Article(id=1312009647276520284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765900800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-17, revisedDate=1770048000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-03, acceptedDate=1775491200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-07, onlineDate=1790737075870, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737075870, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737075870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737075870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009647473652573, articleId=1312009647276520284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Ecosystem Service Functions under Different Land Use Changes in Horqin Sandy Land, columnId=1312009497527280559, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Data Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service functions in the Horqin sandy land, providing a scientific basis and theoretical support for environmental management and ecological restoration. Methods Based on land use data from three recent periods (2000, 2010, and 2020), the InVEST model was used to quantitatively evaluate five key ecosystem service indicators in the Horqin sandy land, including annual water yield, water quality purification (phosphorus load), soil conservation, carbon storage, and habitat quality. The ecosystem service index was calculated. Results 1) Ecological land (grassland and forest land) and construction land increased over the periods, while cultivated land, unused land, and water areas decreased continuously. 2) Annual water yield increased over the periods, with the mean value rising from 131.19 mm to 266.39 mm. Highvalue areas (300.00~400.00 mm) in the western region expanded significantly, and the spatial distribution across the region shifted from lowvalue dominance to concentration in highgradient zones (>200.00 mm). 3) The overall water purification capacity showed a declining trend, with the average value decreasing from 1.31 kg/km2 to 1.22 kg/km2. Highvalue areas in the eastern region contracted generally,accompanied by weakened spatial heterogeneity. 4) Soil conservation and carbon storage were influenced by vegetation distribution and elevation, showing a pattern of high values at high elevations and low values at low elevations. The mean soil conservation increased from 27.72 t/km2 to 60.38 t/km2, while the mean value of carbon storage remained stable from 143.41 t/km2 to 144.86 t/km2. Highvalue areas (≥80.00 t/km2) continued to expand. 5) Habitat quality improved over the periods, with the mean value increasing from 0.28 to 0.30, while spatial heterogeneity remained stable. 6) The ecosystem service index increased with the expansion of ecological land, while fragmentation in lowvalue areas (<0.20) intensified. Conclusion Expansion of forest-grassland has significantly improved ecosystem service functions in the Horqin sandy land, increasing annual water yield and reducing phosphorus load, while promoting coordinated enhancement of soil conservation and carbon storage. This provides a scientific basis for achieving ecological restoration in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China.

, authors=Xinsen Su1, Mi Qi2, Yongchun Hua1, Long Hai3, Hongwei Yang3, Yang Liu1, authorsList=Xinsen Su, Mi Qi, Yongchun Hua, Long Hai, Hongwei Yang, Yang Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009651617624952, articleId=1312009647276520284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=科尔沁沙地不同土地利用变化的生态系统服务功能, columnId=1312009499569906611, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=数据科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 量化科尔沁沙地生态系统服务功能时空演变,为环境治理与生态修复提供科学依据与理论支撑。 方法 基于最近3期(2000年、2010年、2020年)土地利用类型数据,利用InVEST模型量化评估科尔沁沙地年产水量、水质净化(磷负荷)、土壤保持、碳储量及生境质量5项关键生态系统服务指标,并计算生态系统服务指数。 结果 1)生态用地(草地、林地)与建设用地逐期增长,耕地、未利用地与水域持续减少。2) 年产水量逐期呈增加趋势,平均值从131.19 mm上升至266.39 mm,其中西部较高值区(300.00~400.00 mm)扩张明显,全区年产水量空间分布由低值主导转向高梯度(>200.00 mm)集中。3)水质净化整体呈下降趋势,平均值从1.31 kg/km2降至1.22 kg/km2,东部高值区域整体呈收缩趋势,空间异质性减弱。4)土壤保持与碳储量受植被分布与高程影响,呈“高海拔优势、低海拔劣势”格局;其中,土壤保持量平均值从27.72 t/km2增至60.38 t/km2,碳储量平均值稳定为143.41~144.86 t/km2,高值区(≥80.00 t/km2)持续扩展。5)生境质量逐期得到改善,平均值从0.28升至0.30,空间异质性保持稳定。6)生态系统服务指数随生态用地增加呈扩大趋势,低值区(<0.20)破碎化加剧。 结论 林草地扩张显著改善科尔沁沙地生态系统服务功能,实现年产水量提升与磷负荷下降,推动土壤保持与碳储量的协同提升,为北方干旱半干旱地区实现生态修复提供科学依据。

, authors=苏鑫森1, 祁迷2, 滑永春1, 海龙3, 杨宏伟3, 刘洋1, authorsList=苏鑫森, 祁迷, 滑永春, 海龙, 杨宏伟, 刘洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘洋, authorNote=

苏鑫森(2003—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事土地利用变化对生态系统服务影响研究。E-mail:

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刘洋(1984—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事生态系统服务的协同与权衡机制研究。E-mail:
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苏鑫森(2003—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事土地利用变化对生态系统服务影响研究。E-mail:

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Data types and sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块数据名称来源
基础数据土地利用类型(30 m)资源环境科学与数据平台(https:∥www.resdc.cn/DOI/DOI.aspx DOIID=54)
DEM数据(500 m)资源环境科学与数据平台(https:∥www.resdc.cn/data.aspx DATAID=123)
年产水量降水数据(1 km)青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/faae7 605-a0 f2~4d18-b28 f-5cee413 766a2)
潜在蒸散发数据(1 km)青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/8b11da09~1a40~4 014-bd3d-2b86 e6dccad4)
根系限制层深度数据(100 m)https:∥doi.org/10.103 8/s41 597~019~0 345~6
植物可用水分含量数据(1 km)世界土壤数据库(https:∥gaez.fao.org/pages/hwsd)和经验公式[9]
水质净化养分物质径流代理(1 km)利用年总降水量数据代替,青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/faae7 605-a0 f2~4d18-b28 f-5cee413 766a2)
土壤保持降水侵蚀性因子R(1 km)文献[10]
土壤可蚀性因子K(1 km)文献[11]
生物物理属性表文献[12]
碳储量碳库(表2)文献[12]
生境质量威胁源表格文献[12-13]
敏感性表格
), ArticleFig(id=1312009658391425989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据类型及来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块数据名称来源
基础数据土地利用类型(30 m)资源环境科学与数据平台(https:∥www.resdc.cn/DOI/DOI.aspx DOIID=54)
DEM数据(500 m)资源环境科学与数据平台(https:∥www.resdc.cn/data.aspx DATAID=123)
年产水量降水数据(1 km)青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/faae7 605-a0 f2~4d18-b28 f-5cee413 766a2)
潜在蒸散发数据(1 km)青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/8b11da09~1a40~4 014-bd3d-2b86 e6dccad4)
根系限制层深度数据(100 m)https:∥doi.org/10.103 8/s41 597~019~0 345~6
植物可用水分含量数据(1 km)世界土壤数据库(https:∥gaez.fao.org/pages/hwsd)和经验公式[9]
水质净化养分物质径流代理(1 km)利用年总降水量数据代替,青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/faae7 605-a0 f2~4d18-b28 f-5cee413 766a2)
土壤保持降水侵蚀性因子R(1 km)文献[10]
土壤可蚀性因子K(1 km)文献[11]
生物物理属性表文献[12]
碳储量碳库(表2)文献[12]
生境质量威胁源表格文献[12-13]
敏感性表格
), ArticleFig(id=1312009658487894982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Carbon density data of four major carbon pools in Horqin sandy land

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型

地上

生物量/

(t·km-2)

地下

生物量/

(t·km-2)

土壤

有机碳/

(t·km-2)

死亡

有机质/

(t·km-2)

耕地3.0242.7498.130
林地22.4661.3875.860
草地18.7045.8190.430
水域1.59000
未利用地0.699.3728.240
建设用地1.32070.610
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660119479239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

科尔沁沙地4大碳库碳密度数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型

地上

生物量/

(t·km-2)

地下

生物量/

(t·km-2)

土壤

有机碳/

(t·km-2)

死亡

有机质/

(t·km-2)

耕地3.0242.7498.130
林地22.4661.3875.860
草地18.7045.8190.430
水域1.59000
未利用地0.699.3728.240
建设用地1.32070.610
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660203365320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ecological stress factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胁迫因子权重最大影响因子距离衰减方式
耕地0.703.00线性
未利用地0.605.00线性
建设用地1.0010.00指数
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660283057097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生态胁迫因子[12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胁迫因子权重最大影响因子距离衰减方式
耕地0.703.00线性
未利用地0.605.00线性
建设用地1.0010.00指数
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660366943178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Habitat suitability and sensitivity to threat factors under different land use types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

土地利用

类型

生境

适宜度

威胁因子
耕地未利用地建设用地
耕地0000
林地0.500.100.450.40
草地0.500.200.500.30
水域0.750.100.500.55
未利用地0000
建设用地0000
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660438246347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同土地利用类型生境适宜度及威胁因子敏感度[12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

土地利用

类型

生境

适宜度

威胁因子
耕地未利用地建设用地
耕地0000
林地0.500.100.450.40
草地0.500.200.500.30
水域0.750.100.500.55
未利用地0000
建设用地0000
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660513743820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Changes in proportion and area of land use types in Horqin sandy land during three periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

土地利用

类型

2000年2010年2020年

占比/

%

面积/

km2

占比/

%

面积/

km2

占比/

%

面积/

km2

耕地37.3020 728.5535.2919 611.2734.3719 099.96
林地5.753 194.706.053 361.936.223 458.04
草地50.0527 812.8352.2129 013.7253.0729 491.87
水域0.54298.900.26141.760.23125.90

未利

用地

4.702 609.394.102 278.293.461 923.16

建设

用地

1.66923.142.091 160.532.641 468.56
), ArticleFig(id=1312009660585046989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009647276520284, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

科尔沁沙地3个时期土地利用类型占比与面积变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

土地利用

类型

2000年2010年2020年

占比/

%

面积/

km2

占比/

%

面积/

km2

占比/

%

面积/

km2

耕地37.3020 728.5535.2919 611.2734.3719 099.96
林地5.753 194.706.053 361.936.223 458.04
草地50.0527 812.8352.2129 013.7253.0729 491.87
水域0.54298.900.26141.760.23125.90

未利

用地

4.702 609.394.102 278.293.461 923.16

建设

用地

1.66923.142.091 160.532.641 468.56
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科尔沁沙地不同土地利用变化的生态系统服务功能
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苏鑫森 1 , 祁迷 2 , 滑永春 1 , 海龙 3 , 杨宏伟 3 , 刘洋 1
水土保持学报 | 数据科学 2026,40(4): 443-453
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水土保持学报 |数据科学 2026 , 40 (4) : 443 -453
科尔沁沙地不同土地利用变化的生态系统服务功能
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苏鑫森1 , 祁迷2, 滑永春1, 海龙3, 杨宏伟3, 刘洋1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学林学院,呼和浩特 010019
  • 2.鄂尔多斯市林业和草原局东胜区分局,鄂尔多斯 017000
  • 3.内蒙古自治区林业科学研究院,呼和浩特 010010
通讯作者:
刘洋(1984—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事生态系统服务的协同与权衡机制研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

苏鑫森(2003—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事土地利用变化对生态系统服务影响研究。E-mail:

Ecosystem Service Functions under Different Land Use Changes in Horqin Sandy Land
Xinsen Su1 , Mi Qi2, Yongchun Hua1, Long Hai3, Hongwei Yang3, Yang Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Forestry,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010019,China
  • 2.Ordos Forestry and;Grassland Bureau Dongsheng District Branch,Ordos,Inner Mongolia 017000,China
  • 3.Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Sciences,Hohhot 010010,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.035
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目的 量化科尔沁沙地生态系统服务功能时空演变,为环境治理与生态修复提供科学依据与理论支撑。 方法 基于最近3期(2000年、2010年、2020年)土地利用类型数据,利用InVEST模型量化评估科尔沁沙地年产水量、水质净化(磷负荷)、土壤保持、碳储量及生境质量5项关键生态系统服务指标,并计算生态系统服务指数。 结果 1)生态用地(草地、林地)与建设用地逐期增长,耕地、未利用地与水域持续减少。2) 年产水量逐期呈增加趋势,平均值从131.19 mm上升至266.39 mm,其中西部较高值区(300.00~400.00 mm)扩张明显,全区年产水量空间分布由低值主导转向高梯度(>200.00 mm)集中。3)水质净化整体呈下降趋势,平均值从1.31 kg/km2降至1.22 kg/km2,东部高值区域整体呈收缩趋势,空间异质性减弱。4)土壤保持与碳储量受植被分布与高程影响,呈“高海拔优势、低海拔劣势”格局;其中,土壤保持量平均值从27.72 t/km2增至60.38 t/km2,碳储量平均值稳定为143.41~144.86 t/km2,高值区(≥80.00 t/km2)持续扩展。5)生境质量逐期得到改善,平均值从0.28升至0.30,空间异质性保持稳定。6)生态系统服务指数随生态用地增加呈扩大趋势,低值区(<0.20)破碎化加剧。 结论 林草地扩张显著改善科尔沁沙地生态系统服务功能,实现年产水量提升与磷负荷下降,推动土壤保持与碳储量的协同提升,为北方干旱半干旱地区实现生态修复提供科学依据。

科尔沁沙地  /  InVEST模型  /  生态修复  /  土地利用类型  /  生态系统服务功能

Objective This study aims to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service functions in the Horqin sandy land, providing a scientific basis and theoretical support for environmental management and ecological restoration. Methods Based on land use data from three recent periods (2000, 2010, and 2020), the InVEST model was used to quantitatively evaluate five key ecosystem service indicators in the Horqin sandy land, including annual water yield, water quality purification (phosphorus load), soil conservation, carbon storage, and habitat quality. The ecosystem service index was calculated. Results 1) Ecological land (grassland and forest land) and construction land increased over the periods, while cultivated land, unused land, and water areas decreased continuously. 2) Annual water yield increased over the periods, with the mean value rising from 131.19 mm to 266.39 mm. Highvalue areas (300.00~400.00 mm) in the western region expanded significantly, and the spatial distribution across the region shifted from lowvalue dominance to concentration in highgradient zones (>200.00 mm). 3) The overall water purification capacity showed a declining trend, with the average value decreasing from 1.31 kg/km2 to 1.22 kg/km2. Highvalue areas in the eastern region contracted generally,accompanied by weakened spatial heterogeneity. 4) Soil conservation and carbon storage were influenced by vegetation distribution and elevation, showing a pattern of high values at high elevations and low values at low elevations. The mean soil conservation increased from 27.72 t/km2 to 60.38 t/km2, while the mean value of carbon storage remained stable from 143.41 t/km2 to 144.86 t/km2. Highvalue areas (≥80.00 t/km2) continued to expand. 5) Habitat quality improved over the periods, with the mean value increasing from 0.28 to 0.30, while spatial heterogeneity remained stable. 6) The ecosystem service index increased with the expansion of ecological land, while fragmentation in lowvalue areas (<0.20) intensified. Conclusion Expansion of forest-grassland has significantly improved ecosystem service functions in the Horqin sandy land, increasing annual water yield and reducing phosphorus load, while promoting coordinated enhancement of soil conservation and carbon storage. This provides a scientific basis for achieving ecological restoration in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China.

Horqin sandy land  /  InVEST model  /  ecological restoration  /  land use type  /  ecosystem service functions
苏鑫森, 祁迷, 滑永春, 海龙, 杨宏伟, 刘洋. 科尔沁沙地不同土地利用变化的生态系统服务功能. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 443 -453 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.035
Xinsen Su, Mi Qi, Yongchun Hua, Long Hai, Hongwei Yang, Yang Liu. Ecosystem Service Functions under Different Land Use Changes in Horqin Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 443 -453 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.035
生态系统服务功能是实现干旱半干旱地区生态安全与可持续发展的核心载体,其供给能力直接响应土地利用变化与气候变化,是区域生态治理的关键决策依据[1]。科尔沁沙地地处温带大陆性季风气候区,是北方农牧交错带的核心区域,更是我国最大的沙地,仍面临沙漠化扩张、水资源短缺、土壤风蚀水蚀及生境破碎化等多重生态压力[2]。同时,作为京津冀重要生态屏障的科尔沁沙地,也是实现“双碳”目标生态修复的重点区域。该区域生态系统服务功能的时空演变直接关系到西辽河流域水资源安全、土壤保持与生物多样性保护等[3]。因此,亟须通过定量化评价掌握其演变规律,为山水林田湖草沙的系统治理提供科学支撑。
当前针对科尔沁沙地的研究多集中于单一服务、使用传统方法计算或生态系统与人类社会的耦合分析,如生境质量演变[4]、碳储量计算[5]、人地系统可持续性评价[6],缺乏对年产水量、水质净化、土壤保持、碳储量及生境质量的多种生态服务的协同评价。单一服务的研究忽视半干旱沙地“水-土-碳-生境”的耦合关系,且空间分异规律与服务间的协同优化尚不清楚,不能满足精准生态修复的迫切需求。此外,传统评价方法难以量化土地利用变化对生态系统服务的空间重构效应,无法为土地利用优化提供精准化依据。
InVEST模型凭借过程机理与空间显式相融合的核心特色,成为生态系统服务综合评价的有效工具,可精准模拟水文循环、土壤与养分迁移、碳储存及生境退化等重要生态过程;同时能够准确输出空间分布图谱,并与ArcGIS Pro空间分析技术深度耦合,定量分析数据特征,可量化年产水量、水质净化等与沙地核心生态问题直接关联的服务指标[7]。基于多期土地利用数据,该模型还可同步解析生态系统服务时空演变规律并判断影响生态系统服务功能变化的影响因素,为沙地生态系统多服务协同改善提供科学的定量化支撑。
基于此,本文以科尔沁沙地为研究对象,耦合InVEST模型与ArcGIS Pro技术,旨在解决三大科学问题:1) 量化年产水量、水质净化(磷负荷)、土壤保持、碳储量及生境质量5项生态系统服务;2) 阐明不同土地利用类型下生态系统服务功能的空间分异规律;3) 揭示“产水提升与磷负荷削减的双向改善”“土壤保持与碳储量协同提升”2个现象,为科尔沁沙地生态保护修复、土地利用结构优化提供科学依据,同时为其他生态脆弱区的多服务综合评价提供方法参考。
科尔沁沙地(42°14′32″~46°12′43″N,117°37′17″~123°42′26″E)位于内蒙古自治区东南部,与吉林省西北部及辽宁省西北部接壤,是生态敏感、人地关系复杂且沙地生态问题最为典型的区域之一。区域面积达到5.60万km2[8],地形呈西高东低,海拔高差1 800 m(图1)。该区域属温带大陆性季风气候,春季干旱多风,沙尘频发,升温快;夏季短促炎热,降水集中(占全年60%以上),偶有暴雨;秋季降温迅速,降水骤减,天气晴朗;冬季漫长寒冷,干燥少雪,风力较强。年平均气温4~7 ℃,年降水量300.00~450.00 mm,空间分布呈东多西少、南多北少趋势,降水年际变率较大,高达30%~40%,丰水年与枯水年降水量可相差2~3倍。原生植被属森林草原过渡类型,以樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongho-lica Litv.)、羊草[Leymus chinensis (Trin. ex Bunge) Tzvelev]、针矛(Stipa capillata L.)和沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum Spreng.)等沙生植物为主。
本文使用2000年、2010年、2020年3个最近时期的土地利用类型数据,分析科尔沁沙地生态系统服务功能。土地利用类型采用中国科学院资源环境科学与数据平台(表1)分组方法。2级地类重分类为1级地类;水田、旱地归为耕地;有林地、灌木林、疏林地、其他林地归为林地;高覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地归为草地;河渠、湖泊、水库坑塘、永久性冰川、滩涂、滩地归为水域;沙地、戈壁、盐碱地、沼泽地、裸土地、裸岩石质地、其他归为未利用地;城镇用地、乡村居民点、其他建设用地归为建设用地。
全文包括30、100、500 m分辨率的数据,对不同分辨率数据进行“重采样”,均处理为1 km分辨率,并利用“投影”工具进行统一坐标系,使用“按掩膜提取”工具,加载研究区范围,并保证研究区边界的完整性。
本文分别使用InVEST模型中的年产水量模块、养分输送比模块、泥沙输移比模块、碳储存和封存模块与生境质量模块评价科尔沁沙地的年产水量、水质净化(磷负荷量)、土壤保持、碳储量与生境质量功能。在此基础上,计算科尔沁沙地内蒙古自治区域综合生态系统服务功能。
将降水量、蒸发散、根系限制层深度、植物可用水分含量、土地利用类型的栅格数据导入模型,基于Budyko曲线和年平均降水量计算流域内栅格的产水量,采用自然断点法[14]并结合研究区域情况综合对结果进行分级。计算栅格单元内,降水扣除植被蒸散后的剩余水量,即地表可利用的年产水量。计算公式[15]为:
Y(x)=P(x)-AET(x)
AET(x)P(x)=1+PET(x)P(x)-1+PET(x)P(x)w1w
PET(x)=Kc(x)×ET0(x)
式中:Y(x)为年产水量,mm;P(x)为年降水量,mm;AET(x)为年实际蒸散量,mm;Kc(x)为每个LULC的蒸发因子;ET0(x)为参考植被蒸发散,mm。
将科尔沁沙地高程、土地利用类型、营养物质径流代理的栅格数据和流域矢量数据、生物物理表导入养分输送比模块,此模型只考虑水体中磷养分的非点源污染,忽略其他污染源,采用自然断点法并结合研究区域情况综合对结果分级,磷负荷量越高,水质净化能力越低。计算公式[16]为:
Xexptot=∑iXexp,i 
Xexp,i=lsurf,i×NDRsurf,i+lsubs,i×NDRsubs,i
式中:Xexptot为子流域营养物输出量,kg/km2;Xexp, i 为流域栅格图中各栅格i的营养物输出量,kg/km2;lsurf, i 为地表营养物负荷量,kg/km2;NDRsurf, i 为地表营养物传输率;lsubs, i 为地下营养物负荷量,kg/km2;NDRsubs, i 为地下营养物传输率。
将科尔沁沙地高程、降水侵蚀性因子(R)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)、土地利用类型的栅格数据和生物物理表、流域矢量数据导入泥沙输移比模块,在通用土壤流失方程(USLE)的基础上,考虑特定气候和地形在实际情况下拦截上游沉积物的能力,采用自然断点法并结合研究区域情况综合对结果进行分级。计算公式[17]为:
SD=Ap-USLE 
Ap=R×K×LS
USLE=R×K×LS×C×P
式中:SD为土壤保持量,t/km2;Ap为潜在土壤侵蚀量,t/km2;USLE为实际土壤侵蚀量,t/km2;R为降雨侵蚀力因子,(MJ·mm)/(km2·h·a);K为土壤可蚀性因子,(t·km2·h)/(MJ·mm·km2);LS为坡长因子和坡度因子;C为植被覆盖/管理因子;P为水土保持工程因子。
基于生态系统的碳库划分(表2),通过量化不同土地利用类型下各碳库的碳密度,计算区域当前总碳储量,采用自然断点法并结合研究区域情况综合对结果分级。计算公式[17]为:
Cc=Ca+Cb+Cs+Cd
Ct=∑i=1nCc,i×Areai
式中:Cc为单位面积上的碳储量,t/km2;Ca为地上生物量碳密度,t/km2;Cb为地下生物量碳密度,t/km2;Cs为土壤有机碳密度,t/km2;Cd为死亡有机质碳密度,t/km2;Ct为研究区总碳储量,t;Cc, i 为第i类土地碳储量,t/km2;Area i 为第i类土地的总面积,km2。
以土地利用类型数据为基础,加载威胁源的敏感程度及胁迫力度(表3、表4)评估生境质量的优劣,结果为0~1。采用自然断点法并结合研究区域情况综合对结果分级,数值越大表示研究区域生物适生性越好,生物多样性状况越佳。计算公式[18]为:
Dxi=∑r=1R∑y=1Yrωr∑r=1RωrryIryxβxSjr
Qxi=Hi-HiDxizDxiz+kz
式中:Dxj 为生境质量退化指数;R为胁迫因子;y为胁迫因子r图层的栅格数量;Yr 为胁迫因子所占栅格数量;ωr 为胁迫因子权重;ry 为栅格y胁迫因子值;βx 为栅格x可达性水平;Sjr 为生境类型j对胁迫因子r的敏感程度;Iryx 为栅格y的胁迫因子值ry 对生境栅格x的胁迫水平;Qxi 为生境质量指数;Hi 为土地利用类型i的生境适宜度,值域为(0,1.00);z为归一化常量,通常设为0.50;k为半饱和常数,取Dxi 最大值的1/2。
对年产水量、水质净化、土壤保持、碳储量、生境质量5项指标进行归一化处理,对综合生态系统服务功能进行计算,采用自然断点法并结合研究区域情况综合对结果分级,生态系统服务指数(ecosystem service index, ESI)越大,生态系统服务功能越强。计算公式[19]为:
xi=xi-xminxmax-xmin
ei=∑i=1nxi-ln xiln n
ωi=1-ei∑i=1n1-ei
ESIi=∑i=1nωi×xi
式中:xi 为第i个指标的规范化值;xmin为样本数据最小值;mmax为样本数据最大值;n为生态系统服务类型;ei 为第i个指标的熵值;ωi 为生态系统服务类型的权重;ESI i 为标准化后生态系统服务。
2000—2020年科尔沁沙地土地利用类型呈现的变化趋势为:草地占比与其他类型相比,始终最高且持续增加(从50.05%增加至53.07%),是区域主导用地类型(图2、表5)。林地占比由5.75%增至6.22%,建设用地占比从1.66%提升至2.64%,皆呈增长态势。相反,耕地、未利用地与水域均出现下降,其中耕地占比从37.30%降至34.37%,未利用地占比从4.70%降至3.46%,水域占比由0.54%降至0.23%。
2000—2020年科尔沁沙地年产水量呈增加趋势(图3、图4)。2000年,科尔沁沙地年产水量较低(100.00~200.00 mm),平均值为131.19 mm,产水量分布集中(标准差σ=46.45)。空间分布存在差异,其中西南与东部区域产水量达到中值(200.00~300.00 mm),较高(300.00~400.00 mm)区域仅零星分布、全域无高值(≥400.00 mm)。2010年,产水量较2000年增加,平均值为213.42 mm,分布离散度增大(σ=81.86,图4)。产水量达到中值及以上的区域与2000年相比明显扩大(图3),特别是在东部出现高产水量区域。2020年,产水量较2000年与2010年均有所增加,平均值达到266.39 mm,分布也较2010年更集中(σ=66.43);与2010年相比,产水量为中、较高区域增加,尤其是西部区域,但东部高值区减少。
2000—2020年科尔沁沙地水质净化(磷负荷量)时空差异明显(图5),高值区(>4.00 kg/km2)始终集中于东部地区,3个时期均以低值(0~1.00 kg/km2)为主。2000年,科尔沁沙地磷负荷量平均值为1.31 kg/km2,分布相对集中(标准差σ=1.33,图6),较高值区(3.00~4.00 kg/km2)分布于东部地区,有少量高值区零星分布。2010年,平均值仍为1.31 kg/km2,分布离散度增大(σ=1.47),区域差异加剧,较高值及以上(≥3.00 kg/km2)区域显著扩张,东部、南部高值聚集区更集中,中部低值区缩减且东部地区出现大量高值区。2020年,磷负荷量均值较2000年和2010年降至1.22 kg/km2,离散度回落(σ=1.30),空间异质性降低,较高值区占比明显减少,整体向低-较低值区(0~2.00 kg/km2)回移,高值区消失,整体磷负荷量呈下降趋势。
2000—2020年科尔沁沙地土壤保持能力(图7、图8)呈持续提升趋势,以低值区(0~50.00 t/km2)为主。2000年,科尔沁沙地土壤保持量平均值为27.72 t/km2,分布相对集中(标准差σ=51.67,图8),较高值区(>500.00 t/km2)仅在西部高海拔区零星分布(图7),土壤保持能力弱。2010年,土壤保持量平均值增加至37.12 t/km2,离散度增大(σ=64.86),区域空间差异加剧,较低值区(50.00~200.00 t/km2)范围扩展,中高值以上区域分布密度增加。2020年,土壤保持量平均值进一步提升至60.38 t/km2,离散度持续增加(σ=114.17),空间异质性较2010年进一步增强,中值以上区域覆盖明显扩大,低值区占比大幅缩减,高保持能力区更加集中。
从科尔沁沙地3个时期碳储量对比可知,2000—2020年科尔沁沙地碳储量整体较为均衡,单元栅格值为1.59~159.70 t/km2(图9、图10)。2000年,碳储量平均值为143.41 t/km2,分布离散度相对较大(标准差σ=28.17),仍有低-较低值区(0~40.00 t/km2)。2010年,碳储量平均值微升至144.42 t/km2,离散度缩小(σ=26.37,图10),中部高值(>150 t/km2)区略有增加,低-较低值区占比缩减。2020年,碳储量平均值达144.86 t/km2,离散度持续降低(σ=25.46),高值区覆盖范围增加、低-较低值区持续减少。整体来看,碳储量以较高值以上区(≥80.00 t/km2)为主,中低值区(<80.00 t/km2)集中分布于水域、未利用地及建设用地区域。
从3个时期的生境质量(图11、图12)来看,2000—2020年科尔沁沙地生境质量指数为0~0.75。整体以低中值区(0~0.60)为主体,中值区(0.30~0.60)占比超半数,高值区(≥0.60)零星分布于河道水域。2000年,生境质量平均值为0.28,标准差0.25,高值区零散且稀少,整体处于低值(0~0.30),区域离散度相对稳定。2010年,平均值微升至0.29,标准差维持0.25,整体水平略有提升,低值区占比缩减,中部中值区小幅扩展,水域高值区分布频次略减。2020年,中值区进一步扩张(尤其西南区域),平均值增加至0.30,低、高值区占比进一步减少。研究区内生境质量呈逐步改善趋势,区域空间异质性未明显扩大。
由图13可知,2000—2020年科尔沁沙地综合生态系统服务功能指数的时空特征变化。3个时期整体上以中-较高(0.20~0.60)区为主。2000年,低值(0~0.20)区多分布于未利用地区域,高值区零星分布于西部高海拔林区。2010年,中部、南部耕地转为草地区域的指数由中值区升至较高值(0.40~0.60)区,但中值(0.20~0.40)区占比仍较大。2020年,西部山地河谷耕地转草地,较高值区覆盖范围进一步扩大且分布更集中。研究期内科尔沁沙地南部、东部未利用地占比持续缩小,低值区面积减少且更趋破碎化。
土地利用类型优化在一定程度上推动生态用地改善,并促进年产水量增加与磷负荷削减的协同改善(图3、图5)。该变化的潜在原因包括耕地、未利用地向生态用地的转变,通过提高植被覆盖度,减少无效蒸散、增强水源涵养能力,为年产水量提高提供重要支撑,该变化与杨阳等[20]关于植被恢复过程中产水量随植被面积增加而增加的研究结论相符;另一方面,植被根系吸附与枯落物截留的协同作用,强化对磷元素的拦截能力,同时地表裸露度的降低也有助于从源头削减磷元素流失潜力,从而使磷负荷量有所下降(图5),与孔维波等[21]提出的植被恢复有利于磷负荷量减少的结论一致,对拦截农业面源磷污染具有积极作用,进而降低流域富营养化风险。
东部低海拔区2010年磷负荷高值区有所扩张(图5),可能与当年降水偏多且区域地形平缓、降雨侵蚀潜力较大有关,使得磷元素随径流流失的敏感性有所提升,此规律与王祥等[22]研究的降水增多增加磷元素流失的结论相符。在研究区“东南降水多、西北少”的降水格局下,西部山地以林、草地为主,生态用地的水源涵养功能得到一定发挥,区域产水能力稳步提升(图3)。此现象表明,生态修复可在一定程度上缓解降水空间分异带来的限制,反映出林、草地对产水过程的调控作用,与刘美娟等[23]的研究结论一致。林、草生态用地的增加在改善年产水量的同时,依托林草地的截流下渗作用降低地表径流系数,削弱径流对磷素的冲刷迁移动力[24],进而在一定程度上实现产水提升与磷负荷下降的协同改善。
生态修复通过植被恢复强化土壤抗蚀固碳能力,推动土壤保持与碳储量协同提升(图7、图9)。西部高海拔区域,林草植被逐年扩张(图2)形成枯落物覆盖层是二者协同提升的主要因素。枯落物一方面通过拦截雨滴击溅、减缓地表径流,削弱土壤侵蚀动力以增强土壤保持能力;另一方面,作为有机碳的直接输入源,经微生物分解后固定于土壤,有助于提升碳汇水平并促进碳储量增加(图9),进一步提升土壤抗蚀性,为土壤保持与碳储量的协同提升提供潜在基础[25]。
东部低海拔区域长期耕作活动破坏土壤团聚体结构,使土壤抗蚀能力下降,降水冲刷容易引发表层土壤流失,而表层土壤是有机碳的主要储存库[26],土壤侵蚀过程通常伴随有机碳的流失,进而可能形成高侵蚀、低固碳的恶性循环,导致该区域土壤保持能力较弱(图7)。部分地区耕地向草地转换(图2)后,林草植被的根系可提升土壤抗蚀性以减少侵蚀,有助于提升土壤保持量(图7)。同时生态用地的增加促进碳储量提升(图9),与张新新等[27]的研究结果相符。高程导致水热条件及降雨侵蚀分异,造成植被生长空间差异,使东部土壤保持对土地利用变化更敏感,凸显生态用地对土壤保持与碳汇的主导作用,印证生态修复可提升土壤保持能力和碳储量,与闫语等[28]的研究结论相符。
土地利用类型经生态修复后,主导生境质量的演变。水域为生物提供稳定生存环境,形成局部稳定生态空间(图2);耕地、建设用地及未利用地因植被稀疏、生态结构简单,生境质量指数相对较低[29],反映出科尔沁沙地生态系统对自然条件和人类活动的敏感性。东部低海拔区受人类活动干扰,土地利用破碎化,生境质量基础薄弱;西部高海拔区虽受降水限制,但林草地集中分布形成稳定生态基底,为后期生境改善提供支撑。土地利用类型通过生态修复工程推动林草地占比上升、耕地及未利用地占比下降(图2),植被覆盖度提升改善生物适生性,使生境质量指数整体呈改善趋势(图11),与窦文骏等[30]的研究结论相符。
科尔沁沙地ESI的时空演变受土地利用类型的影响。林、草地覆盖度提高,增强防风固沙、水源涵养等核心服务功能,优化生态系统稳定性,与聂艳等[31]研究的生态修复改善生态系统服务功能结论相符。低海拔地区生态用地占比提升(图2),缓解区域植被稀疏、风蚀强烈的生态短板,增强防风固沙、土壤保持等服务能力,推动ESI较高值区范围扩张(图13),印证干旱半干旱区可通过针对性土地利用类型优化提升生态系统服务功能。区域“东南降水多、西北少”的格局导致ESI东西分异,而高海拔通过水热资源再分配,为林草地生长提供适宜水分条件,弥补西部、北部高海拔区降水不足的劣势,使林草植被生长状况良好[32],进而使区域ESI相对较高,因此形成西北-东南高,中部低的分布格局。
1) 生态用地(林草地)扩张通过增强水源涵养、截留磷素等方式,实现年产水量提升与磷负荷下降的双向改善。林草植被恢复形成的枯落物覆盖层与根系作用,构建土壤保持强化与碳储量提升的良性循环,二者协同改善。
2) 生态修复提高科尔沁沙地林草地覆盖度,可直接增强防风固沙、水源涵养等核心生态服务功能,改善生物适生性,优化生态系统稳定性,能够有效改善生态系统服务功能
总体而言,土地利用变化是影响科尔沁沙地生态系统服务空间分异的主导因素,量化多种生态系统服务的协同演变规律。未来应进一步加强生态系统服务间的协同与权衡研究,构建长期动态监测与多情景模拟体系,为区域生态修复与可持续发展提供科学支撑。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0370)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务项目(BR230105)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.035
  • 接收时间:2025-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-17
  • 修回日期:2026-02-03
  • 录用日期:2026-04-07
基金
内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0370)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务项目(BR230105)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古农业大学林学院,呼和浩特 010019
    2.鄂尔多斯市林业和草原局东胜区分局,鄂尔多斯 017000
    3.内蒙古自治区林业科学研究院,呼和浩特 010010

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刘洋(1984—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事生态系统服务的协同与权衡机制研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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