Article(id=1312009605786460887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769011200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-22, revisedDate=1773763200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-18, acceptedDate=1774368000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-25, onlineDate=1790737065979, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737065979, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737065979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737065979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=331, endPage=344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009605983593176, articleId=1312009605786460887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Intensity Assessment of Compound Soil Erosion in Source Region of Yellow River and Its Response to Climate Change under Background of Ecological Restoration, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of compound soil erosion in the source region of the Yellow River under the background of ecological restoration and reveal its response mechanisms to climate change. Methods Based on meteorological observations, remote sensing-derived vegetation index, and topographic data from 1980 to 2020, the RUSLE, RWEQ, and freeze-thaw erosion models were coupled to quantitatively assess the intensity of three types of soil erosion driving forces. Transition matrices were employed to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution pathways, while pixel-based partial correlation analysis was conducted to reveal the independent responses of compound erosion to annual precipitation, annual average temperature, and annual average wind speed. Results From 1980 to 2020, the climate in the source region of the Yellow River exhibited a warming and wetting trend, characterized by a significant increase in precipitation, a temperature rise of 1.5 ℃, and a wind speed reduction of 0.3-0.6 m/s, while vegetation coverage increased by more than 40.0%. The intensities of water, wind, and freeze-thaw erosion all decreased significantly. Partial correlation analysis between different climate variables and compound erosion driving forces revealed that, during the study period (1980-2020), the positive driving effect of precipitation on erosion continuously strengthened (the proportion of positively correlated area increased from 27.4% to 56.0%), the influence of temperature shifted from promoting to suppressing erosion (the proportion of positively correlated area decreased from 46.0% to 12.8%), and the driving effect of wind speed markedly weakened (the proportion of positively correlated area decreased to 19.8%). The alternating and synergistic effects of compound erosion driving forces in the source region of the Yellow River resulted in abnormal responses of climate variables and erosion intensity changes under specific spatiotemporal conditions. Conclusion The ecological restoration project effectively improves the compound soil erosion environmental characteristics in the source region of the Yellow River, thereby suppressing the compound soil erosion in this region. The alternating and synergistic effects of compound erosion driving forces lead to abnormal spatiotemporal responses of climate variables and erosion intensity changes. The research findings provide theoretical references for the intensity assessment of compound soil erosion and its response to environmental changes.

, authors=Biao Zhang1, 2, Zhiying Wang1, 2, Fatong Song1, 2, Haiyan Fang3, 4, Min Ma5, Fengbao Zhang2, Shufang Wu1, 2, Hao Feng2, authorsList=Biao Zhang, Zhiying Wang, Fatong Song, Haiyan Fang, Min Ma, Fengbao Zhang, Shufang Wu, Hao Feng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shufang Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009607866835685, articleId=1312009605786460887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度评估及其对气候变化的响应, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为阐明生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀时空演变特征及其对气候变化的响应机制。 方法 基于1980—2020年气象观测、遥感植被指数及地形数据,耦合RUSLE、RWEQ与冻融侵蚀模型,定量评估3类营力侵蚀强度;结合转移矩阵分析时空演变路径,并采用逐栅格偏相关分析揭示复合侵蚀对年降水量、年平均气温和年平均风速的独立响应关系。 结果 1980—2020年黄河源区气候呈“暖湿化”趋势(降水显著增加,气温上升1.5 ℃,风速下降0.3~0.6 m/s),植被覆盖度提升超40.0%。水蚀、风蚀与冻融侵蚀强度均显著降低。不同气候变量与复合侵蚀营力的偏相关分析表明,1980—2020年降水对侵蚀的正向驱动持续增强(正相关区占比由27.4%提升至56.0%),气温影响由促进转为抑制(正相关区占比从46.0%下降至12.8%),风速驱动作用明显弱化(正相关区占比下降至19.8%)。黄河源区复合侵蚀营力的交替和协同作用,导致特定时空条件中气候变量与侵蚀强度变化的异常响应。 结论 生态恢复工程有效改善黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀环境特征,抑制黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀;复合营力侵蚀交替和协同作用导致气候变量与侵蚀强度变化异常响应的时空关系。研究结果为复合土壤侵蚀强度评估及其与环境变化之间的响应研究提供理论参考。

, authors=张彪1, 2, 王治英1, 2, 宋法通1, 2, 方海燕3, 4, 马敏5, 张风宝2, 吴淑芳1, 2, 冯浩2, authorsList=张彪, 王治英, 宋法通, 方海燕, 马敏, 张风宝, 吴淑芳, 冯浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴淑芳, authorNote=

张彪(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要从事复合土壤侵蚀及水文过程模拟研究。E-mail:

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吴淑芳(1977—),女,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事土壤侵蚀及水文过程模拟研究。E-mial:
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张彪(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要从事复合土壤侵蚀及水文过程模拟研究。E-mail:

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ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009608495981299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, companyId=1312009608487592690, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.School of Civil Engineering and Water Resources,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009608500175604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, companyId=1312009608487592690, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.青海大学土木水利学院,西宁 810016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009611343913774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location and distribution of erosion types in source region of Yellow River, figureFileSmall=kjTepTn5RaAKiaY565Dl7w==, figureFileBig=WmI4ugSYefRmHX2STwvuPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611406828335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄河源区位置及侵蚀类型分布, figureFileSmall=kjTepTn5RaAKiaY565Dl7w==, figureFileBig=WmI4ugSYefRmHX2STwvuPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611599766320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spatiotemporal distribution of soil erosion environmental characteristics in source region of Yellow River, figureFileSmall=AFEGMdHFH1P1PFBe1BFPzQ==, figureFileBig=35mH3T9NPIl8RMVIlQzDDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611675263793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黄河源区土壤侵蚀环境特征时空分布, figureFileSmall=AFEGMdHFH1P1PFBe1BFPzQ==, figureFileBig=35mH3T9NPIl8RMVIlQzDDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611759149874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatiotemporal distribution of compound soil erosion intensity in source region of Yellow River, figureFileSmall=LH1ziForM+0nYvZf5om7Xw==, figureFileBig=RH5wSIYRMRzzHnPNrSsl4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611822064435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度时空分布, figureFileSmall=LH1ziForM+0nYvZf5om7Xw==, figureFileBig=RH5wSIYRMRzzHnPNrSsl4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611918533428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Partial correlation analysis between soil erosion and annual precipitation in source region of Yellow River, figureFileSmall=L6192uNYhPDm+JUWQcRZjA==, figureFileBig=XbtbwsNCkKqWXNarUbizZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009611977253685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄河源区土壤侵蚀与年降水量的偏相关性, figureFileSmall=L6192uNYhPDm+JUWQcRZjA==, figureFileBig=XbtbwsNCkKqWXNarUbizZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009612048556854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Partial correlation analysis between soil erosion and annual average temperature in source region of Yellow River, figureFileSmall=/AhWTFhbPmb2vOWE01pirA==, figureFileBig=Iakq6uQP0pVTVHbomcQkGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009612119860023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黄河源区土壤侵蚀与年平均气温的偏相关性, figureFileSmall=/AhWTFhbPmb2vOWE01pirA==, figureFileBig=Iakq6uQP0pVTVHbomcQkGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009612195357496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Partial correlation analysis between soil erosion and wind speed in source region of Yellow River, figureFileSmall=VDmPnp2LiH2UZPRNSawmUg==, figureFileBig=dAxE94P4X2bQ4g/a09MbOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009612279243577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=图6, caption=黄河源区土壤侵蚀与风速的偏相关性, figureFileSmall=VDmPnp2LiH2UZPRNSawmUg==, figureFileBig=dAxE94P4X2bQ4g/a09MbOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009612350546746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Data sources of study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型数据名称分辨率来源
土壤侵蚀类型分布数据中国土壤侵蚀类型空间分布数据—资源环境科学数据平台(https:∥www.resdc.cn/)
地形数据COP-DEM30 m欧洲航天局(https:∥dataspace.copernicus.eu/)
土地利用数据CLCD30 mhttps:∥doi.org/10.528 1/zenodo.441 7810
植被数据中国1981—2023年每日无缺口归一化差分植被指数数据集1 kmhttps:∥doi.org/10.103 8/s41 597~024~03 364~3
气候数据中国地面气象站逐日观测数据集 (V3.0)—中国气象网(http:∥data.cma.cn)
土壤数据HWSD2.01 km世界土壤数据库(https:∥gaez.fao.org/pages/hwsd)
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612426044219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区数据源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型数据名称分辨率来源
土壤侵蚀类型分布数据中国土壤侵蚀类型空间分布数据—资源环境科学数据平台(https:∥www.resdc.cn/)
地形数据COP-DEM30 m欧洲航天局(https:∥dataspace.copernicus.eu/)
土地利用数据CLCD30 mhttps:∥doi.org/10.528 1/zenodo.441 7810
植被数据中国1981—2023年每日无缺口归一化差分植被指数数据集1 kmhttps:∥doi.org/10.103 8/s41 597~024~03 364~3
气候数据中国地面气象站逐日观测数据集 (V3.0)—中国气象网(http:∥data.cma.cn)
土壤数据HWSD2.01 km世界土壤数据库(https:∥gaez.fao.org/pages/hwsd)
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612518318908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation indicators of freeze-thaw erosion intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标单位定义备注
年冻融循环天数d经历完整冻融循环的天数。冻融循环次数反映冻融事件发生的频率,影响冻融侵蚀的强度
年冻融循环水量mm活动层(冻融层)土壤由冻结状态转为解冻状态时的总水量。冻融过程相变过程中的水分含量可以反映冻融侵蚀发生的水分条件
气温年较差℃一年中最高气温和最低气温之差年温度波动对冻融侵蚀强度有重要影响
年累积降水量mm一年中降雨量、降雪量和其他形式的降水量累积之和降水影响土壤水分和冻融循环的频率
坡度—斜坡的垂直高度(h)与水平宽度l之比在土壤冻融循环过程中,边坡对水流有一定的影响。
坡向—斜坡在水平面上的投影方向坡向影响太阳辐射量的接收,冻融循环
植被覆盖度—反映植被生长状况指数植被覆盖可以保护土壤表面,通过隔离土壤和保持水分来减少冻融侵蚀的影响。
土壤结构稳定性指数—土壤结构的稳定性土壤结构抵抗冻融循环破坏的能力
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612593816381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冻融侵蚀强度评价因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标单位定义备注
年冻融循环天数d经历完整冻融循环的天数。冻融循环次数反映冻融事件发生的频率,影响冻融侵蚀的强度
年冻融循环水量mm活动层(冻融层)土壤由冻结状态转为解冻状态时的总水量。冻融过程相变过程中的水分含量可以反映冻融侵蚀发生的水分条件
气温年较差℃一年中最高气温和最低气温之差年温度波动对冻融侵蚀强度有重要影响
年累积降水量mm一年中降雨量、降雪量和其他形式的降水量累积之和降水影响土壤水分和冻融循环的频率
坡度—斜坡的垂直高度(h)与水平宽度l之比在土壤冻融循环过程中,边坡对水流有一定的影响。
坡向—斜坡在水平面上的投影方向坡向影响太阳辐射量的接收,冻融循环
植被覆盖度—反映植被生长状况指数植被覆盖可以保护土壤表面,通过隔离土壤和保持水分来减少冻融侵蚀的影响。
土壤结构稳定性指数—土壤结构的稳定性土壤结构抵抗冻融循环破坏的能力
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612673508158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation and verification of compound soil erosion intensity in source region of Yellow River

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合土壤侵蚀类型年份土壤侵蚀强度等级/%

土壤侵蚀强度/

(t·km-2·a-1)

微度轻度中度强烈极强烈剧烈其他研究本研究

水力

侵蚀[32]

200092.27/91.784.99/7.142.23/1.90.43/0.450.06/0.210.02/0.033.784.19
200583.16/88.6812.13/8.912.55/2.801.45/0.740.69/0.340.02/0.056.485.21
201091.42/83.925.47/10.862.02/4.460.94/1.370.14/0.74—/0.163.937.21
201592.27/89.164.75/8.682.37/2.650.55/0.690.06/0.30—/0.043.715.01

风力

侵蚀[33]

200091.01/91.168.40/8.190.47/0.340.07/0.060.04/0.01—0.850.78
200596.68/92.743.31/7.090.01/————0.340.51
201093.84/92.576.13/7.130.03/0.05———0.540.60
201596.08/93.893.92/5.95————0.360.42
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612740617023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄河源区复合侵蚀土壤侵蚀强度评估验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合土壤侵蚀类型年份土壤侵蚀强度等级/%

土壤侵蚀强度/

(t·km-2·a-1)

微度轻度中度强烈极强烈剧烈其他研究本研究

水力

侵蚀[32]

200092.27/91.784.99/7.142.23/1.90.43/0.450.06/0.210.02/0.033.784.19
200583.16/88.6812.13/8.912.55/2.801.45/0.740.69/0.340.02/0.056.485.21
201091.42/83.925.47/10.862.02/4.460.94/1.370.14/0.74—/0.163.937.21
201592.27/89.164.75/8.682.37/2.650.55/0.690.06/0.30—/0.043.715.01

风力

侵蚀[33]

200091.01/91.168.40/8.190.47/0.340.07/0.060.04/0.01—0.850.78
200596.68/92.743.31/7.090.01/————0.340.51
201093.84/92.576.13/7.130.03/0.05———0.540.60
201596.08/93.893.92/5.95————0.360.42
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612820308800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Area transfer matrix of water erosion intensity grades

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1980年2020年
微度轻度中度强烈极强烈剧烈总计
微度11 887.161.15.00.30011 953.6
轻度4 456.4201.842.87.81.304 710.0
中度4 418.1525.1142.123.94.005 113.3
强烈4 175.3798.8259.656.614.00.85 305.1
极强烈5 840.21 353.1447.2123.636.14.47 804.5
剧烈3 603.4977.5419.3150.797.418.35 266.4
总计34 380.43 917.41 316.0362.9152.723.440 152.9
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612904194881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水力侵蚀强度等级面积转移矩阵 (km2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1980年2020年
微度轻度中度强烈极强烈剧烈总计
微度11 887.161.15.00.30011 953.6
轻度4 456.4201.842.87.81.304 710.0
中度4 418.1525.1142.123.94.005 113.3
强烈4 175.3798.8259.656.614.00.85 305.1
极强烈5 840.21 353.1447.2123.636.14.47 804.5
剧烈3 603.4977.5419.3150.797.418.35 266.4
总计34 380.43 917.41 316.0362.9152.723.440 152.9
), ArticleFig(id=1312009612967109442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Area transfer matrix of wind erosion intensity grades

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1980年2020年
微度轻度总计
微度8 209.7276.68 486.3
轻度1 519.3299.71 819.0
中度21.779.6101.3
强烈1.90.12.0
总计9 752.6655.910 408.5
), ArticleFig(id=1312009613025829699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

风力侵蚀强度等级面积转移矩阵 (km2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1980年2020年
微度轻度总计
微度8 209.7276.68 486.3
轻度1 519.3299.71 819.0
中度21.779.6101.3
强烈1.90.12.0
总计9 752.6655.910 408.5
), ArticleFig(id=1312009613092938564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Area transfer matrix of freeze-thaw erosion intensity grades

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1980年2020年
微度轻度中度强烈极强烈剧烈总计
微度2 882.6173.200003 055.8
轻度19 467.627 193.4217.50.40.1046 879.0
中度273.111 036.13 617.5171.40.1015 098.1
强烈0.3494.02 506.81 053.679.604 134.3
极强烈08.3185.5686.1426.96.41 313.2
剧烈0002.522.914.039.4
总计22 623.638 904.96 527.31 914.0529.520.470 519.8
), ArticleFig(id=1312009613181018949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009605786460887, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

冻融侵蚀强度等级面积转移矩阵 (km2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1980年2020年
微度轻度中度强烈极强烈剧烈总计
微度2 882.6173.200003 055.8
轻度19 467.627 193.4217.50.40.1046 879.0
中度273.111 036.13 617.5171.40.1015 098.1
强烈0.3494.02 506.81 053.679.604 134.3
极强烈08.3185.5686.1426.96.41 313.2
剧烈0002.522.914.039.4
总计22 623.638 904.96 527.31 914.0529.520.470 519.8
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生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度评估及其对气候变化的响应
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张彪 1, 2 , 王治英 1, 2 , 宋法通 1, 2 , 方海燕 3, 4 , 马敏 5 , 张风宝 2 , 吴淑芳 1, 2 , 冯浩 2
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 331-344
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 331 -344
生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度评估及其对气候变化的响应
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张彪1, 2 , 王治英1, 2, 宋法通1, 2, 方海燕3, 4, 马敏5, 张风宝2, 吴淑芳1, 2 , 冯浩2
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2.西北农林科技大学水土保持与;荒漠化整治全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
  • 4.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100101
  • 5.青海大学土木水利学院,西宁 810016
通讯作者:
吴淑芳(1977—),女,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事土壤侵蚀及水文过程模拟研究。E-mial:
作者简介:

张彪(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要从事复合土壤侵蚀及水文过程模拟研究。E-mail:

Intensity Assessment of Compound Soil Erosion in Source Region of Yellow River and Its Response to Climate Change under Background of Ecological Restoration
Biao Zhang1, 2 , Zhiying Wang1, 2, Fatong Song1, 2, Haiyan Fang3, 4, Min Ma5, Fengbao Zhang2, Shufang Wu1, 2 , Hao Feng2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
  • 3.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
  • 4.College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
  • 5.School of Civil Engineering and Water Resources,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.018
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目的 为阐明生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀时空演变特征及其对气候变化的响应机制。 方法 基于1980—2020年气象观测、遥感植被指数及地形数据,耦合RUSLE、RWEQ与冻融侵蚀模型,定量评估3类营力侵蚀强度;结合转移矩阵分析时空演变路径,并采用逐栅格偏相关分析揭示复合侵蚀对年降水量、年平均气温和年平均风速的独立响应关系。 结果 1980—2020年黄河源区气候呈“暖湿化”趋势(降水显著增加,气温上升1.5 ℃,风速下降0.3~0.6 m/s),植被覆盖度提升超40.0%。水蚀、风蚀与冻融侵蚀强度均显著降低。不同气候变量与复合侵蚀营力的偏相关分析表明,1980—2020年降水对侵蚀的正向驱动持续增强(正相关区占比由27.4%提升至56.0%),气温影响由促进转为抑制(正相关区占比从46.0%下降至12.8%),风速驱动作用明显弱化(正相关区占比下降至19.8%)。黄河源区复合侵蚀营力的交替和协同作用,导致特定时空条件中气候变量与侵蚀强度变化的异常响应。 结论 生态恢复工程有效改善黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀环境特征,抑制黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀;复合营力侵蚀交替和协同作用导致气候变量与侵蚀强度变化异常响应的时空关系。研究结果为复合土壤侵蚀强度评估及其与环境变化之间的响应研究提供理论参考。

复合土壤侵蚀  /  生态恢复  /  高海拔寒旱区  /  土壤侵蚀模型  /  多准则模型  /  偏相关分析

Objective This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of compound soil erosion in the source region of the Yellow River under the background of ecological restoration and reveal its response mechanisms to climate change. Methods Based on meteorological observations, remote sensing-derived vegetation index, and topographic data from 1980 to 2020, the RUSLE, RWEQ, and freeze-thaw erosion models were coupled to quantitatively assess the intensity of three types of soil erosion driving forces. Transition matrices were employed to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution pathways, while pixel-based partial correlation analysis was conducted to reveal the independent responses of compound erosion to annual precipitation, annual average temperature, and annual average wind speed. Results From 1980 to 2020, the climate in the source region of the Yellow River exhibited a warming and wetting trend, characterized by a significant increase in precipitation, a temperature rise of 1.5 ℃, and a wind speed reduction of 0.3-0.6 m/s, while vegetation coverage increased by more than 40.0%. The intensities of water, wind, and freeze-thaw erosion all decreased significantly. Partial correlation analysis between different climate variables and compound erosion driving forces revealed that, during the study period (1980-2020), the positive driving effect of precipitation on erosion continuously strengthened (the proportion of positively correlated area increased from 27.4% to 56.0%), the influence of temperature shifted from promoting to suppressing erosion (the proportion of positively correlated area decreased from 46.0% to 12.8%), and the driving effect of wind speed markedly weakened (the proportion of positively correlated area decreased to 19.8%). The alternating and synergistic effects of compound erosion driving forces in the source region of the Yellow River resulted in abnormal responses of climate variables and erosion intensity changes under specific spatiotemporal conditions. Conclusion The ecological restoration project effectively improves the compound soil erosion environmental characteristics in the source region of the Yellow River, thereby suppressing the compound soil erosion in this region. The alternating and synergistic effects of compound erosion driving forces lead to abnormal spatiotemporal responses of climate variables and erosion intensity changes. The research findings provide theoretical references for the intensity assessment of compound soil erosion and its response to environmental changes.

compound soil erosion  /  ecological restoration  /  high-altitude cold and arid regions  /  soil erosion model  /  multi-criteria model  /  partial correlation analysis
张彪, 王治英, 宋法通, 方海燕, 马敏, 张风宝, 吴淑芳, 冯浩. 生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度评估及其对气候变化的响应. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 331 -344 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.018
Biao Zhang, Zhiying Wang, Fatong Song, Haiyan Fang, Min Ma, Fengbao Zhang, Shufang Wu, Hao Feng. Intensity Assessment of Compound Soil Erosion in Source Region of Yellow River and Its Response to Climate Change under Background of Ecological Restoration[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 331 -344 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.018
复合土壤侵蚀是土壤在多种侵蚀力作用下的剥蚀、破坏、分离、迁移和沉积过程,包括风、水和冻融作用[1]。黄河源区作为青藏高原生态安全屏障和黄河上游重要水源涵养区,长期受到高寒、干旱、强辐射等自然条件制约,面临水力、风力与冻融营力造成的复合土壤侵蚀威胁[2]。事实上,黄河源区地处青藏高原东北缘,高寒干旱、植被稀疏、土层浅薄,冬春季节大风频繁导致风力侵蚀活跃,夏季集中降雨引发水力侵蚀,冻融循环频繁则使土壤结构反复破坏,形成典型的水-风-冻融复合侵蚀格局[3-4]。自21世纪初期以来,黄河源区成为国家生态治理的重点区域并启动生态恢复工程。工程以“退牧还草、封山育林、黑土滩治理生态移民、围栏封育”为主要措施,通过禁牧减畜、植被重建与生态系统整体修复,遏制草地退化与土地沙化趋势[5]。气候变化与生态工程双重背景下黄河源区土壤侵蚀环境特征发生显著改变:一方面,气温持续升高、降水格局波动,导致冻融循环频率与强度改变,冰雪融水过程发生变化[6];另一方面,自21世纪初期生态保护与建设工程实施以来,退牧还草、封育禁牧等措施显著改变区域下垫面状况[7-8]。
然而,目前该区域生态恢复工程前后的复合土壤侵蚀时空分布格局尚未明确。以往研究[9-10]多是基于单一侵蚀营力的评估方法难以准确刻画复合侵蚀变化。针对黄河源区土壤侵蚀的研究多聚焦于水蚀或风蚀的独立分析,水-风-冻融多营力作用下的复合侵蚀强度及其时空分异规律仍缺乏系统量化。研究区水力侵蚀主要集中在东部降水较丰、河网密布、地形起伏较大的区域,尤其6—9月雨季表现强烈;风力侵蚀则存在于西北部高海拔、干旱少雨、地表裸露的宽谷盆地和退化草甸区;冻融侵蚀广泛分布于坡度较缓但土壤含水量较高的高寒草甸和黑土滩区域[11]。尽管已有大量研究[2-3,6]证实生态恢复工程对减少土壤侵蚀具有积极作用,但针对复合土壤侵蚀强度时空变化,仍缺乏基于长时序、高分辨率数据的定性和定量解析,严重制约生态修复工程成效的科学评估。全球暖湿化背景下,黄河源区的生态恢复工程在改变区域下垫面状况的同时也使得区域气候环境发生系统性改变,从而深刻影响区域的土壤侵蚀环境[12]。植被覆盖减少地表裸露,显著降低近地表风速,影响土壤冻融循环过程,同时影响地表蒸散发与潜热通量[13-14]。然而,系统性气候变化与复合土壤侵蚀间的响应关系若采用简单相关分析,将无法有效剥离不同气候因子与复合侵蚀的空间变化关系,进而影响准确构建黄河源区不同气候变量与复合土壤侵蚀变化间的空间响应机制。
为此,本研究以黄河源区为研究区域,集成1980—2020年逐日无缝隙植被数据、地面气象观测数据、土地利用数据及数字高程模型,分析研究期间黄河源区关键土壤侵蚀环境特征的变化,构建黄河源区长时间序列,高分辨率的复合土壤侵蚀强度数据集,定量揭示水力、风力与冻融侵蚀的时空演变特征;并进一步耦合偏相关分析等方法,定量剥离年降水量、年平均气温和年平均风速各自对复合土壤侵蚀的净响应关系。研究成果旨在深化对高寒生态脆弱区复合侵蚀过程的理解,为优化黄河源区水土保持策略提供科学依据。
黄河源区(32°25′~36°20′N,95°45′~103°30′E)位于青藏高原东北缘,是黄河的发源地与重要水源涵养区,位于黄河流域龙羊峡水库入库站-唐乃亥水文站上游(图1)。行政上横跨甘肃、青海、四川,总面积约13.2万 km²。该区平均海拔>4 200 m,属典型的高寒高海拔生态系统,气候寒冷干燥,年平均气温-4.0~2.0 ℃,年降水量300~500 mm,集中于6—9月,生态环境脆弱且恢复能力弱[8,15]。
研究区内地貌以高原丘陵、宽谷盆地和冰蚀湖盆为主,地表广泛分布着高寒草甸、高寒草原和沼泽湿地,土壤类型以高山草甸土、高山草原土和沼泽土为主,土层浅薄、结构松散、抗蚀性差[16]。作为国家生态安全屏障的重要组成部分,黄河源区自21世纪初期起实施三江源生态保护与建设工程,通过退牧还草、封山育林、生态移民等措施持续推进生态恢复,植被覆盖状况显著改善。然而,在气候变化与人类活动双重驱动下,该区域仍面临水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀与冻融侵蚀交互叠加的复合土壤侵蚀问题,严重威胁水源涵养功能与生态安全。因此,系统评估生态恢复背景下黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度的时空演变特征,对优化区域水土保持策略、保障黄河上游生态屏障功能具有重要意义。
本研究采用的土壤侵蚀类型分布数据、地形数据、土地利用/土地覆盖数据、植被数据、气候数据及土壤属性数据来源见表1。
修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)由于适用性强、结构简单,参数易获取等特点已被广泛用于世界范围的土壤侵蚀评价,包括中国黄土高原,青藏高原地区,并得到充分验证[17]。其具体原理表达式为:
A=RKLSCP
式中:A为年土壤流失量,t/(hm2·a);R为降雨侵蚀力因子,(MJ·mm)/(hm2·h·a);K为土壤可蚀性因子,(t·h)/(MJ·mm·hm2);C为植被覆盖与管理因子 ;LS为坡长坡度因子;P为水土保持措施因子。
降雨侵蚀力因子(R)反映土壤侵蚀中降雨条件的潜在影响力。本研究采用章文波等[18]提出的以日降雨量为基础的降雨侵蚀力计算方法,其在计算降雨侵蚀力方面考虑侵蚀性降雨。故本研究中采用章文波等提出的降雨侵蚀模型,计算公式为:
R=∑i=124Ri
Ri=α∑k=1m(Pk)β
β=0.836 3+18.144/Pd12+24.455/Py12
α=27.815β-7.189 1
式中:R为年降雨侵蚀力,(MJ·mm)/(ha·h);i为1 a中第i个半月; K为半月内侵蚀性降雨的天数;Pd12为日降雨量12 mm的日平均降雨量,mm;Py12为日降雨量12 mm的年平均降雨量,mm;α、β为回归系数。
土壤可蚀性因子(K)反映土壤颗粒被分离和搬运的难易程度。本研究采用Williams等[19]提出的基于土壤有机质和颗粒组成比例的EPIC模型,计算公式为:
K=0.131 70.2+0.3exp-0.025 6Sa1-Si100×SiCl+Si0.3×1-0.25SOCSOC+exp(3.72-2.95SOC)×1-0.7SnlSnl+exp-5.51+22.9Snl
式中:Sa为砂粒(0.05~2 mm)质量分数,%; Si 为粉砂(0.002~0.05 mm) 质量分数,%; Cl为黏粒(<0.002 mm)质量分数,%;SOC为有机碳质量分数,%;Snl=1-Sa /100。
坡长坡度因子(LS)反映地形对土壤侵蚀的影响。本研究基于COP-DEM数据,采用CSLE模型中等提出的LS因子算法[20],计算公式为:
L=λ22.13m
S=10.80sin  θ+0.03                                              θ<5°16.80sin  θ-0.50                             5° ≤  θ<10°21.91sin  θ-0.96                                              θ≥10°
式中:L为坡长因子;m为坡长指数;S为坡度因子;θ为坡度,(°)。
植被覆盖与经营管理因子(C)反映不同土地利用类型和植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀的影响。本研究采用蔡崇法等[21]基于植被覆盖度的计算公式,对建设用地和水域均认为不存在显著的土壤侵蚀,因此默认C值取0,计算公式为:
C=1                                                                                                               f=00.650 8-0.343 6ln f                0  <f≤78.3%0                                                                                                            f>78.3%
f=NDVI-NDVIsoilNDVIveg-NDVIsoil
式中:C为植被覆盖与作物管理因子;f为植被覆盖度。
水土保持措施因子(P)反映采取特定水保措施后土壤侵蚀量与不采取任何措施时土壤侵蚀量的比值。本研究基于土地利用类型覆被数据和前人研究[22-24]结果进行赋值,林地、草地为1,裸地、水体及建设用地为0,采用Lufafa等[25]提出的方法获得农田的P因子值。
P=0.2+0.03S
式中:S为坡度,(°)。
RWEQ模型是美国农业部(USDA)在20世纪90年代基于早期WEQ模型改进发展而来的定量评估风力土壤侵蚀强度的物理经验模型,广泛应用于干旱、半干旱及高寒草原等风蚀敏感区的土壤风蚀模数估算与风险评估[26]。
Qwind=2xS2Qmaxe-xs2
Qmax=109.8WF×EF×SCF×K×C
s=150.71WF×EF×SCF×K×C-0.371 1
WF=wf×ρg×SW×SD
ρ=348.011.013-0.118 3×EL+0.004 8×EL2T
SW=ETp-R+IRdNdETp
EF=29.9+0.31Sa+0.17Si+0.33Sa/Cl-2.590M-0.95CaCO3100
SCF=11+0.006 6Cl2+0.021OM2
K'=cosα
C=e-0.048 3×SC
SC=NDVI-NDVIminNDVImax-NDVImin
式中:Qx 为距上风向x处的风沙通量,kg/m;Qmax为风力的最大输沙能力,kg/m;s为关键地块长度,m,将其定义为风沙传输最大距离的63%;WF为气候因子,kg/m;EF、SCF、K、COG分别为土壤可蚀性因子、土壤结皮因子、土壤糙度因子、植被盖度因子,无量纲;Sa、Si、Cl 分别为土壤砂粒、粉粒、黏粒质量分数,%; Sa /Cl 为土壤砂粒和黏土质量分数比;OM为有机质质量分数,%;CaCO3为碳酸钙质量分数,%;α为地形坡度;C为绿色植被覆盖率,%;NDVImax和NDVImin分别为95%和5%累积频率的NDVI。
多准则决策模型(MCDM)被开发用于评估冻融侵蚀。该模型由指标和综合权重(主观和客观)组成。采用层次分析法计算主观权重,采用熵权法确定客观权重,最后采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)确定最优权值组合[27]。最终将综合权重与指标相结合计算冻融侵蚀强度指数,评价冻融侵蚀强度。本研究中选择年冻融循环天数、年冻融循环水量、气温年较差、年累积降水量、坡度、坡向、植被盖度和土壤结构稳定性指数共8个因子作为冻融侵蚀强度评价因子,建立研究区冻融侵蚀强度评价体系(表2)。采用李智广等[28]对我国冻融侵蚀的划分方法将冻融侵蚀分为微度侵蚀(<1.7)、轻度侵蚀(1.7~2.2)、中度侵蚀(2.2~2.5)、强烈侵蚀(2.5~2.8)、极强烈侵蚀(2.8~3.3)和剧烈侵蚀(>3.3)6类。部分指标计算公式为:
FTCD=∑i=03651         TDmax>0 &TDmin<00         TDmax≥0, TDmin≥0 &TDmax≤0, TDmin≤0    
PTWC=∑i=012Pi     TMmax>0 &TMmin<00       TMmax≥0, TMmin≥0 &TMmax≤0, TMmin≤0 
SSI=SOC×1.724Cl+Si×100%
式中:FTCD为年冻融循环天数,d;TDmax和TDmin分别为日最高、最低气温,℃;PTWC为年冻融循环水量,mm;Pi 为第i个月降水量,mm;TMmax和TMmin分别为月平均最高/最低气温,℃;SSI为土壤结构稳定指数。
冻融侵蚀强度指数计算公式为:
rij=xij∑i=1mxij
ej=-∑i=1mrij ln rijln m
Wobj=(1-ej)∑j=1n1-ej
式中:xij 为标准化值;m为评价对象;n为评价因子个数;e j 为第j个因子的熵;Wobj为第j个因子的熵权。
Wcom=αWsub+1-αWobj
式中:α为基于目标函数的粒子群优化(PSO)算法优化的比例系数。
FTEI=∑i=1nWcom,iIi∑i=1nWcom,i
式中:FTEI为冻融侵蚀强度指数;Wi 为各因子的综合权重;Ii 为各因子的归一化值。
为定量辨识复合土壤侵蚀强度对关键气候因子(年降水量、年平均风速、年平均气温)的独立响应关系,并排除其他变量的共线性干扰,本研究采用逐栅格偏相关分析。在每个栅格单元上,计算复合土壤侵蚀强度序列与某一气候变量间的偏相关系数,同时控制其余2个气候变量的影响。偏相关系数为 [-1,1],绝对值越大表示独立影响越强,符号反映正/负响应关系。该方法有效分离多气候因子的混杂效应,有助于揭示不同驱动因子对复合侵蚀的主导作用及其空间分异特征[29]。
Rxy⋅zw=Rxy,z-Rxw,zRyw,z(1-Rxw,z2)(1-Ryw,z2)
式中:Rxy, zw 为控制z和w的x与y的偏相关系数;Rxy, z 、Rxw, z 、Ryw, z 为x与y、x与w、y与w的偏相关系数。
本研究选取年累积降水量、年平均气温、冻融循环天数、冻融循环水量、植被覆盖度及风速共6个环境指标来反映生态恢复前后黄河源区的复合土壤侵蚀环境特征变化。图2为黄河源区生态恢复工程前后复合土壤侵蚀环境特征的时空分布特征。结果显示,黄河源区的年降水呈东南高、西北低的分布格局,与地形抬升和季风影响方向一致。时间序列显示显著上升趋势,尤其在2005年后,连续多年降水偏丰,湿润化趋势明显。降水增加有利于植被恢复,但也提高了极端降雨事件频率,局部地区水蚀风险上升。整体上,黄河源区生态恢复前后年平均气温呈显著上升趋势(R2=0.392,r=0.557)。该升温趋势与青藏高原整体增温背景一致。生态恢复工程实施前升温速率达0.05 ℃/(10 a),实施后升温趋势加剧,气温整体抬升约1.2~1.8 ℃。升温导致冻结期缩短、融化期提前,影响冻融循环。黄河源区冻融循环天数为160~210 d,空间上以高海拔山地和湖滨湿地为主。生态恢复后受持续升温影响,年际波动显著增加,总体有所下降。黄河源区冻融循环水量为300~400 mm,相对稳定。冻融期缩短和冻土退化,地表产流集中,冻融-水力侵蚀仍具高风险。由于生态工程的实施,植被覆盖明显改善,空间上呈东南高、西北低的格局,与降水梯度一致。2000—2020年植被覆盖度提升至0.60~0.70,增幅达40.0%以上。空间上,植被恢复在退耕区、围栏封育区及河岸带最为明显,形成点-带-面恢复格局。生态恢复后,黄河源区年均风速为2.4~3.0 m/s,呈明显下降趋势。风速下降与植被覆盖提升共同作用,显著降低黄河源区的风力侵蚀潜力。黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀环境伴随生态恢复,由低温高风蚀-强冻融向暖湿低风蚀-植被主导调控转变。
依据土壤侵蚀类型空间分布,基于不同模型计算黄河源区不同营力土壤侵蚀强度。根据《土壤侵蚀分级标准》[30]将黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀强度(水力、风力和冻融侵蚀)分为微弱、轻微、中等、严重、极严重、强烈共6个等级。为验证本研究中复合土壤侵蚀强度评估结果的可靠性,收集以往该地区的土壤侵蚀强度评价结果(表4)。通过土壤侵蚀强度分级与平均土壤侵蚀模数2个方面进行对比,结果显示,本研究水力侵蚀与风力侵蚀评价结果侵蚀模数相近、土壤侵蚀强度等级分布吻合,表明评价方法可靠,结果具有良好的合理性与可比性。该地区冻融侵蚀以微度和轻度为主(合计占87.6%),与崔娟娟等[31]研究结果一致,符合黄河源区高寒生态脆弱但整体侵蚀模数偏低的自然规律,结果具有空间逻辑性和生态合理性。图3展示黄河源区生态恢复前后(1980—2020年)不同土壤营力强度的空间分布。总体而言,1980—2020年黄河源区不同土壤侵蚀营力强度呈下降趋势。空间分布上看,水蚀主要分布在东部与东南部高山草甸与河谷地带,包括玛多县东部、达日县西部、玛沁县北部及黄河干流沿岸,面积为39 927 km²,占总面积的32.5%。研究期间黄河源区平均水力侵蚀模数由1980年的1 039.9 t/(km²·a),减少到2020年的348.8 t/(km²·a),共减少691.1 t/(km²·a)。1980年,剧烈强度等级水蚀占19.3%。到2020年,水力侵蚀明显减弱,微弱侵蚀成为主导类型,占89.3%。水蚀强度显著降低的地区位于低海拔河谷缓坡区,同时也是生态恢复重点治理区。风蚀主要分布在东南部河岸沙地,特别是黄河干流及主要支流的河漫滩、沙洲地带。风蚀减弱区主要集中在东南部的中高海拔草甸区。从1980—2020年平均风蚀模数为12.4~165.3 t/(km²·a),减少152.9 t/(km²·a)。黄河源区受风蚀影响的面积为9 902 km²,占总面积的8.0%。风蚀空间格局以微度和轻度侵蚀强度为主,占风力侵蚀总面积的81.9%。冻融侵蚀是黄河源区分布最为广泛的土壤侵蚀类型,主要发生在黄河源区西部和西北部的高海拔丘陵和平原,面积72 802 km²,占总面积的59.3%,冻融侵蚀强度指数为1.5~2.2。1980年冻融侵蚀强度空间格局以轻度和中度冻融侵蚀为主,分别占61.8%和22.5%。2000年以后,轻度冻融侵蚀比例上升到15.7%,中度冻融侵蚀比例下降到14.4%。冻融侵蚀强度减弱的区域主要分布在植被恢复良好的高寒草甸区。
为揭示黄河源区不同类型土壤侵蚀在长期演变过程中的空间格局转换,构建水力、风力及冻融侵蚀的面积转移矩阵(表5~表7),系统分析各侵蚀类型的强度等级演变路径和转化方向。水力侵蚀以高强度向低等级转化为主,原极强烈和剧烈侵蚀分别有74.8%和68.5%降为微弱;但局部中低强度区出现升级,显示部分区域侵蚀压力仍在加剧。1980—2020年中度和强烈风力侵蚀消失,96.7%的微弱侵蚀区维持不变,且83.5%的轻度侵蚀区转移为微弱侵蚀,整体风险持续降低。1980—2020年黄河源区冻融侵蚀强度总体显著降低,高强度侵蚀面积大幅缩减。微度和轻度侵蚀区合计占比达87.2%,其中1980年中度及以上侵蚀区中有超过70%转移至轻度及以下等级;剧烈侵蚀基本消除,仅存39.4 km²且全部由较低强度转化而来,未出现新增剧烈侵蚀。结果表明,1980—2020年生态恢复与环境变化共同驱动区域土壤侵蚀向低强度、稳定化方向持续改善。
本研究中选择3个气候变量(年降水量、年平均气温、平均风速)通过偏相关分析探究其与复合土壤侵蚀的空间响应关系。图4~图6分别展示了年降水量、年平均气温和风速与复合土壤侵蚀的偏相关系数。1980—2020年黄河源区年降水量与复合土壤侵蚀强度的偏相关系数呈显著的时空演变特征。总体上,降水对侵蚀的正向驱动作用在研究期内持续增强,且空间格局由局部主导向全域强化转变。早期(1980—1985年),正相关区域占比为27.4%,主要集中在东南部河谷地带,而西北部高寒区以弱负相关或不显著为主;至1995—2000年正相关面积比例升至33.6%,并开始向中西部扩展,表明降水在植被覆盖较低的区域逐渐成为侵蚀主导因子。进入生态恢复阶段(2000年后),正相关范围进一步扩大,尤其在2015—2020年正相关区域占比达56.0%,且强度显著提升,相关系数超过0.4的强正相关区广泛分布于玛多、曲麻莱等生态敏感区。值得注意的是,2000—2005年出现短暂波动,正相关比例下降至21.6%,可能与该时期气候异常或生态工程初期扰动有关。但此后随着植被恢复进程推进,降水通过增强地表径流与冲刷能力,其对侵蚀的驱动作用趋于稳定并强化。
气温对侵蚀的影响由早期以弱正向驱动逐步演变为后期以负相关为主导,反映出气候变暖背景下冻融过程与植被恢复共同作用下的复杂响应机制。1980—1995年,气温与侵蚀呈普遍正相关,尤其在西北部高海拔地区,正相关区域占比达46.0%以上。表明气温升高通过增强冻融循环频率和强度,破坏土壤结构,促进水蚀与风蚀发生。然而,2000—2005年正相关比例骤降至31.1%,并持续下降至2015—2020年的12.8%;与此同时,负相关区域占比从1995—2000年的17.8%上升至2015—2020年的38.5%,且在玛多、鄂陵湖周边等生态恢复重点区尤为明显。
1980—2020年黄河源区年平均风速与复合土壤侵蚀强度的偏相关系数整体呈先增强后减弱的动态演化趋势。早期(1980—1990年),风速与侵蚀呈显著正相关,正相关区域占比维持在30.0%以上,主要分布于玛多西部、曲麻莱北部等高海拔宽谷和退化草甸区,表明风力侵蚀在气候干冷、植被稀疏背景下占据主导地位。进入2000年后,随着生态恢复工程的推进,风速对侵蚀的驱动作用逐步削弱。2000—2005年正相关比例降至26.8%,并持续下降至2015—2020年的19.8%;与此同时,负相关区域占比从1995—2000年的4.3%上升至2015—2020年的15.7%,尤其在扎陵湖-鄂陵湖周边及黑土滩治理区表现明显,反映出地表植被覆盖增加有效抑制风蚀过程。值得注意的是,2005—2010年出现短暂波动,正相关比例回升至25.4%,可能与该时期局部强风事件或草原退化反弹有关。但总体来看,风速对侵蚀的影响已从主导因子逐渐转变为次要因子,其作用被植被恢复所部分抵消。
本研究揭示,1980—2020年黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀环境经历由低温高风蚀-强冻融向暖湿低风蚀-植被主导调控的系统性转型,该转变是气候变化与生态工程协同作用的结果。降水显著增加(尤其2005年后)与气温持续升高(1980—2020年累计升温约1.5 ℃)共同推动区域水热条件向“暖湿化”演进,与青藏高原整体气候趋势一致[34-35]。湿润化虽有利于植被恢复(植被覆盖度提升超40.0%),但也通过增强降雨动能和地表径流,局部抬升水蚀风险[36]。与此同时,冻融循环天数呈下降趋势,反映冻结期缩短、活动层加深,导致冻土退化与产流集中,使冻融和水力侵蚀在高寒草甸区仍具高敏感性[37]。值得注意的是,风速的持续降低与植被覆盖度提升形成正反馈,显著削弱风蚀潜力,在高寒沙化治理中发挥关键作用[38]。
不同侵蚀营力强度的时空分异变化深刻反映生态恢复背景下的人类活动与气候变化综合作用。水蚀主要集中在东南部河谷带,其强度大幅下降,减少691 t/(km²·a),主要归因于生态恢复、围栏封育等措施提升地表覆盖与根系固土能力,有效拦截雨滴溅蚀与坡面径流[39]。风蚀范围有限(仅占8%)且以微-轻度为主,其近乎消失的中高强度等级凸显植被恢复对地表粗糙度和抗风蚀阈值的提升效应。相比之下,冻融侵蚀虽分布最广(59.3%),但其强度亦显著减弱,表明植被覆盖不仅抑制水蚀与风蚀,还能通过调节地表能量平衡、减少冻融循环频次,间接削弱冻融侵蚀动力[40]。不同侵蚀强度的转移矩阵进一步证实,3类侵蚀均以高强度向低等级转化为主,说明生态工程在多营力协同治理中具有普适有效性。然而,局部中低强度水蚀区出现升级现象,可能与极端降水事件频发或过度放牧有关,提示需警惕恢复-扰动交替下的侵蚀反弹风险。综上,生态恢复通过提升植被覆盖,增强地表抗蚀能力并调节局地微气候(如降低风速、减少雨滴溅蚀等),同时改善下垫面水热条件,削弱冻融循环强度,从而有效抑制复合侵蚀营力作用,显著减弱黄河源区复合土壤侵蚀。
不同气候因子对复合侵蚀的影响表现出显著时空异质性且存在异常响应。本研究中,水力侵蚀区中观测到降水与水蚀呈负相关关系。该发现挑战了传统的假设,即降水增加加剧侵蚀。事实上这是区域存在多重侵蚀营力交替或者共同作用的结果。黄河源区降水的区域时空异质性与气温梯度分布形成不同侵蚀力的交替和协同作用,继而形成复合营力侵蚀[1,35]。具体而言,部分地区形成水-风复合侵蚀营力区域[41],降水稀少时期,土壤颗粒间的黏聚力减弱,使风蚀过程增强。而随着降水的增加,土壤水分上升,湿润土壤颗粒间的凝聚力增强,更难将土壤颗粒吹走,表现为侵蚀减弱[42]。侵蚀与降水的关系由正相关转为负相关的特殊关系。同样的,在黄河源区风速与风蚀呈负相关,在黄河源区西部和中部存在风-冻融复合侵蚀区域,特别是在高海拔(4 200~4 500 m)的岛状和斑状多年冻土带。在风-冻融复合侵蚀区域,由于冻融过程的周期性变化,风速与风蚀的关系变得复杂。在冬季土壤冻结期,风速与风蚀呈负相关。在这个时期,土壤表面形成冻结层,有效地减少风对土壤的直接影响,从而抑制风蚀。乌兰布和沙漠的研究表明,当含水率较低(≤2%)时,形成稳定的冻结层,降低风蚀速率[42]。然而,在气温升高的土壤融化期,表层土体转为较为松散结构,风速与风蚀呈正相关。黄河源区复合侵蚀营力的交替和协同作用在特定时空条件中导致气候变量与侵蚀强度变化的异常响应。
值得注意的是,黄河源区作为世界第三极,对全球气温变化极为敏感。温度变化影响土壤冻融循环过程,进而影响植被恢复过程。大规模的生态恢复有效缓解全球变暖对黄河源区水土流失的波动影响。然而,脆弱的高寒气候特征,土壤贫瘠,生态承载力低等问题给生态恢复带来困难与挑战。因此,在全球气候变暖和人类活动加剧的背景下,持续加强对黄河源区等高寒脆弱生态系统的复合土壤侵蚀研究和防治势在必行。
1) 系统性侵蚀环境转型。1980—2020年黄河源区经历显著的气候与生态转型。年降水量显著增加(p<0.01),气温升高约1.5 ℃,风速下降约20.0%,植被覆盖度从0.40~0.50增至0.60~0.70,增幅超40.0%。共同促使区域由低温高风蚀、强冻融侵蚀向暖湿低风蚀、植被主导调控转变。
2) 复合侵蚀强度显著降低。水力、风力及冻融侵蚀强度均显著下降。至2020年,水力侵蚀微弱和轻度侵蚀面积占比达87.2%,水力侵蚀模数减少691.1 t/(km²·a)。风蚀模数由165.3 t/(km²·a)降至12.4 t/(km²·a),中度及以上风蚀等级完全消失。冻融侵蚀强度指数为1.5~2.2,微度和轻度侵蚀占比超过87.0%。
3) 气候变化与侵蚀响应的时空异质性。黄河源区降水时空异质性与气温梯度分布形成复合营力侵蚀交替和协同作用,导致特定时空条件中的气候变量与侵蚀强度变化出现异常响应。
4) 复合侵蚀营力的复杂性与未来研究应进一步识别复合侵蚀营力交替或协同作用的区域,完善复合土壤侵蚀类型分区时空分布,为复合土壤侵蚀研究提供支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42577388)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.018
  • 接收时间:2026-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-22
  • 修回日期:2026-03-18
  • 录用日期:2026-03-25
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(42577388)
作者信息
    1.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
    2.西北农林科技大学水土保持与;荒漠化整治全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100
    3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
    4.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100101
    5.青海大学土木水利学院,西宁 810016

通讯作者:

吴淑芳(1977—),女,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事土壤侵蚀及水文过程模拟研究。E-mial:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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