Article(id=1312009608110113773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764000000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-25, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=1773331200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineDate=1790737066533, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737066533, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737066533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737066533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009608353383407, articleId=1312009608110113773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Effects of Limited Irrigation Periods on Water Consumption Characteristics and Yield Formation in Winter Wheat, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to determine the optimal irrigation timing under the single-irrigation mode during the growth period for winter wheat in Hebei Province. Methods Using winter wheat cultivar Jimai 22 as the test material, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2021-2022 and 2022-2023). Three irrigation and nitrogen topdressing timing treatments were implemented: at the 4th (T4), 5th (T5), and 6th (T6) leaf visible stages in spring. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen topdressing at different timings on wheat water consumption characteristics, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, and its components were analyzed. Results Under the condition of single-irrigation mode during the growth period, the proportion of water consumption sources and the stage-specific distribution of water consumption in wheat were significantly influenced by the climatic year type. Delaying irrigation had no significant effect on soil water storage consumption or total water consumption throughout the entire growth period and during each stage before and after anthesis, and only promoted the utilization of deep soil water in the 2022-2023 growing season with more precipitation. Pre-sowing soil water storage and water use efficiency showed significant positive correlations with grain yield, while total water consumption showed no significant correlation. Therefore, ensuring water supply at critical stages was more important. Spike number was significantly positively correlated with yield, and grain weight per spike was significantly negatively correlated with yield. Delaying irrigation decreased spike number but increased grain weight per spike. The T6 treatment yielded the lowest during both growing seasons, and the fundamental reason for the yield reduction was that the decrease in spike number exceeded the increase in grain weight per spike. In the 2021—2022 growing season with a pre-sowing soil water storage of 655.74 mm, the T5 treatment showed a slight decrease in spike number and achieved the highest yield. In the 2022-2023 growing season with a pre-sowing soil water storage of only 541.24 mm, the T5 treatment showed a larger decrease in spike number, and the T4 treatment achieved the highest yield. Conclusion Under the single-irrigation mode during the growth period for wheat, prioritizing a higher spike number is key to achieving high yield. When pre-sowing soil water storage is greater than 600 mm or spring rainfall is sufficient, the irrigation can be postponed to the 5th leaf visible stage in spring to balance the grain weight. When pre-sowing soil water storage is less than 550 mm or in drought years, the irrigation must be conducted at the 4th leaf visible stage in spring to ensure spike number. The research findings can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the water-limited and high-yield cultivation of winter wheat in Hebei Province.

, authors=Qi Zhao, Yingxiang Zhang, Ruiqi Li, Hongguang Wang, authorsList=Qi Zhao, Yingxiang Zhang, Ruiqi Li, Hongguang Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongguang Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009609385182198, articleId=1312009608110113773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=限水灌溉时期对冬小麦耗水特性和产量形成的影响, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为明确河北省冬小麦生育期限灌一水模式下的最佳灌溉时期。 方法 以“济麦22”为供试材料,于2021—2022年和2022—2023年2个小麦生长季设置春4叶(T4)、春5叶(T5)和春6叶(T6)露尖3个灌溉追氮时期处理,分析不同时期灌溉追氮对小麦耗水特性、干物质积累和籽粒产量及其构成的影响。 结果 生育期限灌一水条件下,小麦耗水来源占比及阶段耗水分配受气候年型影响大。推迟灌溉对全生育期及开花前后各阶段的土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量均无显著影响,仅在降水较多的2022—2023年生长季促进对深层土壤水的利用。播前土壤贮水量和水分利用效率与籽粒产量呈显著正相关,总耗水量与产量无显著相关性,因此,保障关键时期的水分供应更加重要。穗数与产量呈显著正相关,穗粒重与产量呈显著负相关。推迟灌溉后穗数呈下降趋势,穗粒重呈上升趋势,2个生长季T6产量均最低,穗数的降幅超过穗粒重的增幅是其减产的根本原因。底墒655.74 mm的2021—2022年生长季T5穗数下降少,获得最高产量;底墒仅541.24 mm的2022—2023年生长季T5穗数下降较多,T4产量最高。 结论 在小麦生育期限灌一水模式下,优先保障较高穗数是高产的关键,当播前底墒>600 mm或春季降雨充沛时,可推迟至春5叶期灌溉以兼顾粒重;而在底墒不足550 mm或干旱年份,必须在春4叶灌溉以保穗数。研究结果可为河北省冬小麦限水丰产栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。

, authors=赵琪, 张迎香, 李瑞奇, 王红光, authorsList=赵琪, 张迎香, 李瑞奇, 王红光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王红光, authorNote=

赵琪(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事小麦节水高产栽培研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王红光(1983—),男,副教授,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事小麦高产栽培理论与技术研究。E-mail:
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Dry matter, harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat[J].Irrigation Science,2008,27(1):1-10., articleTitle=Dry matter, harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621108260964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=463, pageEnd=465, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=61, authorNames=薛丽萍, journalName=山西农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=薛丽萍.灌水时期对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(5):463-465., articleTitle=灌水时期对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621162786917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=463, pageEnd=465, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Xue Liping, journalName=Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xue Liping. Effect of irrigation times on yield and water use efficiency of wheat[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(5):463-465., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621225701478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=71, issue=22, pageStart=7241, pageEnd=7256, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Zhang Zhen, Huang Jing, Gao Yanmei, journalName=Journal of Experimental Botany, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Zhen, Huang Jing, Gao Yanmei, et al. Suppressed ABA signal transduction in the spike promotes sucrose use in the stem and reduces grain number in wheat under water stress[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2020,71(22):7241-7256., articleTitle=Suppressed ABA signal transduction in the spike promotes sucrose use in the stem and reduces grain number in wheat under water stress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621322170471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=47, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=64, authorNames=林平, 李顺, 葛振勇, journalName=农业科技通讯, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林平,李顺,葛振勇,等.不同生育期灌水对小麦产量及农艺性状的影响与分析[J].农业科技通讯,2020(6):47-50., articleTitle=不同生育期灌水对小麦产量及农艺性状的影响与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621406056552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=47, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Lin Ping, Li Shun, Ge Zhenyong, journalName=Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin Ping, Li Shun, Ge Zhenyong, et al. Effect and analysis of irrigation at different growth stages on wheat yield and agronomic characters[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2020(6):47-50., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621485748329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=33, issue=2, pageStart=21, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=66, authorNames=刘红杰, 倪永静, 任德超, journalName=中国农学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘红杰,倪永静,任德超,等.不同灌水次数和施氮量对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(2):21-28., articleTitle=不同灌水次数和施氮量对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009621557051498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=33, issue=2, pageStart=21, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=67, authorNames=Liu Hongjie, Ni Yongjing, Ren Dechao, journalName=Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Hongjie, Ni Yongjing, Ren Dechao, et al. Effects of different irrigation times and nitrogen application rates on agronomic characters and yield of winter wheat[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(2):21-28., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009612669321253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, awardId=2023YFD2301500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009609586508791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009609594897400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, companyId=1312009609586508791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation,College of Agronomy,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding,Hebei 071000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009609603286009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, companyId=1312009609586508791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北农业大学农学院,省部共建华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室,河北省作物生长调控实验室,河北 保定 071000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009611364892695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Ten-day precipitation and daily average temperature during winter wheat growing seasons, figureFileSmall=d5Uep5Gr0fu6NAmVmggARQ==, figureFileBig=xtlaaWvF88iKtZbz9WOHzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611440390168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=图1, caption=冬小麦生长季各旬的降雨量和日平均气温

注:E、M、L分别为上旬、中旬、下旬。

, figureFileSmall=d5Uep5Gr0fu6NAmVmggARQ==, figureFileBig=xtlaaWvF88iKtZbz9WOHzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611650105369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Soil volumetric water content of different soil layers at anthesis and maturity stages under different treatments, figureFileSmall=ZDYnXlo9vc3nILEMrubW+Q==, figureFileBig=dM66RMk6wrAlTtA9w5yeMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611746574362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理开花期和成熟期各土层土壤水分体积分数

注:图柱上方不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。

, figureFileSmall=ZDYnXlo9vc3nILEMrubW+Q==, figureFileBig=dM66RMk6wrAlTtA9w5yeMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611817877531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dry matter accumulation under different treatments, figureFileSmall=SjcKySoO90DVe+r0NtERng==, figureFileBig=2wte+2vMBWEze50kmPC6wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611901763612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理的干物质积累量, figureFileSmall=SjcKySoO90DVe+r0NtERng==, figureFileBig=2wte+2vMBWEze50kmPC6wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611977261085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Precipitation at different growth stages of winter wheat during 2021—2023 and 1994—2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份播种期-返青期返青期-起身期起身期-拔节期拔节期-开花期开花期-成熟期
2021—202238.51.32.910.222.7
2022—202339.201.167.381.0
1994—202437.97.313.930.263.3
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612052758558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021—2023年和1994—2024年冬小麦各生育阶段降水量 (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份播种期-返青期返青期-起身期起身期-拔节期拔节期-开花期开花期-成熟期
2021—202238.51.32.910.222.7
2022—202339.201.167.381.0
1994—202437.97.313.930.263.3
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612124061727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Water consumption sources and their proportions of total water consumption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份处理播前土壤贮水量/mm土壤贮水消耗量灌水量降雨量总耗水量/mm
数量/mm比例/%数量/mm比例/%数量/mm比例/%
2021—2022T4655.74a296.36a68.6160a13.8975.60a17.50431.96a
T5655.74a303.52a69.1260a13.6675.60a17.22439.12a
T6655.74a301.38a68.9760a13.7375.60a17.30436.98a
2022—2023T4541.24a159.43a39.0760a14.70188.60a46.22408.03a
T5541.24a168.16a40.3560a14.40188.60a45.25416.76a
T6541.24a176.26a41.4960a14.12188.60a44.39424.86a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612203753504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

耗水来源及其占总耗水量的比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份处理播前土壤贮水量/mm土壤贮水消耗量灌水量降雨量总耗水量/mm
数量/mm比例/%数量/mm比例/%数量/mm比例/%
2021—2022T4655.74a296.36a68.6160a13.8975.60a17.50431.96a
T5655.74a303.52a69.1260a13.6675.60a17.22439.12a
T6655.74a301.38a68.9760a13.7375.60a17.30436.98a
2022—2023T4541.24a159.43a39.0760a14.70188.60a46.22408.03a
T5541.24a168.16a40.3560a14.40188.60a45.25416.76a
T6541.24a176.26a41.4960a14.12188.60a44.39424.86a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612308611105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Stage-specific water consumption and its sources for winter wheat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份处理T4-开花期开花期-成熟期

土壤贮水

消耗量

灌水量降雨量耗水量

土壤贮水

消耗量

灌水量降雨量耗水量
2021—2022T4178.82a6010.2249.02a55.67a024.480.07a
T5180.94a6010.2251.14a60.70a024.485.10a
T6175.93a6010.2246.13a63.58a024.487.98a
2022—2023T4-23.29a6067.3104.01a112.94a081.0193.94a
T5-23.73a6067.3103.57a122.10a081.0203.10a
T6-22.51a6067.3104.79a128.98a081.0209.98a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612384108578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冬小麦阶段耗水量及耗水来源 (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份处理T4-开花期开花期-成熟期

土壤贮水

消耗量

灌水量降雨量耗水量

土壤贮水

消耗量

灌水量降雨量耗水量
2021—2022T4178.82a6010.2249.02a55.67a024.480.07a
T5180.94a6010.2251.14a60.70a024.485.10a
T6175.93a6010.2246.13a63.58a024.487.98a
2022—2023T4-23.29a6067.3104.01a112.94a081.0193.94a
T5-23.73a6067.3103.57a122.10a081.0203.10a
T6-22.51a6067.3104.79a128.98a081.0209.98a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612467994659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Wheat yield, its components, and water use efficiency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份处理

穗数/

(104·hm-2)

穗粒数千粒重/g穗粒重/g

产量/

(kg·hm-2)

水分利用效率/

%

2021—2022T4810.04a29.96a39.73a1.19b8 204.05ab1.91a
T5800.04a32.14a39.41a1.27ab8 586.36a2.00a
T6685.03b33.63a39.70a1.34a7 894.17b1.77a
2022—2023T4741.15a34.01a42.88a1.46a7 031.90a1.73a
T5714.48b34.18a44.00a1.50a6 829.93ab1.62ab
T6696.70c35.27a43.82a1.55a6 684.83b1.59b
年份14.239**11.786**157.771***50.640***185.850***14.591**
处理30.021***3.5996.344**3.999**6.323**1.361
年份*处理2.7270.9066.344**0.2093.4850.918
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612564463652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009608110113773, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

小麦产量及其构成和水分利用效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份处理

穗数/

(104·hm-2)

穗粒数千粒重/g穗粒重/g

产量/

(kg·hm-2)

水分利用效率/

%

2021—2022T4810.04a29.96a39.73a1.19b8 204.05ab1.91a
T5800.04a32.14a39.41a1.27ab8 586.36a2.00a
T6685.03b33.63a39.70a1.34a7 894.17b1.77a
2022—2023T4741.15a34.01a42.88a1.46a7 031.90a1.73a
T5714.48b34.18a44.00a1.50a6 829.93ab1.62ab
T6696.70c35.27a43.82a1.55a6 684.83b1.59b
年份14.239**11.786**157.771***50.640***185.850***14.591**
处理30.021***3.5996.344**3.999**6.323**1.361
年份*处理2.7270.9066.344**0.2093.4850.918
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限水灌溉时期对冬小麦耗水特性和产量形成的影响
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赵琪 , 张迎香 , 李瑞奇 , 王红光
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 105-114
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 105 -114
限水灌溉时期对冬小麦耗水特性和产量形成的影响
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赵琪 , 张迎香, 李瑞奇, 王红光
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学农学院,省部共建华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室,河北省作物生长调控实验室,河北 保定 071000
通讯作者:
王红光(1983—),男,副教授,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事小麦高产栽培理论与技术研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

赵琪(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事小麦节水高产栽培研究。E-mail:

Effects of Limited Irrigation Periods on Water Consumption Characteristics and Yield Formation in Winter Wheat
Qi Zhao , Yingxiang Zhang, Ruiqi Li, Hongguang Wang
Affiliations
  • Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation,College of Agronomy,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding,Hebei 071000,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.007
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目的 为明确河北省冬小麦生育期限灌一水模式下的最佳灌溉时期。 方法 以“济麦22”为供试材料,于2021—2022年和2022—2023年2个小麦生长季设置春4叶(T4)、春5叶(T5)和春6叶(T6)露尖3个灌溉追氮时期处理,分析不同时期灌溉追氮对小麦耗水特性、干物质积累和籽粒产量及其构成的影响。 结果 生育期限灌一水条件下,小麦耗水来源占比及阶段耗水分配受气候年型影响大。推迟灌溉对全生育期及开花前后各阶段的土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量均无显著影响,仅在降水较多的2022—2023年生长季促进对深层土壤水的利用。播前土壤贮水量和水分利用效率与籽粒产量呈显著正相关,总耗水量与产量无显著相关性,因此,保障关键时期的水分供应更加重要。穗数与产量呈显著正相关,穗粒重与产量呈显著负相关。推迟灌溉后穗数呈下降趋势,穗粒重呈上升趋势,2个生长季T6产量均最低,穗数的降幅超过穗粒重的增幅是其减产的根本原因。底墒655.74 mm的2021—2022年生长季T5穗数下降少,获得最高产量;底墒仅541.24 mm的2022—2023年生长季T5穗数下降较多,T4产量最高。 结论 在小麦生育期限灌一水模式下,优先保障较高穗数是高产的关键,当播前底墒>600 mm或春季降雨充沛时,可推迟至春5叶期灌溉以兼顾粒重;而在底墒不足550 mm或干旱年份,必须在春4叶灌溉以保穗数。研究结果可为河北省冬小麦限水丰产栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。

冬小麦  /  限灌一水模式  /  耗水特性  /  干物质积累量  /  籽粒产量

Objective This study aims to determine the optimal irrigation timing under the single-irrigation mode during the growth period for winter wheat in Hebei Province. Methods Using winter wheat cultivar Jimai 22 as the test material, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2021-2022 and 2022-2023). Three irrigation and nitrogen topdressing timing treatments were implemented: at the 4th (T4), 5th (T5), and 6th (T6) leaf visible stages in spring. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen topdressing at different timings on wheat water consumption characteristics, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, and its components were analyzed. Results Under the condition of single-irrigation mode during the growth period, the proportion of water consumption sources and the stage-specific distribution of water consumption in wheat were significantly influenced by the climatic year type. Delaying irrigation had no significant effect on soil water storage consumption or total water consumption throughout the entire growth period and during each stage before and after anthesis, and only promoted the utilization of deep soil water in the 2022-2023 growing season with more precipitation. Pre-sowing soil water storage and water use efficiency showed significant positive correlations with grain yield, while total water consumption showed no significant correlation. Therefore, ensuring water supply at critical stages was more important. Spike number was significantly positively correlated with yield, and grain weight per spike was significantly negatively correlated with yield. Delaying irrigation decreased spike number but increased grain weight per spike. The T6 treatment yielded the lowest during both growing seasons, and the fundamental reason for the yield reduction was that the decrease in spike number exceeded the increase in grain weight per spike. In the 2021—2022 growing season with a pre-sowing soil water storage of 655.74 mm, the T5 treatment showed a slight decrease in spike number and achieved the highest yield. In the 2022-2023 growing season with a pre-sowing soil water storage of only 541.24 mm, the T5 treatment showed a larger decrease in spike number, and the T4 treatment achieved the highest yield. Conclusion Under the single-irrigation mode during the growth period for wheat, prioritizing a higher spike number is key to achieving high yield. When pre-sowing soil water storage is greater than 600 mm or spring rainfall is sufficient, the irrigation can be postponed to the 5th leaf visible stage in spring to balance the grain weight. When pre-sowing soil water storage is less than 550 mm or in drought years, the irrigation must be conducted at the 4th leaf visible stage in spring to ensure spike number. The research findings can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the water-limited and high-yield cultivation of winter wheat in Hebei Province.

winter wheat  /  single-irrigation mode  /  water consumption characteristics  /  dry matter accumulation  /  grain yield
赵琪, 张迎香, 李瑞奇, 王红光. 限水灌溉时期对冬小麦耗水特性和产量形成的影响. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.007
Qi Zhao, Yingxiang Zhang, Ruiqi Li, Hongguang Wang. Effects of Limited Irrigation Periods on Water Consumption Characteristics and Yield Formation in Winter Wheat[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.007
河北省小麦产能约占全国小麦总产的1/10,保持本省小麦产能稳定对保障国家粮食安全十分重要[1]。然而,该区域水资源严重不足,农业灌溉导致地下水位持续下降,对粮食安全生产构成严峻挑战[2-6]。推行限水灌溉成为协调河北省水资源保护与小麦丰产需求的迫切选择。
适宜的灌溉追氮时期是小麦高产的关键措施。前人[7]研究表明,随着灌溉时期推迟,花前干物质转运量呈先增后降趋势,适当推迟水氮施用时期有助于提高花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量[8],但从拔节期推迟至孕穗期,则对花后干物质积累的促进效应不显著[9]。灌水从返青期推迟到拔节期产量下降3.62%[10],从拔节期推迟至挑旗期,穗数和穗粒数分别降低8.04%和6.09%,千粒重虽未显著下降,但产量降低13.09%[11]。刘志良[12]通过2个生长季的研究发现,灌水时期从拔节后5 d推迟到拔节后20 d,虽可提高千粒重,但穗数与穗粒数的降低最终导致产量显著下降。综上表明,水氮追施时期对小麦花前花后物质积累和产量及其构成要素都有显著影响。
灌溉时期还影响小麦的耗水特性。党建友等[13]研究发现,春季灌溉时期由返青期推迟到拔节期,降低农田总耗水量,提高水分利用效率;杨思等[14]发现,全生育期仅灌一水的条件下,将春季灌溉时期由拔节期推迟到孕穗期,小麦各生育阶段的耗水量及农田总耗水量亦呈降低趋势;崔世明等[15]研究发现,在全生育期灌水总量为60 mm的条件下,拔节期和开花期等量灌溉与拔节期1次灌溉相比,推迟灌水时期对各土层土壤贮水消耗量有一定影响,0~80、140~200 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量降低,80~140 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量升高。灌溉不仅补充水分,还是氮肥运移的载体,在小麦生产中氮肥追施也普遍结合灌溉同步实施,适宜的灌溉时期能提高氮肥利用率。吴英杰等[16]研究发现,在拔节期灌溉追氮一体化实施可同步提高氮肥利用率和水分利用效率;张皖玉等[17]研究亦发现,适期灌溉同步追氮,通过水分调控土壤氮素迁移与供应,是实现“以水调氮”的关键。
冬小麦最优灌溉时期与气温、降水等气候变量密切相关。申晓晶等[18]研究指出,在西北内陆区域年蒸发量远超降水量,气候波动对作物需水与灌溉影响突出;乔源等[19]研究表明,气候波动对灌溉时期的影响主要体现在冬小麦物候期的变化及其对水分需求的响应上,降雨较少使冬小麦抽穗期和成熟期出现延迟,水分供应不足显著降低成穗率和最终产量;颜雅琼等[20]研究发现,当自然降水无法满足作物需求时,同一地区不同地块,或同一年份不同区域,面临的最优灌溉需求都可能不同。
综上所述,灌溉追氮时期对小麦的耗水特性和产量形成具有重要的调控作用。但关于灌溉时期的研究多基于宽泛的生育时期进行界定,缺乏更加精细的量化研究。小麦春生叶片间,以及叶片与节间和幼穗间,在建成进程上均存在较为稳定的内在同伸关系,可将春生叶龄作为精细量化小麦春季管理的时期界定依据。推行限水灌溉是保障河北省农业可持续发展的必然趋势,但最佳限水灌溉时期尚不明确。因此,本试验在小麦全生育期限灌一水的模式下,研究不同叶龄期灌溉追氮对小麦耗水特性、产量及其构成因素和干物质积累的影响,旨在明确限灌一水条件下的最优灌溉追氮时期,以期为河北省小麦限水丰产栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。
本试验于2021—2023年冬小麦生长季在河北省石家庄市藁城区张家庄镇赵庄村(38.10° N,114.41° E)进行,土壤类型为壤土,0~2 m土层平均土壤体积质量为1.49 g/cm3,最大田间持水量为26.52%。前茬作物为玉米,收获后秸秆全部粉碎还田,旋耕2遍后直接播种小麦。播种前0~40 cm土层基础地力情况为有机质、全氮分别为19.17、1.43 g/kg,速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮分别为20.71 、155.46、133.38 mg/kg。2021—2022年生长季播种前9月下旬至10月上旬累计降水210.10 mm,大幅高于常年,次年春季降水较常年偏少(表1)。2022—2023年生长季11月上旬至下旬温度一直偏高,幼苗未能获得充分的抗寒锻炼,11月26日—30日出现断崖式降温,最大降幅为10.60 ℃,低温持续4 d,对幼苗伤害较大。叠加次年返青至拔节阶段一直未出现有效降水,对茎蘖成穗十分不利,但拔节至成熟阶段降水高于常年。冬小麦各生育阶段降水量见表1。
试验以半冬性小麦品种“济麦22”为供试材料,设置不同灌溉追氮时期处理,于2021—2023年的2个小麦生长季设置春4叶(T4)、春5叶(T5)和春6叶(T6)露尖3个灌溉追氮时期,每个处理设3次重复,每个重复小区面积为8 m×5 m=40 m2。各处理全生育期仅灌一水,采用畦灌方式,灌溉量为60 mm,用水表计量。
2021年因播前降水较多小麦10月22日播种,较当地适播期推迟约10 d,种植密度为450×104 hm2;小麦分别于2022年3月30日、4月7日、4月10日、4月15日到达T4、拔节、T5和T6时期,6月14日收获。2022年在10月10日适期播种,种植密度为300×104 hm2,小麦分别于2023年3月29日、4月4日、4月7日、4月12日到达T4,拔节、T5和T6时期,6月10日收获。小麦全生育期每公顷施用纯N 240 kg、P2O5 150 kg、K2O 150 kg,所用肥料为尿素(含N 46%)、磷酸二铵(含N 18%、P2O5 46%)和氯化钾(含K2O 60%),磷、钾肥全部底施,氮肥50%基施、50%随春季灌溉追施。其他管理措施同一般高产田相同。冬小麦各旬生长季的降水情况和日平均气温分布见图1。
于小麦灌浆后期在每个小区选取1 m双行调查穗数,同时连续选取50个穗,计算穗粒数,每处理3次重复。成熟期在每个小区内选取长势均匀的3 m2植株收获,用小型脱粒机进行脱粒,风干后称重,从中约取50 g籽粒,烘干法测定籽粒含水量,按13%含水量折算籽粒产量。在每份测产籽粒中随机取3份1 000粒称重,当3份样品间重量差小于其平均值的5.0%时,将平均值折算13%含水量后为千粒重。
于小麦开花期和成熟期在每个小区连续取30个单茎,去掉根部后将单茎分为穗、叶、茎3部分,置于鼓风干燥箱中105 ℃杀青30 min,80 ℃烘至恒重后称重计算干物质积累量[21],计算公式为:
Wk=Gk×Nk
Wm=Gm×Nm
Wh=Wm-Wk
式中:Wk为开花期干物质积累量,kg/hm²;Gk为开花期单茎干重,g;Nk为开花期群体总茎数,万茎/hm²;Wm为成熟期地上部干物质积累量,kg/hm²;Gm为成熟期单茎干重,g;Nm为成熟期群体总茎数,万茎/hm²;Wh为花后干物质积累量,kg/hm²。
于小麦播种前、灌水前、开花期和成熟期采用土钻法取土,深度200 cm,每20 cm为1层,每个处理3次重复。将所取土样立即装入铝盒,带回室内称重后放入烘箱中,105 ℃烘干至恒重,称量干重和铝盒重。参考柴守玺等[22]的方法计算土壤水分体积分数,计算公式为:
W=m1-m2m2-m0×γi
式中:W为土壤水分体积分数,%;m1为湿土与铝盒的总重量,g;m2为干土与铝盒的总重量,g;m0为铝盒重,g;γi为第i层土壤体积质量,g/cm3。
参考丁晋利等[23]的方法,计算公式为:
SWS=∑i=1nγidiwd10
SWD=SWS播种-SWS收获
式中:SWS为土壤贮水量,mm;γi为第i层土壤体积质量,g/cm3;di为第i层土层深度,cm;Wd为土壤质量含水量。SWD为冬小麦整个生育期内2 m土层土壤贮水消耗量,mm。计算某一生育阶段的SWD,则用该阶段起始时的SWS减去该阶段结束时的SWS。
冬小麦生育期总耗水量(ET)根据水分平衡法计算[24]:
ET=R+I+SWD-Ri-D+CR
式中:R为冬小麦生育期降水量,mm;I为冬小麦生育期灌水量,mm;SWD为冬小麦生育期土壤贮水消耗量,mm;Ri 为径流量,mm;D为根层土壤水分向下渗透量,mm;CR为毛管水上升到根区的水量,mm。
由于试验地点地势平坦,土层深厚,所有试验小区作物在整个生育期内没有与外界发生过水平方向的水量交换,因此,Ri 忽略不计;该地区地下水位较深,超过40 m,因此,D和CR忽略不计。计算公式为:
ET=R+I+SWD
使用Excel 2019软件进行数据统计和作图分析,使用SPSS 26软件进行方差分析(ANOVA)、显著性差异检验(LSD;p<0.05)和相关性分析,结果为重复值的平均值。
由表2可知,在生育期仅灌溉60 mm的条件下,不同灌溉时期处理间麦田土壤贮水消耗量及其占比的差异在2个试验年度均未达到显著水平。2021—2022年生长季播前土壤贮水量高达655.7 mm,且生育期内降水少,土壤贮水消耗量达到300 mm以上,消耗占比接近70%,处理间贮水消耗量最大增幅仅为2.4%。2022—2023年生长季播前土壤贮水量较2021—2022年生长季降低134.5 mm,生育期内降水增加113 mm,土壤贮水消耗量不足180 mm,处理间最大增幅为10.6%。上述结果表明,在小麦限灌一水条件下,特别是在生育期内降水较少年型下,推迟灌溉对生育期土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量的影响很小,可能是因为限灌一水条件下麦田供水严重不足,降水较少时各处理土壤贮水消耗都接近可利用的上限。
由表3可知,2个试验年度虽然小麦生育期总耗水量相近(表2),但阶段耗水差异很大,2021—2022年生长季开花前土壤贮水消耗量和耗水量分别比2022—2023年生长季同期高201.7、144.6 mm,开花后二者则分别低61.4、118.0 mm,说明限水灌溉条件下小麦阶段耗水分配受气候年型影响很大。2022—2023年生长季T4至开花阶段的土壤贮水消耗量呈负值,是因为本年度返青至T4阶段一直无有效降水,而T4至开花阶段降水较多且进行灌溉,导致开花期土壤贮水量高于T4时期。灌溉处理间相比,在每个阶段土壤贮水消耗量的差异都未达到显著水平,最大差值出现在2022—2023年生长季的开花至成熟阶段,T6处理土壤贮水消耗量比T4仅高16.04 mm,其他阶段处理间差异均<10 mm,说明在限灌一水条件下,推迟灌溉对小麦花前和花后的阶段耗水影响有限。
由图2可知,在2021—2022年生长季的开花期和成熟期,灌水处理间0~200 cm各土层的土壤体积含水量差异均未达到显著水平。2022—2023年生长季春季降水较多,开花期处理间的土壤含水量差异亦不显著,但成熟期处理间差异与2021—2022年生长季不同,表现为早灌溉的T4处理20~60 cm各土层的土壤体积含水量显著低于T6处理,80 cm以下各土层的含水量则总体高于T6处理,且100~200 cm土层总的贮水量显著高于T6处理,说明在降水较多年型下推迟灌溉有利于促进小麦对深层土壤水的吸收,但在降水较少时此优势不再明显。
由图3可知,2021—2022年生长季,随着灌溉追氮时期的推迟,开花期和成熟期干物质及花后干物质积累量均呈先增后降趋势。与T4和T6相比,T5处理开花期干物质积累量分别高2.32%和14.38%,花后干物质积累量高20.79%和14.75%,成熟期干物质积累高8.18%和14.51%。2022—2023年生长季,随着灌溉追氮时期的推迟,各时期干物质均呈下降趋势。与T5和T6相比,T4处理开花期干物质分别高7.55%和14.18%,花后干物质积累量高17.65%和23.42%,成熟期干物质高10.32%和16.74%。表明限灌一水模式下适宜的灌溉追氮时期有利于同步促进小麦花前和花后的干物质积累。
由表4可知,气候年型对小麦产量及其构成要素和水分利用效率的影响均达到显著水平,灌溉追氮时期对穗数、千粒重、穗粒重和产量的影响也达到显著水平,但气候年型和灌溉时期对穗数、穗粒重和产量的影响未表现出显著的交互效应,说明在不同气候年型下优化灌溉时期都有增产的潜在效应,但同时这种效应又十分有限,无法完全消除气候年型的产量差异。
随着灌溉追氮时期的推迟,穗数呈持续下降趋势,2个生长季T4比T6分别高18.25%和6.38%。穗粒数呈持续升高趋势,2个生长季的最大增幅分别为13.76%和3.71%。千粒重在不同试验年度处理间变化趋势不同,主要与穗粒数差异有关,但穗粒重随灌溉推迟呈升高趋势,2个生长季的最大增幅分别为12.16%和5.98%。籽粒产量在2021—2022年生长季呈先升后降趋势,T5处理比T4和T6分别高4.68%和8.79%,在2022—2023生长季则呈逐渐下降趋势,T4处理比T5和T6分别高2.96%和5.19%。表明限灌一水条件下,推迟灌溉追氮时期虽然可提高穗粒数和穗粒重,但同时导致穗数降低,在春4叶至春5叶露尖期间灌溉追氮产量较稳定,推迟至春6叶露尖穗粒数和穗粒重的提升无法完全弥补穗数降低的负面效应,减产风险较大。2个生长季处理间水分利用效率的差异与籽粒产量的差异趋势完全一致,说明在限灌一水条件下,适时灌水追氮有利于同步实现增产和增效。
小麦穗数、开花后和成熟期干物质积累量与籽粒产量均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.500*、0.752**、0.501*,而穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重与产量呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.607**、-0.723**、-0.856**,说明在限灌一水条件下,增产的关键在于通过优化灌溉时期增加穗数和干物质等群体数量,而非执着于改善穗粒数和粒重等个体质量。播前土壤贮水量与籽粒产量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.858**,总耗水量和降水量与产量却未呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.280和-0.924**,说明限灌模式下较高的播前土壤贮水量是小麦高产的基本保障,水分阶段供应的适宜性比供应总量对实现高产更加重要。
提高对降水和土壤贮水的利用是节水灌溉的重要目标[25-26]。刘志良等[27]研究表明,推迟水氮施用时期可增加小麦生育期总耗水量(ET)。本研究发现,在小麦限灌一水条件下,特别是在生育期内降水较少年型下,推迟灌溉对生育期土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量的影响很小,可能是因为限灌一水条件下麦田供水严重不足,降水较少时各处理土壤贮水消耗都接近可利用的上限。马富举等[28]研究指出,小麦从开花至成熟阶段耗水量最大。但本研究中2021—2022生长季小麦开花前耗水量比花后高164.4 mm,而2022—2023生长季开花前比花后低98.2 mm,说明限水灌溉条件下小麦阶段耗水分配受气候年型影响很大;孟维伟等[26]研究发现,灌溉时期从拔节期推迟至开花期,花前土壤耗水比例下降,花后耗水比例升高。本研究表明,在限灌一水条件下,推迟灌溉对小麦花前和花后的阶段耗水影响有限,但在降水较多年型下推迟灌溉有利于促进小麦对深层土壤水的吸收,可能是因为其前期干旱促进根系下扎;刘哲文等[29]也指出,适当推迟灌水追氮有利于小麦利用深层水分。
干物质积累是决定小麦产量的关键[30-31]。杨文龙[32]研究表明,灌水追氮时期由返青期推迟到拔节期提高成熟期干物质积累量;韩东伟等[8]研究也表明,灌水追氮时期从起身中期推迟到拔节初期或孕穗期,花后干物质积累量呈增加趋势;但刘哲文等[29]研究发现,灌水追氮时期由拔节期推迟到挑旗期,成熟期干物质积累量呈降低趋势。本研究发现,不同气候年型下,花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质积累量对水氮推迟的响应存在一定差异,2021—2022生长季,花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质积累量均呈先升高后下降趋势,而2022—2023生长季则呈逐渐降低趋势,与产量的变化趋势完全一致,根本原因是不同年型下推迟灌溉导致穗数的下降程度存在差异。
灌溉时期是影响小麦生长发育与产量形成的重要因素[33],其对群体穗数、穗粒数及千粒重均有重要影响。前人[11]研究表明,灌溉时期的推迟显著影响穗数,灌溉时期从返青期推迟至拔节期可增加成熟期穗数;但若从拔节期进一步推迟至孕穗或灌浆期,成穗数则呈下降趋势[34]。本试验也发现,春季灌溉时间从春4叶露尖推迟至春6叶露尖导致穗数逐步降低。是因为春4叶露尖时小麦已快进入拔节期,主茎和低位分蘖的生长强度在快速提升,茎蘖间对水肥的竞争逐渐加强,此阶段缺水导致高位分蘖水肥不足且光合速率下降,向穗部的蔗糖供应减少,最终导致穗发育停滞和分蘖退化[35]。
不同的水氮施用时期也影响穗粒数,前人[30]研究表明,随灌水次数增加,穗粒数呈增加趋势;石刚等[11]研究指出,穗粒数随水氮施用推迟而增加,但差异不显著;薛丽萍[34]研究发现,由拔节期推迟至孕穗或灌浆期时穗粒数先升后降,但差异未达显著水平。本试验研究也表明,随水氮时期推迟,穗粒数呈增加趋势,但处理间差异不显著,与前人[11,30,34]结论一致。有研究[7,36-37]表明,随着灌水次数的增加或者水氮施用时期的推迟,千粒重呈增加趋势。本试验中随着水氮施用时期的推迟,千粒重未呈现规律性变化,但穗粒重呈逐渐增加趋势。
从最终产量来看,2021—2022年生长季T5产量最高,2022—2023年生长季T4产量最高,与2个生长季的穗数变化差异有关。2021—2022年生长季9月下旬至10月上旬累计降水210.10 mm,土壤底墒达655.74 mm,且因为降雨导致播期推迟约10 d,播种密度增加150×104/hm2,所以T5较T4穗数仅降低1.2%,并依靠较高的穗粒重获得最高产量。而2022—2023年生长季底墒仅541.24 mm,11月上旬至下旬温度一直偏高,幼苗未能获得充分的抗寒锻炼,11月26日—30日出现断崖式降温,最大降幅为10.60 ℃,低温持续4 d,对幼苗伤害较大。叠加次年返青至拔节阶段一直未出现有效降水,也不利于茎蘖成穗,导致T5的穗数降幅高于上一年度,籽粒产量低于T4。因此,当播前底墒>600 mm或春季降雨充沛时,可推迟至春5叶期灌溉以兼顾粒重;而在底墒不足550 mm或干旱年份,必须在春4叶期灌溉以保穗数。
综合2个试验年度的各项指标可以明确,在限灌一水条件下,调节灌水追氮时期虽然对小麦长周期的阶段耗水量影响很小,但仍可通过影响关键时期的水分供应对穗数和产量实现显著的调控效应。气候年型虽然对小麦产量的3个构成要素都可产生显著影响,但气候年型和灌溉时期对穗数、穗粒重和产量的影响未表现出显著的交互效应,说明虽然在不同气候年型下优化灌溉时期都有增产的潜在效应,但该效应十分有限,无法消除气候年型的产量差异。进一步通过各指标与产量的相关性可明确,在河北省限灌一水条件下,小麦增产的关键在于通过优化灌溉时期增加穗数和干物质等群体数量,而非执着于改善穗粒数和粒重等个体质量,限灌模式下较高的播前土壤贮水量是小麦高产的基本保障,水分阶段供应的适宜性比供应总量对实现高产更加重要。
河北省小麦全生育期限灌一水模式下,因水分供应明显不足,调节灌溉追氮时期对小麦长周期的阶段耗水量影响很小,但仍可通过影响关键时期的水分供应对穗数和产量实现显著的调控效应,利用灌溉形成较高的穗数是限灌高产和水分高效的关键。推迟灌溉追氮在降水较多年份下有利于促进小麦对深层土壤水的吸收,但在降水较少时效果不显著,虽能提高穗粒数和穗粒重,但存在大幅降低穗数导致减产的风险。春4叶或春5叶露尖时灌溉追氮具备更稳定的穗数保障,有利于实现较高的干物质积累量和籽粒产量,同步实现一水丰产和水分高效。春4叶露尖灌溉追氮是限水条件下的稳产底线(保穗数),春5叶露尖灌溉追氮是高土壤底墒或晚播较高种植密度下的优化选择(保粒重)。本研究仅在2个试验年度开展,而最佳灌溉追氮时期受土壤肥力、基础墒情、降水分配和幼苗素质等多重因素的影响,后续还应在更多的土壤类型和气候年型下开展试验,以获得更加细致准确的结果。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301500)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.007
  • 接收时间:2025-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-25
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
  • 录用日期:2026-03-13
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301500)
作者信息
    河北农业大学农学院,省部共建华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室,河北省作物生长调控实验室,河北 保定 071000

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王红光(1983—),男,副教授,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事小麦高产栽培理论与技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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