵蚀图[15]及其相关报告[40-41]的发表,直接促成美国水土保持法(soil conservation act of 1935)的颁布和农业农村部水土保持局(soil conservation service, USDA)的设立。中国第一次土壤侵蚀调查[35]成果,则是1990年水利部设立水土保持司、1991年颁布水土保持法和1998年组建水利部水土保持监测中心的重要基础。
1935年美国的土壤侵蚀调查制图及后续工作,逐渐形成土壤侵蚀长期监测机制[19,48]。中国土壤侵蚀类型图[17]的制图分类系统,是水利部颁发《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》[49]的依据,也是第一次和第二次全国土壤侵蚀普查的重要基础。苏联土壤侵蚀图[18]是日后俄罗斯土壤侵蚀制图(如俄罗斯联邦土壤地图集中的土壤侵蚀图[50])的基础。
美国土壤侵蚀图的作者、水土保持局首任局长Bennett在任期和卸任之后,向许多面临土壤侵蚀问题的国家提供帮助[51]。美国土壤侵蚀图的另一位作者、美国前水土保持局副局长Lowdermilk曾在中国的江苏南京、甘肃天水等地帮助中国开展土壤侵蚀调查研究[52-53]。朱显谟[16-17]的全国土壤侵蚀图,对指导中国的土壤侵蚀治理、水土保持学科发展具有重要意义。全球土地退化图[1]提出的全球土壤侵蚀面积清单,至今被认为是最具权威的数据。所有这些均推动世界水土保持事业的发展。
自20世纪90年代末期以来,区域土壤侵蚀制图进入数字制图阶段,并得到快速发展[54-58]。早期土壤侵蚀制图的科学思想、所积累的数据,对数字土壤侵蚀制图和区域土壤侵蚀研究的重要启示。
数字土壤侵蚀制图广泛利用遥感、GIS和地理大数据等技术方法[59-61]。但是从区域土壤侵蚀研究角度看,数字土壤侵蚀制图的本质依然是区域土壤侵蚀的研究,而不是遥感等技术方法在区域土壤侵蚀制图研究中应用的案例。为此,数字土壤侵蚀制图时代,土壤侵蚀的科学评价过程中必须有充足的野外考察和现场观察,以便形成对土壤侵蚀空间格局和影响因素的科学认知,支持对评价结果的合理性进行分析、机器学习方法制图的模型训练。否则如果只关注数据的处理,有可能使评价结果出现难以解释的偏差[62],进而误导治理和科学研究。
除典型的湿润地区和干旱地区外,土壤侵蚀大多是多种侵蚀营力共同作用的结果。早期的土壤侵蚀图,是对各种土壤侵蚀类型的全面表达。目前的数字土壤侵蚀制图,基本上只针对单一的侵蚀类型,对其侵蚀速率进行定量评价[5,63]。即使同时完成对多种土壤侵蚀类型的评价[64-66],也还未充分考虑各种侵蚀类型间的共生关系和相互作用。所以,密切关注水蚀、风蚀、冻融侵蚀等类型的交互作用研究[67-69]、水蚀-风蚀通用模型的开发[70],有望逐步实现对土壤侵蚀的综合制图,全面协调地表达多营力综合作用下土壤侵蚀的多类型组合特征,深化对土壤侵蚀作为地球系统中生命元素迁移驱动力的认识[71]。
土壤侵蚀制图的成果表现形式之一是科学性和艺术性兼顾的专题地图,其上有各种地理要素、土壤侵蚀类型和强度等级,并印刷为纸质地图。数字土壤侵蚀制图时代,应该注意:1) 基础地理要素的应用。土壤侵蚀评价和制图完成后,制图结果的图形显示或传输(通过数据共享平台或其他方式),其上除土壤侵蚀强度等专题信息外,必须有必要的基础地理要素(如重要的河流、山脉、地名等),以便为读者阅读和分析提供必要的地理学背景。2) 科学合理的要素分类/分级。如果对专题要素的分类和分级偏粗,则掩盖很多的空间格局信息,不利于分析和治理措施的布设。而比较精细的分级方案则可更好地理解土壤侵蚀特征的分布及其与环境要素的关系,使地图信息量大增,还可发现更多需要预防和治理的区域[66],为治理提供更好的支撑。3) 不完全排斥纸质地图。纸质地图易于携带、便于阅读等,可直截了当地传递信息、支持决策[72]。所以数字土壤侵蚀制图的结果,也应该以高清图片的方式提供,以便读者在需要的时候打印,进行一览式阅读和分析。
前述分析,只针对作者已经收集到的部分土壤侵蚀图。据研究[9]报道捷克斯洛伐克、秘鲁等国家也做过土壤侵蚀图,40年代后期宋达泉曾编制过中国土壤侵蚀图[17],苏联解体前后还制作了土壤侵蚀图[73],该类图一定也承载着丰富的土壤侵蚀空间格局等信息,但均还未找到。迫切需要通过国际合作,尽力检索、系统收集整理、极力挽救已有区域(国家级及其更大区域)土壤侵蚀制图成果,对其数字化,并做好相应的元数据文档,逐步建立可共享的区域土壤侵蚀图数据库。
20世纪20年代至90年代末,在遥感和GIS技术尚未广泛应用于土壤侵蚀调查制图之前,美国、苏联、中国和澳大利亚等国家及联合国环境规划署(UNEP)等国际机构,在国家和全球尺度上系统开展多项土壤侵蚀调查和制图研究与实践,形成一系列具有重要参考价值的研究和制图成果。早期图件不仅记录当时土壤侵蚀调查的科学认知,构建大尺度土壤侵蚀研究的本体框架,也为区域土壤侵蚀动态演变研究提供珍贵的本底信息,奠定了大范围土壤侵蚀模拟与制图的科学范式,同时记录和传承了该领域先驱学者的学术传统。该类成果在水土保持立法、机构建设、监测体系建立及全面推进水土保持工作方面,产生深远的历史影响并持续影响当今水土保持工作和研究。
随着数字土壤侵蚀制图时代的到来,应致力于克服早期制图与当前数字制图中存在的不足,坚持以土壤侵蚀专题内容为核心,实现对各类土壤侵蚀类型的综合表达与制图;加强历史数据的整理、挖掘与再利用,发展适合数字时代的土壤侵蚀制图新范式,从而不断提升区域土壤侵蚀研究的理论高度与应用价值。
需要说明的是,由于早期文献保存零散甚至遗失、文献检索条件及语言多样性等方面的限制,本研究对GIS广泛应用之前土壤侵蚀制图相关成果的搜集与梳理难免存在疏漏。今后仍需在世界范围内进一步拓展文献范围、深化多语种材料分析,以更加全面地评估早期区域土壤侵蚀制图的科学成就、社会贡献及其对当今研究的启示,以期建立数字化时代土壤侵蚀制图的科学范式。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1300800)
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.037
  • 接收时间:2025-12-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-21
  • 修回日期:2026-03-27
  • 录用日期:2026-04-16
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1300800)
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    1.西北大学城市与环境学院,西安 710127
    2.中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西 杨凌 712100

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杨勤科(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域土壤侵蚀评价与侵蚀地形分析研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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