Article(id=1312009665257496732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766764800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-27, revisedDate=1772380800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-02, acceptedDate=1774886400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-31, onlineDate=1790737080158, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737080158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737080158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737080158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=216, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009665567875229, articleId=1312009665257496732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Identification of Dominant Factors Controlling Desiccation Cracking Development in Coarse-Grained Soils, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study reveals controlling mechanisms and relative importance of interface roughness, particle gradation, and coupling effects of temperature and thickness on the development of soil desiccation cracking, providing a theoretical basis for preventing engineering hazards such as anti-seepage failure and mechanical instability of soil masses. Methods Sediments from Qingshitan Reservoir in Guilin were selected as test materials, and a series of laboratory drying model tests were designed and conducted covering different particle gradations (intrinsic components), bottom interface roughness (boundary conditions), and drying temperatures and initial soil layer thicknesses (environmental and geometric conditions). High-precision imaging equipment was used to record the whole process of water evaporation and crack evolution in soils. Digital image processing techniques were applied to perform binarization and skeletonization of crack networks to quantitatively extract characteristic parameters such as crack ratio, average crack width, and fractal dimension. Range analysis was employed to systematically calculate and compare the contribution weights of different factors to desiccation cracking development. Results 1) Interface roughness was the primary controlling factor of crack network development and morphological evolution, with a contribution weight of 57.08% to crack ratio. Increased interface roughness significantly enhanced geometric complexity and topological connectivity of crack networks and induced significant curling at soil edges. 2) Particle gradation, acting as an intrinsic factor, had a contribution weight of 26.98%. An increase in fine particle content showed significant positive correlations with crack ratio, crack width, and fractal dimension, fundamentally determining volumetric shrinkage potential and final cracking modes of soils. 3) The combined contribution rate of temperature and thickness was approximately 16.00%. Specifically, the contribution weight of initial layer thickness (9.18%) was significantly higher than that of the drying temperature (6.76%). The former dominated macroscopic distribution patterns of cracks primarily by constraining the release range of tensile stress, while the latter exhibited relatively complex non-monotonic variation characteristics. Conclusion The dominant factors controlling soil desiccation cracking development are interface roughness and particle gradation, while environmental temperature and initial thickness play secondary synergistic roles. The results provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of cracking hazards, material improvement, and construction process optimization of anti-seepage soil masses in practical geotechnical engineering.

, authors=Shanmei Li1, Weiji Li1, Boyan Huang1, Yunpeng Guan2, Jianping Meng1, authorsList=Shanmei Li, Weiji Li, Boyan Huang, Yunpeng Guan, Jianping Meng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianping Meng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009669661515958, articleId=1312009665257496732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=粗粒土干燥裂隙发育的主控因素辨识, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 揭示界面粗糙度、颗粒级配及温度与厚度耦合作用对土体干缩裂隙发育的主控机制与相对重要性,为防范土体防渗失效与力学失稳等工程隐患提供理论依据。 方法 选取桂林青狮潭水库库泥为试验对象,设计并开展涵盖不同颗粒级配(内在组分)、底部界面粗糙度(边界条件)及干燥温度与土层初始厚度(环境与几何条件)的系列室内干燥模型试验。利用高精度成像设备记录土体水分蒸发与裂隙演化全过程,结合数字图像处理技术对裂隙网络进行二值化与骨架化处理,定量提取裂隙率、裂隙平均宽度及分形维数等特征参数。采用极差分析法系统计算并比较各因素对裂隙发育的贡献权重。 结果 1)界面粗糙度是主导裂隙网络发育及其形态演化的首要控制因素,其对裂隙率的贡献权重高达57.08%。粗糙度的增加显著提升裂隙网络的几何复杂性与拓扑连通性,并诱发土体边缘出现显著的“卷曲”现象。2)颗粒级配作为内在遗传因素,其贡献权重为26.98%。细颗粒含量的增加与裂隙率、裂隙宽度及分形维数均呈显著正相关,从根本上决定土体的体积收缩潜能与最终开裂模式。3)温度与厚度条件的综合贡献率约为16.00%。其中,初始层厚的贡献权重(9.18%)明显优于干燥温度(6.76%)。前者主要通过制约拉应力的释放范围主导裂隙的宏观分布格局,而后者的影响则呈较为复杂的非单调性变化特征。 结论 影响土体干缩裂隙发育的主导因素为界面粗糙度与颗粒级配,环境温度与初始厚度则起次要协同作用。研究结果可为实际岩土工程防渗土体的裂隙灾变防控、材料改良及施工工艺优化提供科学依据。

, authors=李善梅1, 李维基1, 黄博彦1, 关云鹏2, 蒙剑坪1, authorsList=李善梅, 李维基, 黄博彦, 关云鹏, 蒙剑坪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蒙剑坪, authorNote=

李善梅(1983—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事水土化学作用研究。E-mail:

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蒙剑坪(1984—),男,博士,实验师,主要从事特殊土工程特性及改良技术研究。E-mail:
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11, caption=Schematic diagram of effect analysis of interface roughness, figureFileSmall=Pbnq31cAaRKPsL0XIpsrEA==, figureFileBig=wB+HgvDhjMFsGzrK83EpJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009680751255815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=CN, label=图11, caption=界面粗糙度影响分析示意, figureFileSmall=Pbnq31cAaRKPsL0XIpsrEA==, figureFileBig=wB+HgvDhjMFsGzrK83EpJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009680830947592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental design and levels of influencing factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验系列影响因素控制水平

系列Ⅰ:颗粒级配

影响试验

颗粒级配S1、S2……S10(粗细比 0:10 ~ 9:1)

系列Ⅱ:界面粗糙度

影响试验

界面粗糙度涂抹凡士林、120目砂纸、80目砂纸

系列Ⅲ:厚度-温度

耦合影响试验

环境温度30 ℃、45 ℃、60 ℃
试样厚度10 mm、15 mm、20 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1312009681225212170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验方案设计与影响因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验系列影响因素控制水平

系列Ⅰ:颗粒级配

影响试验

颗粒级配S1、S2……S10(粗细比 0:10 ~ 9:1)

系列Ⅱ:界面粗糙度

影响试验

界面粗糙度涂抹凡士林、120目砂纸、80目砂纸

系列Ⅲ:厚度-温度

耦合影响试验

环境温度30 ℃、45 ℃、60 ℃
试样厚度10 mm、15 mm、20 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1312009682852602123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main parameters of each experimental group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组厚度/mm粗颗粒/g细颗粒/g温度/℃
A1、B1、C110100.0100.030、45、60
A2、B2、C215150.0150.030、45、60
A3、B3、C320200.0200.030、45、60
), ArticleFig(id=1312009682970042636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各试验组的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组厚度/mm粗颗粒/g细颗粒/g温度/℃
A1、B1、C110100.0100.030、45、60
A2、B2、C215150.0150.030、45、60
A3、B3、C320200.0200.030、45、60
), ArticleFig(id=1312009683347529997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Geometric and topological parameters of crack networks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何与拓扑参数凡士林组120目砂纸组80目砂纸组
裂隙条数21.00169.00245.00
裂隙率/%0.249.8010.69
裂隙总长度/mm128.011 245.841 626.64
裂隙平均宽度/mm0.401.541.11
裂隙最大宽度/mm0.764.063.40
节点个数14.00116.00152.00
土块个数1.0092.00169.00
分形维数1.741.891.85
), ArticleFig(id=1312009683414638862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

裂隙网络几何与拓扑参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何与拓扑参数凡士林组120目砂纸组80目砂纸组
裂隙条数21.00169.00245.00
裂隙率/%0.249.8010.69
裂隙总长度/mm128.011 245.841 626.64
裂隙平均宽度/mm0.401.541.11
裂隙最大宽度/mm0.764.063.40
节点个数14.00116.00152.00
土块个数1.0092.00169.00
分形维数1.741.891.85
), ArticleFig(id=1312009683741794575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Range analysis of effects of each influencing factor on final crack ratio

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素参数范围最终裂隙率范围/%平均极差R贡献权重/%
界面粗糙度光滑~粗糙0.24~10.6910.4557.08
颗粒级配

细∶粗

(0∶10~9∶1)

7.58~12.524.9426.98
初始厚度10~20 mm9.63~12.901.689.18
干燥温度30~60 ℃9.63~12.901.246.76
), ArticleFig(id=1312009683829874960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009665257496732, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各影响因素对最终裂隙率的极差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素参数范围最终裂隙率范围/%平均极差R贡献权重/%
界面粗糙度光滑~粗糙0.24~10.6910.4557.08
颗粒级配

细∶粗

(0∶10~9∶1)

7.58~12.524.9426.98
初始厚度10~20 mm9.63~12.901.689.18
干燥温度30~60 ℃9.63~12.901.246.76
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粗粒土干燥裂隙发育的主控因素辨识
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李善梅 1 , 李维基 1 , 黄博彦 1 , 关云鹏 2 , 蒙剑坪 1
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 216-226
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 216 -226
粗粒土干燥裂隙发育的主控因素辨识
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李善梅1 , 李维基1, 黄博彦1, 关云鹏2, 蒙剑坪1
作者信息
  • 1.广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2.内蒙古自治区自然资源保护与利用研究中心,呼和浩特 010041
通讯作者:
蒙剑坪(1984—),男,博士,实验师,主要从事特殊土工程特性及改良技术研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

李善梅(1983—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事水土化学作用研究。E-mail:

Identification of Dominant Factors Controlling Desiccation Cracking Development in Coarse-Grained Soils
Shanmei Li1 , Weiji Li1, Boyan Huang1, Yunpeng Guan2, Jianping Meng1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Guilin,Guangxi 541004,China
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Research Center for Natural Resources Conservation and Utilization,Hohhot 010041,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.025
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目的 揭示界面粗糙度、颗粒级配及温度与厚度耦合作用对土体干缩裂隙发育的主控机制与相对重要性,为防范土体防渗失效与力学失稳等工程隐患提供理论依据。 方法 选取桂林青狮潭水库库泥为试验对象,设计并开展涵盖不同颗粒级配(内在组分)、底部界面粗糙度(边界条件)及干燥温度与土层初始厚度(环境与几何条件)的系列室内干燥模型试验。利用高精度成像设备记录土体水分蒸发与裂隙演化全过程,结合数字图像处理技术对裂隙网络进行二值化与骨架化处理,定量提取裂隙率、裂隙平均宽度及分形维数等特征参数。采用极差分析法系统计算并比较各因素对裂隙发育的贡献权重。 结果 1)界面粗糙度是主导裂隙网络发育及其形态演化的首要控制因素,其对裂隙率的贡献权重高达57.08%。粗糙度的增加显著提升裂隙网络的几何复杂性与拓扑连通性,并诱发土体边缘出现显著的“卷曲”现象。2)颗粒级配作为内在遗传因素,其贡献权重为26.98%。细颗粒含量的增加与裂隙率、裂隙宽度及分形维数均呈显著正相关,从根本上决定土体的体积收缩潜能与最终开裂模式。3)温度与厚度条件的综合贡献率约为16.00%。其中,初始层厚的贡献权重(9.18%)明显优于干燥温度(6.76%)。前者主要通过制约拉应力的释放范围主导裂隙的宏观分布格局,而后者的影响则呈较为复杂的非单调性变化特征。 结论 影响土体干缩裂隙发育的主导因素为界面粗糙度与颗粒级配,环境温度与初始厚度则起次要协同作用。研究结果可为实际岩土工程防渗土体的裂隙灾变防控、材料改良及施工工艺优化提供科学依据。

干缩开裂  /  界面粗糙度  /  颗粒级配  /  温度与厚度条件  /  定量图像分析  /  极差分析

Objective This study reveals controlling mechanisms and relative importance of interface roughness, particle gradation, and coupling effects of temperature and thickness on the development of soil desiccation cracking, providing a theoretical basis for preventing engineering hazards such as anti-seepage failure and mechanical instability of soil masses. Methods Sediments from Qingshitan Reservoir in Guilin were selected as test materials, and a series of laboratory drying model tests were designed and conducted covering different particle gradations (intrinsic components), bottom interface roughness (boundary conditions), and drying temperatures and initial soil layer thicknesses (environmental and geometric conditions). High-precision imaging equipment was used to record the whole process of water evaporation and crack evolution in soils. Digital image processing techniques were applied to perform binarization and skeletonization of crack networks to quantitatively extract characteristic parameters such as crack ratio, average crack width, and fractal dimension. Range analysis was employed to systematically calculate and compare the contribution weights of different factors to desiccation cracking development. Results 1) Interface roughness was the primary controlling factor of crack network development and morphological evolution, with a contribution weight of 57.08% to crack ratio. Increased interface roughness significantly enhanced geometric complexity and topological connectivity of crack networks and induced significant curling at soil edges. 2) Particle gradation, acting as an intrinsic factor, had a contribution weight of 26.98%. An increase in fine particle content showed significant positive correlations with crack ratio, crack width, and fractal dimension, fundamentally determining volumetric shrinkage potential and final cracking modes of soils. 3) The combined contribution rate of temperature and thickness was approximately 16.00%. Specifically, the contribution weight of initial layer thickness (9.18%) was significantly higher than that of the drying temperature (6.76%). The former dominated macroscopic distribution patterns of cracks primarily by constraining the release range of tensile stress, while the latter exhibited relatively complex non-monotonic variation characteristics. Conclusion The dominant factors controlling soil desiccation cracking development are interface roughness and particle gradation, while environmental temperature and initial thickness play secondary synergistic roles. The results provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of cracking hazards, material improvement, and construction process optimization of anti-seepage soil masses in practical geotechnical engineering.

desiccation cracking  /  interface roughness  /  particle gradation  /  temperature and thickness conditions  /  quantitative image analysis  /  range analysis
李善梅, 李维基, 黄博彦, 关云鹏, 蒙剑坪. 粗粒土干燥裂隙发育的主控因素辨识. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 216 -226 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.025
Shanmei Li, Weiji Li, Boyan Huang, Yunpeng Guan, Jianping Meng. Identification of Dominant Factors Controlling Desiccation Cracking Development in Coarse-Grained Soils[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 216 -226 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.025
土壤干缩开裂广泛见于干旱区地表、农田土壤及各类土工构筑物中[1-3]。该现象是由水分蒸发引起的体积收缩,在约束作用时,土体内部产生拉应力,当该应力超过土体的抗拉强度时,便诱发裂隙[4-7]。裂隙网络的形成急剧增大土体的渗透性,降低其力学强度和整体稳定性,并加速水分散失和土壤侵蚀进程,从而对农业生产、水利工程安全及环境岩土工程构成严重威胁[8-10]。因此,精准预测与有效防控土体开裂,已成为环境岩土工程领域的关键课题之一;而实现这一目标的前提,在于深入理解其发育机理并明晰各影响因素的相对重要性。
土体干燥开裂是一个涉及多场耦合的复杂物理过程,从边界条件、环境因素及材料等多方面开展了大量研究。在边界条件方面,界面粗糙度是影响边界约束强度的核心因素,直接关系到土体收缩过程中界面摩擦力的大小,即基底越粗糙,产生的界面摩擦约束力越大。Zeng等[11]探讨界面粗糙度对不同层厚粉质壤土干燥开裂行为的影响,系统分析土体中裂缝的演化特征和形成机制;曾浩等[12]针对不同几何形状的试样开展研究,进一步揭示界面粗糙度与试样尺寸对裂隙起裂位置及传播路径的联合调控机制;在环境驱动方面,Guo等[13]在膨润土开裂动态过程研究中指出,温度和相对湿度共同控制水分的蒸发速率,主导裂隙的萌生与发展;Tang等[14]验证黏土干燥开裂行为对温度的显著依赖性,深入剖析高温加速水分蒸发与基质吸力增长对裂隙网络形态的重塑机制;在材料方面,传统研究高度聚焦于黏性土,揭示结构差异对裂隙发育的重要性[15]。Wang等[16]在对膨润土-砂混合物研究中指出,当含砂量超过30%时,砂颗粒倾向于形成骨架结构,从而显著限制土体的体积收缩;Jiang等[17]明确土体开裂的组分界限,并建立黏粒含量低于30%的土体难以开裂的经验性判断。然而,此观点与广泛的野外事实相悖。级配良好的青狮潭水库砂质库泥其黏粒含量仅为6.57%,在干旱环境下同样发育裂隙网格,强烈暗示颗粒级配的整体作用可能远比单一的黏粒含量更为复杂。
然而,上述研究多局限于剖析单一或少数因素的独立效应。而自然与工程现场中的裂隙发育,本质上是多因素并行、交互驱动的复杂过程。当前研究鲜见清晰界定作用因素的影响权重,导致工程实践中难以抓住主要矛盾。具体而言,现有的研究存在2个方面空白:对砂土,尤其是级配良好砂土的裂隙化行为及其控制机制认知严重不足;未能从纷繁的因素中辨识出主导裂隙发育的核心变量序列。
为填补上述研究空白,本研究以桂林青狮潭水库库泥作为研究对象,通过设计颗粒级配系列试验、界面粗糙度系列试验及厚度、温度耦合系列试验,系统探究上述4类因素的影响。本研究旨在突破传统单一因素分析的局限,直接对比不同因素的调控效力,并引入极差分析方法,定量辨识各因素对最终裂隙率的贡献权重,从而为建立层次化的风险评估体系与精准高效的工程处治策略提供坚实的理论依据。
本研究所用土样采自广西壮族自治区桂林市灵川县境内的青狮潭水库(25°28'~25°32'N,110°12'~110°18'E)。该区域属中亚热带季风气候区,具有夏季雨热同期、秋冬温和少雨的特征。青狮潭水库是漓江上游关键的大型水利枢纽,水库总库容6×108 m3,平均水深30 m,最大水深70 m。受季节性降雨及人工防洪抗旱调蓄的双重影响,库区水位波动显著,其正常蓄水位与最低水位分别为225.00、197.15 m,最大垂直变幅达27.85 m[18]。本研究采样点位于水库库底区域,长期处于淹水状态,具有典型的库底沉积环境特征。
试验土样采集时间为2025年1月12日。采样期间恰逢水库水位排空,库底大面积出露。在清理地表杂物后,于库底沉积滩0~40 cm深度范围内采集扰动土样,土样运回实验室后风干过筛。依据《土工试验规范:GB/T 50123—2019》[19],采用比重瓶法、筛分法及密度计法等测定土体的基本物理性质指标,并绘制颗粒累计分布曲线(图1)。测试结果表明,该土粒相对密度为2.64,最大与最小干密度分别为1.79、1.31 g/cm³,最大与最小孔隙比分别为1.01和0.47。颗粒组成以砂粒为主(75.87%),粉粒次之(17.56%),黏粒最少(6.57%),细颗粒(粉粒与黏粒)共占总质量的24.13%。其不均匀系数(Cu)为10.31,曲率系数(Cc)为2.89,为级配良好的细砂。
为系统研究颗粒级配、界面粗糙度、环境温度与试样厚度耦合对土体干缩裂隙发育的影响,本研究设计3类对比试验。试验涉及的4个关键因素及其控制水平见表1。
首先使用木碾剔除草根、石块等杂质后,将其置于105 ℃恒温烘箱中烘干至恒重。按照试验方案,称取所需干土,并将其直接放入清洁的15 cm×15 cm×10 cm的亚克力容器中,用玻璃棒搅拌使其混合,然后加入蒸馏水,使其充分混合,制备成含水率为50%的泥浆液。使用振动台对泥浆进行振动处理,直至混合物呈现均匀状态且无明显气泡。随后使用保鲜膜将其密封,避免水分流失,并在保湿缸内静置养护24 h。完成养护后,将泥浆试样移入恒温烘箱中进行干燥处理,直至其质量恒定,即视为干燥过程完成。并利用索尼α 6100相机对干燥过程中试样的表面裂隙形态进行图像采集。
本研究所有泥浆试样的初始含水率均设定为50%。预试验证实,该状态下浆体流动性良好,可自流平形成均质层。试验环境为恒温烘箱内,持续的升温过程箱内维持在稳定的极低相对湿度状态,有效规避外部大气湿度波动对试样蒸发过程的随机干扰。桂林夏季气温通常在25~40 ℃,但在强辐射下地表土体温度往往高达50~60 ℃。温度依据桂林夏季气温与地温特征分级设定:颗粒级配及界面粗糙度试验统一为60 ℃;厚度与温度耦合试验选取30、45、60 ℃ 3个梯度。边界控制上,界面粗糙度试验利用砂纸和凡士林调节底面摩擦,其余组采用清洁亚克力底板;为防止改变边缘接触与蒸发路径,所有试样侧壁均不作润滑处理,仅保持清洁以维持恒定约束。
为系统研究颗粒级配的影响,本研究共设计10种配比的土样(图2),粗、细颗粒质量比由0∶10逐级变化至9∶1,分别表示为S1、S2、…、S10,总土样质量为300 g。采用标准试验筛(2、0.075 mm)对试验用土进行筛分,将粒径为0.075~2 mm的颗粒划分为粗颗粒,粒径<0.075 mm的颗粒定义为细颗粒。
为探究界面粗糙度对土体开裂行为的影响,本研究共设置容器底部粘贴80目砂纸、120目砂纸及涂凡士林3种不同粗糙度的接触界面。试样为粗、细颗粒质量比为5∶5的混合土样。
为进一步研究土体厚度与环境温度的耦合作用,本试验设计9组不同的工况。选用粗、细颗粒质量比为5∶5的配比的土样。各试验组的具体参数设置见表2,旨在揭示二者协同作用对裂隙发育规律的影响。
在土样干燥试验中,为确保图像的一致性与可比性,相机被固定于试样正上方,并借助水平仪严格校准,确保光轴垂直于试样表面。拍摄全程采用恒定白炽光源提供均匀照明,最大程度避免阴影及反光对裂隙识别造成干扰。图像采集与质量监测同步进行。根据裂隙发育的动态特征,分阶段调整采样频率:初期裂隙发展缓慢,采集间隔设为60 min。当首条宏观裂隙出现后,裂隙进入快速扩展期,将采集间隔缩短至30 min。待裂隙网络形态趋于定型后,重新恢复至60 min直至试验结束。在每个采集时刻,将装有土样的容器从恒温烘箱中取出,迅速完成称重与拍摄并立即归位。为确保图像序列的几何一致性,借助容器边缘特征进行图像校正,采样过程迅速且平稳,以最大程度减少脱离恒温环境造成的扰动。试验的终止判定标准为试样质量连续24 h保持恒定。
在土体干燥过程中定时采集其表面图像,并采用专业的孔隙与裂隙图像识别分析系统(particles and cracks analysis system)对图像处理,以准确提取裂隙网络关键参数[20-21]。针对干燥过程中可能伴随的土块边缘卷曲现象,基于二维成像原理,将裂隙宽度统一定义为裂隙两侧边缘在水平成像平面上的投影距离[22]。
土体在干缩过程中形成的裂隙网络表现出显著的自相似性。因此,适用于分形理论进行定量表征。本研究采用经典的盒维数法计算裂隙网络的分形维数。使用一系列不同尺寸ri的正方形网格覆盖二值化后的裂隙图像,统计涵盖裂隙像素的盒子总数N(ri),随后对[lg(ri)与lg(N(ri)]进行线性拟合,计算公式[23]为:
lg[N(ri)]=A-Dlg(ri)
式中:A为拟合截距,是与几何尺度相关的常数;D为拟合直线斜率的绝对值,即裂隙网络的分形维数。
为全面定量描述裂隙形态,本研究从拓扑与几何2个维度选取代表性参数。拓扑参数用以表征裂隙网络的连接复杂性,包括裂隙数量、土块数量、节点数及分形维数;几何参数用以度量其物理尺寸与开裂程度,主要包括裂隙宽度、土块面积与裂隙率[24-25]。
由图3和图4可知,所有级配的土样都产生裂隙,但其最终的破裂模式与平均土块面积深受颗粒级配的影响,表现出高度的非单调性差异。具体表现为粗颗粒含量较高的试样组(S1~S3)所形成的裂隙总体呈狭窄而密集的形态,且具有较高的连通性。在裂隙交叉部位,“T”形与“Y”形结构广泛出现,呈现出网格化破裂模式。平均土块面积处于全局最低水平(S1试样仅为127 mm²)。受密集交叉网格的切割影响,土块形态差异明显。
当粗、细颗粒含量趋于接近时(S4~S8),裂隙形态发生显著转变,原有的密集网络被少数规模显著的主裂隙所替代。将土体整齐地分割为大尺度、较完整的弧形或块状多边形区块,裂隙系统层次清晰。裂隙分割出的平均土块面积显著增大,并在S6试样处达到峰值(高达194 mm²)。土体内部的交叉方式趋于单一,多以近似垂直的“T”形为主。
对于细颗粒含量占优的试样(S9~S10),其最终破裂呈现出更为复杂的混合特征,既存在类似高粗颗粒含量条件下的密集裂隙网络,又发育有若干条宽大主裂隙。平均土块面积回落并稳定在约148 mm²。宏观上,宽大主干与细密分支交织,导致裂隙分割出的土块尺寸出现明显的两极分化,构成整个试验序列中几何形态最为复杂的破裂模式。
由图5可知,表面裂隙率是直观表征土体宏观开裂程度的核心基础指标,在干燥初始阶段(约540 min前),裂隙尚未出现或刚刚发育,裂隙率增长速度较为缓慢(图5a)。随后,在540~1 300 min,裂隙进入快速发展阶段,裂隙率急剧上升。1 300 min后,裂隙网络扩展逐渐趋于稳定,裂隙率增长速率显著降低,最终进入稳定阶段。在稳定阶段,试样的最终裂隙率与其细颗粒含量呈明显正相关。细颗粒含量为90%的试样S10具有最大裂隙率(12.5%),而细颗粒含量最低的试样S1则对应最小裂隙率(7.6%)。
裂隙总长度的动态扩展特征不仅反映裂隙的延伸,也揭示裂隙网络内部的交汇与合并规律(图5b)。在540~690 min,裂隙总长度增长最为迅速。其中,S10试样率先快速攀升。相比之下,无细颗粒的试样S1增长相对滞后。在690~1 300 min,由于裂隙发生交叉与合并,可用于扩展的新路径减少。1 300 min后,除S1外,其余试样裂隙总长度基本趋向稳定;S1试样的裂隙总长度在1 300 min后仍持续缓慢增长,直至1 900 min左右才完全稳定。裂隙稳定后,裂隙总长度随着细颗粒含量的增加呈先减小后增大趋势,其中,S6试样的裂隙总长度最小。
裂隙宽度的变化是定量评估裂隙发育程度的重要指标(图5c、图5d)。试样裂隙的平均宽度随时间的变化趋势与裂隙率基本一致。裂隙稳定后,S10和S1裂隙平均宽度分别为最大(2.21 mm)和最小(0.86 mm),试样的最终裂隙平均宽度与其细颗粒含量间也存在明显的正相关。最大裂隙宽度与细颗粒含量间存在显著的线性关系,拟合度达到97.8%。
分形维数是表征裂隙网络空间几何复杂性的核心参数(图5e)。随着细颗粒含量的增加而急剧上升,当细颗粒含量从0%增加到30%时,分形维数变化较大。当细颗粒含量超过30%后,分形维数仍继续增加,但增长速率显著放缓,曲线趋于平缓。
由图6可知,不同级配试样在干燥过程中,含水率与裂隙率的耦合演化均依次经历匀速、减速和稳定3个发展阶段。随着细颗粒含量的增加,试样干燥与开裂行为呈规律性变化:在匀速阶段,含水率下降速率减慢,而裂隙率扩展速度增加;在减速阶段,含水率下降和裂隙发展持续时间均有所延长;稳定阶段的出现则相应延迟。裂隙率的均速扩展阶段与含水率的匀速下降阶段在时间上基本吻合。然而,以匀速阶段终点为拐点进行对比发现,S1~S5试样裂隙发展拐点相对于含水率拐点出现滞后现象。而S6~S10试样则呈超前特征。起裂含水率(W1)随着细颗粒含量的增加而呈显著增长趋势,且二者存在显著的线性关系,拟合度高达到96.2%。
由图7可知,不同界面粗糙度条件对裂隙网络的宏观结构具有显著影响。凡士林组(低摩擦),试样表面仅形成1~2条主裂隙,呈孤立的线状或“Y”形分布,未形成相互贯通的裂隙网络,土体破碎程度最低。120目砂纸组(中等摩擦),试样表面形成完整的裂隙网络,裂隙相互贯通,土体被完全分割成多个形状不规则的多边形土块。80目砂纸组(高摩擦),试样表面形成密度极高的裂隙网络。由此可见,裂隙的发育程度与界面粗糙度呈正相关。
为进一步从定量角度揭示不同界面粗糙度条件对土壤干缩裂隙发育的影响,对各试验组最终裂隙网络的几何与拓扑参数进行量化分析(表3)。整体而言,界面粗糙度对裂隙发育具有显著影响。从几何参数看,与凡士林组相比,120目和80目砂纸处理组的裂隙条数、裂隙率及总长度均显著增加,裂隙平均宽度与最大宽度均在120目砂纸组达到峰值,从拓扑参数看,砂纸处理组的节点个数、土块个数较凡士林组大幅增加。同时,砂纸处理组的分形维数均高于凡士林组。
由图8可知,不同干燥温度与初始厚度耦合作用下形成的裂隙形态。试验结果明确揭示初始厚度对裂隙形态的决定性作用。以a系列为例,试样厚度从10 mm(a1)增至20 mm(a3),裂隙网络的稀疏程度显著增加,由破碎化的细密网状结构发展为由少数主裂隙分割而成的大尺寸块状结构。相比之下,干燥温度在本试验条件下对裂隙的宏观形态影响甚微。厚度相同的3组试样在15 ℃温差下,其裂隙的整体分布格局与块体的尺寸基本相似。
为深入探究环境温度与土体初始厚度对干缩裂隙网络发育的耦合作用,本研究对裂隙网络的6个关键几何拓扑参数进行量化统计(图9)。试验结果表明,裂隙网络的密度与连通性随厚度增加而减小,而其几何尺寸与整体开裂程度则随厚度增加而增大,值得注意的是,温度对上述参数的影响表现出明显的非单调特性。
裂隙率的变化表现出非单调的温度效应(图9a)。在10 mm厚度下,45、60 °C的裂隙率相近,均显著高于30 °C;而在15、20 mm条件下,三者排序一致,均为45 °C>60 °C>30 °C。
裂隙条数随厚度变化呈现非线性响应(图9b)。当厚度从10 mm增至15 mm时,各温度下的裂隙条数均有所下降,且数值较为接近;当厚度进一步增至20 mm时,不同温度下的变化趋势出现显著的分化。在30、60 °C条件下,裂隙条数继续显著下降,降幅分别达23%、28%,而在45 °C条件下降幅减缓,仅为8%,导致该温度下的裂隙条数高于其他2组。
裂隙总长度的演变在60 °C条件下表现出延迟衰减特征(图9c)。当厚度从10 mm增加至15 mm时,30、45 °C下的裂隙总长度均大幅下降,而60 °C下则基本保持不变;厚度继续增至20 mm时,60 °C条件下的裂隙总长度剧烈下降,并最终低于其余温度条件。
平均裂隙宽度与土体厚度表现出极强的线性正相关性(图9d)。30、45、60 °C条件下的数据几乎完全重叠。最大裂隙宽度揭示出温度主导的次序反转现象(图9e)。在10 mm厚度下,大小顺序满足45 °C>30 °C>60 °C;而当厚度增加至15 mm及以上时,次序逆转为30 °C>60 °C>45 °C。
节点个数在厚度为10 mm时表现为60 °C>30 °C>45 °C(图9f)。随着厚度增加,节点个数急剧减少;当厚度为15、20 mm时,各温度下的节点数趋于一致,均处于45~50的较低水平,未出现明显分化现象。
为定量识别各因素对裂隙发育的相对重要性,本研究采用极差分析方法对最终裂隙率进行处理(表4)。各因素影响程度的主次顺序及其贡献权重分别为界面粗糙度(57.08%)>颗粒级配(26.98%)>初始厚度(9.18%)>干燥温度(6.76%)。界面粗糙度被证实为控制土体收缩开裂的绝对主导因素,而干燥温度的影响则最为有限。
上述定量排序源于各因素在裂隙动态演化过程中截然不同的控制作用。本试验发现,尽管不同因素主导的裂隙最终形态各异,但其演化均遵循典型的三阶段模式(图10),首先是初始裂隙萌生与扩展阶段(阶段Ⅰ,t<870 min)。该阶段以土体起裂含水率对应的首条宏观裂隙出现为标志。此时,土体内部收缩应力开始局部释放,裂隙主要表现为零星且孤立的线状生长(图10a~图10c),特征是裂隙数量极少、长度增长缓慢,且各分支间尚未形成有效交汇,土体表面的完整性维持较好。随后进入次生裂隙形成与网络发展阶段(阶段Ⅱ,870 min≤t<990 min)。此阶段以裂隙交叉节点的快速增长及网络拓扑结构的初步形成为显著依据。在该时期,大量次生裂隙自初生裂隙侧向延伸并迅速发生连通,初步构建出闭合的网格状结构(图10d~图10e)。特征是裂隙总长度剧增,土体被快速切割为大小不一的几何土块,网络的拓扑复杂度在此阶段达到峰值。最后为裂隙加宽与网络稳定阶段(阶段Ⅲ,t>990 min)。当裂隙总长度与节点数趋于平稳后,演化即进入该阶段。此时裂隙网络的几何骨架已基本锁定,不再产生新的次生分支(图10f),干燥失水所释放的收缩能主要转化为已有裂隙宽度的持续张开。该阶段表现出显著的加宽效应,裂隙率随土块位移的增加而进一步上升,最终趋于动态平衡。各主控因素正是通过调控的3个阶段的动力学进程,最终确立其相对重要性。
界面粗糙度的核心作用在于其贯穿裂隙演化过程的强大约束效应。在粗糙界面上(如砂纸),强大的摩擦阻力限制土体底部的自由收缩[26-28],导致从阶段Ⅰ开始,剧烈的上下收缩差异就在土体内部积累显著的拉应力,从而促使大量微裂隙提前并广泛萌生。进入阶段Ⅱ后,强烈的边界约束使得应力释放极不充分,导致被主裂隙分割的各个土块内部继续产生高密度的次生裂隙[29],极大地提升网络的复杂性与连通性,节点数量因而显著增加。最终,在阶段Ⅲ,尽管裂隙宽度也增加,但界面粗糙度的核心贡献在于塑造极其破碎和复杂的网络拓扑结构。此外,持续的约束差异也是诱发土体边缘“卷曲”现象的根本原因(图11)。白色双向箭头代表土体内部因水分流失产生的收缩应力,黄色单向箭头代表界面处阻碍土体收缩的摩擦约束力,在凡士林组中,界面近乎完全光滑,黄色箭头缺失,界面无法有效进行剪切应力传递,土体处于自由收缩状态,应力分布均匀,整体仅表现为厚度的减小和水平方向的平移收缩。相比之下,砂纸组底部的强摩擦约束(黄色箭头)阻碍底层土体的水平收缩,剪切应力在垂向上存在显著的传递衰减,且表层土体仍保持自由收缩势能。垂直方向的应力梯度(上大下小)导致土块产生向上的弯矩,诱发边缘出现显著的“卷曲”现象。同时,“卷曲”现象进一步削弱土块内部的稳定性,促使裂隙加速扩展[29]。因此,界面粗糙度作为最强的外部边界条件,通过对演化全过程施加影响,成为裂隙发育的绝对主导因素。
颗粒级配作为材料的“遗传因子”,其影响机理主要体现在驱动收缩变形和决定材料开裂敏感性。细颗粒因其较大的比表面积和持水能力,赋予土体极高的收缩潜能。在阶段Ⅰ,高细粒土失水后产生剧烈的体积收缩,导致其起裂含水率(W1)更高,裂隙萌生更早、更活跃。在阶段Ⅱ,强烈的收缩驱动力使得主裂隙能够快速拓宽,并抑制过多细密次生裂隙的形成,从而倾向于形成由宽大主裂隙主导的、拓扑结构相对简化的网络。阶段Ⅲ,富含细颗粒的土块其残余收缩能力更强,导致已有裂隙的加宽效应最为显著,解释其最终裂隙率、平均宽度与最大宽度均与细颗粒含量呈正相关的原因。因此,颗粒级配通过控制土体的“收缩势”,从材料本质上决定裂隙的演化路径与最终形态。值得注意的是,该类由细颗粒赋予的高效“收缩势”,在极低黏粒含量条件下依然能够展现出强大的破坏力,与现有的部分认知存在一定差异。Jiang等[17]研究表明,黏粒含量低于30%时,土体难以开裂。在本研究中,黏粒含量仅为6.57%的样点仍展现出明显的开裂特征。其原因可能在于细颗粒包含粉粒与黏粒。虽然纯黏粒占比有限,但大量的粉粒填充在粗颗粒间的空隙中,使得土体内部的缝隙变得极其微小。根据毛细力学原理,微小孔隙会诱发极高的基质吸力,正是这种巨大的基质吸力产生强大的向心收缩驱动力,将土颗粒紧紧向内拉拢。一旦收缩应力超过土体当前的抗拉强度,土体便在薄弱区域发生断裂,进而发育出复杂的裂隙网络[30]。
在温度与厚度条件中,初始厚度是比温度更关键的控制变量。厚度的作用机制本质上是一种几何约束效应。随着厚度增加,表层土体收缩时受到来自下层未收缩土体的约束更强。该种因收缩不一致所产生的约束效应,在较厚的试样中表现得更加显著,导致表层积聚增强的约束在阶段Ⅰ促使表层积聚更高的拉应力[31-32]。然而,拉应力在较厚试样中倾向于通过形成更宽、更少的主裂隙来释放,而非形成密集网络。因此,从阶段Ⅰ到阶段Ⅱ,厚度的增加反而抑制裂隙的条数、总长度和节点数等拓扑复杂性参数的发展。但同时,为释放巨大的收缩能,数量较少的主裂隙在阶段Ⅲ显著加宽,导致厚试样的整体开裂程度(裂隙率)和平均裂隙宽度反而更大。相比之下,温度的效应则复杂且次要,主要通过改变蒸发速率来影响阶段Ⅰ和Ⅱ的演进速度。温度对土体具有加速蒸发和改变土体力学响应的双重作用,其对最终格局的影响呈显著的非单调性与“次序反转”特征[33-35]。此现象可能归结为蒸发前锋深度与土体初始厚度的动态竞争关系。在厚度为10 mm条件下,蒸发前锋能够迅速穿透剖面,干燥过程趋于整体同步,此时高温(60 ℃)提供的能量上限决定收缩驱动力,表现为“高热高裂”[22]。然而,在厚度为20 mm条件下,60 ℃的极高蒸发速率导致蒸发前锋迅速滞留于土体表层,土壤上部形成的干硬土层厚度增加缓慢,干硬土层孔径较小,孔隙连通性较差,水分子向外扩散,阻碍水分的蒸发[36]。由表及里的干燥不均匀性,可能使得60 ℃工况下土体深层的收缩应力无法有效积累。相比之下,45 ℃的蒸发过程较为平和且深入,“干硬土层”形成较晚,允许深层水分有更充足的时间逸出,产生更充分的基质吸力与收缩位移。因此,最终裂隙率反而更高。而30 ℃工况则由于干燥动力过低,基质吸力积累缓慢,各厚度下的开裂程度均处于最低水平。因此,由温度决定的干燥速率与厚度决定的土体几何空间之间的“失配”,可能是导致厚层土体在高温下开裂受抑的根本原因[37]。
需要指出的是,土体干缩开裂受物理组分、边界条件及环境梯度的多重约束,各因子间的相互作用极其复杂。本研究采用极差分析法对最终裂隙率的贡献权重进行敏感性评估。尽管受到系列对比试验(非完全正交设计)的限制,极差分析在定量提取因子间动态交互作用方面存在一定的局限性,但所得出的敏感性主次排序结果直观地揭示界面粗糙度与级配组成在开裂过程中的主导作用。为后续深入探讨多场耦合下的土体开裂机制提供一定的理论参考价值。
1)界面粗糙度是裂隙发育的绝对主导因素,其权重占57.08%。界面粗糙度改变不仅直接决定裂隙的几何复杂度与拓扑连通性,更是诱发土体边缘“卷曲”现象的边界根源。工程实践中,应优先对界面粗糙度条件进行管控以减小约束应力。通过压实与平整工艺提高基底光滑度,或在土层与基底间铺设土工膜、HDPE防渗膜等滑动层等,以弱化界面剪切应力的传递,促使土体趋向整体均匀收缩而非局部开裂,从而有效抑制高复杂度裂隙网络的形成。
2)颗粒级配作为内在“遗传因素”,对裂隙发育的贡献权重为26.98%,居第2位。它从根本上决定土体的体积收缩潜能,且细颗粒含量与裂隙率、宽度及分形维数均呈显著正相关。工程实践中,可通过掺配砂砾等粗颗粒改良工艺,严格控制细颗粒(粉粒、黏粒组分)的配比上限,构建稳定的粗颗粒骨架结构。在保持低渗透性的同时,能有效降低土体对干缩变形的敏感性,从材料本质上预防贯穿主裂隙的产生。
3)环境与几何条件(厚度与温度)的综合贡献约为16.00%。其中,初始层厚的控制作用(9.18%)明显优于干燥温度(6.76%)。工程设计中应合理划定分层填筑的厚度标准,避免单层厚度过大导致的能量集中释放。同时,施工过程中应关注环境温度与厚度的耦合影响,尤其在大厚度施工中应采取喷雾加湿、遮阳覆盖等温控措施,避免高温引发的表层“结皮效应”导致内部应力释放不充分,进而保障土体整体的防渗性能与力学稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52268055)
  • 广西科技计划项目(2023GXNSFBA026269)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.025
  • 接收时间:2025-12-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-27
  • 修回日期:2026-03-02
  • 录用日期:2026-03-31
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52268055)
广西科技计划项目(2023GXNSFBA026269)
作者信息
    1.广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004
    2.内蒙古自治区自然资源保护与利用研究中心,呼和浩特 010041

通讯作者:

蒙剑坪(1984—),男,博士,实验师,主要从事特殊土工程特性及改良技术研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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