Article(id=1312009627395519171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764864000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-05, revisedDate=1770393600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-07, acceptedDate=1773763200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineDate=1790737071130, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737071130, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737071130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737071130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=410, endPage=419, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009629035492036, articleId=1312009627395519171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Infiltration Process and Applicability of Prediction Models for Soda Saline-Alkali Soils with Different Degrees, columnId=1312009521782944626, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Technical Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to reveal the differences in infiltration processes of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees and their influencing factors, and to evaluate the applicability of different infiltration models in simulating the infiltration process of soda saline-alkali soils. Methods Using the one-dimensional vertical constant-head single-ring infiltration method, field in-situ infiltration experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of infiltration process parameters in soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees, analyze the effects of salinization-alkalization indicators on the infiltration process, and evaluate the applicability of different prediction models. Results 1) As pH increased from 9.31 to 10.35, exchangeable sodium percent (ESP) rose from 1.09% to 65.82%, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) increased from 1.24 to 115.71, the stable infiltration rates of the five tested soils decreased by 41.81% to 99.59% compared with the initial infiltration rates. Among them, the Suaeda salsa land with the highest degree of salinization and alkalization showed the largest decrease, with a stable infiltration rate of only 0.13 mm/h. 2) Correlation analysis indicated that the stable infiltration rate was significantly negatively correlated with ESP and pH (p<0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with exchangeable Na⁺ (p<0.05). The average infiltration rate was significantly negatively correlated with ESP, exchangeable Na⁺, SAR, pH, and salt content at different levels. 3) Based on the coefficient of determination (R²) of the models and the correlation with the saline-alkali indicators of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees, the simulation performance of the Horton infiltration model was superior to that of the general empirical model when SAR<108.60, salt content (SC)<10 568.64 mg/kg, and electrical conductivity (EC)<1.70 mS/cm. When the degree of salinization and alkalization exceeded this range, the general empirical model performed better. Conclusion The degree of soda salinization and alkalization is a key factor constraining soil infiltration capacity. The applicability of infiltration models for soils with different degrees of salinization and alkalization can be optimized based on thresholds of typical saline-alkali indicators. These findings provide a theoretical basis and methodological support for simulating water movement and managing irrigation and drainage in soda saline-alkali soil regions.

, authors=Rao Fu1, Xu Zhang1, Yufeng Bai1, 2, Yuanchun Zou2, Xiaolin Li1, Hongyuan Liu2, Xiujun Li2, Yixin Guan2, authorsList=Rao Fu, Xu Zhang, Yufeng Bai, Yuanchun Zou, Xiaolin Li, Hongyuan Liu, Xiujun Li, Yixin Guan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yufeng Bai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009630381863631, articleId=1312009627395519171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程及预测模型适用性, columnId=1312009522378535796, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=技术方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为揭示不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程差异及其影响因素,并评估不同入渗模型对模拟苏打盐碱土入渗过程的适用性。 方法 采用一维垂直定水头单环入渗法,通过野外原位入渗试验,研究不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程参数特征,分析盐碱化指标对入渗过程的影响,并对不同预测模型的适用性进行评价。 结果 1)pH由9.31增至10.35,ESP从1.09%升至65.82%、SAR从1.24上升至115.71时,5种供试土壤稳定入渗速率较初始入渗速率下降41.81%~99.59%。其中,盐碱程度最重的碱蓬地降幅最大,稳定入渗速率为0.13 mm/h。2)相关分析显示,稳定入渗速率与碱化度(ESP)和pH均呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与交换性Na+呈显著负相关(p<0.05);平均入渗速率与ESP、交换性Na+、钠吸附比、pH和盐分含量均呈不同水平显著负相关。3)基于模型决定系数(R²)和不同程度苏打盐碱土盐碱指标的关联性,当SAR<108.60、SC<10 568.64 mg/kg、EC<1.70 mS/cm时,入渗模型采用Horton模型的模拟效果优于通用经验模型;当盐碱化程度超过此范围时,采用通用经验模型更优。 结论 苏打盐碱化程度是制约土壤入渗能力的关键因素,基于典型盐碱指标阈值可进行不同盐碱程度入渗模型适用性选择。研究结果可为苏打盐碱土区的水分运移模拟与灌溉排水管理提供理论依据和方法支持。

, authors=付饶1, 张旭1, 白玉锋1, 2, 邹元春2, 李筱琳1, 刘宏远2, 李秀军2, 关义新2, authorsList=付饶, 张旭, 白玉锋, 邹元春, 李筱琳, 刘宏远, 李秀军, 关义新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=白玉锋, authorNote=

付饶(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐碱地改良研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
白玉锋(1988—),男,讲师,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事土壤物理与土壤改良研究。E-mail:
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付饶(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐碱地改良研究。E-mail:

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付饶(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐碱地改良研究。E-mail:

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Soil infiltration characteristics and suitable models under different land use types in karst trough-valley region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2024,31(4):34-41., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009638787248925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院科研项目, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009638875329310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, awardId=YDZJ202201ZYTS498, language=CN, fundingSource=吉林省科技发展计划项目(YDZJ202201ZYTS498), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009638938243871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, awardId=JJKH20240574KJ, language=CN, fundingSource=吉林省教育厅科学研究项目(JJKH20240574KJ), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009630604161744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009630612550353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, companyId=1312009630604161744, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Geographic Science and Tourism,Jilin Normal University,Siping,Jilin 136000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009630620938962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, companyId=1312009630604161744, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.吉林师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,吉林 四平 136000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009630688047827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009630696436436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, companyId=1312009630688047827, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Northeast;Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130102,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009630700630741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, companyId=1312009630688047827, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,长春 130102)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009635452777227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cumulative infiltration of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees, figureFileSmall=DK1K6TECosoxoouEfy7bXg==, figureFileBig=JxWA6MYCLXykq9/0j8mc5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009635612160780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同程度苏打盐碱土累积入渗量, figureFileSmall=DK1K6TECosoxoouEfy7bXg==, figureFileBig=JxWA6MYCLXykq9/0j8mc5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009635796710157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Infiltration rates of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees, figureFileSmall=ySGtJjOIogUc9VPUazgOtA==, figureFileBig=5i663RphEzUJfchwgMV3/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009635863819022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗速率, figureFileSmall=ySGtJjOIogUc9VPUazgOtA==, figureFileBig=5i663RphEzUJfchwgMV3/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009635935122191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation between infiltration characteristic parameters and physicochemical properties of soda saline-alkali soils, figureFileSmall=jl+55CYsDDEpHaVyE5Y6vQ==, figureFileBig=HY74w5XzGYHpKPQxvvF8jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009636010619664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=图3, caption=苏打盐碱土入渗特征参数与理化性质相关性

注:*表示p≤0.05;**表示p≤0.01;***表示p≤0.001。

, figureFileSmall=jl+55CYsDDEpHaVyE5Y6vQ==, figureFileBig=HY74w5XzGYHpKPQxvvF8jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009636081922833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between model fitting R² and key saline-alkali indicators, figureFileSmall=l12bwEF04q5CYcCiVNAwUw==, figureFileBig=+ZOBWgH7usakD1KPi8DHRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009636170003218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模型拟合R2与关键盐碱指标的关联性, figureFileSmall=l12bwEF04q5CYcCiVNAwUw==, figureFileBig=+ZOBWgH7usakD1KPi8DHRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009637814170387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison between model predicted values and measured values using Chi-Square test, figureFileSmall=9Es5xCGkGxH/cX4xGvMVGg==, figureFileBig=kVobI+Egb6Grz+wqY4WwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009637931610900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模型实测值与预测值卡方检验对比, figureFileSmall=9Es5xCGkGxH/cX4xGvMVGg==, figureFileBig=kVobI+Egb6Grz+wqY4WwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009638015496981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physicochemical properties of tested soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型pH

ECe/

(dS∙m-1)

ENa+/

(mg∙kg-1)

ESP/%SAR盐分含量/(mg∙kg-1)黏粒含量/%

孔隙度/

%

质量含水量/%
玉米地8.68±0.060.09±01.61±0.091.09±0.101.24±0.11570±202.40±0.1345.40±2.117.24±0.53
羊草地9.31±0.190.18±0.034.83±0.061.61±0.0521.92±1.36990±204.58±0.2143.79±0.3110.64±0.12
虎尾草地10.35±0.170.78±0.0183.03±6.7448.86±6.1153.95±1.336 380±1103.73±0.1142.94±0.1313.63±0.79
碱斑裸地10.31±0.021.57±0.04150.88±10.1265.82±3.58105.33±4.818 900±1106.02±0.1036.03±1.708.10±0.94
碱蓬地10.23±0.051.99±0.107.21±0.4349.88±2.89115.71±8.7214 310±14010.68±0.3236.45±0.1016.25±0.32
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638086800150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试土壤基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型pH

ECe/

(dS∙m-1)

ENa+/

(mg∙kg-1)

ESP/%SAR盐分含量/(mg∙kg-1)黏粒含量/%

孔隙度/

%

质量含水量/%
玉米地8.68±0.060.09±01.61±0.091.09±0.101.24±0.11570±202.40±0.1345.40±2.117.24±0.53
羊草地9.31±0.190.18±0.034.83±0.061.61±0.0521.92±1.36990±204.58±0.2143.79±0.3110.64±0.12
虎尾草地10.35±0.170.78±0.0183.03±6.7448.86±6.1153.95±1.336 380±1103.73±0.1142.94±0.1313.63±0.79
碱斑裸地10.31±0.021.57±0.04150.88±10.1265.82±3.58105.33±4.818 900±1106.02±0.1036.03±1.708.10±0.94
碱蓬地10.23±0.051.99±0.107.21±0.4349.88±2.89115.71±8.7214 310±14010.68±0.3236.45±0.1016.25±0.32
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638183269143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Infiltration duration and cumulative infiltration of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型入渗历时/h累积入渗量/mm达到稳定入渗历时/h达到稳定入渗时的累积入渗量/mm
玉米地2.83~3.08968.62~985.620.86±0.17a246.33±26.50c
羊草地3.50~5.00928.62~1 038.621.33±0.14a329.20±67.84a
虎尾草地31.33~54.83490.62~585.1226.17±2.77b274.00±130.05c
碱蓬地197.01~201.00125.00~191.00104.83±14.25c116.33±11.24c
碱斑裸地198.50~257.50301.00~454.0066.13±12.54d290.67±72.22b
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638283932440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗历时及累积入渗量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型入渗历时/h累积入渗量/mm达到稳定入渗历时/h达到稳定入渗时的累积入渗量/mm
玉米地2.83~3.08968.62~985.620.86±0.17a246.33±26.50c
羊草地3.50~5.00928.62~1 038.621.33±0.14a329.20±67.84a
虎尾草地31.33~54.83490.62~585.1226.17±2.77b274.00±130.05c
碱蓬地197.01~201.00125.00~191.00104.83±14.25c116.33±11.24c
碱斑裸地198.50~257.50301.00~454.0066.13±12.54d290.67±72.22b
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638388790041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Infiltration rate characteristics of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型初始入渗速率/(mm·h-1)平均入渗速率/(mm·h-1)稳定入渗速率/(mm·h-1)
玉米地111.88±33.26a74.74±4.88a65.10±4.29a
羊草地136.39±44.68a63.79±8.47a47.92±6.44b
虎尾草地63.49±23.24a12.06±1.29b1.78±0.44c
碱蓬地17.11±9.53b1.66±0.73b0.13±0.10c
碱斑裸地67.50±21.55a14.06±4.54b0.28±0.13c
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638493647642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗速率特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型初始入渗速率/(mm·h-1)平均入渗速率/(mm·h-1)稳定入渗速率/(mm·h-1)
玉米地111.88±33.26a74.74±4.88a65.10±4.29a
羊草地136.39±44.68a63.79±8.47a47.92±6.44b
虎尾草地63.49±23.24a12.06±1.29b1.78±0.44c
碱蓬地17.11±9.53b1.66±0.73b0.13±0.10c
碱斑裸地67.50±21.55a14.06±4.54b0.28±0.13c
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638602699547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation parameters of applicability of four classical models to water infiltration process of tested soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型Horton模型Philip模型Kostiakov模型通用经验模型
kR2RMSESR2RMSEabR2RMSEabnR2RMSE
玉米地6.110.937.2020.760.8213.3268.97-0.210.7710.5950.1019.800.460.829.27
羊草地3.270.973.4528.110.957.4548.74-0.260.945.0923.3524.980.420.954.38
虎尾草地5.450.955.1025.390.917.5810.82-0.580.916.39-3.1613.500.530.916.18
碱蓬地15.880.921.525.220.931.570.85-0.840.990.460.390.660.890.990.34
碱斑裸地3.250.973.3422.530.924.8512.25-0.470.934.74-4.2816.340.400.944.28
), ArticleFig(id=1312009638678197020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009627395519171, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4个经典模型对供试土壤水分入渗过程适用性评价参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型Horton模型Philip模型Kostiakov模型通用经验模型
kR2RMSESR2RMSEabR2RMSEabnR2RMSE
玉米地6.110.937.2020.760.8213.3268.97-0.210.7710.5950.1019.800.460.829.27
羊草地3.270.973.4528.110.957.4548.74-0.260.945.0923.3524.980.420.954.38
虎尾草地5.450.955.1025.390.917.5810.82-0.580.916.39-3.1613.500.530.916.18
碱蓬地15.880.921.525.220.931.570.85-0.840.990.460.390.660.890.990.34
碱斑裸地3.250.973.3422.530.924.8512.25-0.470.934.74-4.2816.340.400.944.28
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不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程及预测模型适用性
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付饶 1 , 张旭 1 , 白玉锋 1, 2 , 邹元春 2 , 李筱琳 1 , 刘宏远 2 , 李秀军 2 , 关义新 2
水土保持学报 | 技术方法 2026,40(4): 410-419
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水土保持学报 |技术方法 2026 , 40 (4) : 410 -419
不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程及预测模型适用性
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付饶1 , 张旭1, 白玉锋1, 2 , 邹元春2, 李筱琳1, 刘宏远2, 李秀军2, 关义新2
作者信息
  • 1.吉林师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,吉林 四平 136000
  • 2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,长春 130102
通讯作者:
白玉锋(1988—),男,讲师,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事土壤物理与土壤改良研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

付饶(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐碱地改良研究。E-mail:

Infiltration Process and Applicability of Prediction Models for Soda Saline-Alkali Soils with Different Degrees
Rao Fu1 , Xu Zhang1, Yufeng Bai1, 2 , Yuanchun Zou2, Xiaolin Li1, Hongyuan Liu2, Xiujun Li2, Yixin Guan2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Geographic Science and Tourism,Jilin Normal University,Siping,Jilin 136000,China
  • 2.Northeast;Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130102,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.012
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目的 为揭示不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程差异及其影响因素,并评估不同入渗模型对模拟苏打盐碱土入渗过程的适用性。 方法 采用一维垂直定水头单环入渗法,通过野外原位入渗试验,研究不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程参数特征,分析盐碱化指标对入渗过程的影响,并对不同预测模型的适用性进行评价。 结果 1)pH由9.31增至10.35,ESP从1.09%升至65.82%、SAR从1.24上升至115.71时,5种供试土壤稳定入渗速率较初始入渗速率下降41.81%~99.59%。其中,盐碱程度最重的碱蓬地降幅最大,稳定入渗速率为0.13 mm/h。2)相关分析显示,稳定入渗速率与碱化度(ESP)和pH均呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与交换性Na+呈显著负相关(p<0.05);平均入渗速率与ESP、交换性Na+、钠吸附比、pH和盐分含量均呈不同水平显著负相关。3)基于模型决定系数(R²)和不同程度苏打盐碱土盐碱指标的关联性,当SAR<108.60、SC<10 568.64 mg/kg、EC<1.70 mS/cm时,入渗模型采用Horton模型的模拟效果优于通用经验模型;当盐碱化程度超过此范围时,采用通用经验模型更优。 结论 苏打盐碱化程度是制约土壤入渗能力的关键因素,基于典型盐碱指标阈值可进行不同盐碱程度入渗模型适用性选择。研究结果可为苏打盐碱土区的水分运移模拟与灌溉排水管理提供理论依据和方法支持。

苏打盐碱土  /  碱化度  /  钠吸附比  /  入渗参数  /  模型适用性  /  松嫩平原

Objective This study aims to reveal the differences in infiltration processes of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees and their influencing factors, and to evaluate the applicability of different infiltration models in simulating the infiltration process of soda saline-alkali soils. Methods Using the one-dimensional vertical constant-head single-ring infiltration method, field in-situ infiltration experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of infiltration process parameters in soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees, analyze the effects of salinization-alkalization indicators on the infiltration process, and evaluate the applicability of different prediction models. Results 1) As pH increased from 9.31 to 10.35, exchangeable sodium percent (ESP) rose from 1.09% to 65.82%, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) increased from 1.24 to 115.71, the stable infiltration rates of the five tested soils decreased by 41.81% to 99.59% compared with the initial infiltration rates. Among them, the Suaeda salsa land with the highest degree of salinization and alkalization showed the largest decrease, with a stable infiltration rate of only 0.13 mm/h. 2) Correlation analysis indicated that the stable infiltration rate was significantly negatively correlated with ESP and pH (p<0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with exchangeable Na⁺ (p<0.05). The average infiltration rate was significantly negatively correlated with ESP, exchangeable Na⁺, SAR, pH, and salt content at different levels. 3) Based on the coefficient of determination (R²) of the models and the correlation with the saline-alkali indicators of soda saline-alkali soils with different degrees, the simulation performance of the Horton infiltration model was superior to that of the general empirical model when SAR<108.60, salt content (SC)<10 568.64 mg/kg, and electrical conductivity (EC)<1.70 mS/cm. When the degree of salinization and alkalization exceeded this range, the general empirical model performed better. Conclusion The degree of soda salinization and alkalization is a key factor constraining soil infiltration capacity. The applicability of infiltration models for soils with different degrees of salinization and alkalization can be optimized based on thresholds of typical saline-alkali indicators. These findings provide a theoretical basis and methodological support for simulating water movement and managing irrigation and drainage in soda saline-alkali soil regions.

soda saline-alkali soil  /  exchangeable sodium percent  /  sodium adsorption ratio  /  infiltration parameters  /  model applicability  /  Songnen Plain
付饶, 张旭, 白玉锋, 邹元春, 李筱琳, 刘宏远, 李秀军, 关义新. 不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程及预测模型适用性. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 410 -419 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.012
Rao Fu, Xu Zhang, Yufeng Bai, Yuanchun Zou, Xiaolin Li, Hongyuan Liu, Xiujun Li, Yixin Guan. Infiltration Process and Applicability of Prediction Models for Soda Saline-Alkali Soils with Different Degrees[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 410 -419 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.012
苏打盐碱土是指盐分组成以NaHCO3和Na2 CO3为主、pH通常高于8.5的一类盐渍土,主要分布于我国松嫩平原,尤其大面积集中连片分布于松嫩平原西部的大安市、通榆县等区域[1-2]。该类土壤具有高pH、高交换性Na+含量、高盐分含量与低渗透性的典型特征,各因素间相互依存、互相制约,导致其在湿润时结构紧密、水分难以渗透,干燥时则坚硬异常,形成所谓“刀枪不入”的障碍特性[3]。渗透性及动态过程是盐碱地改良过程中实施“淡化肥沃层”与“障碍消减”技术的关键环节[4],直接影响盐碱地改良与利用的综合成效。松嫩平原作为我国苏打盐碱土的典型分布区,同时也是东北地区粮食生产的核心区,推进该地区盐碱地的改良与高效利用,对保障国家粮食安全、拓展耕地后备资源及落实新一轮粮食产能提升战略具有重大意义[5]。
入渗过程是指降水或灌溉水由地表进入土壤并再分布的过程,不仅调控地表径流与地下径流的分配[6-7],也伴随水分运移影响盐分、养分及污染物的迁移,进而与土地盐碱化、水体污染及土壤养分淋失等环境问题密切相关[8-9]。相比于非盐碱土,盐碱土的入渗过程直接受到盐分含量与组成、pH、碱化度(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)等因素的调控。已有研究[10]表明,高矿化度咸水入渗有助于提高滨海盐土入渗速率、累积入渗量和入渗深度,并有效提升盐分淋洗效率。而在高pH条件下,土壤胶体上负电荷数量增加,增强对Na+的吸附,进而加剧土壤颗粒分散[11]。当SAR超过13时,土壤胶体吸附大量Na+引起黏粒分散并堵塞土壤孔隙,显著降低入渗能力(SAR)从5增至20可导致苏打盐碱土稳定入渗速率下降60%以上[12];ESP从18.0%上升至86.3%则可使稳定入渗速率从835.2 mm/d急剧降至2.64 mm/d,降幅达99.68%,几乎呈不透水状态[13]。由于受交换性Na+含量、孔隙结构及质地等因素影响,盐碱土的入渗能力普遍低于非盐碱土,且田间原位观测耗时费力[14]。在松嫩平原苏打盐碱土区,尽管已有研究[15-16]证实,ESP、SAR、pH等指标是影响土壤水分入渗的关键参数,但现有相关结果主要源于室内控制试验或单一指标的分析。目前,基于长时间序列、不同盐碱程度条件下的苏打盐碱土入渗过程及影响因素仍缺乏综合系统研究。尤其针对不同盐碱程度,如何依据关键盐碱指标的明确阈值来评价入渗模型适用性仍需进一步研究。
因此,本研究通过野外原位监测试验,获取不同盐碱程度苏打盐碱土长时间序列入渗过程数据,旨在揭示影响苏打盐碱土入渗的关键因素,并依据盐碱指标阈值评价苏打盐碱土入渗过程模型的适用性,以期为推进区域盐碱地改良中“水盐平衡”与“水盐调控”提供理论支撑。
试验研究区位于中国科学院松嫩平原西部盐碱湿地生态研究站(45°13′~45°16′N,123°15′~123°21′E),供试土壤取自试验基地周边霍林河与洮儿河下游河漫滩分布区。研究区地势低平,海拔120~160 m,纵坡降为1/5 000~1/8 000,区域地势主要由水力运动产生的河间积水洼地和河漫滩构成[17]。气候特征为温带半湿润向半干旱过渡的大陆性季风气候,年平均气温为4.3 ℃,多年平均降水量为396 mm,降雨集中且主要集中在6—8月,占全年降雨量的73%,年潜在蒸发量达1 817 mm。区域地带性土壤为黑钙土,微地形差异导致土壤盐碱程度及其地表植被组成差异明显。
在试验区河漫滩选择典型插花状分布、盐碱化程度依次增强的5种盐碱地土壤,分别为农田(玉米连作)、羊草地、虎尾草地、碱蓬地和碱斑裸地,除农田土壤受长期耕作影响外,其余样地未受人类活动干扰。每种土壤样地(15 m×15 m)设置3个典型样点,在不破坏地表微形态条件下,清除地表枯落物后用于后续入渗试验和土壤样品采集。
本试验采用一维垂直定水头单环入渗法测定不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程。自制入渗仪由内径为31 cm,外径为46 cm,高度为20 cm,壁厚为1 cm的双环组成,试验过程仅用内环。供水装置为马氏瓶,直径16 cm,高度100 cm,容积20 L,瓶外壁粘贴100 cm软皮尺,试验过程中恒定水头控制在3 cm。通过计时器记录不同时间间隔内马氏瓶的读数变化,据此计算入渗水量与入渗速率等参数。为同步观测入渗过程中水分的运移路径,采用亮蓝染色剂(Brilliant Blue)进行示踪,将调配好的4 g/L亮蓝溶液灌入马氏瓶,开展定水头入渗试验。采用染色剂示踪的目的在于观测入渗过程水分运移路径及是否存在优先流现象,本文重点探讨不同程度苏打盐碱土水分入渗过程及入渗模型的适用性。而基于染色剖面所揭示的水分运移路径细节及优先流现象的定量分析,将在本研究的基础上进行专门深入探讨。
试验开始前,用大锤将入渗仪垂直砸入土壤约10 cm深度,为消除击打过程中震动引起的环内壁与土壤间产生间隙,采用入渗仪外围土壤填充内壁与土壤交界面,使之略高于原土表。试验开始后,在内环加入相当于3 cm水头高度的溶液,体积为2.26 L。随后打开马氏瓶出水口开关并同时计时,记录不同入渗历时对应的马氏瓶读数(累积入渗量,mm)。数据记录遵循“先密后疏”原则,初始阶段每30 s记录1次,随入渗速率减缓,逐步将间隔调整为1、2、3、5、10、20、30 min,及1、2、3、5、6、12 h。当在相同时间间隔内连续5~8次读数基本一致或波动较小时,认为此时入渗过程已达到稳定状态,随即停止入渗试验。入渗速率计算公式为:
IR=ΔVA×Δt
式中:IR为入渗速率,mm/h;A为内环面积,cm2;Δt为入渗历时,h。
为分析土壤理化性质对水分入渗过程的影响,在每个试验点附近选取3个典型取样点,以10 cm间隔分层采集0~30 cm深度土壤样品,用于测定初始含水率、体积质量(BD, g/cm3)、总孔隙度(TP, %)及土壤盐分含量(SC, mg/kg)、碱化度(exchangeable sodium percent, ESP)、钠吸附比(sodium adsorption ratio, SAR)等盐碱特征参数。土壤体积质量和初始含水率采用烘干法,孔隙参数按照森林土壤水分-物理性质测定法测定;盐分含量中Na+和K+用火焰光度法测定,Ca2+和Mg2+用原子吸收光谱法测定(GBC-906 AAS),CO32-和HCO3-用滴定法测定,Cl-用硝酸银滴定法测定,SO42-用硫酸钡比浊法测定;交换性钠用CaCO3-CO2交换-中和滴定法测定;阳离子交换量(CEC)用乙酸钠法测定。碱化度(ESP)和钠吸附比(SAR)分别采用公式(2)和公式(3)计算,供试土壤基本理化性见表1。
ESP=100%×ENa+CEC
SAR=Na+Ca2++Mg2+
式中:ENa+为交换性Na+的含量,mg/kg;CEC为阳离子交换量,mg/kg;Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+分别为各离子浓度含量,mg/kg。
估算入渗速率的模型主要分为理论模型和经验模型。常用的物理模型有Philip模型,经验模型应用较多的有Horton模型、Kostiakov模型,本研究采用Philip模型、Horton模型、Kostiakov模型和通用经验模型来拟合入渗速率与时间关系曲线。
Horton模型:f(t)=fc+(f0-fc)e-kt
Philip模型:f(t)=0.5 St-0.5+fc
Kostiakov模型:f(t)=atb
通用经验模型:f(t)=a+btn
式中:f(t)为土壤入渗速率,mm/h;fc为稳定入渗速率,mm/h;t为入渗时间,h;a、b、n、k均为模型参数。
在SPSS 24软件中对入渗观测数据进行拟合。模型适用性评价指标采用均方根误差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)。当模型拟合参数具有实际意义时,RMSE值越小,R2越大,模型适用性越高。对最终模型预测值与实测值进行配对卡方检验(Chi-square test)。当实际值和预测值的卡方值小于临界卡方值时,则认为二者间无显著差异,模型适用于模拟苏打盐碱土水分入渗过程。
采用Excel 2023和SPSS 24软件对数据进行统计分析,以单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)检验不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程特征参数与土壤理化性质之间的差异显著。采用Origin 2023软件绘图。
由表2可知,5种不同盐碱程度苏打碱土入渗过程中入渗历时、累积入渗量、达到稳定入渗历时及对应的累积入渗量参数均具有明显差异。从整个入渗试验来看,盐碱程度越轻,对应土壤的入渗历时愈短,累积入渗量越大。盐碱程度最轻的玉米地砂土入渗过程持续时间最短,入渗过程持续时间为2.83~3.08 h,累积入渗量达到968.62~985.62 mm,而盐碱程度最强的碱蓬地土壤入渗历时为197.01~201.00 h,入渗历时是玉米地土壤的63.96~71.02倍,累积入渗量为125.00~191.00 mm,仅为玉米地土壤的12.91%~19.72%,碱斑裸地土壤不及玉米地土壤累积入渗量的23.36%。结合图1来看,当入渗历时<34.15 h时,相同入渗历时条件下,累积入渗量大小为玉米地土壤>羊草地土壤>碱斑裸地土壤>虎尾草地土壤>碱蓬地土壤,累积入渗量大小与土壤盐碱程度有明显的一致性。从达到稳定入渗历时来看,除盐碱程度较轻的玉米地和羊草地土壤差异不显著(p>0.05),其他3种土壤达到稳定入渗对应的入渗历时差异显著(p<0.05)。达到稳定入渗状态时,碱斑裸地累积入渗量显著高于其他4种土壤(p<0.05)。
由图2可知,5种不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗速率均随入渗历时的增加而呈上下波动-急剧下降-逐步稳定变化规律。由表3可知,盐碱程度最强的碱蓬地土壤初始入渗速率最小,仅为(17.11±9.53) mm/h,与其他4种土壤初始入渗速率差异显著(p<0.05);玉米地等4种土壤初始入渗速率为63.49~111.88 mm/h,相互间差异不显著(p>0.05)。从整个入渗过程中平均入渗速率来看,玉米地和羊草地土壤平均入渗速率(63.79~74.74 mm/h)显著高于虎尾草、碱斑裸地和碱蓬地土壤(1.66~14.06 mm/h)(p<0.05)。随盐碱化程度增强,达到稳定入渗状态时,5种土壤稳定入渗速率较初始入渗速率分别下降41.81%、64.87%、97.20%、99.24%、99.59%,盐碱程度最重的碱蓬地稳定入渗速率仅为0.13 mm/h。
相关性分析表明,入渗过程参数与多个土壤剖面理化性质呈显著相关(图3)。初始入渗速率(IIR)与交换性Na+和盐分含量(SC)分别呈显著(p<0.05)和极显著负相关(p<0.01),稳定入渗速率(SIR)分别与碱化度(ESP)、pH呈极显著负相关(p<0.01、p<0.001),与交换性Na+呈显著负相关(p<0.05),而整个入渗过程中的平均入渗速率与包括碱化度、交换性Na+、钠吸附比、pH和盐分含量在内的盐碱化指标均呈不同程度的显著负相关。达到稳定入渗状态历时与钠吸附比(SAR)、黏粒含量(CC)、交换性Na+含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),而与盐分含量和体积质量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),但与孔隙度表现出显著负相关(p<0.05)。孔隙度与盐碱化指标钠吸附比、盐分含量、交换性Na+含量均存在显著的负相关。
由表4可知,4个经典模型中,除Kostiakov模型与通用经验模型对玉米地入渗速率的拟合决定系数(R2)较低(分别为0.77、0.82)之外,其余模型对不同程度苏打盐碱土水分入渗过程的拟合均具有较高的R2和较低的均方根误差(RMSE)。Philip模型的R2为0.82~0.93,参数S(吸渗率)为5.22~28.11。王幼奇等[18]研究指出,S值可反映土壤水分入渗能力,其值越大,入渗能力越强。本研究所测S值从大到小依次为羊草地土壤>虎尾草地土壤>玉米地土壤>碱斑裸地土壤>碱蓬地土壤。尽管除碱蓬地土壤的入渗能力最低与S值表现一致外,其余几种土壤的S值排序与其实测入渗能力明显不符,表明Philip模型不适于描述供试土壤的入渗过程。Kostiakov模型的R2为0.77~0.99,RMSE为0.46~10.59;模型参数a为0.85~68.97,b为-0.21~-0.84。根据王幼奇等[18]的研究,a影响初始入渗速率,b反映水分入渗的衰减程度。本研究中,a与b的变化趋势与实际入渗速率的变化一致,说明该模型具有一定适用性。通用模型的R2为0.82~0.99,RMSE为0.34~9.27;参数a为-3.16~50.10,b为0.66~24.98。该模型对碱蓬群落土壤的拟合效果最佳,R²达0.99,RMSE仅为0.34。比较表明,Horton模型对玉米地、羊草群落、虎尾草群落和碱斑裸地4种苏打盐碱土入渗过程拟合效果良好,而通用经验模型则对盐碱程度较重的碱蓬地水分入渗过程拟合效果最优。
为明确模型评价参数与不同苏打盐碱土盐碱指标间的关联,进一步分析拟合决定系数(R2)随交换性钠(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)、pH、盐分含量(SC)与电导率(EC)的变化规律。由图4可知,在ESP<48.88%且pH<10.24条件下,Horton模型的拟合R2始终高于通用经验模型,超出该范围时,2个模型未见一致规律。
当SAR<108.60、SC<10 568.64 mg/kg、EC<1.70 mS/cm时,Horton模型的拟合效果同样稳定优于通用经验模型,适用于模拟本研究中的玉米地、羊草地、虎尾草地及碱斑裸地的土壤入渗过程;而当SAR≥108.60、SC≥10 568.64 mg/kg、EC≥1.70 mS/cm时,通用经验模型的拟合R²则一致高于Horton模型,更适用于模拟碱蓬地入渗过程。因此,上述临界值可作为判别Horton模型与通用经验模型在模拟不同程度苏打盐碱土入渗过程中适用性的依据。
对2个模型模拟效果进行实测值与预测值的卡方检验。由图5可知,2个模型的预测值与实测值之间均无显著差异(卡方值均小于相应临界值),表明2个模型对模拟不同盐碱条件下的苏打盐碱土入渗过程具有一定的适用性。
表征入渗过程的参数主要包括入渗速率(如初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率)及累积入渗量等。其中,稳定入渗速率是表征土壤水力特征的关键参数[19]。该值越大,表明土壤入渗能力越强,能够将更多水分转化为土壤水和地下水,从而有助于减少地表径流和水土流失[20]。本研究测得稳定入渗速率为0.13~65.10 mm/h,且不同程度苏打盐碱土间差异显著,与王遵亲等[13](0.11~34.8 mm/h)、周鑫等[21](0.24 mm/h)、杨艳丽等[22](7.2~43.2 mm/h)、廖栩等[16](1.1 mm/h)的研究结果较为接近,但与杨洪涛等[15](146.1~300 mm/h)研究结果差异较大。该差异可能与松嫩平原苏打盐碱土自身的时空异质性有关。受微地形、植被分布和土壤质地等因素影响,该区域土壤性质空间变异显著,素有“一步三换土”之说[23],从而导致土壤饱和导水率、水分特征曲线等水力特征参数在空间分布上也呈明显差异。入渗历时也常被用作指示土壤渗透能力的间接指标,入渗时间越短,累积入渗量越大,通常代表入渗性能越好。秦耀东[24]研究指出,不同类型土壤达到稳定入渗状态的时间一般不超过2~3 h。本研究中,玉米地砂土和羊草地壤砂土在0.86~1.33 h达到稳定入渗状态,而盐碱化程度较高的虎尾草地、碱斑裸地及碱蓬地则分别需要26.17、66.13、104.83 h。结合表1数据,其原因可归纳为2个方面:一方面,玉米地为砂质土,砂粒高达86.94%,质地较粗且本身盐碱化程度轻,因而入渗速率大,水分更容易下渗;羊草地属于壤质砂土,盐碱程度略高于玉米地,质地稍细,入渗速率也相应较低;另一方面,虎尾草、碱斑裸地和碱蓬地的土壤ESP为48.86%~65.82%,SAR从53.95上升至115.71,同时,土壤质地由壤砂土逐渐过渡为砂质壤土,质地趋于细化。在盐碱化程度与土壤质地的共同影响下,样地土壤达到稳定入渗所需时间更长,而相应的累积入渗量反而更小。
障碍性苏打盐碱土的入渗过程受其盐碱特性的显著调控。本研究表明,入渗参数与盐碱化指标间存在显著相关性。稳定入渗速率与SAR、ESP、交换性Na⁺及pH呈显著负相关,其根本原因在于高钠高碱环境驱动的黏粒分散机制,即当钠离子(Na⁺)置换土壤胶体上的钙镁离子后,增大双电层厚度与Zeta电位,导致胶体间排斥力增强[25-26]。加之高pH环境(通常>8.5)下羟基铝等物质的溶解,破坏维持团聚体的“胶结”作用,最终引发黏粒的强烈分散,是导致入渗性能下降的化学起点[25]。该化学过程直接重塑土壤的物理结构,主要表现在入渗初期速率呈波动式下降,正是由于表层土壤被水分湿润后,分散的黏粒在入渗水流的驱动下迁移并在孔隙沉积,造成“物理性”孔隙堵塞[27-28]。本研究也证实,总孔隙度与SAR、交换性Na⁺呈显著负相关。更关键的是,盐碱化不仅降低总孔隙度,更劣化孔隙结构。微结构研究[29-30]表明,盐碱土孔隙常以<2 μm的微孔和超微孔为主导(占比可超过86%),而水分传输的关键通道[大中孔隙(>30 μm)]则严重匮乏[31]。该种致密的、类似“砖墙”的微观结构[29],导致水分传输通道狭窄且曲折,极大增加导水阻力,从而解释稳定入渗速率降低与入渗水量减少的现象[32-33]。盐分含量和电导率(EC)的影响则呈现复杂性。一方面,高浓度可溶性盐通过渗透压压缩双电层,抑制黏粒分散,在特定条件下可能缓解钠的负面效应;另一方面,本研究和Zhu等[34]所示,高盐分常与平均入渗速率呈负相关。可能是由于盐分结晶在孔隙中造成的物理堵塞,或盐分与钠的耦合作用加剧结构恶化。初始入渗速率对表层盐分和交换性Na⁺尤为敏感,反映盐碱障碍对水分“第一道门槛”的强烈抑制作用。最终,所有微观过程的不利累积,体现在宏观的入渗历时上。达到稳定入渗所需历时与盐分含量、体积质量及SAR呈显著正相关,表明盐碱化程度越高,土壤结构在湿润过程中的破碎与重建达到新平衡所需时间越长。
为评估不同盐碱化程度苏打碱土入渗过程,本研究尝试采用多种经典模型进行模拟,经验模型(如Horton模型、通用经验模型、Kostiakov模型)获得较好的拟合精度,而基于恒定参数假设的物理模型(如Philip模型)则出现参数失准的现象。与周蓓蓓等[35]在新疆极端干旱区盐碱土研究结果一致,即Philip模型在入渗历时较长的条件下模拟值偏差较大。该适用性差异的内在原因主要在于,一方面,经典模型的物理假设未能充分考虑盐碱土在入渗过程中动态变化的水力性质;另一方面,苏打型盐碱土土壤颗粒的分散性决定土壤物理结构在入渗过程的动态变化性,如孔隙结构的量(数量、密度)和质(连通性、大小)[31],从而影响稳定入渗速率、入渗历时等参数。具体而言,在高钠吸附比(SAR)条件下,交换性Na⁺引起的黏粒分散与迁移,导致土壤孔隙在入渗过程中持续被堵塞,使得关键参数如饱和导水率(Ks)并非恒定,而是随时间显著下降[36]。直接违背Philip等模型的根本假设,从而限制其在此类土壤中的物理合理性与适用性。在质地黏重、孔隙结构不良的土壤中,Horton模型因其能描述入渗率随时间衰减至稳定值的物理过程,常表现出更好的拟合效果[37-38]。本研究筛选出Horton模型和通用经验模型2个优选模型,并对比拟合决定系数(R2)与关键盐碱指标的关联性发现,二者的拟合优度在盐碱程度超过某一阈值后发生反转,表明经验模型对土壤结构动态变化的非线性响应更具灵活性,当盐碱化程度较低(如SAR、EC低于特定阈值)时,土壤结构在入渗过程中的变化相对平缓,Horton模型基于指数衰减的物理框架能较好地模拟入渗率趋近于1个相对稳定值的过程。然而,当盐碱化程度超过该临界阈值时,高钠环境引发的黏粒分散与孔隙堵塞效应急剧增强,土壤导水能力的衰减不再呈现简单的指数规律,而是可能表现为更复杂、速率更快的非线性下降。相反,通用经验模型因其纯经验特性,其参数不受特定物理过程的严格约束,数学形式(如幂函数)在拟合这种剧烈、非标准的变化曲线时往往表现出更强的灵活性与适应性,从而在拟合优度上实现反超。“阈值反转”现象深刻揭示了在高度退化的盐碱土中,水分入渗已由经典物理过程主导,转变为由快速演变的土壤结构所控制的复杂过程,模型的选择必须考虑土壤退化状态的阶段性特征。
为构建更能阐释盐碱土入渗规律的模型,未来的改进应聚焦于耦合土壤退化的动态过程。具体方向包括:1)参数动态化。将模型的最终入渗率、衰减系数等关键参数,从常数修正为随累积入渗量或关联黏粒分散程度的盐碱指标(如Na⁺含量、SAR)变化的土壤传递函数。2)结构过程化。在模型框架中引入描述“孔隙堵塞-导水率衰减”的微分模块,从根本上体现盐碱土入渗的核心物理机制。例如,可借鉴通过考虑土壤水分变化来改进Horton方程的思路,将盐碱指标作为驱动参数变化的内生变量。通过这种机理性的改进,模型才能超越单纯的经验拟合,真正成为预测和评估盐碱土水盐运移与改良效果的有力工具。
1)稳定入渗速率、累积入渗量及初始入渗速率均随pH、ESP、SAR升高明显下降。盐碱化程度越强,土壤达到稳定入渗所需历时越长,相应的累积入渗量越小。
2)稳定入渗速率与碱化度、钠吸附比、交换性Na+含量及pH均呈显著负相关。达到稳定入渗状态所需的时间受盐碱化程度与质地的共同影响,与钠吸附比和黏粒含量呈显著正相关,与盐分含量和体积质量呈极显著正相关。
3)确定基于模型决定系数(R²)与苏打盐碱土盐碱指标关联的入渗过程模型适用性依据。当SAR<108.60、SC<10 568.64 mg/kg、EC<1.70 mS/cm时,入渗模型采用Horton模型的拟合效果优于通用经验模型;当盐碱程度超过此范围时,采用通用经验模型更优。
  • 中国科学院科研项目
  • 吉林省科技发展计划项目(YDZJ202201ZYTS498)
  • 吉林省教育厅科学研究项目(JJKH20240574KJ)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.012
  • 接收时间:2025-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-05
  • 修回日期:2026-02-07
  • 录用日期:2026-03-18
基金
中国科学院科研项目
吉林省科技发展计划项目(YDZJ202201ZYTS498)
吉林省教育厅科学研究项目(JJKH20240574KJ)
作者信息
    1.吉林师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,吉林 四平 136000
    2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,长春 130102

通讯作者:

白玉锋(1988—),男,讲师,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事土壤物理与土壤改良研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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