Article(id=1312009586740130078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767628800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-06, revisedDate=1774281600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-24, acceptedDate=1775404800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-06, onlineDate=1790737061438, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737061438, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737061438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737061438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=345, endPage=358, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009586945650975, articleId=1312009586740130078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Construction and Regional Assessment of Perception-Based Farmers′ Relationship with Nature Index in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To address the limitations of existing nature relationship index (NRI) in depicting the human-nature relationship at the individual level in ecologically fragile regions, and their inability to identify regional differences and key constraining factors, this study aims to reveal the overall level, spatial differentiation, major obstacles, and intrinsic trade-offs and synergies of farmers′ relationship with nature in northern Shaanxi. Methods Taking NRI as a theoretical reference, the macro human-nature relationship framework was downscaled to the individual farmer level. An indicator system of the farmers′ relationship with nature index (FRNI) was constructed, consisting of three first-level dimensions, six second-level dimensions, and sixteen third-level indicators. Based on 522 household questionnaires conducted in 25 counties/districts of northern Shaanxi form July to August 2025, index measurement, the obstacle degree model, and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the overall level, spatial pattern, key obstacles, and trade-offs and synergies of farmers′ relationship with nature. Results 1) The average FRNI in northern Shaanxi was 0.53, indicating a moderate overall level. Among the three first-level dimensions, the "nature is safeguarded" dimension scored the highest (0.61), the "nature is thriving and accessible" dimension ranked in the middle, and the "nature is used with care and respect" dimension scored the lowest (0.46). This suggested that although government-led ecological governance and environmental protection have established a certain foundation, farmers remained relatively weak in resource conservation, ecological care, and active participation. 2) The FRNI in northern Shaanxi showed an overall spatial pattern of "higher in the south and lower in the north", with different dimensions showing differentiated spatial structures. This indicated that regional differences in farmers′ relationships with nature resulted from the combined effects of natural endowment, agricultural production practices, ecological governance efforts, and farmers′ livelihood structures. 3) The main obstacles to improving FRNI were concentrated in limited accessibility to nature, weak water-saving behaviors, and insufficient farmer participation. Overall, relationships among the indicators were dominated by synergies, with a few indicators showing significant trade-offs. Based on obstacle identification and analysis of trade-offs and synergies, a systematic improvement pathway was proposed, which is prioritizing key obstacles, mitigating major trade-offs, and amplifying synergies. Conclusion The perception-based FRNI effectively characterizes the overall status, spatial differences, and key shortcomings of farmers′ relationships with nature in ecologically fragile regions. In northern Shaanxi, improving farmers' relationship with nature depends not only on ecological improvement, but also on the coordinated enhancement of accessibility to nature, water-saving behavior, and farmer participation, with targeted governance tailored to local conditions. The findings provide a support for evaluating farmer-nature relationships, diagnosing critical obstacles, and informing policy in the Loess Plateau and similar ecologically fragile regions.

, authors=Shuo Chen1, 2, Wenwu Zhao1, 2, Peishen Zhai1, 2, Xu Liu1, 2, authorsList=Shuo Chen, Wenwu Zhao, Peishen Zhai, Xu Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenwu Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009589915218222, articleId=1312009586740130078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=基于感知的陕北黄土高原农户与自然关系指数构建与区域评估, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为解决现有自然关系指数难以刻画生态脆弱区农户个体尺度人与自然关系、难以识别区域差异及关键制约因素的问题,揭示陕北地区农户与自然关系的总体水平、空间分异、主要障碍及其内在协同权衡关系。 方法 以自然关系指数(nature relationship index,NRI)为理论参照,将宏观人与自然关系框架降尺度至农户个体尺度,构建包含3个1级维度、6个2级维度和16个3级指标的农户与自然关系指数(farmers′ relationship with nature index,FRNI)指标体系。基于2025年7—8月对陕北25个区(县)开展的522份农户问卷,采用指数测度、障碍度模型和Spearman相关性分析方法,对农户与自然关系的总体水平、空间格局、关键障碍及权衡协同关系进行分析。 结果 1) 陕北地区FRNI平均值为0.53,总体处于中等水平。3个1级维度中,自然受保障维度得分最高(0.61),自然繁荣且可及维度居中,自然被关怀和尊重地利用维度得分最低(0.46),表明当前政府主导的生态治理和环境保障已有一定基础,但农户在资源节约利用、生态关怀和主动参与等方面仍较薄弱。2) 陕北地区FRNI整体呈“南高北低”的空间格局,不同维度表现出差异化空间结构,说明农户与自然关系的区域差异是自然本底、农业生产方式、生态治理投入和农户生计结构共同作用的结果。3) 影响FRNI提升的主要障碍集中在自然可及性不足、节水行为偏弱和农户参与不足等方面,相关指标间整体以协同关系为主,少数指标存在显著权衡关系。基于障碍度识别和权衡协同关系分析,进一步提出“优先干预关键障碍-化解主要权衡关系-放大协同效应”的系统提升路径。 结论 基于感知的FRNI能够较好表征生态脆弱区农户与自然关系的总体状态、空间差异和关键短板,陕北地区农户与自然关系提升的重点不在单一生态改善,而在于同步加强自然可及性、节水行为和主体参与,并依据区域差异实施分区分类治理。研究结果可为黄土高原及类似生态脆弱区农户与自然关系评估、关键障碍诊断和政策建议提供支撑。

, authors=陈硕1, 2, 赵文武1, 2, 翟沛申1, 2, 刘旭1, 2, authorsList=陈硕, 赵文武, 翟沛申, 刘旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵文武, authorNote=

陈硕(2002—),男,博士研究生,主要从事土地资源与区域发展研究。E-mail:

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赵文武(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要从事土地利用与生态过程、景观格局与生态系统服务、人地系统耦合、可持续发展研究。E-mail:
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陈硕(2002—),男,博士研究生,主要从事土地资源与区域发展研究。E-mail:

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How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers[J].Oral Oncology Reports,2024,12:e100662., articleTitle=How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009594969354605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, awardId=W2412144, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(W2412144), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009595053240686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, awardId=42271292, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42271292), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009590150099247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009590154293552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, companyId=1312009590150099247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction,Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009590166876465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, companyId=1312009590150099247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京师范大学地理科学学部,地表过程与水土风沙灾害风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009590246568242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009590259151155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, companyId=1312009590246568242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable;Development,Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009590267539764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, companyId=1312009590246568242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京师范大学地理科学学部,陆地表层系统科学与可持续发展研究院,北京 100875)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009593237107031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location and regional overview of northern Shaanxi, figureFileSmall=unav4BEIg2OTeEcurVK5Pw==, figureFileBig=0RbA4t9c+Tgqyv6tLFWVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593320993112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图1, caption=陕北地区位置与区域概况

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2019)1822号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=unav4BEIg2OTeEcurVK5Pw==, figureFileBig=0RbA4t9c+Tgqyv6tLFWVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593513931097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Theoretical framework for theory of farmers′ relationship with nature and construction of FRNI indicator system, figureFileSmall=qzLdx3dOnZs4s+fgs8Vodw==, figureFileBig=y+9R1qZ5xTlyfkSTYsuCTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593589428570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图2, caption=农户与自然关系的理论与FRNI指标体系构建框架, figureFileSmall=qzLdx3dOnZs4s+fgs8Vodw==, figureFileBig=y+9R1qZ5xTlyfkSTYsuCTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593664926043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Basic characteristics of survey respondents in northern Shaanxi, figureFileSmall=3taenZ2gOasghdAJfywPbg==, figureFileBig=K2LKbmaoOc0qiZ9NBJ1yPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593757200732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图3, caption=陕北地区问卷调查受访者基本特征, figureFileSmall=3taenZ2gOasghdAJfywPbg==, figureFileBig=K2LKbmaoOc0qiZ9NBJ1yPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593828503901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial distribution of FRNI and its sub-indicators in northern Shaanxi, figureFileSmall=oQcm0VSw/UWPE0KNSb14SA==, figureFileBig=GUkDVaQcUA5wfhhD1dN9SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593908195678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图4, caption=陕北地区FRNI及其子指标的空间分布, figureFileSmall=oQcm0VSw/UWPE0KNSb14SA==, figureFileBig=GUkDVaQcUA5wfhhD1dN9SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009593975304543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Obstacle factors and obstacle degree of FRNI in northern Shaanxi, figureFileSmall=8uFA7xXZdc+DNws8xN9hBA==, figureFileBig=tp7pj2oCdYiPzk9BDLTdSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009594046607712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图5, caption=陕北地区FRNI的障碍因子及障碍度, figureFileSmall=8uFA7xXZdc+DNws8xN9hBA==, figureFileBig=tp7pj2oCdYiPzk9BDLTdSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009594105327969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Trade-offs and synergies among sub-indicators of FRNI in northern Shaanxi, figureFileSmall=tFotwGCpHk5FFQHBITzN1Q==, figureFileBig=MlByd+N5fhuEO5e5aUr2GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009594176631138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图6, caption=陕北地区FRNI的子指标间的权衡协同关系

注:*表示p≤0.001。

, figureFileSmall=tFotwGCpHk5FFQHBITzN1Q==, figureFileBig=MlByd+N5fhuEO5e5aUr2GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009594243740003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Theoretical framework of strategies for improving farmers′ relationship with nature in northern Shaanxi, figureFileSmall=jeJ0ibylqdGOzGqI5YsT+A==, figureFileBig=zqLcG0wNNWNcXcJUn4W7ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009594319237476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=图7, caption=提升陕北地区农户与自然关系策略的理论框架, figureFileSmall=jeJ0ibylqdGOzGqI5YsT+A==, figureFileBig=zqLcG0wNNWNcXcJUn4W7ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009594382152037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Perception-based evaluation indicator system of farmers′ relationship with nature in northern Shaanxi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1级维度A2级维度B3级维度C

自然繁荣且可及

(A1)

自然繁荣(B1)植被生长情况感知(C11)
生物多样性程度(C12)
自然可及(B2)享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)
享受自然惠益的频率(C22)
自然资源储量感知(C23)
获取自然资源的便利程度(C24)

自然被关怀和尊重地利用

(A2)

尊重地利用自然资源(B3)尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)
化肥、农药施用的控制程度(C32)
关怀自然(B4)对水土流失和生态破坏的认知程度(C41)
对自然界动植物的关怀程度(C42)
关怀自然环境程度(C43)

自然受保障

(A3)

个人层面(B5)个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)
个人对保护自然政策规定的认同程度(C52)
对政府保护自然环境的满意度(C53)
政府层面(B6)实施生态恢复的效果(C61)
对垃圾清运和环保的重视程度(C62)
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594445066598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于感知的陕北地区农户与自然关系评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1级维度A2级维度B3级维度C

自然繁荣且可及

(A1)

自然繁荣(B1)植被生长情况感知(C11)
生物多样性程度(C12)
自然可及(B2)享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)
享受自然惠益的频率(C22)
自然资源储量感知(C23)
获取自然资源的便利程度(C24)

自然被关怀和尊重地利用

(A2)

尊重地利用自然资源(B3)尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)
化肥、农药施用的控制程度(C32)
关怀自然(B4)对水土流失和生态破坏的认知程度(C41)
对自然界动植物的关怀程度(C42)
关怀自然环境程度(C43)

自然受保障

(A3)

个人层面(B5)个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)
个人对保护自然政策规定的认同程度(C52)
对政府保护自然环境的满意度(C53)
政府层面(B6)实施生态恢复的效果(C61)
对垃圾清运和环保的重视程度(C62)
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594512175463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variable definitions and descriptive statistics of 16 indicators used for questionnaire design in third-level dimension (C)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量变量说明平均值标准差
C11感知附近的自然植被生长情况:1~5分(分值越高,植被长势越积极)4.130.92
C12感知附近出现野生动物的频率:1~5分(分值越高,野生动物出现频次越高)3.881.24
C21去附近的山坡、公园接触自然的步行时间:1~5分(分值越高,受访者接触自然越便利)2.481.50
C22去附近的山坡、公园接触自然的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者接触自然的频次越高)2.011.31
C23感知附近自然区域的野菜、柴薪等自然资源的储量:1~5分(分值越高,自然资源越丰富)3.451.15
C24获取野菜、柴等自然资源时的便利程度:1~5分(分值越高,受访者获取自然资源越便利)2.821.26
C31种地过程中使用节水灌溉的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者节水意识越好)1.731.32
C32使用化肥和农药的过程中严格按说明书酌情使用的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越尊重自然)4.250.80
C41感知生态环境破坏和水土流失情况的意识:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越关怀身边自然的状况)3.851.19
C42关怀动物和植物的程度:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越关怀身边的动植物)2.000.89
C43垃圾分类的频率、在满足自身需求的情况下维护资源可持续性的意愿:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越懂得保护自然环境)2.280.94
C51参与清洁河道、植树造林等活动的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者参与保护自然的频率越高)2.121.58
C52对保护自然的政策的了解程度和执行力:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对保护自然规定的认同度和执行力越高)3.361.19
C53感知身边的自然环境并评价政府保护自然的贡献:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对政府保护自己身边自然环境的评价越好)3.670.87
C61感知政府实施的生态恢复对减少风沙和水土流失的效果:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对政府实施的生态恢复效果评价越好)3.670.96
C62感知政府环保的重视程度和垃圾车清运垃圾的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对政府重视自然环境的评价越好)4.291.27
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594579284328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于第3个维度C的16个指标设计问卷的变量说明和描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量变量说明平均值标准差
C11感知附近的自然植被生长情况:1~5分(分值越高,植被长势越积极)4.130.92
C12感知附近出现野生动物的频率:1~5分(分值越高,野生动物出现频次越高)3.881.24
C21去附近的山坡、公园接触自然的步行时间:1~5分(分值越高,受访者接触自然越便利)2.481.50
C22去附近的山坡、公园接触自然的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者接触自然的频次越高)2.011.31
C23感知附近自然区域的野菜、柴薪等自然资源的储量:1~5分(分值越高,自然资源越丰富)3.451.15
C24获取野菜、柴等自然资源时的便利程度:1~5分(分值越高,受访者获取自然资源越便利)2.821.26
C31种地过程中使用节水灌溉的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者节水意识越好)1.731.32
C32使用化肥和农药的过程中严格按说明书酌情使用的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越尊重自然)4.250.80
C41感知生态环境破坏和水土流失情况的意识:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越关怀身边自然的状况)3.851.19
C42关怀动物和植物的程度:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越关怀身边的动植物)2.000.89
C43垃圾分类的频率、在满足自身需求的情况下维护资源可持续性的意愿:1~5分(分值越高,受访者越懂得保护自然环境)2.280.94
C51参与清洁河道、植树造林等活动的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者参与保护自然的频率越高)2.121.58
C52对保护自然的政策的了解程度和执行力:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对保护自然规定的认同度和执行力越高)3.361.19
C53感知身边的自然环境并评价政府保护自然的贡献:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对政府保护自己身边自然环境的评价越好)3.670.87
C61感知政府实施的生态恢复对减少风沙和水土流失的效果:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对政府实施的生态恢复效果评价越好)3.670.96
C62感知政府环保的重视程度和垃圾车清运垃圾的频率:1~5分(分值越高,受访者对政府重视自然环境的评价越好)4.291.27
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594642198889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Number of questionnaires distributed in different villages of northern Shaanxi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
市区/县乡/镇/街道村落问卷数/份市区/县乡/镇/街道村落问卷数/份
延安市安塞区镰刀湾镇罗居村10榆林市定边县杨井镇秦湾村10
沿河湾镇云坪村11贺圈镇石井子村10
宝塔区冯庄乡泥沟村10府谷县黄甫镇段寨村10
川口镇申庄村12府谷镇西山村10
富县直罗镇胡家坡村10横山区雷龙湾镇雷龙湾村10
牛武镇清泉寺村11响水镇沐浴沟村10
甘泉县道镇南义沟村11佳县王家砭镇打火店村10
城关镇枣林村10佳州街道大西沟村10
黄陵县仓村乡陈岭村10靖边县镇靖镇芦西村11
桥山街道翟庄村10杨桥畔镇杨二村10
黄龙县三岔镇曹家塬村10米脂县城郊镇党家沟村10
圪台乡马场村10杜家石沟镇杜家沟村10
洛川县永乡镇霍家村12清涧县折家坪镇滴水崖村12
交口河镇京兆村11店则沟镇店则沟村10
吴起县吴起街道马湾村10神木市高家堡镇桑树渠村10
吴仓堡镇吴仓堡村11永兴街道西坬村10
延川县禹居镇禹居村10绥德县名州镇郝家沟村11
永坪镇源流湾村10中角镇延家川村12
延长县安沟镇安沟村10吴堡县岔上镇川口村10
黑家堡镇胡家村10宋家川街道康家塔村10
宜川县丹州街道高湾村11榆阳区青云镇色草湾村10
秋林镇十里坪村11麻黄梁镇十八墩村11
志丹县顺宁镇宋庄村10子洲县淮宁湾镇姜家湾村10
双河镇王南沟村12马岔镇马岔村11
子长市余家坪镇凉水湾村11
杨家园则镇吴家寨子村10
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594717696362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

在陕北地区不同村落发放问卷的数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
市区/县乡/镇/街道村落问卷数/份市区/县乡/镇/街道村落问卷数/份
延安市安塞区镰刀湾镇罗居村10榆林市定边县杨井镇秦湾村10
沿河湾镇云坪村11贺圈镇石井子村10
宝塔区冯庄乡泥沟村10府谷县黄甫镇段寨村10
川口镇申庄村12府谷镇西山村10
富县直罗镇胡家坡村10横山区雷龙湾镇雷龙湾村10
牛武镇清泉寺村11响水镇沐浴沟村10
甘泉县道镇南义沟村11佳县王家砭镇打火店村10
城关镇枣林村10佳州街道大西沟村10
黄陵县仓村乡陈岭村10靖边县镇靖镇芦西村11
桥山街道翟庄村10杨桥畔镇杨二村10
黄龙县三岔镇曹家塬村10米脂县城郊镇党家沟村10
圪台乡马场村10杜家石沟镇杜家沟村10
洛川县永乡镇霍家村12清涧县折家坪镇滴水崖村12
交口河镇京兆村11店则沟镇店则沟村10
吴起县吴起街道马湾村10神木市高家堡镇桑树渠村10
吴仓堡镇吴仓堡村11永兴街道西坬村10
延川县禹居镇禹居村10绥德县名州镇郝家沟村11
永坪镇源流湾村10中角镇延家川村12
延长县安沟镇安沟村10吴堡县岔上镇川口村10
黑家堡镇胡家村10宋家川街道康家塔村10
宜川县丹州街道高湾村11榆阳区青云镇色草湾村10
秋林镇十里坪村11麻黄梁镇十八墩村11
志丹县顺宁镇宋庄村10子洲县淮宁湾镇姜家湾村10
双河镇王南沟村12马岔镇马岔村11
子长市余家坪镇凉水湾村11
杨家园则镇吴家寨子村10
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594797388139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

FRNI obstacle factors and corresponding specific intervention strategies, implementing agents, and expected outcomes in northern Shaanxi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍因子对应策略实施主体预期效果
C22享受自然惠益的频率增设自然体验点与活动村委会、乡镇等提高接触频次
C42对动植物的关怀程度生态宣教、严格禁猎禁采村委会、护林员等减少破坏行为
C31节约使用自然资源程度节水节能培训、用量约束农户、水利站等降低消耗强度
C21享受自然惠益的便利程度步道设计、可达性优化乡镇、村集体等提高可达性
C51个人参与保障自然程度公益岗位、生态积分激励乡镇、村委会等提升参与率
C43关怀自然环境程度垃圾污水治理、共同治理村集体、环保部门、农户等改善环境质量
C24获取自然资源便利度规范取用、替代供给水利/能源部门、村集体等减少违规取用
C52政策规定认同程度透明公示、参与式协商乡镇政府、村委会等提升认同度
C23自然资源储量感知监测公示、补植补造村集体等提高农户信心
C61生态恢复实施效果工程质检、后期管护主管部门、村集体等提高成效稳定性
), ArticleFig(id=1312009594856108396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009586740130078, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

陕北地区FRNI障碍因子与具体干预措施、实施主体及预期效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍因子对应策略实施主体预期效果
C22享受自然惠益的频率增设自然体验点与活动村委会、乡镇等提高接触频次
C42对动植物的关怀程度生态宣教、严格禁猎禁采村委会、护林员等减少破坏行为
C31节约使用自然资源程度节水节能培训、用量约束农户、水利站等降低消耗强度
C21享受自然惠益的便利程度步道设计、可达性优化乡镇、村集体等提高可达性
C51个人参与保障自然程度公益岗位、生态积分激励乡镇、村委会等提升参与率
C43关怀自然环境程度垃圾污水治理、共同治理村集体、环保部门、农户等改善环境质量
C24获取自然资源便利度规范取用、替代供给水利/能源部门、村集体等减少违规取用
C52政策规定认同程度透明公示、参与式协商乡镇政府、村委会等提升认同度
C23自然资源储量感知监测公示、补植补造村集体等提高农户信心
C61生态恢复实施效果工程质检、后期管护主管部门、村集体等提高成效稳定性
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基于感知的陕北黄土高原农户与自然关系指数构建与区域评估
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陈硕 1, 2 , 赵文武 1, 2 , 翟沛申 1, 2 , 刘旭 1, 2
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 345-358
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 345 -358
基于感知的陕北黄土高原农户与自然关系指数构建与区域评估
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陈硕1, 2 , 赵文武1, 2 , 翟沛申1, 2, 刘旭1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京师范大学地理科学学部,地表过程与水土风沙灾害风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875
  • 2.北京师范大学地理科学学部,陆地表层系统科学与可持续发展研究院,北京 100875
通讯作者:
赵文武(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要从事土地利用与生态过程、景观格局与生态系统服务、人地系统耦合、可持续发展研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

陈硕(2002—),男,博士研究生,主要从事土地资源与区域发展研究。E-mail:

Construction and Regional Assessment of Perception-Based Farmers′ Relationship with Nature Index in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi
Shuo Chen1, 2 , Wenwu Zhao1, 2 , Peishen Zhai1, 2, Xu Liu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction,Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China
  • 2.Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable;Development,Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.031
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目的 为解决现有自然关系指数难以刻画生态脆弱区农户个体尺度人与自然关系、难以识别区域差异及关键制约因素的问题,揭示陕北地区农户与自然关系的总体水平、空间分异、主要障碍及其内在协同权衡关系。 方法 以自然关系指数(nature relationship index,NRI)为理论参照,将宏观人与自然关系框架降尺度至农户个体尺度,构建包含3个1级维度、6个2级维度和16个3级指标的农户与自然关系指数(farmers′ relationship with nature index,FRNI)指标体系。基于2025年7—8月对陕北25个区(县)开展的522份农户问卷,采用指数测度、障碍度模型和Spearman相关性分析方法,对农户与自然关系的总体水平、空间格局、关键障碍及权衡协同关系进行分析。 结果 1) 陕北地区FRNI平均值为0.53,总体处于中等水平。3个1级维度中,自然受保障维度得分最高(0.61),自然繁荣且可及维度居中,自然被关怀和尊重地利用维度得分最低(0.46),表明当前政府主导的生态治理和环境保障已有一定基础,但农户在资源节约利用、生态关怀和主动参与等方面仍较薄弱。2) 陕北地区FRNI整体呈“南高北低”的空间格局,不同维度表现出差异化空间结构,说明农户与自然关系的区域差异是自然本底、农业生产方式、生态治理投入和农户生计结构共同作用的结果。3) 影响FRNI提升的主要障碍集中在自然可及性不足、节水行为偏弱和农户参与不足等方面,相关指标间整体以协同关系为主,少数指标存在显著权衡关系。基于障碍度识别和权衡协同关系分析,进一步提出“优先干预关键障碍-化解主要权衡关系-放大协同效应”的系统提升路径。 结论 基于感知的FRNI能够较好表征生态脆弱区农户与自然关系的总体状态、空间差异和关键短板,陕北地区农户与自然关系提升的重点不在单一生态改善,而在于同步加强自然可及性、节水行为和主体参与,并依据区域差异实施分区分类治理。研究结果可为黄土高原及类似生态脆弱区农户与自然关系评估、关键障碍诊断和政策建议提供支撑。

人与自然关系指数  /  陕北地区  /  农户  /  问卷  /  可持续发展

Objective To address the limitations of existing nature relationship index (NRI) in depicting the human-nature relationship at the individual level in ecologically fragile regions, and their inability to identify regional differences and key constraining factors, this study aims to reveal the overall level, spatial differentiation, major obstacles, and intrinsic trade-offs and synergies of farmers′ relationship with nature in northern Shaanxi. Methods Taking NRI as a theoretical reference, the macro human-nature relationship framework was downscaled to the individual farmer level. An indicator system of the farmers′ relationship with nature index (FRNI) was constructed, consisting of three first-level dimensions, six second-level dimensions, and sixteen third-level indicators. Based on 522 household questionnaires conducted in 25 counties/districts of northern Shaanxi form July to August 2025, index measurement, the obstacle degree model, and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the overall level, spatial pattern, key obstacles, and trade-offs and synergies of farmers′ relationship with nature. Results 1) The average FRNI in northern Shaanxi was 0.53, indicating a moderate overall level. Among the three first-level dimensions, the "nature is safeguarded" dimension scored the highest (0.61), the "nature is thriving and accessible" dimension ranked in the middle, and the "nature is used with care and respect" dimension scored the lowest (0.46). This suggested that although government-led ecological governance and environmental protection have established a certain foundation, farmers remained relatively weak in resource conservation, ecological care, and active participation. 2) The FRNI in northern Shaanxi showed an overall spatial pattern of "higher in the south and lower in the north", with different dimensions showing differentiated spatial structures. This indicated that regional differences in farmers′ relationships with nature resulted from the combined effects of natural endowment, agricultural production practices, ecological governance efforts, and farmers′ livelihood structures. 3) The main obstacles to improving FRNI were concentrated in limited accessibility to nature, weak water-saving behaviors, and insufficient farmer participation. Overall, relationships among the indicators were dominated by synergies, with a few indicators showing significant trade-offs. Based on obstacle identification and analysis of trade-offs and synergies, a systematic improvement pathway was proposed, which is prioritizing key obstacles, mitigating major trade-offs, and amplifying synergies. Conclusion The perception-based FRNI effectively characterizes the overall status, spatial differences, and key shortcomings of farmers′ relationships with nature in ecologically fragile regions. In northern Shaanxi, improving farmers' relationship with nature depends not only on ecological improvement, but also on the coordinated enhancement of accessibility to nature, water-saving behavior, and farmer participation, with targeted governance tailored to local conditions. The findings provide a support for evaluating farmer-nature relationships, diagnosing critical obstacles, and informing policy in the Loess Plateau and similar ecologically fragile regions.

human-nature relationship index  /  northern Shaanxi  /  farmers  /  questionnaire  /  sustainable development
陈硕, 赵文武, 翟沛申, 刘旭. 基于感知的陕北黄土高原农户与自然关系指数构建与区域评估. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 345 -358 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.031
Shuo Chen, Wenwu Zhao, Peishen Zhai, Xu Liu. Construction and Regional Assessment of Perception-Based Farmers′ Relationship with Nature Index in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 345 -358 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.031
黄土高原作为全球水土流失最严重的区域之一,其生态环境脆弱性长期制约着区域的可持续发展[1]。协调人类活动与自然环境的关系,是该地区生态恢复与重建的核心挑战,也是人地关系研究的前沿领域[2]。在此背景下,科学地认知与评估人与自然的关系已成为地理学、生态学及可持续发展科学的重要前沿议题,厘清农户与自然的关系,不仅有助于把握黄土高原生态脆弱区微观人地关系的基本特征,也为生态治理政策精准化和区域人与自然和谐共生提供重要依据[3]。
早期的人与自然关系强调人类中心主义(anthropocentrism),“自然是人类征服、利用和改造的对象”[4];在生态中心主义(ecocentrism)引入后则强调“人类应尊重自然规律、与自然和谐共存”[5]。1987年可持续发展理念被提出,其核心思想是在人类发展与生态保护间寻求平衡,既满足当代人的需求,又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力[6];近年来,社会-生态系统(social-ecological systems, SES)的提出将人与自然的关系视为一个高度动态耦合的整体[7]。
基于不断发展的人与自然关系理念,当前国内外学者围绕人类发展指数(human development index, HDI)、可持续发展目标(sustainable develop-ment goals, SDGs)、自然对人类的贡献(nature′s contributions to people, NCP)等全球尺度综合指标与评估框架开展大量研究[8-11],重点分析HDI的全球变化趋势及其治理、气候风险和资源环境因素的关联[8],探讨SDGs间的协同权衡关系[9],并对NCP的全球空间格局、变化趋势与综合特征进行系统评估[10]。然而,尽管以上研究通过不同角度和方法综合评估人类发展状况及人与自然状态,但其难以解释全球、区域不同尺度人与自然的相互作用机制。为此,Ellis等[11]提出一种全新的“愿景性方法”(aspirational approach)及配套的“自然关系指数”(nature relationship index, NRI)指标体系,旨在推动人类与自然建立互利共生的关系,为人与自然研究提出一个新的框架。目前该框架还处于理论架构阶段,缺少区域性的案例研究。
农户作为与自然最直接互动的社会单元,是研究人地关系的微观尺度。近年来,黄土高原地区关于农户与自然关系的研究主要集中在3个方面:一是从生计依赖与脆弱性视角解释农户对自然资源的依赖结构及其风险暴露[12];二是围绕退耕还林、小流域治理等生态工程评估其对农户收入结构、土地利用方式与生态行为的影响[13];三是从环境认知与行为响应角度讨论农户在化肥农药减量、节水灌溉、生态管护参与等方面的意愿与约束条件[14]。总体而言,现有研究在农户与自然关系的微观尺度综合指数化评估等方面仍有待进一步深化,对“农户与自然关系”概念的内涵界定、量化评估及可直接服务乡村治理的诊断性指标体系构建方面仍相对不足[15]。
NRI指标体系研究主要在国家与全球尺度开展,难以直接反映农户在地方生态环境中的具体感知、行为选择及治理体验[11]。因此,本研究在保留NRI总体逻辑的基础上,将其降尺度至农户个体尺度层面,并据此构建适用于农户尺度的农户与自然关系指数(farmers′ relationship with nature index, FRNI)。一方面从农户可感知的生态环境状态与生态惠益出发衡量“自然贡献”;另一方面,从资源利用行为与生态保护参与出发衡量“利用与保障”,以期从农户个体尺度视角定量识别农户与自然关系。问卷调查方法已经广泛应用于地理学领域。对于基于农户个体尺度视角开展研究来说,问卷调查方法相比遥感与统计数据的核心优势在于它能直接捕捉农户的主观感知、行为意愿与个体实践[16]。该类微观层面的信息是揭示人与自然关系及其机制的关键,而相对宏观的遥感和统计数据难以刻画此类信息的主观感知与行为意愿。因此,有必要在微观尺度上构建可比较的综合指标并识别障碍因子,以支撑差异化治理的精准施策[17]。
陕北地区人地关系紧张,农户生计高度依赖于自然,同时,又深受生态退化制约,是研究黄土高原农户与自然相互作用的典型区域[18]。本研究团队于2025年7—8月在陕北地区开展入户问卷调查,综合运用障碍度模型与相关性分析法,系统评估FRNI的水平、空间格局与内在机制。本研究旨在探究人与自然关系指数在局地区域的应用,为理解黄土高原人地关系提供新的微观视角与量化体系,研究结论有望为差异化生态管理政策的制定、促进生态保护与乡村振兴的协同增效提供科学依据。
陕北地区位于陕西省北部,涵盖延安和榆林2个地级市,地处黄土高原腹地(35°55′~39°40′N,107°27′~111°15′E),总面积约7.99×104 km2。其东部隔黄河与山西省相邻,西邻甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区;北接内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯高原、毛乌素沙地,南至关中平原(图1a)。陕北地区属于温带大陆性季风气候,降水稀少且集中,地表沟壑纵横,海拔383~1 911 m(图1b)。该地区处于黄土高原生态脆弱带,长期面临较为严重的水土流失与生态退化压力,在此背景下,农户生产生活对土地、水资源及周边生态环境具有较强依赖性,人地关系矛盾较为突出[18]。因此,陕北地区不仅是黄土高原生态修复和水土保持的重点区域,也是开展农户尺度人与自然关系识别、评估与治理研究的典型区域。
本研究以Ellis等[11]提出的自然关系指数(nature relationship index, NRI)为参照和理论基础。NRI旨在从愿景性视角刻画人与自然互利共生的状态,其核心强调自然系统的良好状态、资源利用方式的可持续性及制度保障对人与自然关系的支撑作用。然而,NRI主要服务于国家或全球尺度的综合评估,难以直接反映农户在日常生产生活中对地方生态环境的具体感知、行为选择及治理体验[11]。因此,本文在保留NRI基本逻辑的基础上,将国家尺度的评估降尺度至案例区域评估,并将宏观尺度降尺度至农户个体尺度,由此构建适用于陕北地区的农户与自然关系指数(farmers' relationship with nature index, FRNI),以增强该理论框架在地方实践中的可解释性与可操作性。
本文聚焦农户及其周边生产生活空间中能够直接感知、接触、利用并受到公共治理影响的地方生态环境与自然资源系统,主要包括植被与生物生境、水土环境、可日常获取的自然资源,以及与之相关的生态公共服务。基于此,本文将“农户与自然关系”界定为1个由自然对农户的现实贡献、农户利用自然的方式,以及自然获得保障的程度共同构成的综合性关系。该界定既体现人与自然关系研究中的自然供给、人类行为、制度治理的基本思想,也更契合陕北地区生态脆弱、农户生计与生态治理高度耦合的区域特征[18](图2)。
在指标体系构建上,本文遵循“理论框架对应、区域特征适配、个人可感知”3项原则,即与NRI核心内涵保持一致,并结合陕北黄土高原生态脆弱、水土流失显著及生态工程实施背景进行区域适配[18];同时,保证指标可被农户直接感知、判断和回答[16]。基于此,FRNI由3个1级维度、6个2级维度和16个3级指标构成(图2)。
A1为“自然繁荣且可及”,包括“自然繁荣”(B1)和“自然可及”(B2),对应植被生长状况(C11)、生物多样性程度(C12)、享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)、享受自然惠益的频率(C22)、自然资源储量感知(C23)和获取自然资源的便利程度(C24),反映自然环境是否以可感知、可进入、可获得的方式进入农户日常生活[11]。A2为“自然被关怀和尊重地利用”,包括“尊重地利用自然资源”(B3)和“关怀自然”(B4),对应尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)、化肥、农药施用的控制程度(C32)、对水土流失和生态破坏的认知程度(C41)、对自然界动植物的关怀程度(C42)和关怀自然环境程度(C43),反映农户资源利用的节制性与生态关怀[11]。A3为“自然受保障”,包括“个人层面”(B5)和“政府层面”(B6),对应个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)、个人对保护自然政策规定的认同程度(C52)、对政府保护自然环境的满意度(C53)、实施生态恢复的效果(C61)和对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62),体现个体参与与制度治理对自然保障的共同作用[19]。
FRNI并非对NRI的简单复制或指标数量的扩展,而是在其总体逻辑的基础上,面向农户微观感知尺度所进行的区域化转换。通过上述构建过程,宏观的人与自然关系理念被转换为可由农户直接感知、可通过问卷观测、可用于区域比较与障碍诊断的指标体系[19],从而为后续FRNI的计算、关键障碍的识别及差异化治理分析提供统一的理论基础与框架。相应指标体系见表1。
本研究仅面对陕北地区农户,因此,采用乡村人口作为最小样本量计算的依据。根据第七次全国人口普查资料整理,延安市和榆林市乡村常住人口合计约227万人。根据最小样本量n的计算公式[20]为:
n=Z2×P(1-P)E2
式中:n为理论最小样本量;Z为置信水平对应的标准正态分布临界值,按照以往研究经验设置置信水平为95%,即Z=1.96;P为总体比例,通常默认50%,即P=0.5,可避免因P估计偏差导致样本量不足;E为边际误差,本研究设置E=5%,即样本结果与总体真实值的最大偏差允许在±5%内。通过公式(1)计算所得n=384.16,向上取整后理论最小样本量为385。考虑到调查问卷的有效率和失访情况,需扩样20%,得最终样本量N(实际)=N×1.2,确定最小样本量为462。
首先,为受访者设计7道基本信息问题,涵盖家中基本情况和农业情况,具体包括年龄、性别、家中人口、家中务农人口、文化程度、农业收入、家中现有耕地面积等,答案的设置均为直接填写结果或分类别填写。此外,对农户耕地分配的公平情况、水资源情况、参与退耕还林情况等进行1~5分的打分和统计,以求更细致、尽可能全面地了解农户情况。随后选取指标体系中的全部16个第3个维度的指标,共设计20道与指标体系相关的问卷问题。总体上分为自然繁荣且可及(6道)、自然被关怀和尊重地利用(8道)、自然受保障(6道)3部分,问题的答案依据Likert 5级量表进行测量打分,5分代表最积极的答案,分值越低则代表答案越消极(表2)。
考虑到陕北地区共有2个地级市,包含25个区/县,在满足陕北地区最小样本量的情况下,希望尽量覆盖到更多的区/县、乡/镇/街道、村落的农户,使研究结果更有代表性。因此,本研究选取陕北地区全部的25个区/县作为问卷发放的区域,于2025年7—8月前往陕北地区进行问卷发放和调研,在每个区/县依据各市、县统计年鉴数据确定每个区/县的乡/镇/街道的乡村人口数量,本研究采用以乡村人口为权重的分层随机抽样方法,在陕北地区25个区县中各随机选取2个乡镇,每乡镇至少发放10份问卷,确保样本在空间分布与人口结构上具有代表性,在选取村落时,首先兼顾以传统旱作为主的农业村与兼业务农就业的村落,随后结合农户人口规模与入户可行性进行村级样点遴选[21],最后在村内采用入户访问方式随机抽取农户样本,并对空缺样本进行同类型替补。
通过上述调研方案,具体选取的区/县、乡/镇/街道、村落见表3,空间分布位置见图1b。计划收集陕北地区25个区/县的50个乡/镇/街道的行政村共500份有效问卷,实际发放531份问卷,去除失访、信息不全的问卷后,共回收有效问卷522份,有效回收率达98.31%(表3)。为保障问卷和数据处理的质量,所有问卷均由经过统一培训的调查员,通过入户和面对面访问的方式完成,并对指标进行现场复核[21]。
采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件对收集到的问卷数据进行信度检验,以验证调查数据稳定性和一致性情况。此次调查数据的信度情况通过计算克朗巴哈系数进行[22]。统计量检验(KMO)和巴特利特(Bartlett)球形检验是判断效度的重要标准,KMO取值为0~1,取值越大效度越高,一般以0.7作为判别是否有效的阈值[22];Bartlett球形检验用于检测是否达到显著水平,一般情况下显著性指数应<0.05[22]。
通过指标选择、预处理、标准化、维度聚合、整体聚合等步骤实现FRNI计算。通过收集16个第3维度指标,再按照Ellis等[11]提出的计算NRI的方法进行计算。首先进行数据标准化与加和,随后采用加权平均方法分别生成A1、A2和A3第1维度指标,将A1、A2、A3分别进行最大值-最小值标准化[11];再进行无加权平均计算,得出FRNI得分为0~1[11]。FRNI分值越高,代表农户与自然关系越和谐;反之则代表农户与自然关系越矛盾[11]。
本研究引入障碍度模型进行分析,以得到阻碍陕北地区FRNI发展的主要障碍因子,为未来发展提供科学依据[17]。首先在20个问卷题项层面计算障碍度,再归并至三级指标层面,计算公式为:
Hij=(1-Xij)∑j=1n(1-Xij)×100%
式中:Xij 为标准化后的值;(1-Xij )为各指标的偏离度;Hij 为各因子的障碍度,其越大说明越阻碍FRNI的发展。其中,i为评价单元(区/县);j为评价指标。
斯皮尔曼相关系数(Spearman′s correlation coefficient)是一种非参数统计量,用于衡量2个变量间的单调关系[17]。本研究运用RStudio内置包计算FRNI第3级维度两两指标间的Spearman相关系数和显著性,以期结合障碍度模型结果,共同支撑未来陕北地区农户与自然关系的改善和协同提升[17]。
采用SPSS软件对问卷数据计算得出的克朗巴哈系数结果为0.718,信度可接受,可基于该调查数据进行实证分析。进行KMO检验和Bartlett球形检验后得出,KMO指数为0.842,远>0.7;Bartlett球形检验显著性指数为0(p<0.001),结果显著;另外,近似卡方(approx. chi-square)、自由度(df)和显著性(sig.)情况均表现良好。说明本研究设计的问卷和收集的问卷数据总体上可靠和有效。
本研究基于对522位农户的问卷调查数据,对受访者的基本特征进行统计和分析(图3)。结果显示,受访农户平均年龄较高,为62.98岁,以男性为主,女性仅占33.50%(图3a),反映出农村地区人口老龄化的普遍现状(图3b)。每个农户家中人口平均有5人,其中,2人左右从事农业生产工作。从文化程度(图3c)来看,多数受访农户的教育水平集中在不识字、小学至初中阶段,高等教育及以上的受访农户比例较低。受访农户家庭农业收入普遍处于中低水平,年均收入多在1万元以下,占66.67%;少数农户年均收入可以达到2万元以上,仅占14.18%(图3d)。受访农户家庭耕地规模差异较大,71.46%农户家庭耕地面积在0.67 hm2及以下,但也有少部分农户拥有6.67 hm2以上耕地。
此外,受访农户对耕地分配的公平性评分的平均分为3.36分(满分为5分),仅有14.70%的受访农户认为耕地分配是非常公平的(5分),且耕地面积与耕地分配公平性呈现出不显著的相关性,相关系数仅0.075,说明农户对耕地分配的公平性评价与自身家庭耕地面积的关联极小;受访农户对本村水资源分配的公平性评分平均为3.37分(满分为5分),52.68%的受访农户认为本村水资源的分配非常公平或比较公平,4.79%的受访农户认为本村水资源的分配十分不公平;对于生活用水来说,受访农户大多使用自来水,极少数农户所在村落未通自来水,受访农户对生活用水的满意度的平均评分为2.72分(满分为5分),且有5.36%的受访农户认为生活用水十分缺乏;对于退耕还林,有59.20%的受访农户参与过国家的退耕还林政策,人均退耕还林面积0.59 hm2。
表2显示FRNI的16个子指标的得分平均值和标准差。首先,自然繁荣且可及评分结果表明(表2),农户对植被生长情况感知较为积极,平均评分为4.13分,野生动物出现频率的平均评分也较高,为3.88分,说明受访农户对自然繁荣总体呈积极感受。相比之下,农户去附近的山坡、公园接触自然的便利性和频率平均评分均较低,分别为2.48分和2.01分;自然资源储量的平均评分为3.45分,而自然资源获取便利性平均评分仅为2.82分,表明农户接触自然和自然资源可及性方面存在明显短板。
自然被关怀和尊重地利用评分结果(表2)表明,农户在使用化肥和农药时大多能严格按说明书使用,平均评分达4.25分;但种地过程中使用节水灌溉的频率较低,平均评分仅为1.73分。农户对水土流失和生态破坏的认知程度平均评分为3.85分,而垃圾分类和动植物关怀方面评分均较低,分别为2.28、2.00分。
自然受保障评分结果(表2)显示,农户参与清洁河道、植树造林等活动的频率平均分为2.12分;对保护自然的政策的了解程度和执行力平均分为3.36分。农户对政府保护自然的贡献和政府实施生态恢复的效果的平均评分均为3.67分;农户感知政府对环保的重视程度和垃圾车清运垃圾的频率平均评分达到4.29分。
陕北地区的FRNI最终得出平均值为0.53。由图4可知,自然繁荣且可及维度(A1)得分为0.54,自然被关怀和尊重的利用维度(A2)得分为0.46,自然受保障维度(A3)得分为0.61。对于以上3维度的得分和最终的FRNI的空间分布来说,A1维度呈西北部、东南部低,中间高的特征;A2维度表现出南部高、北部低的特征;A3维度显示出东部和西部高,南部和北部低的特征。FRNI总体上呈南高北低的特征。在陕北地区,各区/县的FRNI存在明显差异(图4d),最高值为宝塔区和富县(0.60),最低值为横山区(0.46)。整体上,FRNI指数较高的区/县多集中在延安市中南部及榆林市南部部分地区,而较低值主要集中在榆林市西部和北部。对于A1维度来说(图4a),佳县表现最好,得分为0.63;而神木市等表现最差,仅得分0.45。A2维度得分中(图4b),富县得分0.53是最高值,最低值为横山区,仅得分0.39。A3维度得分中(图4c),子长市表现最好,得分0.72分,定边县得分最低(0.46)。
由图5可知,享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)、享受自然惠益的频率(C22)、尊重与节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)、对自然界动植物的关怀程度(C42)和个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)的障碍度均>4.00%,为主要障碍因子;而植被生长状况(C11)、生物多样性程度(C12)、化肥和农药施用的控制程度(C32)、对水土流失和生态破坏的认知程度(C41)及对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62)的障碍度均<2.00%,说明其制约作用相对较弱。其中,榆阳区的尊重与节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)障碍度最高,为5.66%;子洲县的对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62)障碍度最低,为0.15%。
在25个区/县中,米脂县、清涧县和洛川县的平均障碍度最低,绥德县、定边县和神木市最高。多数区/县的最小障碍因子集中于化肥和农药施用的控制程度(C32)和对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62),最大障碍因子则主要为尊重与节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)。总体上,多数区/县在化肥农药规范使用和政府保障自然资源方面表现较好,而在节水与资源节约利用方面仍存在短板。
图6为FRNI子指标间权衡协同关系,大多数子指标间均为显著的协同关系,少数子指标间体现为权衡关系。其中,对政府保护自然环境的满意度(C53)与实施生态恢复的效果(C61)、享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)与享受自然惠益的频率(C22)、植被生长状况(C11)与个人对保护自然政策规定的认同程度(C52)的Spearman相关系数位于前3高,分别为0.48、0.44、0.35,存在显著的正向协同关系;众多变量间存在0.15~0.28的正相关系数,如植被生长状况(C11)与生物多样性程度(C12)(0.17)、植被生长状况(C11)与自然资源储量感知(C23)(0.25)等。尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)与对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62)的相关系数为-0.15,体现二者间显著的权衡关系,其他显示负相关性的指标间相关性,均体现为不显著,尤其是尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)和关怀自然环境程度(C43),与许多其他指标都无明显相关性。
本研究基于522位农户的入户问卷调查数据,对受访者家庭特征与生计状况进行分析(图3)。总体来看,陕北地区农户呈较明显的老龄化、低教育水平和中青年劳动力外出的特征,农业生产主体以常住中老年群体为主(图3)。该类家庭生计结构意味着农户在生态认知、节水技术采用、保护行为投入及参与公共治理等方面,往往受到劳动力、信息获取能力和资金投入能力的共同约束[23]。
耕地资源方面,受访农户家庭耕地平均面积约0.73 hm2,但规模差异显著。值得关注的是,部分农户反映耕地位置差、地块过于分散,进一步增加管理难度;从分配感知来看,农户对耕地分配的公平性评分平均为3.36分,仅14.70%的农户认为分配“非常公平”。种植模式上,约90%的农户种植玉米,44.44%的农户采用多种农作物间作、套种模式,体现对当地自然条件的适应性调整[23]。
水资源短缺是制约当地农业生产与生计质量的核心因素之一。生产层面,大多数农户无法对耕地进行有效灌溉,种植过程中高度依赖自然降水,然而气候并不稳定且常年干燥;生活用水层面,尽管多数农户已使用自来水,但整体满足度评分仅2.72分,有5.36%的农户认为用水“十分缺乏”,饮水甚至需要人工外出运输。与以往学者[24]对陕北农户生活用水的研究结论保持一致,陕北地区的农户生活用水虽基本实现保障,但在供给稳定性与质量、供给范围覆盖方面仍有待提升。
陕北农业生产普遍面临干旱、洪涝、冰雹、大风及野生动物破坏等风险,且农业投入成本偏高、收益有限,使部分农户在生产决策中更倾向于优先保障短期生计安全,而对节水设施投入、生态关怀行为和主动参与治理的能力与意愿相对不足。由此可见,陕北地区FRNI的维度差异和空间分异,并非仅由生态本底单独决定,而是在自然资源约束、家庭结构特征与生计方式共同作用下形成的[24]。
自然繁荣且可及(A1)维度的核心问题在于,自然本底质量总体尚可,但农户实际享受自然惠益的频率较低、可达性不足。该维度呈“西北、东南低,中间高”的空间特征(图4),与区域地形和生态条件分异密切相关。陕北中部以缓坡丘陵为主,植被恢复效果较好;西北部气候干旱、生态脆弱,自然本底质量较差[25]。东南部沟壑密布、可达性差。农户对自然惠益的实际获取不仅取决于自然本底质量,还受到地形条件、居住分散的格局及家庭能源利用方式的共同制约。与陕西农村家庭能源消费受资源禀赋和地理条件影响的研究[26]结论基本一致。
自然被关怀和尊重地利用(A2)维度得分是3个维度中最低,空间分布上同样呈现“南高北低”。根据已有研究[27]结论,陕北地区南部经济作物比例高、农业技术推广好,灌溉配套措施相对齐全;北部以传统种植为主,生产方式粗放,更加依赖雨水灌溉。农户在农药化肥使用方面表现出较高的规范意识,说明其在农业生产中具备一定程度的科学用肥与用药观念[19]。但节水灌溉频率、环保行为和动植物关怀水平均较低,表明农户在资源节约和生态保护行为上仍存在明显不足,说明当前农户对自然的“自发式关怀”不够,尤其在提高资源利用效率与生态行为层面存在明显短板[19]。
自然受保障(A3)维度得分最高(0.61),说明农户对政府生态政策及治理效果认可度高。该维度空间上呈“东西高、南北低”(图4c),与东部黄河沿岸、西部风沙区等地生态工程投入大、成效显著相关[13]。农户对政府生态贡献、生态恢复效果的高度评价,以及对政府环保重视程度的强烈感知,印证了陕北生态保护政策的实施成效[28]。但在该维度中,政府政策是区域自然保障的核心,农户参与度不足则是明显短板[13]。农户个体参与清洁河道、植树造林等活动的频率极低,且对政策的了解与执行力个体差异大,反映出“政府主导”与“农户参与”的协同性尚需提高。
陕北地区FRNI为0.53,说明农户与自然关系仍有较大提升空间。结合障碍度与权衡协同关系分析可知,当前制约农户与自然关系提升的短板主要表现为节水行为不足、自然可及性偏弱和农户参与保护自然的不足,并进一步通过关键权衡关系和协同网络形成约束。因此,农户与自然关系的提升不能停留于单一因子的改善,而应遵循“优先干预高障碍因子-化解关键权衡关系-放大协同效应”的优化路径[29]。本研究尝试将农户与自然关系视作一个系统整体,将内部的因子作为系统内部的驱动因素,在此基础上,进一步利用因子间显著的协同效应,构建一个能够系统提升陕北农户与自然关系策略的理论框架(图7)。
首先,应以关键障碍因子干预为切入点,优先解决资源节约行为中的核心权衡关系。尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)是最普遍且最严重的高障碍因子,且与对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62)存在显著权衡关系,说明节水行为不足更可能与节水设施投入成本较高、短期收益感知不足及对长期回报认识不充分等因素有关[30]。因此,应将节水技术推广与成本-收益解释机制结合,通过透明化成本收益分析、长期效益科普及与绿色农产品认证、区域公共品牌建设相结合的市场激励,将“当期投入成本”转化为“未来可见收益”[13],从而推动该关系由权衡走向协同。
其次,享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)、享受自然惠益的频率(C22)、对自然界动植物的关怀程度(C42)和个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)是重要的高障碍因子,反映出农户在“接触自然-感知自然-关怀自然-参与保护”链条上的短板[31]。可通过建设低成本生态步道、微型自然公园及配套资源分布图等方式降低C21、C22障碍;同时建立积分系统,将C42、C51、C31等量化激励,以增强农户由“被动接收”向“主动参与”转变的动力[32],从而有效激发农户保护自然行动的积极性[13]。
最后,应驱动不同的协同因子网络,构建系统内部的良性循环。对政府保护自然环境的满意度(C53)与实施生态恢复的效果(C61)存在最强协同关系,可通过生态修复成果可视化展示和“生态成果体验日”等活动[33],增强农户获得感;对保护自然政策规定的认同程度(C52)与个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)、植被生长状况(C11)等存在协同关系,建议在补贴的基础上强化农户决策参与,并将自然知识教育融入积分制度和集体活动,形成“政府保障驱动-农户积极参与-人与自然关系和谐”的良性循环[34]。
为增强上述建议的可操作性,本研究将障碍因子与具体的协同干预措施、实施主体及预期效果进行一一对应(表4)。其余因子(C53、C41、C12、C62、C11、C32等)障碍度相对较低,暂未在此列出,可作为“常规巩固项”在政策宣传、农技服务与村域环境治理中同步推进[33]。建议当前陕北地区FRNI高障碍因子的干预重点集中在3个方面:其一,围绕自然可及性不足与自然体验频次偏低的问题,通过增设自然体验点、优化步道可达性等措施,增加农户接触自然和享受自然惠益的机会;其二,围绕资源节约利用、生态关怀与个体参与不足的问题,通过节水节能培训、生态宣教、公益岗位和积分激励等方式,推动农户由被动接受向主动保护转变;其三,围绕政策认同、资源获取规范和生态恢复成效巩固等问题,通过透明公示、参与式协商、替代供给、工程质检和后期管护等措施,提升治理认同度、规范资源利用行为(表4)。
本文基于人与自然关系理论框架,构建适用于农户个体尺度的农户与自然关系指数(FRNI),并结合障碍度诊断与空间差异分析形成“评估-识别关键短板-提出针对性提升路径”的闭环,为黄土高原人地关系研究提供可量化的微观视角。然而,本研究仍存在一些局限性,但并未影响本研究核心结论的可靠性。
本研究构建FRNI进行评估的过程中,样本结构在年龄与职业上可能偏向当前农村“常住务农”群体,外出务工与青年群体代表性相对不足,也可能受到主观认知差异与社会期待影响。然而,问卷设计采用严格的随机抽样原则,问卷结果通过信效度检验,确保数据的整体有效性与一致性,核心结论稳健[35]。本研究以单次问卷调研数据为主,难以直接揭示FRNI随时间的动态演变与政策效应的滞后性,但并不影响对当前现状的评估,所构建的评估框架与识别出的障碍因子为未来的动态研究奠定基础。
未来研究可在以下方面优化和完善:在抽样中进一步引入地形、产业、收入与可达性指标,构建更精细的分层抽样方案;加强主客观数据相互验证,结合遥感与观测数据,提升机制解释的客观性;开展长期追踪调查,捕捉农户与自然关系的时序演变特征;在FRNI指标体系中纳入生态工程与政策强度指标,结合空间分区识别其影响路径,从而提升研究的政策解释力与转化价值;在保持核心框架稳定的前提下扩展指标模块并开展跨区域对比验证,以提升政策转化与推广应用价值。
1) 陕北地区农户与自然关系FRNI平均值为0.53,总体处于中等水平。3个维度中,自然受保障维度(A3)得分最高(0.61),自然繁荣且可及维度(A1)得分居中(0.54),自然被关怀和尊重地利用维度(A2)得分最低(0.46)。
2) 总体上,FRNI呈“南高北低”的空间分布特征,宝塔区、富县等地得分较高,而定边县、横山区等地得分较低。
3) 影响FRNI提升的主要障碍集中在自然可及性、节水行为和农户参与等方面,表现为享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)、享受自然惠益的频率(C22)、尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)、对自然界动植物的关怀程度(C42)和个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)等指标障碍度较高。同时,各指标间整体以协同关系为主,少数指标存在明显权衡,其中,尊重、节约使用自然资源的程度(C31)与对垃圾清运和环保重视程度的评价(C62)表现为权衡关系,对政府保护自然环境的满意度(C53)与实施生态恢复的效果(C61)、享受自然惠益的便利程度(C21)与享受自然惠益的频率(C22)、个人参与保障自然的程度(C51)与个人对保护自然政策规定的认同程度(C52)等表现出较强协同。
4) 农户与自然关系的提升应围绕关键短板优先干预,并同步重视核心权衡关系的化解和协同关系的放大,通过“提升可达性与体验感-强化认知与行为引导-完善激励与治理机制”的路径,把生态恢复成效转化为农户可感知、可参与、可持续的日常实践,形成系统提升路径。
总体上,FRNI较好地实现了宏观人与自然关系理念向农户微观尺度的转换,可为黄土高原生态脆弱区农户与自然关系评估、关键问题识别及差异化治理提供量化依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(W2412144)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42271292)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.031
  • 接收时间:2026-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-06
  • 修回日期:2026-03-24
  • 录用日期:2026-04-06
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(W2412144)
国家自然科学基金项目(42271292)
作者信息
    1.北京师范大学地理科学学部,地表过程与水土风沙灾害风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875
    2.北京师范大学地理科学学部,陆地表层系统科学与可持续发展研究院,北京 100875

通讯作者:

赵文武(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要从事土地利用与生态过程、景观格局与生态系统服务、人地系统耦合、可持续发展研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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