Article(id=1312009729589731945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763308800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-17, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=1773504000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-15, onlineDate=1790737095496, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737095496, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737095496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737095496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=252, endPage=261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009729761698410, articleId=1312009729589731945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Impacts of Conservation Tillage on Climate Adaptability of Grain Production from a Dual-Dimensional Perspective, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to examine whether and how conservation tillage improves the climate adaptability of grain production, revealing its heterogeneous effects from a dual-dimensional perspective of proactive response and passive adaptation. Methods Based on panel data from 44 sample counties in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 2012 to 2022, a dual-dimensional evaluation framework was established incorporating proactive response and passive adaptation. The Tobit models, system generalized method of moments (GMM), double machine learning, and spatial Durbin models were employed to empirically test the impacts of conservation tillage on climate adaptability. Results 1) From 2012 to 2022, the climate adaptability of grain production in Heilongjiang Province exhibited an overall evolution pattern of first declining and then rising, with 2017 as a key turning point. Spatially, the pattern evolved from a scattered distribution of high-value areas in the early stage to a distinct east-west differentiation, with high-value areas in the east and low-value areas in the west. 2) Conservation tillage had a significantly positive effect on proactive response, but no significant effect on passive adaptation. The system GMM results showed that the first-order lag term of climate adaptability was significantly positive, indicating that the adaptability improvement showed evident path dependence and dynamic accumulation characteristics. Spatial analysis further demonstrated that the direct and indirect effects of conservation tillage on proactive response were 0.119 and 0.711, respectively, with indirect effect playing a dominant role, indicating a significant spatial spillover effect. 3) The effect of conservation tillage on improving proactive response was more pronounced in regions with higher levels of economic development and flatter terrain. Conclusion Conservation tillage can significantly improve the climate adaptability of grain production, mainly by strengthening proactive response, and exhibits evident path dependence and spatial spillover characteristics. The research findings provide a basis for optimizing agricultural climate adaptation policies from a dual-dimensional perspective and for enhancing the resilience of grain production systems.

, authors=Fan Zhang1, Shengen He2, Di Cheng1, authorsList=Fan Zhang, Shengen He, Di Cheng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Di Cheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009732206977649, articleId=1312009729589731945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=双维视角下保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的影响, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为探讨保护性耕作能否及如何提升粮食生产气候适应能力,并揭示其在主动应对与被动适应双重维度上的异质性效应。 方法 基于2012—2022年中国黑龙江省44个样本县的面板数据,构建“主动应对-被动适应”双维能力评价框架,运用Tobit模型、系统GMM模型、双重机器学习和空间杜宾模型等方法,实证检验保护性耕作对气候适应能力的影响。 结果 1) 2012—2022年黑龙江省粮食生产气候适应能力总体呈“先降后升”的演化特征,2017年为关键转折点,空间上由早期高值区零散分布演变为“东高西低”的分异格局。2) 保护性耕作对主动应对能力具有显著正向影响,但对被动适应能力的影响不显著。系统GMM结果显示,粮食生产气候适应能力的一阶滞后项显著为正,说明其提升具有路径依赖和动态累积特征。空间分析表明,保护性耕作对主动应对能力的直接效应为0.119,间接效应为0.711,间接效应占主导,空间溢出效应显著。3) 保护性耕作对主动应对能力的提升效果在经济发展水平较高及地形平缓的区域更为显著。 结论 保护性耕作能够显著提升粮食生产气候适应能力,其作用主要表现为增强主动应对能力,并具有路径依赖和空间溢出特征。研究结果可为农业气候适应政策的双维优化和粮食生产系统韧性提升提供依据。

, authors=张帆1, 贺圣恩2, 程镝1, authorsList=张帆, 贺圣恩, 程镝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程镝, authorNote=

张帆(1987—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全政策研究。E-mail:

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程镝(1975—),女,博士,教授,主要从事城乡公共治理研究。E-mail:
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注:该地图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为黑S(2021)32号的标注地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=bzzqzAclkcEXWjfW8vHNLg==, figureFileBig=Qak/G0d4fUzPELxwBCzMqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009734060860051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Global Moran′s index of climate adaptability of grain production from 2012 to 2022, figureFileSmall=H/Xf6EewatGqsjy9tcFYlw==, figureFileBig=hDU7I68b0D/fFXiSJ5jX9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009734127968916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2012—2022年粮食生产气候适应能力的全局莫兰指数, figureFileSmall=H/Xf6EewatGqsjy9tcFYlw==, figureFileBig=hDU7I68b0D/fFXiSJ5jX9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009734190883477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation indicator system for climate adaptability of grain production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气候灾害系统适应类型指标导向
气候灾害驱动因素主动应对能力、被动适应能力年降雨量(年总降水量)输入
最高温度(每年日最高气温)输入
最低温度(每年日最低气温)输入
气候灾害环境主动应对能力、被动适应能力设施农业占地面积(设施农业占地面积)输入
粮食播种面积(粮食作物播种面积)输入
气候灾害承担者主动应对能力、被动适应能力化肥投入强度(化肥施用折纯量)输入
机械投入强度(农用机械总动力)输入
气候灾害强度主动应对能力、被动适应能力粮食产量波动率[(当年粮食产量—过去6a粮食产量平均值)/过去6 a粮食产量平均值]非期望输出
气候灾害恢复主动应对能力耕地生产能力(粮食单产)期望输出
被动适应能力应急基础设施保障能力(农村人均用电量)期望输出
主动应对能力、被动适应能力粮食生产情况(粮食总产量)期望输出
), ArticleFig(id=1312009734270575254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粮食生产气候适应能力的评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气候灾害系统适应类型指标导向
气候灾害驱动因素主动应对能力、被动适应能力年降雨量(年总降水量)输入
最高温度(每年日最高气温)输入
最低温度(每年日最低气温)输入
气候灾害环境主动应对能力、被动适应能力设施农业占地面积(设施农业占地面积)输入
粮食播种面积(粮食作物播种面积)输入
气候灾害承担者主动应对能力、被动适应能力化肥投入强度(化肥施用折纯量)输入
机械投入强度(农用机械总动力)输入
气候灾害强度主动应对能力、被动适应能力粮食产量波动率[(当年粮食产量—过去6a粮食产量平均值)/过去6 a粮食产量平均值]非期望输出
气候灾害恢复主动应对能力耕地生产能力(粮食单产)期望输出
被动适应能力应急基础设施保障能力(农村人均用电量)期望输出
主动应对能力、被动适应能力粮食生产情况(粮食总产量)期望输出
), ArticleFig(id=1312009734337684119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Definition of control variables

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维度控制变量单位
农业生产投入农业人口数量万人
社会经济农村用电量10 MWh
公路里程公路里程km
教育水平中小学生在校生人数人
社会治理村委会数量个
), ArticleFig(id=1312009734404792984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

控制变量定义

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维度控制变量单位
农业生产投入农业人口数量万人
社会经济农村用电量10 MWh
公路里程公路里程km
教育水平中小学生在校生人数人
社会治理村委会数量个
), ArticleFig(id=1312009734480290457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Benchmark regression results of impacts of conservation tillage on climate adaptability of grain production

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变量Tobit模型结果系统GMM模型结果
被动适应能力主动应对能力被动适应能力主动应对能力
保护性耕作0.0070.101***0.0260.234***
(0.025)(0.036)(0.060)(0.086)
被解释变量滞后一期0.262**0.190***
(0.131)(0.068)
sigma_u0.120***0.187***
(0.019)(0.023)
sigma_e0.159***0.213***
(0.005)(0.007)
常数项1.791***0.803***0.2233.057
(0.483)(0.153)(1.181)(2.122)
AR(1)0.0120.004
AR(2)0.6980.846
Hansen检验0.8150.318
控制变量是是是是
时间固定效应是是是是
个体固定效应是是是是
观测值484484484484
), ArticleFig(id=1312009735675667098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

保护性耕作影响粮食生产气候适应能力的基准回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Tobit模型结果系统GMM模型结果
被动适应能力主动应对能力被动适应能力主动应对能力
保护性耕作0.0070.101***0.0260.234***
(0.025)(0.036)(0.060)(0.086)
被解释变量滞后一期0.262**0.190***
(0.131)(0.068)
sigma_u0.120***0.187***
(0.019)(0.023)
sigma_e0.159***0.213***
(0.005)(0.007)
常数项1.791***0.803***0.2233.057
(0.483)(0.153)(1.181)(2.122)
AR(1)0.0120.004
AR(2)0.6980.846
Hansen检验0.8150.318
控制变量是是是是
时间固定效应是是是是
个体固定效应是是是是
观测值484484484484
), ArticleFig(id=1312009736191566491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Regression results of spatial Durbin model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量直接效应间接效应总效应
保护性耕作0.119***0.711*0.830**
(0.037)(0.390)(0.390)
控制变量是是是
时间固定效应是是是
个体固定效应是是是
观测值484484484
R20.0840.0840.084
), ArticleFig(id=1312009736271258268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

空间杜宾模型的回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量直接效应间接效应总效应
保护性耕作0.119***0.711*0.830**
(0.037)(0.390)(0.390)
控制变量是是是
时间固定效应是是是
个体固定效应是是是
观测值484484484
R20.0840.0840.084
), ArticleFig(id=1312009736334172829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Robustness test results

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变量

双重机器

学习

替换空间矩阵缩尾处理剔除特殊区域
直接效应间接效应总效应
保护性耕作0.103**0.086**0.265*0.351***0.089**0.092**
(0.045)(0.036)(0.137)(0.133)(0.035)(0.040)
控制变量是是是是是是
时间固定效应是是是是是是
个体固定效应是是是是是是
观测值484484484484484440
R20.0110.1770.1770.186
), ArticleFig(id=1312009736405475998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

稳健性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量

双重机器

学习

替换空间矩阵缩尾处理剔除特殊区域
直接效应间接效应总效应
保护性耕作0.103**0.086**0.265*0.351***0.089**0.092**
(0.045)(0.036)(0.137)(0.133)(0.035)(0.040)
控制变量是是是是是是
时间固定效应是是是是是是
个体固定效应是是是是是是
观测值484484484484484440
R20.0110.1770.1770.186
), ArticleFig(id=1312009736485167775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Heterogeneity analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量经济发展水平地形起伏程度
高低大小
保护性耕作0.142***0.230**0.0370.117***
(0.054)(0.090)(0.071)(0.039)
控制变量是是是是
时间固定效应是是是是
个体固定效应是是是是
观测值242242308176
R20.0750.0750.0870.075
), ArticleFig(id=1312009736564859552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009729589731945, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

异质性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量经济发展水平地形起伏程度
高低大小
保护性耕作0.142***0.230**0.0370.117***
(0.054)(0.090)(0.071)(0.039)
控制变量是是是是
时间固定效应是是是是
个体固定效应是是是是
观测值242242308176
R20.0750.0750.0870.075
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双维视角下保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的影响
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张帆 1 , 贺圣恩 2 , 程镝 1
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 252-261
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 252 -261
双维视角下保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的影响
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张帆1 , 贺圣恩2, 程镝1
作者信息
  • 1.东北农业大学公共管理学院,哈尔滨 150030
  • 2.东北农业大学工程学院,哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
程镝(1975—),女,博士,教授,主要从事城乡公共治理研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张帆(1987—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全政策研究。E-mail:

Impacts of Conservation Tillage on Climate Adaptability of Grain Production from a Dual-Dimensional Perspective
Fan Zhang1 , Shengen He2, Di Cheng1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Public Administration,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China
  • 2.College of Engineering,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.039
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目的 为探讨保护性耕作能否及如何提升粮食生产气候适应能力,并揭示其在主动应对与被动适应双重维度上的异质性效应。 方法 基于2012—2022年中国黑龙江省44个样本县的面板数据,构建“主动应对-被动适应”双维能力评价框架,运用Tobit模型、系统GMM模型、双重机器学习和空间杜宾模型等方法,实证检验保护性耕作对气候适应能力的影响。 结果 1) 2012—2022年黑龙江省粮食生产气候适应能力总体呈“先降后升”的演化特征,2017年为关键转折点,空间上由早期高值区零散分布演变为“东高西低”的分异格局。2) 保护性耕作对主动应对能力具有显著正向影响,但对被动适应能力的影响不显著。系统GMM结果显示,粮食生产气候适应能力的一阶滞后项显著为正,说明其提升具有路径依赖和动态累积特征。空间分析表明,保护性耕作对主动应对能力的直接效应为0.119,间接效应为0.711,间接效应占主导,空间溢出效应显著。3) 保护性耕作对主动应对能力的提升效果在经济发展水平较高及地形平缓的区域更为显著。 结论 保护性耕作能够显著提升粮食生产气候适应能力,其作用主要表现为增强主动应对能力,并具有路径依赖和空间溢出特征。研究结果可为农业气候适应政策的双维优化和粮食生产系统韧性提升提供依据。

保护性耕作  /  粮食生产  /  气候适应能力  /  空间溢出效应

Objective This study aims to examine whether and how conservation tillage improves the climate adaptability of grain production, revealing its heterogeneous effects from a dual-dimensional perspective of proactive response and passive adaptation. Methods Based on panel data from 44 sample counties in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 2012 to 2022, a dual-dimensional evaluation framework was established incorporating proactive response and passive adaptation. The Tobit models, system generalized method of moments (GMM), double machine learning, and spatial Durbin models were employed to empirically test the impacts of conservation tillage on climate adaptability. Results 1) From 2012 to 2022, the climate adaptability of grain production in Heilongjiang Province exhibited an overall evolution pattern of first declining and then rising, with 2017 as a key turning point. Spatially, the pattern evolved from a scattered distribution of high-value areas in the early stage to a distinct east-west differentiation, with high-value areas in the east and low-value areas in the west. 2) Conservation tillage had a significantly positive effect on proactive response, but no significant effect on passive adaptation. The system GMM results showed that the first-order lag term of climate adaptability was significantly positive, indicating that the adaptability improvement showed evident path dependence and dynamic accumulation characteristics. Spatial analysis further demonstrated that the direct and indirect effects of conservation tillage on proactive response were 0.119 and 0.711, respectively, with indirect effect playing a dominant role, indicating a significant spatial spillover effect. 3) The effect of conservation tillage on improving proactive response was more pronounced in regions with higher levels of economic development and flatter terrain. Conclusion Conservation tillage can significantly improve the climate adaptability of grain production, mainly by strengthening proactive response, and exhibits evident path dependence and spatial spillover characteristics. The research findings provide a basis for optimizing agricultural climate adaptation policies from a dual-dimensional perspective and for enhancing the resilience of grain production systems.

conservation tillage  /  grain production  /  climate adaptability  /  spatial spillover effects
张帆, 贺圣恩, 程镝. 双维视角下保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的影响. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 252 -261 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.039
Fan Zhang, Shengen He, Di Cheng. Impacts of Conservation Tillage on Climate Adaptability of Grain Production from a Dual-Dimensional Perspective[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 252 -261 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.039
近年来,气候变化对全球粮食安全和农业生产的冲击不断加剧,极端天气事件频发,农业灾害与生态风险进一步上升。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会预测,到2050年全球饥饿人口可能增加20%~36%。中国作为全球气候变化敏感区,增温速率高于全球平均水平,气候暖湿化在带来一定生产潜力的同时,也加剧极端天气和病虫害风险,为我国粮食生产带来更为复杂的安全挑战。加之我国人多地少、农业资源约束较强,粮食生产系统的气候脆弱性更加突出,深刻激化气候风险与稳产高产需求之间的现实矛盾[1]。在此背景下,提升农业气候适应能力不仅是保障粮食生产稳定和农业可持续发展的现实要求,也是筑牢国家粮食安全根基的重要路径。
为应对上述挑战,学术界围绕“粮食生产气候适应能力”从2个方面展开研究:一是量化测度方法的探索,二是驱动因素的剖析。在量化测度方面,主流思路是通过气候变化导致的粮食产量[2]、农业利润[3]或全要素生产率[4]的变化来间接反映适应能力。刘东等[5]研究表明,我国粮食生产对高温已表现出一定的适应水平,但对过量降水的适应能力仍显不足。为进一步克服单一产量指标在捕捉系统韧性上的局限,Zong等[6]尝试构建多维度指标体系。有研究[7]从稳健性、恢复力等维度评估农田抗灾能力发现,政策支持、基础设施和自然条件是关键;有研究[8]则通过暴露度、敏感性等框架评估灾害脆弱性指出,我国农业灾害脆弱性虽呈下降趋势,但区域差异显著。
在明确“如何衡量”的基础上,另一脉络的研究着力于探寻“如何提升”气候适应能力的有效路径。现有驱动因素可归纳为2类:一是以农业机械化、劳动力投入为代表的生产要素驱动[9];二是以调整作物结构[4]、改进灌溉措施[10]为代表的农户行为调整。其中,土壤质量作为基础性的生产要素,被认为是增强气候适应能力的核心环节。Qiao等[11]通过大规模观测数据证实,高质量的土壤不仅能促进增产,更能显著降低作物对气候波动的敏感性,保障生产稳定性。该发现凸显实质性改善土壤健康的管理技术对于构建气候韧性农业的根本性意义。
在此背景下,保护性耕作作为有效提升土壤有机质、改善土壤结构、增强保水抗旱能力的关键技术[12],其潜在价值不言而喻。Nouri等[13]、Komarek等[14]研究表明,保护性耕作能通过改善土壤健康增强作物产量稳定性,且其气候韧性效应具有明显的长期累积特征。尽管如此,现有研究多侧重于分析其对最终产出稳定性的影响,但将其置于“提升粮食生产系统气候适应能力”框架下的系统性探讨仍显不足,尤其缺少从主动应对与被动适应2个维度考察其差异化影响的研究。同时,现有适应能力评估多停留于宏观产出层面,难以揭示不同适应行为的内在机制与形成路径。该局限在理论上导致对“适应能力”概念的理解趋于简化,忽视其作为动态行为过程与结构属性的复合本质;在实践层面,则容易造成政策干预针对性不足、措施配置效率低下等问题。
基于此,本文构建“主动应对-被动适应”双维评估框架,系统测度粮食生产气候适应能力,并利用黑龙江省2012—2022年县级数据,结合Tobit模型、系统GMM模型、双重机器学习和空间杜宾模型,实证检验保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的差异化影响。本文的边际贡献主要体现在3个方面:一是从过程性视角提出主动应对与被动适应双维框架,为评估粮食生产气候适应能力提供新视角;二是识别气候适应能力的路径依赖特征,说明其提升具有持续累积性;三是基于县域尺度揭示保护性耕作对主动应对能力和被动适应能力的差异化影响及其空间溢出效应,为农业气候韧性提升提供经验证据和政策启示。
依据适应性循环理论[15],本文将粮食生产气候适应能力划分为“主动应对”与“被动适应”2个维度。主动应对指系统在气候压力显现前,通过技术推广、土壤改良等结构性措施提升长期抵御潜力[16];被动适应指系统在气候冲击发生后,通过应急响应和快速恢复等方式维持生产功能[17]。
为将上述概念转化为可测度指标,本文将气候灾害过程视为投入-产出系统,在Yang等[18]研究基础上加以优化。在投入端,气候灾害驱动因素以极端气候事件表征,选取最高温度、最低温度和降水量3个指标,以代表温度与降水异常对农作物生长的主要胁迫;气候灾害环境选用设施农业占地面积,以反映人工措施对自然气候风险的缓解能力;气候灾害承担者聚焦粮食生产系统本身,以粮食播种面积、农业劳动力投入、化肥折纯用量和农业机械总动力等关键生产要素表征系统面对气候冲击的暴露程度。在产出端,非期望产出为气候灾害强度,以粮食产量波动率衡量;期望产出为气候灾害恢复。在此基础上,本文以耕地生产能力和应急基础设施保障能力作为区分主动应对与被动适应的关键标准。耕地生产能力依赖长期资本和技术投入,体现系统面向未来积累潜力的自我效能,对应主动应对能力;应急基础设施保障能力侧重灾后快速修复和恢复生产秩序,体现系统应对突发冲击的反应效能,对应被动适应能力。二者均以粮食总产量反映粮食生产情况的总体稳定效果(表1)。
为明确各地区粮食生产气候适应能力的时空变化,本文基于Yang等[18]提出的超效率SBM-DEA模型对其进行测算。
δ=min1+1m∑i=1msi-xij1-1q1+q2∑r=1q1sr+yrj+∑h=1q2sh-yhj∑k=1,k≠jnxikλk+si-≥xij∑k=1,k≠jnyrkλk-sr+≤yrj∑k=1,k≠jnyhkλk+sh-≥yhjλk,si-,sr+,sh-≥0i=1,2,3,…,m;r=1,2,3,…,q1;h=1,2,3,…,q2;k=1,2,3,…,n(k≠j)
式中:δ为效率值,即粮食生产气候适应能力;n=44,为县域决策单元(DMU)总数;j、k分别为当期评价县和其余县的序号;m、q1、q2分别为投入要素、期望产出和非期望产出的指标数量;i、r、h依次为该三类指标的序号;xij 、yrj、yhj 分别为第j个县第i项要素投入指标值、第r项要素期望产出指标值和第h项要素非期望产出指标值;xik、yrk、yhk 则分别为第k个县第i项要素投入指标值、第r项要素期望产出指标值和第h项要素非期望产出指标值;si-、sr+和sh-分别为投入要素、期望产出和非期望产出的松弛变量;λk为第k个县的线性组合权重。
为防止归一化指标值为0,避免其他产出指标都相同,但投入越多,效率越低的情况,本文采用最小-最大标准化方法,计算公式为:
Yij=0.1+0.9×maxXij-XijmaxXij-minXij
式中:Xij 为第j个县的第i个指标;Yij 为Xij 的标准化值。
保护性耕作的作用主要体现在通过优化耕地系统结构与功能,提升粮食生产系统应对气候风险的长期抵御能力,而不是提高灾后短期响应效率[19-20]。具体而言,保护性耕作一方面通过改善土壤理化性质、增强持水保肥能力,夯实气候适应能力的物质基础[21];另一方面,通过保持水土[22]、缓解干旱及水土流失风险,维持农业系统产能稳定[23]。此外,保护性耕作还可以借助技术推广、示范扩散和农机跨区作业等方式产生空间溢出效应,带动周边地区气候适应能力提升[24]。
基于此,本文提出假设:1)相比于被动适应能力,保护性耕作更有助于提升主动应对能力;2)保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的提升作用存在空间溢出效应。
1) 面板Tobit模型:粮食生产气候适应能力均>0,属于受限变量,OLS回归可能导致估计结果出现偏误。为解决该问题,并评估保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的影响,本文采用面板Tobit模型进行分析[24]:
CAGP=itα0+α1lnCTit+α2controlit+μi+λt+εit
式中:CAGP it 为第i县t时期的粮食生产气候适应能力;CT it 为保护性耕作实施面积,km2,模型中对其做取对数处理;α0为模型常数项;α1为保护性耕作实施变量的待估系数;control it 为一系列控制变量;α2为各控制变量的系数;μi 为个体固定效应;λt 为时间固定效应;ε为εit 为随机扰动项误差项。
2) 系统GMM模型:考虑到粮食生产气候适应能力具有长期性和动态累积特征,当前水平可能受前期水平影响[25],本文采用系统GMM模型进行估计,模型设定为:
CAGP=itα0+α1lnCTit+β0CAFP+i,t-1α2controlit+μi+λt+εit
式中:CAGP i, t-1为粮食生产气候适应能力的滞后一期项;β0为该滞后项待估系数;其余变量含义不变。
基于Fang等[9]的研究,本文构建空间计量模型进一步研究保护性耕作对粮食生产气候适应能力的影响,模型设定为:
CAGPit=δ0+ρWCAGPit+δ1lnCTit+θ1WlnCTit+δ2lncontrolit+θ2Wlncontrolit+μi+λt+εit
式中:ρ为粮食生产气候适应能力的空间自回归系数;δ0为模型常数项;δ1、δ2分别为保护性耕作、控制变量的本地直接效应待估系数;θ1、θ2分别为保护性耕作变量、控制变量的空间溢出待估系数;W为空间权重矩阵;其余变量含义不变。
为反映不同区域间的空间关联关系,本文基于经纬度计算地理距离构建空间权重矩阵为:
W=1dij           i≠j0              i=j
式中:dij 为通过经纬度计算的县i与县j间的地理距离,km。
被解释变量为粮食生产气候适应能力,包括主动应对能力和被动适应能力。核心解释变量为保护性耕作面积。控制变量控制其他因素对县级粮食生产气候适应能力的影响。参考孙学涛等[26]研究,从农业生产投入、社会经济、教育水平及社会治理4个维度选取控制变量(表2)。
以2012—2022年黑龙江省44个县的面板数据为研究样本。黑龙江省是保护性耕作重点实施区域,研究代表性强。极端气候指数所需气温、降水数据来自国家气象科学数据中心(https:∥data.cma.cn);粮食生产及控制变量数据来自《中国县域统计年鉴》[27]及各地区统计年鉴;县域保护性耕作面积数据来自联合国粮农组织报告及各县政府工作报告,未公开部分通过向当地农业农村局函询获取。
县级数据具有较高的可靠性和连续性,有利于提升效应评估的准确性。对原始数据中的少量缺失值采用插值法补充,并对部分变量取对数以处理偏态分布和异常值。借助ArcGIS 10.8.1软件,依据各县中心点经纬度计算地理距离,用于构建空间双重差分模型的空间距离矩阵。
2012—2022年黑龙江省粮食生产气候主动应对能力和被动适应能力总体呈先降后升的波动特征,2017年为重要转折点。2012—2016年受洪涝、干旱等极端气候事件影响,粮食生产系统遭受较大冲击,气候适应能力下降。2017年后,随着《东北黑土地保护规划纲要(2017—2030年)》[28]实施,政府加大黑土地保护和绿色农业技术的推广力度和资金支持,保护性耕作实施范围不断扩大,粮食生产气候主动应对能力和被动适应能力总体呈波动上升趋势(图1)。
2017年以前,黑龙江省粮食生产气候主动应对能力和被动适应能力整体偏低,高值区数量少且分布分散。2017年后,随着保护性耕作大面积推广,各地区粮食生产气候适应能力明显提升,逐渐形成东高西低的空间分异格局。高值区主要分布在东部水田区和西南旱田区,低值区主要集中在西北平原旱田区和坡耕地地区(图2)。其原因在于,西北地区干旱、风沙和霜冻等灾害频发,且水资源短缺、土壤侵蚀较重,粮食生产系统本身较为脆弱;相比之下,东部水田区和西南旱田区农业基础较好,保护性耕作等技术推广效果更明显,气候适应能力提升更快。
保护性耕作对粮食生产对气候适应能力的影响具有明显差异。检验结果显示,系统GMM模型存在一阶序列相关,但不存在二阶序列相关,且Hansen检验未拒绝工具变量有效的原假设,说明模型设定和工具变量选择总体合理(表3)。
基准回归结果显示,保护性耕作对被动适应能力的影响不显著,但对主动应对能力具有显著正向影响,并通过1%水平显著性检验,表明保护性耕作主要有助于提升粮食生产系统的长期抵御能力而非短期恢复能力,假设1得到初步验证。
系统GMM模型结果进一步表明,粮食生产气候适应能力的一阶滞后项显著为正,说明存在明显的路径依赖效应,即提升气候适应能力不仅取决于当期投入与条件,也深受历史积累的影响。
主动应对能力与被动适应能力的空间相关性存在明显差异。2012—2022年主动应对能力的莫兰指数均显著为正,表明其存在显著正空间自相关性,采用空间计量模型进行分析合理;而被动适应能力的莫兰指数并非均显著,说明其空间自相关性不稳定(图3)。据此,下文仅探讨保护性耕作对主动应对能力的空间溢出效应。
保护性耕作对主动应对能力的直接效应系数为0.119,间接效应系数为0.711,间接效应占主导地位。表明保护性耕作不仅直接提升本地区主动应对能力,还可通过技术扩散和区域联动产生显著的空间溢出效应,从而带动更大范围内的气候适应能力提升(表4)。
双重机器学习在变量选择和模型估计上具有独特优势,不仅在处理高维度变量时能够避免传统回归模型的“维度诅咒”与多重共线性问题,还能有效处理变量间的非线性关系,从而有效降低模型设定偏误[29]。为进一步检验基准回归结果的可靠性,本文采用基于随机森林算法的双重机器学习模型进行稳健性检验。保护性耕作的回归系数显著为正,表明其能有效提升粮食生产气候适应能力(表5)。
考虑到空间关联不仅受地理邻近影响,还可能受经济联系影响,本文进一步采用经济距离权重矩阵进行稳健性检验。更换空间权重矩阵后,保护性耕作对主动应对能力的直接效应和间接效应仍显著为正,结论较为稳健(表5)。
为减少极端值对估计结果的干扰,本文对连续变量进行1%的双侧缩尾处理。保护性耕作对主动应对能力的影响仍显著为正,与基准回归结果一致(表5)。
为避免保护性耕作实施面积较大的县域对结果产生干扰,根据政府相关公开信息,本文剔除五常市、巴彦县、龙江县和依安县后重新回归。结果表明,保护性耕作显著提升主动应对能力,进一步验证研究结论的稳健性(表5)。
考虑到地区资源禀赋和基础条件存在差异,保护性耕作对主动应对能力的提升效果可能具有异质性,因此,本文从经济发展水平和地形特征2个维度进行分组检验。首先,以地区第一产业总产值增加值对县域进行排序,参考孙学涛等[26]的研究,采用中位数分组法,将样本划分为农业发展高水平地区和低水平地区。其次,依据《黑龙江省地形地貌图》(https:∥heilongjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/)测算县域地形起伏度平均值,将样本划分为地形起伏较大地区和较小地区,以考察不同基础条件下保护性耕作实施效果的差异。
保护性耕作在不同经济发展水平地区均具有正向作用,但在农业发展水平较高地区效果更为显著。说明经济基础较好的地区通常具备更完善的配套条件和更强的技术推广能力[30],更有利于保护性耕作发挥作用(表6)。
从回归系数来看,保护性耕作对地形起伏度较小地区的提升效果更为明显。其原因在于该类地区土地条件和水文环境更稳定,更有利于农田基础设施建设和水土资源利用,便于有机质积累[31],从而更好发挥保护性耕作缓解气候风险、稳定粮食生产的作用(表6)。
实证结果表明,保护性耕作能够显著提升粮食生产气候适应能力,与Nouri等[13]的研究结论一致,共同印证保护性耕作在增强农业系统气候韧性方面的价值。本文进一步发现,保护性耕作的作用具有明显的维度异质性,即其主要提升主动应对能力,而对被动适应能力的影响有限。说明保护性耕作作为一种长期农艺模式,其核心优势在于通过提升土壤地力、保持水土等方式增强系统事前防灾能力,而非强化灾后应急管理效能。由此,本文的边际贡献在于不仅回答保护性耕作“是否有效”,还进一步揭示其“如何发挥作用”及“作用边界”,本质上是一种提升农业系统主动韧性的前瞻性生态策略。
本文发现,粮食生产气候适应能力存在显著的路径依赖效应,说明其提升并非短期波动结果,而是一个持续积累、逐步强化的动态过程。与刘东等[5]提出的“粮食生产对气候变化的适应是长期稳定变化,而非仅围绕端点年份的短期波动”的论点一致。具体而言,保护性耕作的连续实施能够通过改善土壤结构、积累土壤有机质等方式不断夯实适应能力基础,推动系统进入持续提升的良性循环。该机制说明,旨在提升气候适应性的政策与技术干预,其效益随时间推移而加速显现。
本研究发现,保护性耕作不仅提升本地粮食生产气候适应能力,还存在明显的空间溢出效应。与Fang等[9]关于农业机械化跨区服务可提升邻区粮食生产韧性的结论相互印证。该空间溢出效应的形成,源于保护性耕作依托农机跨区作业实现技术与生态效益跨域传导的内在机制。农机跨区作业有效打破技术传播的行政壁垒,使核心生态效益在更广阔的空间范围内发挥,从而共同增强整体气候适应能力。
基于上述结论,本文提出政策启示。第一,应将保护性耕作作为提升农业系统主动气候韧性的关键措施,纳入中长期农业气候适应战略,并保持政策支持和技术推广的连续性,以充分发挥其长期累积效应。第二,应完善技术推广和社会化服务体系,鼓励农机跨区作业和区域协同推广,促进保护性耕作的技术扩散和空间溢出。第三,应统筹推进主动应对与被动适应能力建设,在推广保护性耕作等事前防灾措施的同时,加强农业保险、灾后救助和应急保障体系建设,形成事前预防与事后恢复相结合的气候风险治理体系。
本文仍存在一定局限。一方面,研究主要依赖统计数据,部分能够反映恢复过程和土壤状况的指标未能纳入分析,且偏远地区的技术效应可能被忽视,影响对气候适应能力的全面刻画;另一方面,本文重点考察保护性耕作的作用,尚未充分考虑农田基础设施建设、土地政策及粮食支持政策等因素的潜在影响。未来研究可结合遥感数据等多源信息,构建更全面的气候灾害与恢复评价体系,并进一步纳入同期农业政策变量,以提高研究结果的完整性和稳健性。
1) 2012—2016年黑龙江省粮食产量不断下降,粮食生产气候适应能力呈下降趋势。2017年以来,政府积极实施保护性耕作,随着实施范围不断扩大、实施力度不断加强,粮食产量和粮食生产气候适应能力逐步提升,其中富锦市、宝清市、虎林市等水田区近年来保持较高的气候适应能力水平。
2) 保护性耕作主要提升粮食生产气候适应能力中的主动应对能力,且主动应对能力和被动适应能力都存在显著的路径依赖效应,即当期气候适应能力的提升与前期水平呈显著正相关。
3) 保护性耕作的实施对主动应对能力具有直接效应和间接效应,即不仅提升本地主动应对能力,也提高周边县域的主动应对能力。该影响存在显著的区域差异,在经济发展水平高和地形起伏度小的地区,保护性耕作对主动应对能力的提升效应更为明显。本文为制定黑土保护政策和发展气候韧性农业提供重要参考。
  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目(25CGL106)
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(22YJC630197)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.039
  • 接收时间:2025-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-17
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
  • 录用日期:2026-03-15
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国家社会科学基金青年项目(25CGL106)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(22YJC630197)
作者信息
    1.东北农业大学公共管理学院,哈尔滨 150030
    2.东北农业大学工程学院,哈尔滨 150030

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程镝(1975—),女,博士,教授,主要从事城乡公共治理研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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